AU4262500A - Human cystatin E - Google Patents

Description

P/00/011 28/5/91 Regulation 3.2

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990

ORIGINAL

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT a. a.

Name of Applicant: Actual Inventors Address for service is: Human Genome Sciences, Inc.

Jian Ni Guo-Liang Yu Reiner Gentz Craig A Rosen WRAY ASSOCIATES 239 Adelaide Terrace Perth, WA 6000 a a a a a a.

Attorney code: WR Invention Title: "Human Cystatin E" This application is a divisional application by virtue of Section 39 of Australian Patent Application 27670/95.

The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me:- -1/1- HUMAN CYSTATIN E This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides, the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, as well as the production of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. More particularly, the polypeptide of the present invention has been putatively identified as human cystatin E, sometimes hereinafter referred to as "CysE". The invention also relates to inhibiting the action of such polypeptides.

The cystatin superfamily comprises a group of cysteine proteinase inhibitors which are widely distributed in human tissues and body fluids, and which form tight and reversible complexes with cysteine proteinases such as cathepsins B, H, L, and S. The cystatins are most likely involved in the regulation of normal or pathological processes in which these proteinases participate. Thus, cystatins may influence the intra- and extracellular catabolism of proteins and peptides (Barret, A.J. and Kirchke, Methods Enzymol., 80:535-561 (1981)), regulate proteolytic processing of pro-hormones (Orlowski, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 52:49-74 (1983)) and proenzymes (Taugner, et al., Histochemistry, 83:103-108 (1985)), protect against penetration of normal tissues by malignant cells (Sloane, Semin. Cancer Biol., 1:137-152 -1/2- (1990)) or microorganisms (Bjorck, et al., Nature 337:385-386 (1989) and Bjorck, et al., J. Virol., 64:941- 943 (1990)) and modulate local inflammatory processes in rheumatoid arthritis (Mort, et al., Arthritis Rheum., 27:509-515 (1984)) and purulent bronchiectasis (Buttle,

D.J.,

et al., Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 50:509-516 (1990)).

The cystatin superfamily has been sub-divided into families I, II and III (also called the stefin, cystatin and kininogen families, respectively), each with members differing from those of the other families in structural organization and biological distribution (Barret, et al., Biochem. 236:312 (1986)). The family I cystatins

A

and B are small proteins consisting of single polypeptide chains of about 100 amino acid residues without disulfide bridges. The family II cystatins consist of polypeptide chains of approximately 120 amino acid residues with two intra-chain disulfide bonds. Finally, the family III cystatins, the kininogens, display a higher degree of structural complexity characterized by the presence of three family II cystatin-like domains, each with two disulfide bridges at positions homologous to those in family II cystatins (Muller-Esterl, et al., Transbiochem. Sci.

11:336-339 (1986)). Family I and II cystatins are mainly present intracellularly and in secretory fluids (Abrahamson, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 261:11282-11289 (1986)), whereas kinigogens are highly concentrated in blood plasma (Adam, A., t al., Clin. Chem., 31:423-426 (1985)).

At least one type II cystatin, designated cystatin C, appears to be expressed in all tissues (Abrahamson, et al., Biochem. 268:287-294 (1990)). In contrast, S-type cystatins are found predominantly in saliva (Abrahamson,

M.,

et al., J. Biol. Chem., 261:11282-11289 (1986)). Cystatins and derivative peptides possess antibacterial and antiviral activities (Bjorck, et al. (1989, 1990)), consistent with their presence in secretions bathing epithelial surfaces -2directly exposed to the environment. The cystatins may also modulate the immune response. This could occur directly, by inhibiting cysteine proteases releases by macrophages (Bieth, Csteine Prioteinases and heir ii ors V. Turk, ed.

(Walter De Gruyter Company, New York) pp. 693-703 (1986)), or indirectly, by inhibiting the chemocaxic response and the phagocytosis-associated respiratory burst of the cells (Leung-Tack, et al., Biol. Chem 371:255-258 (1990)). This data suggests that type II cystatins might perform a variety of protective functions at epithelial surfaces. The human type II cystatin gene family consists of at least seven members.

The disease hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy (HCCAA) is associated with a Glu Leu mutation in the gene encoding cystatin C. This leads to deposition of amyloid fibrils comprised of this mutant cystatin C in the cerebral arteries, which appears to cause fatal hemorrhaging (Ghiso, et al., PNAS, USA, 83:2974-2978 (1986)).

The polypeptide of the present invention has been putatively identified as a CysE as a result of amino acid sequence homology to cystatin C. This identification has been made as a result of amino acid sequence homology.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel mature polypeptide, as well as biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof. The polypeptide of the present invention is of human origin.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there are provided isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide of the present invention, including mRNAs, DNAs, cDNAs, genomic DNAs as well as analogs and biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments thereof.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing such polypeptide by recombinant techniques comprising culturing recombinant prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic host cells, containing a human nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention, under conditions promoting expression of said protein and subsequent recovery of said protein.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing such polypeptide, or polynucleotide encoding such polypeptide for therapeutic purposes, for example, to inhibit cathepsins and prevent osteoporosis, tumor metastases, viral replication, inflammation, purulent bronchiectasis to protect the retina, to prevent leukoencephalopathy, to reduce caries, to treat allergic reactions, to treat cachexia and muscle wasting, and to prevent amyloidosis, and as a antimicrobial agent.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is also provided nucleic acid probes comprising nucleic acid molecules of sufficient length to specifically hybridize to nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide of the present invention.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there are provided antibodies against such .polypeptides.

In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, there are provided diagnostic assays for detecting diseases or susceptibility to diseases related to mutations in the nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide of the present invention.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing such polypeptides, or polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, for in vitro purposes related to scientific research, for :example, synthesis of DNA and manufacture of DNA vectors.

These and ocher aspects of the present invention should be apparent to those skilled in t-he art fromn Lhe teachings herein.

The following drawings are illustrative Of embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as encompassed by the claims.

Figure 1 illustrates the CDUA and corresponding deduced amino acid sequence of the polypeprtide of the present invention. The standard one-letter a.bbreviation, for amino acids is used. Sequencing was performed using a 373 automated DNA sequencer (Applied Eiosystems, inc.) In accordance with an aspect of the presenc in-ention, there is provided an isolaced riucleic acid (polynucleotidel '.'ich encodes for the mature palypepcide having the deduced amino acid sequence of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or f or the mature polypeptide 4nooded by the cD&M. of the clone deposited as ATCC Deposit No, 97156 on 22 May, 1995..

The polynucleotide of this invention was discovered in a cDNA library derived from primary culture amniotic cells.

It is structurally related to 'the cystatin 11 superfamily.

It contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 148 amino acid residues of which approxiniately the first 28 amn acids residues are the putative leader sequence such that the maueprotein comprises 120 amino acids.. The protein exhibits the highest degree of homology to humani cystatin

C

with 33.5661 identity and 53.846V similarity over a 147 amino acid stretch.

The polyrrucleotide of the -present invention may be in the rorm of RNA or in the f orm of MNA, which DNA includes oDA, genomi.c DN:A, and synthetic The DNA may be doublestranded or single-scranded. and if single stranded may be 9*e*the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The coding sequence which encodes the mature po l ypeptide may be identical to the coding sequence shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) or that of the deposited clone or may be a different coding sequence which coding sequence, as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code, encodes the same mature polypeptide as the DNA of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) or the deposited cDNA.

The polynucleotide which encodes for the mature polypeptide of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or for the mature polypeptide encoded by the deposited cDNA may include, but is not limited to: only the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide; the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide and additional coding sequence such as a leader or secretory sequence or a proprotein sequence; the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide (and optionally additional coding sequence) and non-coding sequence, such as introns or noncoding sequence 5' and/or 3' of the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide.

Thus, the term "polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide" encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding .**sequence for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and/or non-coding sequence.

~The present invention further relates to variants of the hereinabove described polynucleotides which encode for fragments, analogs and derivatives of the polypeptide having the deduced amino acid sequence of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or ~the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone.

The variant of the polynucleotide may be a naturally occurring allelic variant of the polynucleotide or a nonnaturally occurring variant of the polynucleotide.

Thus, the present invention includes polynucleotides encoding the same mature polypeptide as shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or the same mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone as well as variants of such polynucleotides which variants encode for a fragment, derivative or analog of the polypeptide of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone. Such nucleotide variants include deletion variants, substitution variants and addition or insertion variants.

As hereinabove indicated, the polynucleotide may have a coding sequence which is a naturally occurring allelic variant of the coding sequence shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) or of the coding sequence of the deposited clone. As known in the art, an allelic variant is an alternate form of a polynucleotide sequence which may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides, which does not substantially alter the function of the encoded polypeptide.

The present invention also includes polynucleotides, wherein the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide may be fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide sequence which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell, for example, a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide from the cell. The polypeptide having a leader sequence is a preprotein and may have the leader sequence

S

cleaved by the host cell to form the mature form of the polypeptide. The polynucleotides may also encode for a proprotein which is the mature protein plus additional amino acid residues. A mature protein having a prosequence is a proprotein and is an inactive form of the protein. Once the prosequence is cleaved an active mature protein remains.

Thus, for example, the polynucleotide of the present invention may encode for a mature protein, or for a protein having a prosequence or for a protein having both a prosequence and a presequence (leader sequence).

The polynucleotides of the present invention may also o 00 have the coding sequence fused in frame to a marker sequence which allows for purification of the polypeptide of the present invention. The marker sequence may be a hexahistidine tag supplied by a pQE-9 vector to provide for purification of the mature polypeptide fused to the marker in the case of a bacterial host, or, for example, the marker sequence may be a hemagglutinin (HA) tag when a mammalian host, e.g. COS-7 cells, is used. The HA tag corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson, et al., Cell, 37:767 (1984)) The term "gene" means the segment of DNA involved in Producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) Fragments of the full length CysE gene may be used as a hybridization probe for a cDNA library to isolate the full length CysE gene and to isolate other genes which have a high sequence similarity to the CysE gene or similar biological activity. Probes of this type preferably have at least bases and may contain, for example, 50 or more bases. The probe may also be used to identify a cDNA clone corresponding to a full length transcript and a genomic clone or clones that contain the complete CysE gene including regulatory and promotor regions, exons, and introns An example of a screen comprises isolating the coding region of the CysE gene by using the known DNA sequence to synthesize an oligonucleotide probe. Labeled oligonucleotides having a sequence complementary to that of the gene of the present invention are used to screen a library of human cDNA, genomic DNA or mRNA to determine which members of the library the probe nL hybridizes to The present invention further relates to polynucleotides which hybridize to the hereinabove-described "sequences if there is at least 70%, Preferably at least and more preferably at least 95% identity between the sequences. The present invention Particularly relates to polynucleotides which hybridize under stringent conditions to the hereinabove-described polynucleotides. As herein used the term "stringent conditions" means hybridization will occur only if there is at least 95% and preferably at least 97% identity between the sequences. The polynucleotides which hybridize to the hereinabove described polynucleotides in a preferred embodiment encode polypeptides which either retain substantially the same biological function or activity as the mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNAs of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) or the deposited cDNA(s).

Alternatively, the polynucleotide may have at least bases, preferably 30 bases, and more preferably at least bases which hybridize to a polynucleotide of the present invention and which has an identity thereto, as hereinabove described, and which may or may not retain activity. For example, such polynucleotides may be employed as probes for the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1, for example, for recovery of the polynucleotide or as a diagnostic probe or as a PCR primer.

Thus, the present invention is directed to polynucleotides having at least a 70% identity, preferably at Sleast 90% and more preferably at least a 95% identity to a polynucleotide which encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 as well as fragments thereof, which fragments have at least 30 bases and preferably at least 50 bases and to polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides.

The deposit(s) referred to herein will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-organisms for purposes of Patent Procedure. These deposits are provided merely as convenience to those of skill in the art and are not an admission that a deposit is required under 35 U.S.C. 5112.

The sequence of the polynucleotides contained in the deposited materials, as well as the amino acid sequence of the polypeptides encoded thereby, are incorporated herein by reference and are controlling in the event of any conflict -9with any description of sequences herein. A license may be required to make, use or sell the deposited materials, and no such license is hereby granted.

The present invention further relates to a CysE polypeptide which has the deduced amino acid sequence of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or which has the amino acid sequence encoded by the deposited cDNA, as well as fragments, analogs and derivatives of such polypeptide.

The terms "fragment," "derivative" and "analog" when referring to the polypeptide of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or that encoded by the deposited cDNA, means a polypeptide which retains essentially the same biological function or activity as such polypeptide. Thus, an analog includes a proprotein which can be activated by cleavage of the proprotein portion to produce an active mature polypeptide.

The polypeptide of the present invention may be a recombinant polypeptide, a natural polypeptide or a synthetic polypeptide, preferably a recombinant polypeptide.

The fragment, derivative or analog of the polypeptide of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) or that encoded by the deposited cDNA may be one in which one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or (ii) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues includes a substituent group, or (iii) one in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or (iv) one in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence which is employed for purification of the mature polypeptide or a proprotein sequence. Such fragments, derivatives and analogs are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.

The polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably provided in an isolated form, and preferably are purified to homogeneity.

The term "isolated" means that the material is removed from its original environment the natural environment if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturallyoccurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.

The polypeptides of the present invention include the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 (in particular the mature polypeptide) as well as polypeptides which have at least S: similarity (preferably at least 70% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 and more preferably at least similarity (more preferably at least 90% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 and still more preferably at least 95% similarity (still more preferably at least 95% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 and also include portions of such polypeptides with such portion of the polypeptide generally containing at least 30 amino acids and more preferably at least 50 amino acids.

As known in the art "similarity" between two polypeptides is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and its conserved amino acid substitutes of one polypeptide to the sequence of a second polypeptide.

Fragments or portions of the polypeptides of the present invention may be employed for producing the corresponding full-length polypeptide by peptide synthesis; therefore, the -11fragments may be employed as intermediates for producing the full-length polypeptides. Fragments or portions of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be used to synthesize full-length polynucleotides of the present invention.

The present invention also relates to vectors which include polynucleotides of the present invention, host cells which are genetically engineered with vectors of the invention and the production of polypeptides of the invention by recombinant techniques.

Host cells are genetically engineered (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention which may be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector. The vector may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the CysE genes. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

'The polynucleotides of the present invention may be employed for producing polypeptides by recombinant techniques. Thus, for example, the polynucleotide may be included in any one of a variety of expression vectors for expressing a polypeptide. Such vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, derivatives of SV40; bacterial plasmids; phage DNA; baculovirus; yeast plasmids; vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox S virus, and pseudorabies. However, any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and viable in the host.

The appropriate DNA sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, the DNA -12sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in the art. Such procedures and others are deemed .0 be within the scope of those skilled in the art.

The DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked to an appropriate expression control sequence(s) (promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis. As representative examples of such promoters, there may be mentioned: LTR or promoter, the E. coli. lac or tL, the phage lambda

P,

promoter and other promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses.

The expression vector also contains a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator.

The vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.

In addition, the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic :cell culture, or such as tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.

The vector containing the appropriate DNA sequence as hereinabove described, as well as an appropriate promoter or control sequence, may be employed to transform an appropriate host to permit the host to express the protein.

As representative examples of appropriate hosts, there may be mentioned: bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, Salmonella typhimurium; fungal cells, such as yeast; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9; animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma; adenoviruses; plant cells, etc. The selection of an appropriate host is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.

More particularly, the present invention also includes recombinant constructs comprising one or more of the -13sequences as broadly described above. The Consruct comprise a vector, such as a p1.asmid or viral vector, into which a sequence of the inivention has been inserted, in a forward or reverse orientation. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the construct further comprises regulatory sequences, including, for example, a promoter, operably linked to the sequence. Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art, and are commiercially available. The following 'vectors are provided by way of example; Bacterial: pQE70, pQE6O, pQE-9 (Qiagen), pBS, pDlO, phagescript, psiXl74, pbluescrjipt SIC, pbsks, pNH8A, pWU16a, pNHl8A, pNH46A (Stratagene); ptrc99a, pKK223- 3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 (Pharmacia). Eukaryotic: pWLNEo, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTl, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, pSVL (Pharrnacia). However,' any other plasntid or vector may be used as long as they are replicable and viable in the host.

Promoter regions can be selected from any desired gene using CAT (chloramphenicol transferase) vectors or other *vectors with selectable markers. Two appropriate vectors are -8 and pQ47. Particular nae bacterialprmts ~include ladI, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda PR. PL and trp.

*4Eukaryotic promoters include C'iV iimnediate eal,

HSV

thymidine kinase, early and late SV4o, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metallothionein-. Selection of the appropriate vector and prmtris well within the level of odnr skill in the art.

In a further embodiment, the present invention relates .4to host cells containing the above.-described constructs. The host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a miaimalian cell, or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast 0* 9cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell. Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be ef fected by calcium phosphate transf ection,

DE-

Dextran mediated transf ection, or electroporation (Davis, L. -14- Dibner, Battey, Basic Methods in Molecular Biology (1986)).

The constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence. Alternatively, the polypeptides of the invention can be synthetically produced by conventional peptide synthesizers.

Mature proteins can be expressed in mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs derived from the DNA constructs of the present invention.

Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, (1989), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Transcription of the DNA encoding the polypeptides of the present invention by higher eukaryotes is increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act on a promoter to increase its transcription.

Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin bp 100 to 270, a cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.

Generally, recombinant expression vectors will include origins of replication and selectable markers permitting transformation of the host cell, the ampicillin resistance gene of E. coli and S. cerevisiae TRPI gene, and a promoter derived from a highly-expressed gene to direct transcription of a downstream structural sequence. Such promoters can be derived from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), a-factor, acid phosphatase, or heat shock proteins, among others. The heterologous structural sequence is assembled in appropriate phase with translation initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated protein into the periplasmic space or extracellular medium. Optionally, the heterologous sequence can encode a fusion protein including an N-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product.

Useful expression vectors for bacterial use are constructed by inserting a structural DNA sequence encoding a desired protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in operable reading phase with a functional promoter. The vector will comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector =nd to, if desirable, provide amplification within the host. Suitable S. prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. coli, So.Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and various species o within the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus, although others may also be employed as a matter of choice.

As a representative but nonlimniting example, useful expression vectors for bacterial use can comprise a selectable marker and bacterial origin of replication derived from commercially available plasmids comprising genetic elements of the well known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017). Such commercial vectors include, for example, pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and GEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, WI, USA) These pBR322 "backbone" sections are combined with an appropriate promoter and the structural sequence to be expressed.

Following transformation of a suitable host strain and growth of the host strain to an appropriate cell density, the selected promoter is induced by appropriate means -16temperature shift or chemical induction) and cells are cultured for an additional period.

Cells are typically harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract retained for further purification.

Microbial cells employed in expression of proteins can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents, such methods are well known to those skilled in the art.

Various mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protein. Examples of mammalian expression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts, described by Gluzman, Cell, 23:175 (1981), and other cell lines capable of expressing a compatible vector, for example, the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell lines. Mamnalian expression vectors will comprise I :an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer, and also any necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5' flanking nontranscribed sequences. DNA sequences derived from the splice, and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements.

The the polypeptide of the present invention can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction ""chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing configuration of the mature protein. Finally, high performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.

-17- The polypeptides of the present invention may be a naturally purified product, or a product of chemical synthetic procedures, or produced by recombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host (for example, by bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells in culture). Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant production procedure, the polypeptides of the present invention may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated.

Polypeptides of the invention may also include an initial methionine amino acid residue.

The CysE polypeptide of the present invention may be employed to inhibit human cathepsin enzymes and the resulting pathologies related to the action of these cathepsins. For example, CysE may be employed to treat osteoporosis, behcet disease, hypercalcemia, osteomalicia, allergic skin diseases, allergic rhinitis and allergic purpura.

It is also thought that the cathepsins play a vital role in the metastasizing of tumors and, accordingly, CysE may be employed to prevent tumor metastases.

The CysE polypeptide may be employed as an antimicrobial agent to halt the growth of certain microbial agents, for example, streptococci and to reduce dental caries by reducing the production of acids which contribute to caries.

The CysE polypeptide may also be employed as an antiviral agent to treat infection caused by viruses, for example, to prevent the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV). The CysE polypeptide may also be employed to protect the retina against attack by the cystein proteinases.

The CysE polypeptide of the present invention may also be employed to treat cachexia and muscle wasting by preventing the action of cysteine proteinases.

The CysE polypeptide may also be employed to modify inflammation, for example, that associated with rheumatoid arthritis, and to treat septic shock. The CysE polypeptide may also be employed to treat purulent bronchiectasis.

-18- The polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention may be employed as research reagents and materials for discovery of treatments and diagnostics to human disease.

This invention provides a method for identification of the receptor for the cystatin E polypeptide. The gene encoding the receptor can be identified by numerous methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, ligand panning and FACS sorting (Coligan, et al., Current Protocols in Immun., Chapter 5, (1991)). Preferably, expression cloning is employed wherein polyadenylated RNA is prepared from a cell responsive to the cystatin E polypeptide, and a cDNA library created from this RNA is divided into pools and used to transfect COS cells or other cells that are not responsive to the cystatin E polypeptide. Transfected cells which are grown on glass slides are exposed to labeled cystatin E polypeptide. The cystatin E polypeptide can be labeled by a variety of means including iodination or S. inclusion of a recognition site for a site-specific protein kinase. Following fixation and incubation, the slides are subjected to auto-radiographic analysis. Positive pools are identified and sub-pools are prepared and re-transfected using an iterative sub-pooling and re-screening process, eventually yielding a single clone that encodes the putative receptor. As an alternative approach for receptor identification, labeled ligand can be photoaffinity linked with cell membrane or extract preparations that express the receptor molecule. Cross-linked material is resolved by PAGE and exposed to X-ray film. The labeled complex containing the ligand-receptor can be excised, resolved into peptide fragments, and subjected to protein microsequencing. The amino acid sequence obtained from microsequencing would be used to design a set of degenerate oligonucleotide probes to screen a cDNA library to identify the gene encoding the putative receptor.

-19- This invention provides a method of screening compounds to identify those which bind to the cystatin E receptor and induce a second messenger response therefrom. As an example, a mammalian cell or membrane preparation expressing the cystatin E receptor is incubated in the presence of the compound to be screened. The response of a known second messenger system following interaction of the compound and the receptor is measured and compared to the second messenger response induced by cystatin E. Such second messenger systems include but are not limited to, cAMP guanylate cyclase, ion channels or phosphoinositide hydrolysis.

The polypeptide of the present invention and agonist compounds may be assayed for an ability to inhibit cyteine proteinase activity which assay comprises determining equilibrium constants for dissociation of cystatin

E

complexes with papain and human cathepsin B, by continuous rate assays with 10 AM Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec as substrate in 100 M S. sodium phosphate buffer (Nicklin, and Barrett, A.J., Biochem. 223:245-253 (1984). The buffer contains 1 mM dithiothreitol and 2 mM EDTA and is adjusted to pH 6.5 for e: papain assay and to pH 6.0 for cathepsin B assays. Cathepsin B is preincubated for 20 min in assay buffer at room temperature before use. The enzyme concentrations in the assays are 0.05-0.25 nM. The highest cystatin E concentration tried in cathepsin B assays is 100 nM. The inhibitor concentrations giving informative inhibition, i.e., resulting in a new steady state rate within 1 hour after addition of inhibitor, are 20-50 nM in the papain assays.

:Substrate hydrolysis at 37 0 C is monitored in a Perkin-Elmer Cetus LS50 fluorometer at excitation and emission wavelengths "of 360 and 460 nm, respectively. K. values for hydrolysis of Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec under the assay are used to compensate obtained apparent K, values for substrate induced dissociation of inhibitor, by the relationship: Apparent K, K(1 The polypeptides of the present invention and agonist compounds may be employed in combination with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Such compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the polypeptide or agonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Such a carrier includes but is not limited to saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The formulation should suit the mode of administration.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration. In addition, the polypeptides or agonists of the present •invention may be employed in conjunction with other therapeutic compounds.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in a convenient manner such as by the oral, topical, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal or intradermal routes. The pharmaceutical compositions are administered in an amount which is effective oo for treating and/or prophylaxis of the specific indication.

In general, they are administered in an amount of at least about I0 gg/kg body weight and in most cases they will be administered in an amount not in excess of about 8 mg/Kg body Sweight per day. In most cases, the dosage is from about Ag/kg to about 1 mg/kg body weight daily, taking into account the routes of administration, symptoms, etc.

The CysE polypeptides and agonist compounds which are polypeptides may also be employed in accordance with the -21present invention by expression of such polypeptides in vivo, which is often referred to as "gene therapy." Thus, for example, cells from a patient may be engineered with a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) encoding a polypeptide ex vivo, with the engineered cells then being provided to a patient to be treated with the polypeptide.

Such methods are well-known in the art and are apparent from the teachings herein. For example, cells may be engineered by the use of a retroviral plasmid vector containing

RNA

encoding a polypeptide of the present invention.

Similarly, cells may be engineered in vivo for expression of a polypeptide in vivo by, for example, procedures known in the art. For example, a packaging cell is transduced with a retroviral plasmid vector containing

RNA

encoding a polypeptide of the present invention such that the packaging cell now produces infectious viral particles containing the gene of interest. These producer cells may be administered to a patient for engineering cells in vivo and expression of the polypeptide in vivo. These and other methods for administering a polypeptide of the present invention by such method should be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings of the present invention.

Retroviruses from which the retroviral plasmid vectors hereinabove mentioned may be derived include, but are not limited to, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus, spleen necrosis virus, retroviruses such as Rous Sarcoma Virus, Harvey Sarcoma Virus, avian leukosis virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus, adenovirus, Myeloproliferative Sarcoma Virus, and mammary tumor virus.

In one embodiment, the retroviral plasmid vector is derived ee from Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus.

The vector includes one or more promoters. Suitable promoters which may be employed include, but are not limited to, the retroviral LTR; the SV40 promoter; and the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter described in Miller, et al., -22- Biotechniques, Vol. 7, No. 9, 980-990 (1989), or any other promoter cellular promoters such as eukaryotic cellular promoters including, but not limited to, the histone, pol III, and j-actin promoters). Other viral promoters which may be employed include, but are not limited to, adenovirus promoters, thymidine kinase (TK) promoters, and B19 parvovirus promoters. The selection of a suitable promoter will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings contained herein.

The nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of the present invention is under the control of a suitable promoter. Suitable promoters which may be employed include, but are not limited to, adenoviral promoters, such as the adenoviral major late promoter; or hetorologous promoters, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter; the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) promoter; inducible promoters, such as the MMT promoter, the metallothionein promoter; heat shock promoters; the albumin promoter; the ApoAI promoter; human globin promoters; viral thymidine kinase promcters, such as the Herpes Simplex thymidine kinase promoter; retroviral LTRs (including the modified retroviral LTRs hereinabove described); the 0-actin promoter; and human growth hormone promoters. The promoter also may be the native promoter which controls the gene encoding the polypeptide.

.The retroviral plasmid vector is employed to transduce packaging cell lines to form producer cell lines. Examples of packaging cells which may be transfected include, but are not limited to, the PE501, PA317, 0-2, V-AM, PAl2, T19-14X, VT-19-17-H2, ICRE, CRIP, GP+E-86, GP+envAml2, and DAN cell lines as described in Miller, Human Gene Therapy, Vol. 1, pgs. 5-14 (1990), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The vector may transduce the packaging cells through any means known in the art. Such means include, but are not limited to, electroporation, the use of liposomes, and CaPO 4 precipitation. In one alternative, the -23retroviral plasmid vector may be encapsulated into a liposome, or coupled to a lipid, and then administered to a host.

The producer cell line generates infectious retroviral vector particles which include the nucleic acid sequence(s) encoding the polypeptides. Such retroviral vector particles then may be employed, to transduce eukaryotic c=-ls, either in vitro or in vivo. The transduced eukaryotic cells will express the nucleic acid sequence(s) encoding the polypeptide. Eukaryotic cells which may be transduced include, but are not limited to, embryonic stem cells, embryonic carcinoma cells, as well as hematopoietic stem cells, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, myoblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and bronchial epithelial cells.

The disease hereditary cystatin C amaloid angiopathy causes fatal hemorrhaging, and may be associated with Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, Parkinson's, dimentia, and could lead to death before age This invention, therefore, relates to the use of the CysE gene as a diagnostic. Detection of a mutated form of CysE will allow a diagnosis of a disease similar to HCCAA which results from a mutation in the CysE gene.

Individuals carrying mutations in the human CysE gene may be detected at the DNA level by a variety of techniques.

Nucleic acids for diagnosis may be obtained from a patient's cells, including but not limited to blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy and autopsy material. The genomic DNA may be used directly for detection or may be amplified enzymatically by using PCR (Saiki et al., Nature, 324:163-166 (1986)) prior to analysis. RNA or cDNA may also be used for the same purpose. As an example, PCR primers complementary to the nucleic acid encoding CysE can be used to identify and analyze CysE mutations. For example, deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product in comparison to the normal genotype.

-24- Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to radiolabeled CysE RNA or alternatively, radiolabeled CysE antisense DNA sequences. Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched duplexes by RNase

A

digestion or by differences in melting temperatures.

Sequence differences between the reference gene and genes having mutations may be revealed by the direct

DNA

sequencing method. In addition, cloned DNA segments may be employed as probes to detect specific DNA segments. The sensitivity of this method is greatly enhanced when combined with PCR. For example, a sequencing primer is used with double-stranded PCR product or a single-stranded template molecule generated by a modified PCR. The sequence determination is performed by conventional procedures with radiolabeled nucleotide or by automatic sequencing procedures with fluorescent-tags.

Genetic testing based on DNA sequence differences may be achieved by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing agents. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized by high resolution 'gel electrophoresis.

DNA

fragments of different sequences may be distinguished on denaturing formamide gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions according to their specific melting or partial melting temperatures (see, e.g. Myers et al., Science, 230:1242 (1985)).

Sequence changes at specific locations may also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and S1 protection or the chemical cleavage method Cotton et too.al., PNAS, USA, 85:4397-4401 (1985)).

Thus, the detection of a specific DNA sequence may be :achieved by methods such as hybridization, RNase protection, chemical cleavage, direct DNA sequencing or the use of restriction enzymes, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)) and Southern blotting of genomic

DNA.

In addition to more conventional gel-electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, mutations can also be detected by in situ analysis.

The sequences of the present invention are also valuable for chromosome identification. The sequence is specifically targeted to and can hybridize with a particular location on an individual human chromosome. Moreover, there is a current need for identifying particular sites on the chromosome. Few chromosome marking reagents based on actual sequence data (repeat polymorphisms) are presently available for marking chromosomal location. The mapping of DNAs to chromosomes according to the present invention is an important first step in correlating those sequences with genes associated with disease.

Briefly, sequences can be mapped to chromosomes by preparing PCR primers (preferably 15-25 bp) from the cDNA.

Computer analysis of the 3' untranslated region of the gene is used to rapidly select primers. that do not span more than one exon in the genomic DNA, thus complicating the amplification process. These primers are then used for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human gene corresponding to the primer will yield an amplified fragment.

PCR mapping of somatic cell hybrids is a rapid procedure for assigning a particular DNA to a particular chromosome.

Using the present invention with the same oligonucleotide primers, sublocalization can be achieved with panels of fragments from specific chromosomes or pools of large genomic clones in an analogous manner. Other mapping strategies that can similarly be used to map to its chromosome include in situ hybridization, prescreening with labeled flow-sorted chromosomes and preselection by hybridization to construct *e chromosome specific-cDNA libraries.

-26- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Of a cDNA clone to a metaphase chromosomal spread can be used to provide a precise chromosomnal location in one step. This technique can be used with cDNA having at least 50 or bases. For a review of this technique, see Verma et al., Human Chromosomes. a Manual of Basic Techniques, Pergamon Press, New York (1988).

once a sequence has been mapped to a precise chromosomal location, the physical position of the sequence on the chromosome can be correlated with genetic map data. Such data are found, for example, in V. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in man (available on line through Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library) The relationship between genes and diseases that have been mapped to the same chromosomal region are then identified through linkage analysis (coinheritance of physically adjacent genes) Next, it is necessary to determine the differences in the cDNA or genomic sequence between affected and unaffected individuals. If a mutation is observed in some or all of the affected individuals but not in a~ny normal individuals, then the mutation is likely to be the causative agent of the disease.- With current resolution of physical mapping and genetic mapping techniques, a cDNA precisely localized to a chromosomal region associated with the disease could be one of between 50 and 500 potential causative genes. (This assumes 1 megabase mapping resolution and one gene per kb).

The polypeptides, their fragments or other derivativ or analogs thereof, or cells expressing them can be used as an immunogen to produce antibodies thereto. These antibodies can be, for example, polyclonal or mtonoclonal antibodies.

:The present invention also includes chimeric, single chain, :and humanized antibodies, as well as Fab fragments, or the product of an Fab expression library. Various procedures -27known in the art may be used for the production of such antibodies and fragments.

Antibodies generated against the polypeptides corresponding to a sequence of the present invention can be obtained by direct injection of the polypeptides into an animal or by administering the polypeptides to an animal, preferably a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the polypeptides itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the polypeptides can be used to generate antibodies binding the whole native polypeptides. Such antibodies can then.be used to isolate the polypeptide from tissue expressing that polypeptide.

For preparation of monoclonal antibodies, any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kohler and Milstein, 1975, Nature, 256:495-497), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72), and the EBVhybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole, et al., 1985, in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).

Techniques described for the production of.single chain antibodies Patent 4,946,778) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies to immunogenic polypeptide products of this invention. Also, transgenic mice may be used to express humanized antibodies to immunogenic polypeptide products of this invention.

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples; however, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to such examples. All parts or amounts, unless otherwise specified, are by weight.

In order to facilitate understanding of the following examples certain frequently occurring methods and/or terms will be described.

-28- "Plasmids" are designated by a lower case p Preceded and/or followed by capital letters and/or numbers. The starting plasmids herein are either commercially available, publicly available on an unrestricted basis, or can be constructed from available plasmids in accord with published procedures. In addition, equivalent plasmids to those described are known in the art and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

"Digestion" of DNA refers to catalytic cleavage of the DNA with a restriction enzyme that acts only at certain sequences in the DNA. The various restriction enzymes used herein are commercially available and their reaction conditions, cofactors and other requirements were used as would be known to the ordinarily skilled artisan. For analytical purposes, typically I pg of plasmid or DNA fragment is used with about 2 units of enzyme in about 20 Al of buffer solution. For the purpose of isolating

DNA

fragments for plasmid construction, typically 5 to 50 pg of DNA are digested with 20 to 250 units of enzyme in a larger volume. Appropriate buffers and substrate amounts for particular restriction enzymes are specified by the manufacturer. Incubation times of about 1 hour at 37'C are o"ordinarily used, but may vary in accordance with the a."supplier's instructions. After digestion the reaction is electrophoresed directly on a polyacrylamide gel to isolate the desired fragment.

Size separation of the cleaved fragments is performed using 8 percent polyacrylamide gel described by Goeddel,

D.

e Nucleic Acids Res., 8:4057 (1980).

"Oligonucleotides" refers to either a single stranded polydeoxynucleotide or two complementary polydeoxynucleotide strands which may be chemically synthesized. Such synthetic oligonucleotides have no 5' phosphate and thus will not :ligate to another oligonucleotide without adding a phosphate with an ATP in the presence of a kinase. A synthetic -29oligonuclectide will ligate to a ifragment that has not been depkioSphorylated aLigation" refers to the process of fOan phspoiester bonds between two double stranded niucleic acid fragments (Maniacis. et al. Id., p. 146) Unless otherwise provided, ligation may be accomplished using mown buffers and conditions with. 10 units of T4 DNA ligaSe C"ligave,) per 0.5 g.g of approximately equimolar amocunts of the DNA fragments to be ligated.

Unless otherwise stated, C-ransfonnacion was performed as described in the method of Graham, and Van der Eb, A., Virology, 52:456-457 (1973).

XXAmple I Bacterial Exoression and Puirification of solubple C sE The DNA sequence encodiLng CysZ, ATCC 97156 ,is initially anplified using PCR. oligcnucleotide primers corresponding to the 5' sequences of the processed CysB protein (mi~nus the signal peptide sequence) and the vector sequences 3' to the Cyag gene. Additional nucleotiLdes corresponding to CysE were added to the 5' and 3' sequences respectively. The 5' oligonucleotide pr-imer has the sequence 5'1 CGCCCArGGCIGCG CAGGAG 3' (SEQ ID NO.3) contains an NcoI restriction enzyme siefollowed by Cyss coditng sequence starting ifrom the '4presumed terminal amino acid of the processed protein. The sequence 5' CGC)AGCT rcACATCCCA.J XrC 3' (SEQ ID NO:4) contains complementary sequences to a EHindIIl sire and is followed by CysE coding sequence. The restriction enzyme sites correspond to r-he resz-icrcion enzyme sir-e5 on the bacterial expression vector pQH-9 (Qiagei, Inc. Chatsworth, CA, 91311). pQE-9 encodes antibiotic resistance (Amp') a bacterial origin of replication (oi) an IPTG-regulatable promoter operator a ribosome binding site (RBS) a 6- 00His tag and restriction enzyme sites. pQE-9 was then digested with Ncol and HindIII. The amplified sequences were ligated into pQE-9 and were inserted in frame with the sequence encoding for the histidine tag and the RBS. The ligation mixture was then used to transform E. coli strain 4 (Qiagen, Inc.) by the procedure described in Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Laboratory Press, (1989). M15/rep4 contains multiple copies of the plasmid pREP4, which expresses the lacI repressor and also confers kanamycin resistance (Kan').

Transformants are identified by their ability to grow on LB plates and ampicillin/kanamycin resistant colonies were selected. Plasmid DNA was isolated and confirmed by restriction analysis. Clones containing the desired constructs were grown overnight in liquid culture in LB media supplemented with both Amp (100 ug/ml) and Kan ug/ml) The O/N culture is used to inoculate a large culture at a ratio of 1:100 to 1:250. The cells were grown to an optical density 600 (O.D.

6 0 of between 0.4 and 0.6. IPTG ("Isopropyl-B-D-thiogalacto pyranoside") was then added to a S- final concentration of 1 mM. IPTG induces by inactivating the lacI repressor, clearing the P/O leading to increased gene expression. Cells were grown an extra 3 to 4 hours.

Cells were then harvested by centrifugation. The cell pellet was solubilized in the chaotropic agent 6 Molar Guanidine HC1. After clarification, solubilized CysE was purified from this solution by chromatography on a Nickel-Chelate column S* under conditions that allow for tight binding by proteins containing the 6-His tag (Hochuli, E. et al., J.

Chromatography 411:177-184 (1984)). CysE was eluted from the S. column in 6 molar guanidine HC1 pH 5.0 and for the purpose of renaturation adjusted to 3 molar guanidine HC1, 100mM sodium phosphate, 10 mmolar glutathione (reduced) and 2 mmolar glutathione (oxidized). After incubation in this solution for 12 hours the protein was dialyzed to 10 mmolar sodium phosphate.

-31- Exa-Mle 2 ClanA-= and expressi.Ori Of CV38 itfinc the bacuiovi1us expressign systemf Th 'e DN(A sequence encoding the full length CYS3 protein, ATCC 97156 was amplified using PCR oligonucleoc-ide primers corresponding to the 5' and 3' sequences of the gene: The 51 primer has the sequence 5' CrCCTCCCTA a G7TCGAALCCrC 3' (SEQ ID NO:.S) and4 contains a BawiHI restriction enzyme site (in bold) followed by an eff icient signal for the initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells (xozak, m1., j.

Mol. Biol., 196 47-950 (1987) and IS nucl~eotides of the gene (the initiation codon for trsznslation "ATGR is underlined).

The 3' primer has the sequence 5' CGCGGAZCCTCACATer GCAAAAALGTTGGCTr 3' (SEQ ID NO.-6) amd contains the cleavage site for the restriction endonuclease BamnHI and nucleotides complementary to the 3' non-translated seq~uence of the CysE gene. The amplified sequences were isolated from a 1* agarose gel using a comercially available kit (hGeneclean, I EIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, The fragment was then digested with the endonuclease BamHI anid then purified again on a It~ agarose gel. This fragment is designated P2 The vector pA2 (mdificat~lbn of pVL941 vector, discussed *below) is used for the expressi-on, of the Cy)sE protein using *-the baculovirus expression system (for review see: Suznners, M.D. and Smith, G.R. 1987, A manual of methods for baculovirus vectors and insect cell culnure procedures, Texas Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin No. 1555). This expression vector contains the strong polyhedrin promoter of the Autograph& californica nuclear polyhedrosis viirus (ACM2PV) followed by the recognition sites f or the restriction eridonuclease BainHI. The polyadenylation site of the simian virus (SV)40 is used for ef ficient polyadenylation- For an easy selection of recomubinant virus *.:the beta -galactosidase gene from E.coli is inserted in the same orientation as the polyhedrin promoter followed by the polyadenylation signal of the polyhedrin gene. The polyhedrin sequences are flanked at both sides by viral sequences for the cell-mediated homologous recombination of co-transfected wild-type viral DNA. Many other baculovirus vectors could be used in place of pA2, such as pRGI pAc373, pVL941 and pAcIMI (Luckow, V.A. and Summers, Virology, 170:31-39).

The plasmid was digested with the restriction enzyme BamHI and then dephosphorylated using calf intestinal phosphatase by procedures known in the art. The DNA was then isolated from a 1% agarose gel using the commercially available kit ("Geneclean" BIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, Ca.).

This vector DNA is designated V2.

Fragment F2 and the dephosphorylated plasmid V2 were ligated with T4 DNA ligase. E.coli HB101 cells were then transformed and bacteria identified that contained the plasmid (pBacCysE) with the CysE gene using the enzyme BamHI.

The sequence of the cloned fragment was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

5 ig of the plasmid pBacCysE was co-transfected with g of a coummercially available linearized baculovirus ("BaculoGold" baculovirus DNA", Pharmingen, San Diego, CA.) using the lipofection method (Felgner et al. Proc. Natl.

Acad. Sci. USA, 84:7413-7417 (1987)) lg of BaculoGold virus DNA and 5 pg of the plasmid pBacCysE were mixed in a sterile well of a microtiter plate containing 50 Al of serum free Grace's medium (Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, MD). Afterwards 10 il Lipofectin plus 90 il Grace's medium were added, mixed and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. Then the transfection mixture was added drop-wise to the Sf9 insect cells (ATCC CRL 1711) seeded in a 35 mm tissue culture plate with 1 ml Grace's medium without serum. The plate was rocked back and forth to mix the newly added solution. The plate -33was then incubated for 5 hours at 27 0 C. After 5 hours the transfection solution was removed from the plate and 1 ml of Grace's insect medium supplemented with 10t fetal calf serum was added. The plate was put back into an incubator and cultivation continued at 27 0 C for four days.

After four days the supernatant was collected and a plaque assay performed similar as described by Sunmmers and Smith (supra). As a modification an agarose gel with "Blue Gal" (Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg) was used which allows an easy isolation of blue stained plaques.

(A

detailed description of a "plaque assay" can also be found in the user's guide for insect cell culture and baculovirology distributed by Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, page 9- Four days after the serial dilution, the virus was added to the cells, blue stained plaques were picked with the tip of an Eppendorf pipette. The agar containing the recombinant viruses was then resuspended in an Eppendorf tube containing 200 Al of Grace's medium. The agar was removed by a brief centrifugation and the supernatant containing the recombinant baculovirus was used to infect Sf9 cells seeded in 35 imn *"dishes. Four days later the supernatants of these culture dishes were harvested and then stored at Sf9 cells were grown in Grace's medium supplemented with heat-inactivated FBS. The cells were infected with the *e recombinant baculovirus V-CysE at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2. Six hours later the medium was removed and replaced with SF900 II medium minus methionine and cysteine (Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg) 42 hours later 5 iCi of 35 S-methionine and 5 1Ci 35S cysteine (Amersham) were added.

The cells were further incubated for 16 hours before they were harvested by centrifugation and the labelled proteins visualized by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography.

Example 3 -34- F.2oression of R--combin=n cyss im, Cos cells The expression off plasrru4, Cys.E HA is derived. from a vector pcDNAI/Amp (Invitroqen) containing: 1) SV4O origin Of replication,, 2) ampicillin rQsistance gene, 3) E..Colj replication QfV promoter followed by'a pcjyi~.e region, an SV40 intron and polyadenylation site. A DMA fragment encoding the entire Cyrsi precursor and a RAta fused, in framze to its 3' end was clomed into the polylinker region of the vector, therefore, the recombinant protein expression is directed under the C'!V promoter. The HA tag corresponds to an epitape derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein as previously described Wilson, H.

Niman, R- Heighten,~ A Qierenson, M. Connally, and R. Lerner, 1984, Call 37:7G7, (1984)). The imfusion of HA tag to the target protein allowc easy detection of the recombinane proteiri with an antibody that recognizes the HA epitope.

The plasmid construction strarnegy is described as follows: The. DNA sequence encoding CysE, ATCC 97156;. was .constructed by PCR on the original 3ST cloned using two primers: the 51 primer 5' GCGCGGATCCACCTGGCGTTG 3' (SRO ID NQ:7) contains a BairHI site followed by 12 nucleotides of :CysE coding sequence starting, from the initiation codon; the 3' sequence 5' GC~CAACACTGCCCGCTGAGGAA CICCA 3' (SEQ in NO:8) contains comiplementary sequiences to an XbaI site, translation stop codon, aA tag and nucleotides of the CysE coding sequence (not including the stop codon),. Therefore, the PCR product contains a BamHI site, CysZ coding sequence followed by HA tag fused in frame, a translation terminati~on stop codon next to the RA tag, and an Xbal site. Tlhe PCI. amplified DNA fragment and the vector, pCDNAI/Amp, were digested with BamHI and Xba.I restriction enzyme and ligated. The ligration mixture was transformed into E. coi strain SURE (available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, C-A 92037) -3sapproximately ten pieces are placed in each flask. The flask the transformed culture was plated on anMpicillin media plates and resistant colonies were selected. Plasmid DNA was isolated from transformants and examined by restriction analysis for the presence of the correct fragment. For expression of the recombinant CysE, COS cells were transfected with the expression vector by DEAE-DEXTRAN method Sambrook, E. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning:

A

Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Laboratory Press, (1989)).

The expression of the CysE HA protein was detected by radiolabelling and immunoprecipitation method Harlow,

D.

Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (1988)). Cells were labelled for 8 hours with "S-cysteine two days post transfection. Culture media was then collected and cells were lysed with detergent

(RIPA

buffer (150 mM NaC1, 1% NP-40, 0.1% SDS, 1% NP-40, 0.5% DOC, Tris, pH 7.5) (Wilson, I. et al., Id. 37:767 (1984)).

Both cell lysate and culture media were precipitated with an HA specific monoclonal antibody. Proteins precipitated were analyzed on 15% SDS-PAGE gels.

Example 4 Expression via Gene Therapy Fibroblasts are obtained from a subject by skin biopsy.

The resulting tissue is placed in tissue-culture medium and separated into small pieces. Small chunks of the tissue are placed on a wet surface of a tissue culture flask, is turned upside down, closed tight and left at room temperature over night. After 24 hours at room temperature, the flask is inverted and the chunks of tissue remain fixed to the bottom of the flask and fresh media Ham's F12 media, with 10% FBS, penicillin and streptomycin, is added.

This is then incubated at 37 0 C for approximately one week.

At this time, fresh media is added and subsequently changed every several days. After an additional two weeks in -36culture, a monolayer of fibroblasts emerge. The monolayer is trypsinized and scaled into larger flasks.

pMV-7 (Kirschmeier, P.T. et al, DNA, 7:219-25 (1988) flanked by the long terminal repeats of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus, is digested with EcoRI and HindIII and subsequently treated with calf intestinal phosphatase. The linear vector is fractionated on agarose gel and purified, using glass beads.

The cDNA encoding a polypeptide of the present invention is amplified using PCR primers which correspond to the 5' and 3' end sequences respectively. The 5' primer containing an EcoRI site and the 3' primer having contains a HindIII site.

Equal quantities of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus linear backbone and the EcoRI and HindIII fragment are added together, in the presence of T4 DNA ligase. The resulting mixture is maintained under conditions appropriate for ligation of the two fragments. The ligation mixture is used to transform bacteria HB101, which are then plated onto agarcontaining kanamycin for the purpose of confirming that the vector had the gene of interest properly inserted.

The amphotropic pA317 or GP+aml2 packaging cells are grown in tissue culture to confluent density in Dulbecco's SModified Eagles Medium (DMEM) with 10% calf serum (CS), penicillin and streptomycin. The MSV vector containing the gene is then added to the media and the packaging cells are transduced with the vector. The packaging cells now produce infectious viral particles containing the gene (the packaging cells are now referred to as producer cells).

Fresh media is added to the transduced producer cells, and subsequently, the media is harvested from a 10 cm plate of confluent producer cells. The spent media, containing the infectious viral particles, is filtered through a millipore filter to remove detached producer cells and this media is then used to infect fibroblast cells. Media is removed from a sub-confluent plate of fibroblasts and quickly replaced -37/1with the media from the producer cells. This media is removed and replaced with fresh media. If the titer of virus is high, then virtually all fibroblasts will be infected and no selection is required. If the titer is very low, then it is necessary to use a retroviral vector that has a selectable marker, such as no or his.

The engineered fibroblasts are then injected.into the host, either alone or after having been grown to confluence on cytodex 3 microcarrier beads. The fibroblasts now produce the protein product.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

S

*5

S.

o*

S*

-37/2- SEQUENCE LISTING GENERAL INFORMATION: APPLICANT: Ni, Jian Yu, Guo-Liang Gentz, Reiner Rosen, Craig A.

(ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Human Cystatin

E

(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE

ADDRESS:

ADDRESSEE: Human Genome Sciences, Inc.

STREET: 9410 Key West Ave CITY: Rockville STATE: MD COUNTRY: USA ZIP: 20850 COMPUTER READABLE FORM: MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS SOFTWARE: PatentIn Release Version #1.30 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: APPLICATION NUMBER: US 08/461,030 FILING DATE: 05-JUN-1995

CLASSIFICATION:

(viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT

INFORMATION:

o NAME: A. Anders, Brookes REGISTRATION NUMBER: 36,373 REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: PF202 (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: TELEPHONE: 301-301-8504 TELEFAX: 301-309-8439 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 581 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS: single TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (ix) FEATURE: NAME/KEY: CDS LOCATION: 16..462 (ix) FEATURE: NAME/KEY: mat peptide LOCATION: 100..462 (ix) FEATURE: NAME/KEY: sig_peptide LOCATION: 16..99 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1: ACGGCACTGA CGGCC ATG GCG CGT TCG AAC CTC CCG CTG GCG CTG GGC CTG 51 Met Ala Arg Ser Asn Leu Pro Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu.

-28 -25 GCC CTG GTC GCA TTC TGC CTC CTG GCG CTG CCA CGC GAT GCC CGG GCC 99 Ala Leu Val Ala Phe Cys Leu Leu Ala Leu Pro Arg Asp Ala Arg Ala -10 CGG CCG CAG GAG CGC ATG GTC GGA GAA CTC CGG GAC CTG TCG CCC GAC 147 Arg Pro Gln Glu Arg Met Val Gly Glu Leu Arg Asp Leu Ser Pro Asp 1 5 10 GAC CCG CAG GTG CAG AAG GCG GCG CAG GCG GCC GTG GCC AGC TAC AAC 195 Asp Pro Gin Val Gin Lys Ala Ala Gin Ala Ala Val Ala Ser Tyr Asn 25 ATG GGC AGC AAC AGC ATC TAC TAC TTC CGA GAC ACG CAC ATC ATC AAG 243 Met Gly Ser Asn Ser Ile Tyr Tyr Phe Arg Asp Thr His Ile Ile Lys 40 GCG CAG AGC CAG CTG GTG GCC GGC ATC AAG TAC TTC CTG ACG ATG GAG 291 Ala Gln Ser Gl n Leu Val Ala Gly Ile Lys Tyr Phe Leu Thr Met Glu 50 55 ATG GGG AGC ACA GAC TGC CGC AAG ACC AGG GTC ACT GGA GAC CAC GTC 339 S: Met Gly Ser Thr Asp Cys Arg Lys Thr Arg Val Thr Gly Asp His Val 65 70 75 GAC CTC ACC ACT TGC CCC CTG GCA GCA GGG GCG CAG CAG GAG AAG CTG 387 Asp Leu Thr Thr Cys Pro Leu Ala Ala Gly Ala Gin Gin Glu Lys Leu 85 90 CGC TGT GAC TTT GAG GTC CTT GTG GTT CCC TGG CAG AAC C T TCT CAG 435 Arg Cys Asp Phe Glu Val Leu Val Val Pro Trp Gin Asn Ser Ser Gin 100 105 110 CTC CTA AAG CAC AAC TGT GTG CAG ATG TGATAAGTCC CCGAGGGCGA 482 Leu Leu Lys His Asn Cys Val Gin Met 115 120 AGGCCATTGG GTTTGGGGCC ATGGTGGAGG GCACTTCACG TCCGTGGGCC GTATCTGTCA 542 CAATAAATGG CCAGTGCTGC TTCTTGCAAA AAAAAAA 581 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 149 amino acids TYPE: amino acid TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein -39- Me -2 Ph Ar

GI

Sei Letu Asp Cys Glu As n (2) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: t Ala Arg Ser Asn Leu Pro Leu A 8 -25 e Cys Leu Leu Ala Leu Pro Arg A -5 g Met Val Gly Glu Leu Arg Asp Le 10 ni Lys Ala Ala Gin Ala Ala Val Al Ile Tyr Tyr Phe Arg Asp Thr Hi 4 1Val Ala Gly Ile Lys Tyr Phe Le 60 Cys Arg Lys Thr Arg Val Thr Gi 75 Pro Leu Ala Ala Gly Ala Gin Glr 90 Val Leu Val Val Pro Trp Gin Asr 105 Cys Vai Gin Met 120 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 21 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS:- single TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA SEQ I la Let 20 o0 Ala ~u Ser a Ser 30 s Ile 5 u Thr y' Asp -i Glu Ser 110 )NO: 2: aGly Leu, Arg Ala Pro Asp Tyr Asn Ile Lys Met Glu His Val Lys Leu 95 Ser Gin Ala Leu Ara ?ro 1 Asp Pro Met Gly Ala Gin Met Gly Asp Leu Arg Cys Leu Leu I 1 Val1 Gin Gin Ser Ser Ser T hr ksp y s *Ala Glu Val1 Asn Gin Thr Thr ?he 100 His 6@ 66 0 066 6 6 6S 66 9 6 6666 06 60 *0 6666 6@66 f S 6G96 666.

S

66 £6 6

ES..

6666 6 *666 66 6 6@ 66 66 9.

66 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: CGCCCATGGC GGCCGCAGGA G INFORMATION FOR SEQ ITD NO:4: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 30..ba-.e- pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS: single TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4; CGCAAGCTTT CACATCTGCA AAAAGTTGGC INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 33 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS: single TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID CGCGGATCCG CCATCATGGC GCGTTCGAAC CTC 33 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 32 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS: single TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA S (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6: CGCGGATCCT CACATCTGCA AAAAGTTGGC TT 32 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: S SEQUENCE-CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 25 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS: single TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA .o.

SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7: GCGCGGATCC ACCATGGCGC GTTCG INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS.

LENGTH: 52 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS: single TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: 4-NA -41- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8: GCGCTCTACA TCAAGCCCTAG TOTOOC-ACOT. CGTATGGGTA CATOTGCACA A-k S2 -42-

Claims (40)

1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least identical to a member selected from the group consisting of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide comprising amino acid residues -28 to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

2. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least identical to a member selected from the group consisting of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide comprising amino acid residues -28 to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and I. a nucleic add sequence encoding the polypeptide comprising amino acid residues I to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

3. The polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein the member is

4. The polynucleotide of claim I wherein the member is

5. The polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid is DNA.

6. An isolated polynucleotide capable of hybridizing to the polynucleotide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

7. The polynucleotide of claim 6, wherein said polynucleotide encodes or is complementary to a sequence encoding a polypeptide having CysE activity.

8. The polynucleotide of claim 1 comprising nucleotides 1 to 581 of SEQ ID NO: -44-

9. The polynucleotide of claim I comprising nucleotides 16 to 462 of SEQ ID NO: 1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least identical to a member selected from the group consisting of: a polynucleotide encoding a mature polypeptide encoded by the human cDNA contained in ATCC Deposit No. 97156; and a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide encoded by the human cDNA contained in ATCC Deposit No. 97156.

11. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least identical to a member selected from the group consisting of: a polynucleotide encoding a mature polypeptide encoded by the human cDNA contained in ATCC Deposit No. 97156; and a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide encoded by the human cDNA contained in ATCC Deposit No. 97156.

12. The polynucleotide of claim 10 wherein the member is

13. The polynucleotide of claim 10 wherein the member is 13. The polynucleotide of claim 10 wherein the member is

14. An isolated polynucleotide capable of hybridizing to the human cDNA contained in ATCC Deposit No. 97156.15. *s.

15. The polynucleotide of claim 14. wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having CysE activity.

16. A vector containing the polynucleotide of claim 1.

17. A host cell genetically engineered with the vector of claim 18.

18. A method for producing a polypeptide comprising: expressing from the host cell of claim 17 the polypeptide encoded by said polynucleotide.

19. A method for producing cells capable of expressing a polypeptide comprising: transforming or transfecting said cells with the vector of claim 16. A polypeptide comprising a member selected from the group consisting of: a polypeptide having the deduced amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and fragments, analogs, and derivatives thereof having CysE activity; and (ii) a polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of ATCC Deposit No. 97156 and fragments, analogs. and derivatives thereof having CysE activity.

21. An isolated polypeptide at least 70% identical to a member selected from the group consisting of: a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues -28 to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues I to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

22. An isolated polypeptide at least 95% identical to a member selected from the group consisting of: a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues -28 to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues I to 121 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

23. A method for identifying agonist or antagonist compounds to the polypeptide of claim 20 comprising: contacting a cell expressing on the surface thereof a receptor for the polypeptide, said receptor being associated with a second component -46- capable of providing a detectable signal in response to the binding of a compound to said receptor, with an analytically detectable compound under conditions to permit binding to the receptor; and detecting the absence or presence of a signal generated from the interaction of the compound with the receptor.

24. The antagonist compound of claim 23, wherein said compound is not heretofor known. The agonist compound of claim 23, wherein said compound is not heretofor known.

26. A method for the treatment of a patient having need of CysE polypeptide comprising: administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of the polypeptide of claim 2 1.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein said therapeutically effective amount of the polypeptide is administered by providing to the patient DNA encoding said polypeptide and expressing said polypeptide in vivo. o

28. A method for the treatment of a patient having need to inhibit a CysE polypeptide comprising: administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 24. *Oil

29. A method for the treatment of a patient having need of an agonist of CysE polypeptide comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim A method for diagnosing a disease or a susceptibility to a disease related to an under-expression of the polypeptide of claim 20 comprising: determining a mutation in the nucleic acid sequence encoding said polypeptide. -47-

31. A diagnostic method comprising: analysing for the presence of the polypeptide of claim 20 in a sample derived from a host.

32. An isolated antibody or a preparation of antibodies which specifically bind the polypeptide of claim

33. A composition comprising a human CysE polypeptide and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents wherein said polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence: encoded by a nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a nucleotide sequence having at least 70% identity thereto; (ii) encoded by the cDNA of ATCC Deposit No. and/or a sequence of nucleotides having at least 70% identity thereto; (iii) substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or a sequence having at least 70% identity thereto.

34. Use of a polynucleotide according to any one of claims 1-15 or a polypeptide according to any one of claims 20-22 in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a patient having need of human CysE. **eo

35. Use of the compound according to claim 24 in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a patient having need to inhibit a CysE polypeptide.

36. Use of the compound according to claim 29 in the preparation of a medicament o for the treatment of a patient having need of an agonist of a CysE polypeptide. *e

37. A polynucleotide according to any one of claims 1-15 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures andlor Examples.

38. The vector according to claim 16 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples. -48-

39. The host cell according to claim 17 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples. The polypeptide according to any one of claims 20-22 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples.

41. The methods according to any one of claims 18, 19,23 and 26-31 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples.

42. The compound according to any one of claims 24 or 25 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples.

43. The antibody according to claim 32 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples.

44. The use according to any one of claims 33-35 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples.

45. The use of the composition according to claim 33 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures and/or Examples. Dated this TWENTY SECOND day of JUNE 2000. Human Genome Sciences, Inc. Wray Associates Perth, Western Australia Patent Attorneys for the Applicant