AU3105200A - Use of 17-ketosteroid compounds and derivatives, metabolites and precursors thereof in the treatment of hepatitis c virus and other togaviruses - Google Patents

Use of 17-ketosteroid compounds and derivatives, metabolites and precursors thereof in the treatment of hepatitis c virus and other togaviruses Download PDF

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AU3105200A
AU3105200A AU31052/00A AU3105200A AU3105200A AU 3105200 A AU3105200 A AU 3105200A AU 31052/00 A AU31052/00 A AU 31052/00A AU 3105200 A AU3105200 A AU 3105200A AU 3105200 A AU3105200 A AU 3105200A
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compound
formula
alkyl
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Clarence Nathaniel Ahlem
James Martin Frincke
Patrick T. Prendergast
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Harbor Biosciences Inc
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Harbor Biosciences Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
    • A61K31/5685—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone having an oxo group in position 17, e.g. androsterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A61P33/06—Antimalarials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/08—Plasma substitutes; Perfusion solutions; Dialytics or haemodialytics; Drugs for electrolytic or acid-base disorders, e.g. hypovolemic shock
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • C07J1/0003—Androstane derivatives
    • C07J1/0011—Androstane derivatives substituted in position 17 by a keto group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J3/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, substituted in position 17 beta by one carbon atom
    • C07J3/005—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, substituted in position 17 beta by one carbon atom the carbon atom being part of a carboxylic function
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Description

WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 USE OF 17-KETOSTEROID COMPOUNDS AND DERIVATIVES, METABOLITES AND PRECURSORS THEREOF IN THE TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND OTHER TOGAVIRUSES 5 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to steroid compositions and methods to use them to treat flavivirus and togavirus infections, such as human hepatitis C virus ("HCV") infections. The present invention is directed to the use of 17-ketosteroid compounds, as well as derivatives, metabolites and precursors of such compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts 10 of any of these compounds, collectively defined herein as the "compounds of the present invention", optionally together with one or more additional chemical agents and/or treatment methods (as described below) in the treatment of hepatitis C type virus and/or hepatitis G type virus in patients in need of such treatment. In addition, the present invention is directed to methods of treatment of togaviruses, including alphaviruses (also known as arboviruses, group A), flaviviruses 15 (also known as arboviruses, group 13)(such as yellow fever, as well as hepatitis C and hepatitis G), rubiviruses (also known as rubella viruses)(such as rubella) and pestiviruses (also known as mucosal disease viruses)(such as bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV)). There is an ongoing need for methods of treatment of hepatitis C virus, which are safer and/or more effective than known methods of treatment. As stated by C. Everett Koop, former U.S. 20 Surgeon Geieral, "we stand at the precipice of a grave threat to our public health... It affects people from all walks of life, in every state, in every country. And unless we do something about it soon, it will kill more people than AIDS", Koop, Hepatitis C, - An Epidemic for Anyone. As stated in Maddrey, W.C. et al, "Beyond Monotherapy: Next Generation Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis C", unfortunately, the only therapy offered in the U.S. National Institutes of Health Consensus 25 Development Statement on the Management of Hepatitis C, published in March, 1997, has proven ineffective for the majority of patients-not only have a significant proportion of patients failed to respond to this treatment, but another sizable segment has relapsed or had limited response. Because not all patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection respond to standard treatment with interferon alfa ("IFNot"), new therapeutic strategies are needed Di Bisceglie, A.M., "Emerging 30 Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis C". Hepatitis C virus infection is extremely common, with estimates of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis ranging from 90 million up to over 200 million (2 % to 4 %). There is no vaccine or candidate vaccine for pre-exposure prophylaxis and no effective globulin for post exposure prophylaxis. 35 The major liability of HCV infection is the propensity to develop chronic hepatitis in at least 75 % of the cases; virtually all infected patients may be chronically infected. It is theorized that HCV-related liver injury is directly or indirectly related to cytotoxic Tlymphocytes (CTL) 1 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 directed at viral peptides expressed on the hepatocyte membrane. These CTL are localized within the liver, are present in small numbers, and are probably only transiently effective since the virus is so heterogeneous and mutates at such a rapid rate. In view of this, purely antiviral compounds, such as nucleoside analogues or enzyme inhibitors, are likely to be virostatic but unlikely to eliminate 5 infection. In addition, immune directed therapies such as antibody preparations or cellular immune stimulants are likely to be transiently effective due to changes or mutations in the virus. Chronic hepatitis C is insidiously progressive. In general, infection progresses to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma over a period of decades, not months or years. 10 A reliable and effective cell culture for HCV does not exist. In addition, no nonprimate animal model exists. As a result, few agents have been tested against HCV. It is known that acyclovir, ribavirin, and corticosteroids are ineffective, and that corticosteroids increase the level of HCV replication. Interferons have been used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Interferons are natural 15 glycoproteins produced by cells in response to infection by viruses. Interferons inhibit the replication of a wide spectrum of RNA and DNA viruses, including hepatitis viruses. This occurs via a variety of mechanisms including inhibition of virus attachment and uncoating, induction of intracellular proteins and ribonucleases which convey antiviral properties to the cell, and amplification of both specific (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte) and nonspecific (natural killer cell) 20 immune response to viral proteins. The specific mechanism of interferon activity in chronic hepatitis C infection is not known. Because of its known antiviral properties and the experience with interferon in the treatment of other forms of viral hepatitis, interferon was evaluated as a potential treatment for patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis before the hepatitis C virus was even identified. Several 25 reports indicate that a response during interferon therapy can be expected in about 40 % of chronic hepatitis C patients, and this response generally occurs quickly. HCV RNA levels fall dramatically and become undetectable within 4 - 8 weeks in the majority of patients who subsequently normalize their serum aminotransferases. Despite the prompt antiviral and biochemical response to treatment and the inability to 30 detect residual HCV in either liver or serum in responding patients, biochemical normalization and absence of detectable viremia in serum is maintained in only a minority of patients ranging from 8 35 %. Relapse characterized by a rebound in serum ALT out of the normal range occurs in 50 - 90 % of "successfully" treated patients following the discontinuation of interferon treatment. At least half of patients with chronic hepatitis C who are treated with interferon fail to 35 respond. Some patients who initially appear to respond to interferon by normalizing serum ALT levels will demonstrate a progressive rise in the serum ALT levels despite continuation of interferon. 2 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 A variety of factors have been examined for their relation to whether a patient responded to interferon, including age, gender, body mass, pre-treatment HCV-RNA level, extent of loss of HCV-RNA during the start of treatment, viral genotype, absence or presence of fibrosis or cirrhosis, dosage of interferon, serum ferritin levels and hepatic iron levels, but none of these has been able to 5 predict accurately and consistently which HCV patients will respond to interferon. Furthermore, there are many cases where administering interferon alone for treatment of hepatitis C appears to be detrimental to patients, and sometimes very harmful to patients. For example, use of interferon in patients with predominant autoimmune features can intensify an immune-mediated hepatocullular inflammation (see Shindo et al, "Acute exacerbation of liver 10 disease during interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis C" Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1406 1408). Interferon can transform chronic viral hepatitis into an autoimmune hepatitis (Silva et al, "Interferon-induced chronic active hepatitis?" Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 840-8-42). Administering interferon can also induce production of a variety of autoantibodies of uncertain clinical significance (Mayet et al, "Treatment of chronic type B hepatitis with recombinant alpha 15 interferon induces autoantibodies, not specific for autoimmune chronic hepatitis," Hepatology 1989;10:24-28), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Interferon causes an increase in HLA display on membrane surfaces, impairs suppressor T cell function, enhances autoantibody production, stimulates natural killer cell function, affects cytokine release, and activates macrophages, making it capable of worsening an immune-mediated disease (Baron et al., "The 20 interferons: mechanisms of action and clinical applications," JAMA 1991; 266:1375-1383, which is incorporated herein by reference). In still other patients, such as those with normal serum ALT levels or decompensated disease, the advantages of therapy are unproved and doubtful. In addition, from studies of its use in other therapies, interferon has a number of well known side effects, including fever, chills, flu like syndrome, fatigue, anorexia, worsening in 25 performance status, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, leukopenia, anemia, neurological symptoms, psychological symptoms and dyspnea. See, e.g., Tsavaris, N. et al, "Treatment of renal cell carcinoma with escalating doses of alpha-interferon," Chemotherapy, 1993 Sep-Oct; 39 (5): 361-6. In addition, interferon has been linked with the development of thyroid disease in HCV patients. Lisker-Melman M, et al., "Development of thyroid disease during therapy of chronic viral hepatitis 30 with interferon alfa". Gastroenterology 1992 Jun;102(6):2155-60. Ribavarin is a compound which is reported to have a broad spectrum of in vitro activity against both RNA and DNA viruses, including flaviviridae related to hepatitis C. Pilot studies reported reduction of both serum ALT and HCV RNA levels in patients with chronic HCV infection, but in a subsequent randomized controlled trial, the antiviral effect of ribavirin alone 35 could not be confirmed. Several subsequent small studies appear to demonstrate a synergistic effect of ribavirin and interferon in patients with hepatitis C infection, however, the risks and side effects of interferon monotherapy remain as important drawbacks. 3 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 Several agents or maneuvers including ursodeoxycholic acid, indomethacin, nacetyl cysteine, silymarin, several herbal preparations and phlebotomy have been reported to be useful adjuncts to interferon treatment, but none of these have been consistently shown to be effective in controlled trials. 5 Hepatitis G virus (HGV; also called hepatitis GB virus C or HGBV-C) was fully characterized in early 1996. HGV is a flavivirus and a distant relative of HCV. At this time, HGV infection can be identified only through PCR testing, which indicates current infection. Such testing is not readily available or standardized. An antibody test for HGV is under development and, when available, will elucidate the epidemiology of HGV infection more fully than HGV RNA 10 testing can. It appears that once antibodies are found, HGV RNA is usually no longer present. Transmission of HGV through blood transfusion has been documented (the only Canadian study indicated that infection may occur in I in 1500 transfusion recipients and account for 9% of post-transfusion hepatitis), and from mother to child in the perinatal period. There is an increased prevalence of HGV RNA among groups with frequent exposure to blood or blood 15 products (e.g., persons with hemophilia or thalassemia, patients on hemodialysis and injection drug users). Other modes of transmission (e.g., sexual) are possible but have not been well documented. Coinfection with HBV, HCV, or both is common and likely represents similar modes of transmission. In 0.3% of cases of community-acquired acute viral hepatitis, HGV is the only identified agent. 20 A ntqmber of steroid compounds and their uses have been described. See, e.g., U.S. patent numbers 4956355, 5859000, 4268441, 4666898, 5837269, 5827841, 5811418, 5824313, 5686438, 5635496, 5587369, 5583126, 5562910, 5532230, 5518725, 5736537, 5843932, 5837700, 5824671, 5807849, 5798347, 5780460, 5776923, 5728688, 5610150, 5593981, 5372996, 5110810, 5807848, 5707983, 5641766, 5585371, 5506223, 5424463, 5296481, 5292730, 5776921, 5641768, 5559107, 25 5478566,5461042,5407684,5387583,5277907,5206008,5077284,5162198,5660835,5527789, 5756482, 5709878, 5804576, 5744462, 5714481, 5700793, 5696106, 5656621, 5175154, 5157031, 5028631, 5001119, 4898694, 5824668, 5710143, 5795880, 5527788, 5591736, 5861390 and PCT publication numbers WO 98/05338, WO 95/21617, WO 98/50040, WO 98/50041 and WO 97/48367, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 30 A number of flavonoids, methods to obtain them and their uses have been described. See, e.g., J.A. Manthey and B.S. Buslig, editors, Flavonoids in the living system, Advances in experimental medicine and biology, volume 439, Plenum Press, New York, 1998, chapter 15 (pages 191-225), chapter 16 (pages 227-235) and chapter 17 (pages 237-247), which are incorporated herein by reference. 35 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A principal embodiment of the invention provides a method to treat or prevent a togavirus infection comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound(s) of formula 1, 4 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 R R is Q 5~R QQis-Ho R, R1 R 11 or 13 e n 1 Q3 14 16 2 Q4- 2 10 8 R1 R1 R2 3 5, , 7 R1 R1 e 4R 1 4 ' 6 1 R1 R1 wherein Q, is -C(RI)2- or -C(O)-; Q2 is -C(Ri)2-, -C(Ri)(Y)-, -C(Y)- or -CH2-CH2-; 5 Q3 is -H or -C(R1)3-; Q4 is -C(R1)2-, -C(O)-, hydroxy-vinylidine (-CH(CH=CHOH)-) or methyl methylene ( CH(CH)3-); Q is -C(R)2- or -C(O)-; X and Y independently are -OH, -H, lower alkyl (e.g., CI-6 alkyl), -O-C(O)-RS, 10 -C(O)OR, 'halogen (i.e., -F, -Cl, -Br or -I) or =0; each R, independently is -H, -F, -Cl, -Br, -4, -OH, CI-6 alkoxy, or CI-6 alkyl; R2 is -H, -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, CI-6 alkyl, C1.6 alkoxy, -OR3, an ester (e.g., -O-C(O)-R4 or C(O)-O-R4), a thioester (e.g., -O-C(S)-R4 or -C(S)-O-R4), a thioacetal (e.g., -S-C(O)-R4 or -C(O)-S R4), a sulfate ester (e.g., -O-S(O)(O)-O-R4), a sulfonate ester (e.g., -O-S(O)-O-R4) or a carbamnate 15 (e.g., -O-C(O)-NH-R4 or -NH-C(O)-O-R4) or R2, together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R3 is -S(O)(O)-OM, -S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-CH(O-C(O)-R
6
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R 6 ,
-P(O)(O)-O-CH
2
-CH(O-C(O)-R
7
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R 7 , a glucuronide group of structure (A) COOH
H
3 C o OH
CH
3 (A), 20 or R3 is CI.
18 alkyl, C2-1s alkenyl, C 2
-
1 8 alkynyl, a C 1
.
1 8 ester or a C 1
.
1 8 thioester, where any of the. foregoing C 1 .i 8 or C 2
-
18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR PR, (including -OH), -NHRPR, (including -NH 2 ) or -SRPR, 5 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 (including -SH) groups, or R 3 is a C 1
.
18 fatty acid, C 2
.
1 o alkynyl, (J).-phenyl-C 1 .5-alkyl, (J).-phenyl
C
2
-
5 -alkenyl;
R
4 is -H, a protecting group, optionally substituted C 1
.
1 8 alkyl, optionally substituted CI-8 alkenyl, optionally substituted CI.
1 8 alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl 5 C 1
.
6 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2
-
6 alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2
.
6 alkynyl, optionally substituted heterocycle-C 1 .- alkyl, optionally substituted C 2
.
6 alkenyl-heterocycle, optionally substituted C 2
.
6 alkynyl-heterocycle or an optionally substituted heterocycle, where any of the foregoing moieties are optionally substituted at one, two, three, four, five or more carbon or hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -0-, -S-, -NReR- (including -NH-), -NH 10 C(O)-, -ORPR (including -OH), -NHRPR (including -NH 2 ), -SRPR (including -SH), =0, =S, =N-OH, CN, -NO 2 , -F, -Cl, -Br or -I groups or atoms; each R 5 independently is straight or branched Ci 1 4 alkyl; each R 6 independently is straight or branched C 1
.
1 4 alkyl; each R 7 independently is straight or branched C 1
.
1 4 alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure 15 (A); each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, C 1 4 alkyl, C 2
.
4 alkenyl, C 14 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a CI-6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 .- sulfate ester; 20 M i$ hydrogen, sodium, -S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-CH(O-C(O)-R
6
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R 6 , -P(O)(O)-O
CH
2
-CH(O-C(O)-R
7
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure (A); the dotted lines in formula 1 represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the 4-5 and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 Ri group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 17 positions so that these 25 carbon atoms are tetravalent; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof. The formula 1 compounds are collectively referred to herein as the "compounds of the invention" or "compounds of the present invention". Another invention embodiment comprises a method to treat or prevent a togavirus infection 30 comprising administering to a subject a compound of the invention simultaneously or sequentially with a compound of formula 2A or 2B 6 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 R 8 R 8 R 8 R 8 R10 'X1 7 9 1,2 -oR 6#10 3 R8 Ra5 2 R8 R8 RR R8 2A RioRa R8 R10 XR8 R8 9 2 6 510 43 R R8 R8 R8 R8 2B wherein a double or a single bond is present at the dotted line and, when a double bond is present, 5 (i) the optionally substituted phenyl ring at the 2- or 3-position is present and the R 8 that is bonded to the carbon is absent, and (ii) one R 8 at the adjacent 2- or 3-position is absent; Xi il -0- or -C(R)2-;
X
2 is -C(O)- or -C(Ru)2-; each R8 independently is -H, -OH, halogen, C 1 .- alkyl, C 1 .- alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1
.
2 5 fatty 10 acid, the residue of a formula 2A or 2B compound where a hydrogen atom is removed to form the formula 2A or 2B compound radical, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3
)
2 , glucoside, a group having structure (B) or (C), OHO O HO HOHO OH OH (B) or HO - (C) RIO is C 1 .- alkyl, C 1 .- alkoxy, neohesperidoside, apioglucoside, rutinoside, glucoside, 15 galactoside, rhamnoside, arabinoside, or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties, any of which are optionally independently substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with -OH, halogen, CI-6 alkyl, C 1
.
6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a CI-2 5 fatty acid or RIO is -H, -OH or halogen; each R, independently is -H, -OH, halogen, CI- 6 alkyl, C 1
.
6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1
.
25 20 fatty acid, or both R, together are =0; and 7 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof. Another embodiment of the invention is a method to treat or prevent a togavirus infection, including one or more infections with alphaviruses, flaviviruses, rubiviruses or pestiviruses, 5 comprising administering to a subject a compound of the invention ( a formula 1 compound) and a macrophage stimulating factor and optionally also administering a formula 2A or 2B compound. A further invention embodiment is a method to treat or prevent a togavirus infection, including one or more infections with alphaviruses, flaviviruses, rubiviruses or pestiviruses, comprising administering to a subject a compound of formula 1 and (1) administering an oxidation 10 agent or (2) using oxygen ventilation and optionally also administering a macrophage stimulating factor(s) and/or a formula 2A or 2B compound. Another invention embodiment is a method to treat or prevent a togavirus infection, including one or more infections with alphaviruses, flaviviruses, rubiviruses or pestiviruses, comprising administering to a subject a compound of formula 1 and ribavirin and/or cIFN and 15 optionally also using one or more of a formula 2A or 2B compound, a macrophage stimulating factor, an oxidation agent or oxygen ventilation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As used herein and unless otherwise stated or implied by context, the following terms have the meanings defined here. 20 A patientn" or "subject" means a human or animal. Usually the animal is a vertebrate such as a primate, rodent, domestic animal or game animal. Primates include chimpanzees, cynomologous monkeys, spider monkeys, and macaques, e.g., Rhesus. Rodents include mice, rats, woodchucks, ferrets, rabbits and hamsters. Domestic and game animals include cows, horses, pigs, deer, bison, buffalo, felines, e.g., domestic cat, canines, e.g., dog, avians, e.g., chicken, emu, 25 ostrich, and fish, e.g., trout, catfish and salmon. Patient or subject includes any subset of the foregoing, e.g., all of the above, but excluding one or more groups or species such as humans, primates or rodents. "Alkyl" as used herein, unless stated to the contrary, is a C1 -C18 hydrocarbon containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms in the form of normal, 30 secondary, tertiary, cyclic or mixed structures. Examples are -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, -CH 2 CH2CH2CH3, -CH2CH(CH 3 )2, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3, -C(CH3)3, CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH2CH3)2, -C(CH3)2CH2CH3, CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, -CH2C(CH3)3, CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3), 35 C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2, C(CH 3 )(CH2CH3)2, -CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2, -C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)C(CH3)3, 8 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutylmethyl, 1 -cyclopropyl- 1-ethyl, 2-cyclopropyl- 1-ethyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, 1 -cyclobutyl- 1-ethyl, 2-cyclobutyl- 1-ethyl, 1 -cyclopropyl- 1 -propyl, 2-cyclopropyl- 1 -propyl, 3-cyclopropyl- 1 -propyl, 2-cyclopropyl-2-propyl, and 1-cyclopropyl-2-propyl. 5 "Alkenyl" as used herein, unless stated to the contrary, is C2-C 18 hydrocarbon comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms in the form of normal, secondary, tertiary, cyclic or mixed structures and comprising 1, 2, 3 or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Examples are -CH=CH2, -CH=CHCH3, -CH2CH=CH2, -C(=CH2)(CH3), -CH=CHCH2CH3, -CH2CH=CHCH3, -CH2CH2CH=CH2, -CH=C(CH3)2, -CH2C(=CH2)(CH3), 10 -C(=CH 2 )CH2CH3, -C(CH3)=CHCH3, -CH(CH3)CH=CH2, -C=CHCH2CH2CH3, CHCH=CHCH2CH3, -CHCH2CH=CHCH3, -CHCH2CH2CH=CH2, -C(=CH2)CH2CH2CH3, C(CH 3 )=CH2CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)CH=CHCH3, -CH(CH3)CH2CH=CH2, -CH2CH=C(CH3)2, 1 cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, and 1-cyclohex-3-enyl. 15 "Alkynyl" as used herein, unless stated to the contrary, is C2-Cl 8 hydrocarbon comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms in the form of normal, secondary, tertiary, cyclic or mixed structures and comprising 1, 2, 3 or more triple bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Examples are -CCH, -CCCH3, -CH2CCH, -CCCH2CH3, -CH2CCCH3, CH 2 CH2CCH, -CH(CH3)CCH, -CCCH2CH2CH3, -CH2CCCH2CH3, -CH2CH2CCCH3 and 20 CH2CH2CH2CCH. "Halogen" or "halo" means fluorine (-F), chlorine (-Cl), bromine (-Br) or iodine (-I) and if more than one halogen is referred to (e.g., two or more variable groups may be a halogen), each halogen is independently selected. "Steroid nucleus" means 4 fused rings having the formula 1 structure. 25 "PEG" means an ethylene glycol polymer that contains about 20 to about 2000000 linked monomers, typically about 50-1000 linked monomers, usually about 100-300. Polyethylene glycols include PEGs containing various numbers of linked monomers, e.g., PEG20, PEG30, PEG40, PEG60, PEG80, PEG100, PEGI 15, PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG400, PEG500, PEG600, PEG 1000, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG 3350, PEG4000, PEG4600, PEG5000, PEG6000, PEG8000, PEGI 1000, 30 PEG 12000, PEG2000000 and any mixtures thereof. An "excipient" or a "carrier" means a component or an ingredient that is acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of compositions or formulations as disclosed herein and not overly deleterious to the patient or animal to which the formulation is to be administered. As used here, excipients and carriers include liquids, including benzyl benzoate, 35 cottonseed oil, NN-dimethylacetamide, a C 2 12 alcohol (e.g., ethanol), glycerol, peanut oil, a PEG, vitamin E, poppyseed oil, propylene glycol, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil and vegetable oil. 9 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 Excipients, as used herein may exclude solvents such as olive oil, chloroform, dioxane or DMSO. Excipients comprise one or more components typically used in the pharmaceutical formulation arts, e.g., fillers, binders, disintegrants and lubricants. Unless otherwise specified, expressions that refer to "a formula I compound(s)", a 5 "compound of the invention", a "formula 2A or 2B compound", a "plasma concentration-enhancing compound" and the like mean compositions or methods, e.g., methods to treat a togavirus infection as disclosed herein, where one or more than one formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound is present, typically 1, 2, 3 or 4, usually 1. "Alcohol" as used herein, includes excipients, means an alcohol that comprises a C 1 2 alkyl 10 moiety substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more hydroxyl groups, usually one, two or three. Alcohols include, e.g., ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, s butanol, t-butanol, n-pentanol, i-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n nonanol, n-decanol and benzyl alcohol. The carbon atoms in alcohols can be straight, branched or cyclic. Alcohol includes any subset of the foregoing, e.g., C 2
.
4 alcohols (alcohols having 2, 3 or 4 15 carbon atoms). "Ester" means a moiety that comprises a -C(O)-O- structure. Typically, esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 independently selected heteroatoms (e.g., 0, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the -C(O)-O- structure, e.g., organic 20 moiety-C(O|)-O-steroid or organic moiety-O-C(O)-steroid. The organic moiety usually comprises one or more of any of the organic groups described above, e.g., C 1 20 alkyl moieties, C 2
-
2 0 alkenyl moieties, C 2
-
20 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C 2
.
9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these, e.g., comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, where each substituent is independently chosen. Typical substitutions for hydrogen or carbon atoms in these organic groups include 1, 2, 3, 25 4 or more, usually 1, 2, or 3 -0-, -S-, -NRPR- (including -NH-), -C(O)-, =0, =S, -N(RPR) 2 (including
-NH
2 ), -C(O)ORPR (including -C(O)OH), -OC(O)RPR (including -O-C(0)-H), -ORPR (including OH), -SRPR (including -SH), -NO 2 , -CN, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -0-A8, -S-A8, C(O)-A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(O)O-A8, =N-, -N=, =N-OH, -OPO 3
(RPR)
2 , -OS0 3
H
2 or halogen moieties or atoms, where each R is -H, an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together 30 comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C 1
.
8 alkyl, C 2
-
8 alkenyl, C 2
-
8 alkynyl, C14 alkyl-aryl (e.g., benzyl), aryl (e.g. phenyl) or Co.
4 alkyl-C 2
.
9 heterocycle. Substitutions are independently chosen. The organic moiety includes compounds defined by the R 4 variable. The organic moieties exclude obviously unstable moieties, e.g., -0-0-, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for the one or more of the 35 uses described herein. The substitutions listed above are typically substituents that one can use to replace one or more carbon atoms, e.g., -0- or -C(O)-, or one or more hydrogen atom, e.g., halogen,
-NH
2 , -OH or =0. 10 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 "Thioester" means a moiety that comprises a -C(S)-O- structure. Typically, thioesters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., 0, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula I steroid nucleus at R 2 through the -C(S)-O- structure, e.g., organic moiety-C(S)-O-steroid 5 or organic moiety-O-C(S)-steroid. The organic moiety usually comprises one or more of any of the organic groups described above, e.g., C 1
-
20 alkyl moieties, C 2 .20-alkenyl moieties, C 2
-
20 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C 2
-
9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these, e.g., comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, where each substituent is independently chosen. Typical substitutions for hydrogen or carbon atoms in these organic groups include 1, 2, 3, 4 or more, 10 usually 1, 2, or 3 -0-, -S-, -NRPR- (including -NH-), -C(O)-, =0, =S, -N(R PR) 2 (including -NH 2 ), C(O)ORPR (including -C(O)OH), -OC(O)R PR (including -O-C(O)-H), -OR PR (including -OH), -SRPR (including -SH), -NO 2 , -CN, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -0-A8, -S-A8, -C(O)-A8, OC(O)-A8, -C(O)O-A8, =N-, -N=, =N-OH, -OPO 3
(RPR)
2 , -OSO 3
H
2 or halogen moieties or atoms, where each RPR is -H, an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together comprise a 15 protecting group, and A8 is C 1
.
8 alkyl, Ci- 8 alkenyl, C 1 .g alkynyl, CIA alkyl-aryl (e.g., benzyl), aryl (e.g. phenyl) or Co4 alkyl-C 2
-
9 heterocycle. Substitutions are independently chosen. The organic moiety includes compounds defined by the R 4 variable. The organic moieties exclude obviously unstable moieties, e.g., -0-0-, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for the one or more of the uses 20 described hqrein. The substitutions listed above are typically substituents that one can use to replace one or more carbon atoms, e.g., -0- or -C(O)-, or one or more hydrogen atom, e.g., halogen,
-NH
2 or -OH. "Thioacetal" means a moiety that comprises a -C(O)-S- structure. Typically, thioacetals as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-12 carbon 25 atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., 0, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the -C(O)-S- structure, e.g., organic moiety-C(O)-S-steroid or organic moiety-S-C(O)-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters. "Carbamate" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more -O-C(O)NRPR- structures where RPR is -H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as 30 described for ester. Typically, carbamate groups as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., 0, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R2 through the -O-C(O)-NR R- structure, e.g., organic moiety-NRPR-C(O)-O-steroid or organic moiety O-C(O)-NRPR-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters. 35 "Sulfate ester" means a moiety that comprises a -O-S(O)(O)-O- structure. Typically, sulfate esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., 0, S, N, P, Si), where the organic 11 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the -O-S(O)(O)-O- structure, e.g., organic moiety-O-S(O)(O)-O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters. "Sulfite ester" means a moiety that comprises a -O-S(O)-O- structure. Typically, sulfite esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2 5 12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., 0, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula I steroid nucleus at R 2 through the -O-S(O)-O- structure, e.g., organic moiety O-S(O)-O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters. The compositions disclosed herein optionally comprise salts of the formula I and 2 compounds that comprise an ionizable moiety or a polar moiety. As used herein, "salts" include 10 complexes that comprise moieties of opposite charge. Ionizable moieties include -O-S(O)(O)-OH or an -NH 2 group at R 2 and polar moieties include -OH. Salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts that comprise, for example, an uncharged moiety or a monovalent anion moiety or a monovalent cation moiety. Salts include compounds derived by combination of appropriate anions such as inorganic acids. Suitable acids include those having sufficient acidity to form a stable salt, 15 preferably acids of low toxicity. For example, one may form invention salts from acid addition of certain inorganic acids, e.g., HF, HCI, HBr, HI, H 2 SO4, H3PO4, to basic centers, typically amines that may be present in formula 1, 2A or 2B compounds. Or one may use certain organic acids, e.g., organic sulfonic acids, organic carboxylic acids in the same manner. Exemplary organic sulfonic acids include C6-16 aryl sulfonic acids, C6-16 heteroaryl sulfonic acids and C1-16 alkyl sulfonic 20 acids such as phenyl, x-naphthyl, p-naphthyl, (S)-camphor, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n butyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl sulfonic acids. Exemplary organic carboxylic acids include C1-16 alkyl, C6-16 aryl carboxylic acids and C4-16 heteroaryl carboxylic acids such as acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, glutaric, tartaric, citric, fumaric, succinic, malic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic and 2-phenoxybenzoic. 25 Salts also include the invention compound salts with one or more amino acids. Many amino acids are suitable, especially the naturally occurring amino acids found as protein components, although the amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, e.g., lysine, arginine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine. Salts are usually biologically compatible or pharmaceutically acceptable or non-toxic, 30 particularly for mammalian cells. Salts that are biologically toxic are generally used as synthetic intermediates for making other invention compounds. The neohesperidoside, rutinoside and glucoside groups have the structures 12 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082
CH
2 OH O 0 OH HO O HO 0O-
CH
2
CH
2 OH HO OO HO OO O O O HO~~ CH 3 CH3 OHOH O OH OH HO HO OH OH OH and OH , respectively wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms are optionally independently substituted with hydroxy, halogen, CI.
6 alkyl, CI-6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a CI- 25 fatty acid. Heterocycle. "Heterocycle" or "heterocyclic" includes by way of example and not 5 limitation these heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo A.; "Principles of Modem Heterocyclic Chemistry" (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; "The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs" (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82:5566; and U.S. patent 5763483, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 10 Examples of heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyi, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyi, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 15 octahydroisoquinolinyl, azocinyl, triazinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2dithiazinyl, thienyl, thianthrenyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, 1H-indazoly, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, f-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, pyrimidinyl, 20 phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, imidazolidinyl, irnidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperazinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, quinuclidinyl, morpholinyl, oxazolidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, oxindolyl, benzoxazolinyl, and isatinoyl. By way of example and not limitation, carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 25 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, 13 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline. Still more typically, carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3 pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 5 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or 5-thiazolyl. By way of example and not limitation, nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position I of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, 1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of a 10 morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazolc, or p-carbolinc. Typically, nitrogen bonded heterocycles include l-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl. "Heteroaryl" means an aromatic ring or two or more fused rings that contain one or more aromatic rings where the ring or fused rings comprise 1, 2, 3 or more heteroatoms, usually oxygen (-0-), nitrogen (-NX-) or sulfur (-S-) where X is -H, a protecting group or C 1 -6 alkyl, usually -H. 15 Examples are as described for heterocycle. Protecting groups. Various groups that the formula 1, 2A or 2B compounds may comprise include, e.g., substituted alkyl groups, substituted alkenyl groups, esters or substituted heterocycles, which can contain one or more reactive moieties such as hydroxyl, or thiol. Intermediates used to make formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compounds may be protected as is apparent in the art. 20 Noncyclic and cyclic protecting groups and corresponding cleavage reactions are described in "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991, ISBN 0-471-62301-6) (hereafter "Greene"). In the context of the present invention, these protecting groups are groups that can be removed from the molecule of the invention without irreversibly changing the covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state of the remainder of 25 the molecule. For example, the protecting group, -X, that is bonded to a -OX or -NHX group can be removed to form -OH or -NH 2 , respectively, without affecting other covalent bonds in the molecule. At times, when desired, more than one protecting group can be removed at a time, or they can be removed sequentially. In compounds of the invention containing more than one protecting group, the protecting groups are the same or different. 30 Protecting groups are intended to be removed by known procedures, although it will be understood that the protected intermediates fall within the scope of this invention. The removal of the protecting group may be arduous or straightforward, depending upon the economics and nature of the conversions involved. In general, one will use a protecting group with exocyclic amines or with carboxyl groups during synthesis of a formula I compound. For most therapeutic applications 35 amine groups should be deprotected. Protecting groups commonly are employed to protect against covalent modification of a sensitive group in reactions such as alkylation or acylation. Ordinarily, protecting groups are removed by, e.g. hydrolysis, elimination or aminolysis. Thus, simple 14 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 functional considerations will suffice to guide the selection of a reversible or an irreversible protecting group at a given locus on the invention compounds. Suitable protecting groups and criteria for their selection are described in T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Eds. "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" 2nd edition, Wiley Press, at pps. 10-142, 143-174, 175-223, 224-276, 277 5 308, 309-405 and 406-454, which is incorporated herein by reference. Determination of whether a group is a protecting group is made in the conventional manner, e.g., as illustrated by Kocienski, Philip J.; "Protecting Groups" (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 1994) (hereafter "Kocienski"), Section 1.1, page 2, and Greene Chapter 1, pages 1-9; and U.S. patent 5763483, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In 10 particular, a group is a protecting group if when, based on mole ratio, 90% of that protecting group has been removed by a deprotection reaction, no more than 50%, preferably 25%, more preferably 10%, of the deprotected product molecules of the invention have undergone changes to their covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state other than those occasioned by the removal of the protecting group. When multiple protecting groups of the same type are present in the molecule, 15 the mole ratios are determined when all of the groups of that type are removed. When multiple protecting groups of different types are present in the molecule, each type of protecting group is treated (and the mole ratios are determined) independently or together with others depending on whether the deprotection reaction conditions pertinent to one type are also pertinent to the other types present. In one embodiment of the invention, a group is a protecting group if when, based on 20 mole ratio determined by conventional techniques, 90% of that protecting group has been removed by a conventional deprotection reaction, no more than 50%, preferably 25%, more preferably 10%, of the deprotected product molecules of the invention have undergone irreversible changes to their covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state other than those occasioned by the removal of the protecting group. Irreversible changes require chemical reactions (beyond those resulting from 25 aqueous hydrolysis, acid/base neutralization or conventional separation, isolation or purification) to restore the covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state of the deprotected molecule of the invention. Protecting groups are also described in detail together with general concepts and specific strategies for their use in Kocienski, Philip J.; "Protecting Groups" (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, 30 New York, 1994), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In particular Chapter 1, Protecting Groups: An Overview, pages 1-20, Chapter 2, Hydroxyl Protecting Groups, pages 21-94, Chapter 3, Diol Protecting Groups, pages 95-117, Chapter 4, Carboxyl Protecting Groups, pages 118-154, Chapter 5, Carbonyl Protecting Groups, pages 155-184, Chapter 6, Amino Protecting Groups, pages 185-243, Chapter 7, Epilog, pages 244-252, and Index, pages 253-260, are 35 incorporated with specificity in the context of their contents. More particularly, Sections 2.3 Silyl Ethers, 2.4 Alkyl Ethers, 2.5 Alkoxyalkyl Ethers (Acetals), 2.6 Reviews (hydroxy and thiol protecting groups), 3.2 Acetals, 3.3 Silylene Derivatives, 3.4 1,1,3,3-Tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene 15 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 Derivatives, 3.5 Reviews (diol protecting groups), 4.2 Esters, 4.3 2,6,7-Trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes [OBO] and Other Ortho Esters, 4.4 Oxazolines, 4.5 Reviews (carboxyl protecting groups), 5.2 0,0 Acetals, 5.3 S,S-Acetals, 5.4 0,S-Acetals, 5.5 Reviews (carbonyl protecting groups), 6.2 N-Acyl Derivatives, 6.3 N-Sulfonyl Derivatives, 6.4 N-Sulfenyl Derivatives, 6.5 N-Alkyl Derivatives, 6.6 5 N-Silyl Derivatives, 6.7 Imine Derivatives, and 6.8 Reviews (amino protecting groups), are each incorporated with specificity where protection/deprotection of the requisite functionalities is discussed. Further still, the tables "Index to the Principal Protecting Groups" appearing on the inside front cover and facing page, "Abbreviations" at page xiv, and "reagents and Solvents" at page xv are each incorporated herein at this location. 10 Typical hydroxy protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 14-118 and include Ethers (Methyl); Substituted Methyl Ethers (Methoxymethyl, Methylthiomethyl, t-Butylthiomethyl, (Phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, Benzyloxymethyl, p-Methoxybenzyloxymethyl, (4 Methoxyphenoxy)methyl, Guaiacolmethyl, t-Butoxymethyl, 4-Pentenyloxymethyl, Siloxymethyl, 2-Methoxyethoxymethyl, 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxymethyl, Bis(2-ch loroethoxy)methyl, 2 15 (Trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, Tetrahydropyranyl, 3-Bromotetrahydropyranyl, Tetrahydropthiopyranyl, 1-Methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4 Methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-Methoxytetrahydropthiopyranyl S,S-Dioxido, 1-[(2-Chloro-4 methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl, 1,4-Dioxan-2-yl, Tetrahydrofuranyl, Tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-y); 20 Substituted 5thyl Ethers (I-Ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethyl, I-Methyl-I-methoxyethyl, 1 Methyl-i -benzyloxyethyl, 1-Methyl-i -benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl, 2 Trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(Phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-Butyl, Allyl, p-Chlorophenyl, p-Methoxyphenyl, 2,4 Dinitrophenyl, Benzyl); Substituted Benzyl Ethers (p-Methoxybenzyl, 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl, o Nitrobenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, p-Halobenzyl, 2,6-Dichlorobenzyl, p-Cyanobenzyl, p-Phenylbenzyl, 2 25 and 4-Picolyl, 3-Methyl-2-picolyl N-Oxido, Diphenylmethyl, p, p'-Dinitrobenzhydryl, 5 Dibenzosuberyl, Triphenylmethyl, alpha-Naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, Di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, Tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4'-Bromophenacyloxy)phenyldiphenylmethyl, 4,4', 4"-Tris(4,5 dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4', 4"-Tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4', 4" 30 Tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(Imidazol-1-ylmethyl)bis(4', 4"-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1,1 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-l'-pyrenylmethyl, 9-Anthryl, 9-(9-Phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-Phenyl-10 oxo)anthryl, 1,3-Bcnzodithiolan-2-yl, Benzisothiazolyl S,S-Dioxido); Silyl Ethers (Trimethylsilyl, Triethylsilyl, Triisopropylsilyl, Dimethylisopropylsilyl, Diethylisopropylsily, Dimethylthexylsilyl, t-Butyldimethylsilyl, t-Butyldiphenylsilyl, Tribenzylsilyl, Tri-p-xylylsilyl, Triphenylsilyl, 35 Diphenylmethylsilyl, t-Butylmethoxyphenylsilyl); Esters (Formate, Benzoylformate, Acetate, Choroacetate, Dichloroacetate, Trichloroacetate, Trifluoroacetate, Methoxyacetate, Triphenylmethoxyacetate, Phenoxyacetate, p-Chlorophenoxyacetate, p-poly-Phenylacetate, 3 16 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 Phenylpropionate, 4-Oxopentanoate (Levulinate), 4,4-(Ethylenedithio)pentanoate, Pivaloate, Adamantoate, Crotonate, 4-Methoxycrotonate, Benzoate, p-Phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6 Trimethylbenzoate (Mesitoate); Carbonates (Methyl, 9-Fluorenylmethyl, Ethyl, 2,2,2 Trichloroethyl, 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2-(Phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(Triphenylphosphonio)ethyl, 5 Isobutyl, Vinyl, Allyl, p-Nitrophenyl, Benzyl, p-Methoxybenzyl, 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl, o Nitrobenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, S-Benzyl Thiocarbonate, 4-Ethoxy- 1 -naphthyl, Methyl Dithiocarbonate); Groups With Assisted Cleavage (2-Iodobenzoate, 4-Azidobutyrate, 4-Nitro-4 methylpentanoate, o-(Dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-Formylbenzenesulfonate, 2 (Methylthiomethoxy)ethyl Carbonate, 4-(Methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2 10 (Methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate); Miscellaneous Esters (2,6-Dichloro-4 methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-Dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-Bis(1,1 dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, Chorodiphenylacetate, Isobutyrate, Monosuccinoate, (E)-2 Methyl-2-butenoate (Tigloate), o-(Methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, p-poly-Benzoate, a-Naphthoate, Nitrate, Alkyl N,N,N', N'-Tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, N-Phenylcarbamate, Borate, 15 Dimethylphosphinothioyl, 2,4-Dinitrophenylsulfenate); and Sulfonates (Sulfate, Methanesulfonate (Mesylate), Benzylsulfonate, Tosylate). More typically hydroxy protecting groups include subtituted methyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, and esters including sulfonic acid esters, still more typically, trialkylsilyl ethers, tosylates and acetates. 20 Typical 1,2- and 1,3-diol protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 118-142 and include Cyclic Acetals and Ketals (Methylene, Ethylidene, 1-t-Butylethylidene, 1-Phenylethylidene, (4-Methoxyphenyl)ethylidene, 2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene, Acetonide (Isopropylidene), Cyclopentylidene, Cyclohexylidene, Cycloheptylidene, Benzylidene, p-Methoxybenzylidene, 2,4 Dimethoxybenzylidene, 3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene, 2-Nitrobenzylidene); Cyclic Ortho Esters 25 (Methoxymethylene, Ethoxymethylene, Dimethoxymethylene, 1-Methoxyethylidene, 1 Ethoxyethylidine, 1,2-Dimethoxyethylidene, alpha-Methoxybenzylidene, 1-(N,N Dimethylamino)ethylidene Derivative, alpha-(N,N-Dimethylamino)benzylidene Derivative, 2 Oxacyclopentylidene); and Silyl Derivatives (Di-t-butylsilylene Group, 1,3-(1,1,3,3 'etraisopropyldisiloxanylidene) Derivative, Tetra-t-butoxydisiloxane-1,3-diylidene Derivative, 30 Cyclic Carbonates, Cyclic Boronates, Ethyl Boronate, Phenyl Boronate). More typically, 1,2- and 1,3-diol protecting groups include epoxides and acetonides. Typical amino protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 315-385 and include Carbamates (Methyl and Ethyl, 9-Fluorenylmethyl, 9(2-Sulfo)fluoroenylmethyl, 9-(2,7 Dibromo)fluorenylmethyl, 2,7-Di-t-buthyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10 35 tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl, 4-Methoxyphenacyl); Substituted Ethyl (2,2,2-Trichoroethyl, 2 Trimethylsilylethyl, 2-Phenylethyl, 1-(1-Adamantyl)-I-methylethyl, 1,1-Dimethyl-2-haloethyl, 1,1 Dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1,1-Dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1-Methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl, 1 17 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 (3,5-Di-t-butylphenyl)- I -methylethyl, 2-(2'- and 4'-Pyridyl)ethyl, 2-(N,N Dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl, t-Butyl, 1-Adamantyl, Vinyl, Allyl, 1-Isopropylallyl, Cinnamyl, 4 Nitrocinnamyl, 8-Quinolyl, N-Hydroxypiperidinyl, Alkyldithio, Benzyl, p-Methoxybenzyl, p Nitrobenzyl, p-Bromobenzyl, p-Chorobenzyl, 2,4-Dichlorobenzyl, 4-Methylsulfinylbenzyl, 9 5 Anthrylmethyl, Diphenylmethyl); Groups With Assisted Cleavage (2-Methylthioethyl, 2 Methylsulfonylethyl, 2-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)ethyl, [2-(1,3-Dithianyl)]methyl, 4-Methylthiophenyl, 2,4-Dimethylthiophenyl, 2-Phosphonioethyl, 2-Triphenylphosphonioisopropyl, 1,1 -Dimethyl-2 cyanoethyl, m-Choro-p-acyloxybenzyl, p-(Dihydroxyboryl)benzyl, 5-Benzisoxazolylmethyl, 2 (Trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl); Groups Capable of Photolytic Cleavage (m-Nitrophenyl, 10 3,5-Dimethoxybenzyl, o-Nitrobenzyl, 3,4-Dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl, Phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl); Urea-Type Derivatives (Phenothiazinyl-(1 0)-carbonyl Derivative, N'-p Toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl, N'-Phenylaminothiocarbonyl); Miscellaneous Carbamates (t-Amyl, S-Benzyl Thiocarbamate, p-Cyanobenzyl, Cyclobutyl, Cyclohexyl, Cyclopentyl, Cyclopropylmethyl, p-Decyloxybenzyl, Diisopropylmethyl, 2,2-Dimethoxycarbonylvinyl, o-(N,N 15 Dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl, 1,1-Dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl, 1,1 Dimethylpropynyl, Di(2-pyridyl)methyl, 2-Furanylmethyl, 2-Iodoethyl, Isobornyl, Isobutyl, Isonicotinyl, p-(p'-Methoxyphenylazo)benzyl, I-Methylcyclobutyl, I-Methylcyclohexyl, 1-Methyl I-cyclopropylmethyl, 1-Methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 1-Methyl-1-(p phenylazophenyl)ethyl, 1-Methyl- 1 -phenylethyl, 1-Methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl, Phenyl, p 20 (Phenylazo)benzyl, 2,4,6-Tri-t-butylphenyl, 4-(Trimethylammonium)benzyl, 2,4,6 Trimethylbenzyl); Amides (N-Formyl, N-Acetyl, N-Choroacetyl, N-Trichoroacetyl, N Trifluoroacetyl, N-Phenylacetyl, N-3-Phenylpropionyl, N-Picolinoyl, N-3-Pyridylcarboxamide, N Benzoylphenylalanyl Derivative, N-Benzoyl, N-p-Phenylbenzoyl); Amides With Assisted Cleavage (N-o-Nitrophenylacetyl, N-o-Nitrophenoxyacetyl, N-Acetoacetyl, (N' 25 Dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetyl, N-3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)propionyl, N-3-(o N itrophenyl)propionyl, N-2-Methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propionyl, N-2-Methyl-2-(o phenylazophenoxy)propionyl, N-4-Chlorobutyryl, N-3-Methyl-3-nitrobutyryl, N-o-Nitrocinnamoyl, N-Acetylmethionine Derivative, N-o-Nitrobenzoyl, N-o-(Benzoyloxymethyl)benzoyl, 4,5 Diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one); Cyclic Imide Derivatives (N-Phthalimide, N-Dithiasuccinoyl, N-2,3 30 Diphenylmaleoyl, N-2,5-Dimethylpyrrolyl, N- 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane Adduct, 5-Substituted 1,3-Dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-Substituted 1,3-Dibenzyl-1,3,5 triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-Substituted 3,5-Dinitro-4-pyridonyl); N-Alkyl and N-Aryl Amines (N Methyl, N-Allyl, N-[2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl, N-3-Acetoxypropyl, N-(I-Isopropyl-4-nitro 2-oxo-3-pyrrolin-3-yl), Quaternary Ammonium Salts, N-Benzyl, N-Di(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 35 N-5-Dibenzosuberyl, N-Triphenylmethyl, N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, N-9 Phenylfluorenyl, N-2,7-Dichloro-9-fluorenylmethylene, N-Ferrocenylmethyl, N-2-Picolylamine N' Oxide); Imine Derivatives (N- 1,1 -Dimethylthiomethylene, N-Benzylidene, N-p 18 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 methoxybenylidene, N-Diphenylmethylene, N-[(2-Pyridyl)mesityl]methylene, N,(N',N' Dimethylaminomethylene, N,N'-Isopropylidene, N-p-Nitrobenzylidene, N-Salicylidene, N-5 Chlorosalicylidene, N-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethylene, N-Cyclohexylidene); Enamine Derivative (N-(5,5-Dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)); N-Metal Derivatives (N-Borane 5 Derivatives, N-Diphenylborinic Acid Derivative, N-[Phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium- or tungsten)]carbenyl, N-Copper or N-Zinc Chelate); N-N Derivatives (N-Nitro, N-Nitroso, N-Oxide); N-P Derivatives (N-Diphenylphosphinyl, N-Dimethylthiophosphinyl, N-Diphenylthiophosphinyl, N-Dialkyl Phosphoryl, N-Dibenzyl Phosphoryl, N-Diphenyl Phosphoryl); N-Si Derivatives; N-S Derivatives; N-Sulfenyl Derivatives (N-Benzenesulfenyl, N-o-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl, N-2,4 10 Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl, N-Pentachlorobenzenesulfenyl, N-2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenyl, N Triphenylmethylsulfenyl, N-3-Nitropyridinesulfenyl); andN-Sulfonyl Derivatives (N-p Toluenesulfonyl, N-Benzenesulfonyl, N-2,3,6-Trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,4,6 Trimethoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,6-Dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N Pentamethylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,3,5,6,-Tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-4 15 methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,4,6- Trimethylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,6-Dimethoxy-4 methylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl, N-Methanesulfonyl, N-.beta.
Trimethylsilyethanesulfonyl, N-9-Anthracenesulfonyl, N-4-(4', 8' Dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonyl, N-Benzylsulfonyl, N-Trifluoromethylsulfonyl, N Phenacylsulfonyl). 20 Mote typically, amino protecting groups include carbamates and amides, still more typically, N-acetyl groups. Stereoisomers. The formula 1 and formula 2A or 2B compounds include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions. Both racemic and diasteromeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be isolated or 25 synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these are all within the scope of the invention. Chiral centers may be found in invention compounds at, for example, RI, R 2 or R 4 . One or more of the following methods are used to prepare the enantiomerically enriched or pure isomers herein. The methods are listed in approximately their order of preference, i.e.; one 30 ordinarily should employ stereospecific synthesis from chiral precursors before chromatographic resolution before spontaneous crystallization. Stereospecific synthesis is described in the examples. Methods of this type conveniently are used when the appropriate chiral starting material is available and reaction steps are chosen that do not result in undesired racemization at chiral sites. One advantage of stereospecific synthesis is 35 that it does not produce undesired enantiomers that must be removed from the final product, thereby lowering overall synthetic yield. In general, those skilled in the art would understand what starting 19 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 materials and reaction conditions should be used to obtain the desired enantiomerically enriched or pure isomers by stereospecific synthesis. If a suitable stereospecific synthesis cannot be empirically designed or determined with routine experimentation then those skilled in the art would turn to other methods. One method of 5 general utility is chromatographic resolution of enantiomers on chiral chromatography resins. These resins are packed in columns, commonly called Pirkle columns, and are commercially available. The columns contain a chiral stationary phase. The racemate is placed in solution and loaded onto the column, and thereafter separated by HPLC. See for example, Proceedings Chromatographic Society - International Symposium on Chiral Separations, Sept. 3-4, 1987, which 10 is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of chiral columns that could be used to screen for the optimal separation technique would include Diacel Chriacel OD, Regis Pirkle Covalent D phenylglycine, Regis Pirkle Type 1A, Astec Cyclobond II, Astec Cyclobond III, Serva Chiral D DL=Daltosil 100, Bakerbond DNBLeu, Sumipax OA- 1000, Merck Cellulose Triacetate column, Astec Cyclobond I-Beta, or Regis Pirkle Covalent D-Naphthylalanine. Not all of these columns are 15 likely to be effective with every racemic mixture. However, those skilled in the art understand that a certain amount of routine screening may be required to identify the most effective stationary phase. When using such columns it is desirable to employ embodiments of the compounds of this invention in which the charges are not neutralized, e.g., where acidic functionalities such as carboxyl are not esterified or amidated. 20 Another method entails converting the enantiomers in the mixture to diasteriomers with chiral auxiliaries and then separating the conjugates by ordinary column chromatography. This is a very suitable method, particularly when the embodiment contains a free hydroxyl that will form a salt or covalent bond to a chiral auxiliary. Chirally pure amino acids, organic acids or organosulfonic acids are all worthwhile exploring as chiral auxiliaries, all of which are well known 25 in the art. Salts with such auxiliaries can be formed, or they can be covalently (but reversibly) bonded to the functional group. Enzymatic resolution is another method of potential value. In such methods one prepares covalent derivatives of the enantiomers in the racemic mixture, generally lower alkyl esters, and then exposes the derivative to enzymatic cleavage, generally hydrolysis. For this method to be 30 successful an enzyme must be chosen that is capable of stereospecific cleavage, so it is frequently necessary to routinely screen several enzymes. If esters are to be cleaved, then one selects a group of esterases, phosphatases, and lipases and determines their activity on the derivative. Typical esterases are from liver, pancreas or other animal organs, and include porcine liver esterase. If the enantiomeric mixture separates from solution or a melt as a conglomerate, i.e., a 35 mixture of enantiomerically pure crystals, then the crystals can be mechanically separated, thereby producing the enantiomerically enriched preparation. This method, however, is not practical for large-scale preparations and is of limited value for true racemic compounds. 20 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 Asymmetric synthesis is another technique for achieving enantiomeric enrichment. For example, a chiral protecting group is reacted with the group to be protected and the reaction mixture allowed to equilibrate. If the reaction is enantiomerically specific then the product will be enriched in that enantiomer. 5 Further guidance in the separation of enantiomeric mixtures can be found, by way of example and not limitation, in "Enantiomers, Racemates, and resolutions", Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, and Samuel H. Wilen (Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL, 1991, ISBN 0-89464 618-4): Part 2, Resolution of Enantiomer Mixture, pages 217-435; more particularly, section 4, Resolution by Direct Crystallization, pages 217-251, section 5, Formation and Separation of 10 Diastereomers, pages 251-369, section 6, Crystallization-Induced Asymmetric Transformations, pages 369-378, and section 7, Experimental Aspects and Art of Resolutions, pages 378-435; still more particularly, section 5.1.4, Resolution of Alcohols, Transformation of Alcohols into Salt Forming Derivatives, pages 263-266, section 5.2.3, Covalent Derivatives of Alcohols, Thiols, and Phenols, pages 332-335, section 5.1.1, Resolution of Acids, pages 257-259, section 5.1.2, 15 Resolution of Bases, pages 259-260, section 5.1.3, Resolution of Amino Acids, page 261-263, section 5.2.1, Covalent Derivatives of Acids, page 329, section 5.2.2, Covalent derivatives of Amines, pages 330-33 1, section 5.2.4, Covalent Derivatives of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Sulfoxides, pages 335-339, and section 5.2.7, Chromatographic Behavior of Covalent Diastereomers, pages 348-354, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 20 Embodiments include compositions that transiently occur when a method step or operation is performed. For example, when a formula 1 compound is contacted with an excipient, e.g., water, a cyclodextrin, a PEG, an alcohol, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol or benzyl benzoate, the composition before addition of one ingredient with another is a non-homogenous mixture. As the ingredients are contacted, the mixture's homogeneity increases and the proportion of ingredients 25 relative to each other approaches a desired value. Thus, some compositions as disclosed herein, optionally contain less than about 3% w/w water, e.g., less than 0.5% w/w water, can comprise about 0.0001-99% w/w of a formula I compound such as 160c-bromoepiandrosterone and one or more excipients. These transient compositions are intermediates that necessarily arise when one makes an invention composition or formulation and they are included in invention embodiments to 30 the extent that they are patentable. Formula 1 compounds. The formula 1 compounds, or the "compounds of the invention", are useful to treat a subject having, or prevent infection of a subject with, one or more togaviruses. Togaviruses, as used herein includes the Togaviridae family, including the Alphavirus and Rubivirus genera, as well as the flavivirus family (Flaviviridae) and the Flavivirus and Pestivirus 35 genera. A review of virus taxonomy and the biology of these viruses may be found at, e.g., B.N. Fields, et al., editors, Fundamental Virology, 3 rd edition, 1996, Lippencott-Raven Publishers, chapter 1 (pages 15-58) and chapter 17 (pages 523-540), which is incorporated herein by reference. 21 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 For preferred formula 1 compounds, the R2 moiety bonded to the steroid ring is generally in the P configuration, two R 1 are bonded to Q2 and X is a double bonded oxygen moiety (=0). Typically, one of the R, bonded to Q2 is hydrogen in the P configuration, the other R 1 bonded to Q2 is hydrogen or a halogen, usually bromine, in the a configuration and a double bond is present at 5 the 5-6 positions. Such preferred compounds include dehydroepiandrosterone ("DHEA") and 16a bromodehydroepiandrosterone ("Br-DHEA"). Other preferred formula I compounds include 17-ketosteriods of formula I where a double bond is present at the 5-6 positions, X is =0, Q2 is -CH 2 - or -CHBr-, R 2 is -H, -S(O)(O)-OH, S(O)(O)-ONa, -S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-CH(O-C(O)-R)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R 6 (where R6 independently is CI.14 10 straight or branched alkyl), -P(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)R7)-CH 2
-O-C(O)-R
7 (where R 7 independently is a glucuronide group or C 1
.
1 4 straight or branched alkyl) or R2 is a glucuronide group. Other preferred compounds include compound having the structures 20-43 R, R 1 Q X R ,R R1 Q X R R1 QR 1 1,3R R1 R1RR R1 R1 R1 R R2,R R R2 R R R1 R 1 R1 R1R 2 23 R R1 R 1 R 20 22 R1 R, R1 R1,O R R1 R'*R , R R1 R R1 R1,RR R1 R R 1 3R R1 1 1 R RRR R2 R1RR21 R R1 R1 R1 R 20 22 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 R1, RR1 Q6 X R1 R1 R1 R1 X R1 R R R1 1R11R R1 3 QQ3 R 1 R1 R R1R R1 RI R1 R1 R R 1 QRR3 R1 R1RRR1R31R1 RR R 1R R1 R1 1 , R2 R R R,R R1 R1 R1 R2 R1R1 R1 R R1,R R R,R R , RR I1 RR R 1 R 1 1 R1 R1 , 1l R R1 R1 R1 28 29 R, R R, 6 x , RR, R Q23 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 x R, R, R R, R 6 R, R, R, 6 x R 'R ' R, R 1 1 Q 6 R R R, R R, y R, R, R, , R, y R R R R R, Q3 Q3 3 Q 6 X RI R 1 RI Rl R, R, Ri 1 R, 3 R 1 1 R2 R, R2 Rl R, R, R, R, R, R, Ri R, R, R, R, R, 30 31 R, R, x Rl I x R, Ri Q6 R, R, 6 R R, R, R, R R, R, R R JR R I R R 1 R Q 6 R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, Q3 3 R, R, R, R, ; R, R, R2 R, R, R2 R, R, Q 3 Q 3 R, 0 R, 0 R, R, Ri Ri 1 R, Ri R, R, R, 5 32 33 1 RI R, Q6 x R, R, R, R, Q6 x RR, y Rl y Ri JR1 Q * R R, R, R, R, Rl R, R 1 R JR1 Q3 IQ 3 R, R, R, R, R, Ri 1 R, R2 R, R, R2 R, R, 0 IR, 0 R, R, Ri R, R, R, Rl R, Rl R, 34 35 24 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 R, Rl R, R, Q6 x R, Rl Rl R, Rl Q6 x R R R JR R R I 1 R R Q 6 R, RI R, R, y R, R, R, R, y Q3 Q3 R, R, RR R, R, RR R, I R, R2 RR I R2 RR R, 0 R, 0 R, FRZ Ri R, RI R, Ri R, Rl R, 36 37 R, R, Q6 x R, R, R, Q6 x R, R R JR 1 JR, R JR ' R Q 6 I R Q 6 R R R, R, R 1 R, R, R, R, R 1 R, R, R I R, Q3 R, IR, R, Q3 IR, RR Ri R, R, R2 RR R2 RR R, 0 R, 0 Ri R, R, Ri R, R, 5 38 39 R, R, Q6 x R, R, R, Q6 x R, R, R Q 6 R R R R JR 1 JR, R R R R Q 6 R, R, R R, y R, Rl R 1 R, y Q3 FR Q3 FR, R, R, R, R, RR RR R, R, R2 RR R2 RR R, 0 R, 0 Ri R, R, Ri R, R, 40 41 Ri R, Q6 x R, R, R, R, 06 x R, R, R, R R JR ' JR, 1 R 6 R IR 1 R R Q 6 R, R R, R, R 1 R, y R, R, R 1 R, y Q 3 R Q 3 Q3 Q3 R, R, R, R, R, R I RR, Ri R, Rl R2 RR I R2 R, R, 0 R, 0 10 Ri R, R, Ri R, R, 25 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 42 43 wherein for each of structures 20-43 Q3 and Q6 are each -C(R 1
)
3 wherein each R 1 is independently selected; X and Y independently are -OH, -H, lower alkyl (e.g., C 1
.
6 alkyl), -C(O)-O-R 5 , -O-C(O)-R 5 , 5 halogen or, X and Y together with the R, at the same position independently are a ketone (=0); each R, is independently selected and has the definition given above; and
R
2 has the definition given above. In some embodiments, the formula 1 compound has the structure 20-43 and 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 R, groups independently are -OH, halogen or alkoxy, and the remaining R 1 are all hydrogen; R 2 is 10 OH, an ester a thioester or a carbamate, or R 2 , together with the R 1 at the 3-position comprises =0; Y is -H, -OH, a halogen or -O-C(O)-R 5 , or Y, together with the R 1 at the 16-position comprises =0; X is -OH or -O-C(O)-R 5 , or X, together with the R, at thc 17-position comprises =0; and Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH. Such embodiments include structure 20-43 compounds where two -OH are present at the 3-position, the 16-position or at the 17-position. 15 Preferred invention embodiments include compounds having the formula 44 CH3 O CH3 Y R440 '44 wherein Y is hydrogen or bromine, R 44 is -H, -S(O)(O)-OH, -S(O)(O)-ONa, -S(O)(O)-0-CH 2 CH(O-C(O)-R 6
)-CH
2
-O-C(O)-R
6 , -P(O)(O)-0-CH 2
-CH(O-C(O)-R
7
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure (A). In other preferred embodiments, Y and R44 in formula 44 are 20 both hydrogen. An especially preferred compound is dehydroepiandrosterone (Y and R 4 4 in formula 44 are both hydrogen and the double bond at the 5-6 position is present). In other embodiments, the compound is epiandrosterone (Y and R44 in formula 44 are both hydrogen and the double bond at the 5-6 position is absent). A 16-haloepiandrosterone with a F, Cl, Br or I at the 16 position can also be used as an antiviral agent, e.g., 16cz-bromoepiandrosterone. Other preferred 25 compounds are (i) 16a-bromodehydroepiandrosterone, (ii) dehydroepiandrosterone-3-sulfate (Y is H and R 44 is -S(O)(O)-OM in formula 44 are both hydrogen and the double bond at the 5-6 position is present) and (iii) 5 p-androstan-3 p-ol- 17-one. Related embodiments comprise compounds related to formula 44 compounds comprise the formula 44 compounds wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, 30 Cl, -F, -I, -OCH 3 or -OC 2
H
5 atoms or groups. In other embodiments, the 17-ketosteroids of formula I are dehydro-epiandrosterone where
R
44 in formula 44 is a -S(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(0-C(O)-R 6
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R 5 , -P(O)(O)-0-CH 2
-CH(O
26 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082
C(O)-R
7
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)-R or a glucuronide group of structure (A), Y is hydrogen and the 5-6 double bond is present. Other formula 44 compounds include conjugates of dehydrocpiandrostcrone wherein Y is hydrogen, a double bond is present at the 5-6 position and R44 is hexyl sulfate, dodecyl sulfate, octadecyl sulfate, octadecanoyl sulfate, 0-dihexadecylglycerol 5 sulfate, hexadecane sulfonate, dioctadecanoylglycerol phosphate or O-hexadecylglycerol phosphate. In another preferred aspect of the invention, the steroid of formula I is a compound of formula 45 CH3 R52 CH3 R51 R49' R50 45 10 wherein R 5 o is -H, -OH or =0; R 51 is -Br, -Cl, -F or -I; R 52 is -OH or =0; R 49 is -H, -OH, or -OR 53 ; and R 5 3 is CI- 18 alkyl, C 2
-
18 alkenyl, C 2
-
18 alkynyl, a C 1
I
18 ester, a C 1
.
18 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing C -i 8 or C 2
-
1 8 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -0-, -S-, -OH, -NH 2 , -SH or =0 groups or R 53 is thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester, a carbamate or a thioester. In one preferred aspect, R 4 9 is -O-C(O)-CH 2
-CH
2 15 CH(R 4 )-CUf(R 55
)-CH
2
R
56 wherein R 54 is -NH 2 , -OH, -SH, -O-PO 3 , -SO 3 or -OSO3; R 55 is -H, -NH 2 , -OH, -SH, -O-P0 3 , -S03 or -OS0 3 ; and R 56 is CI- 18 alkyl, C 2
-
1 8 alkenyl, C 2
-
1 8 alkynyl, a CI- 1 8 ester, a
C
1
.
18 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing CI- 1 8 or C 2
-
18 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OH, -NH 2 , -SH or =0 groups, and the precursors, metabolites and analogs thereof. Related embodiments comprise compounds related to 20 formula 45 compounds wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, -Cl, -F, -I, -OCH 3 or -OC 2
H
5 atoms or groups. In other preferred embodiments, the formula I compounds have the formula I B or I C X X Q35 Q2 Q3 Q 2 R2 R1 or R2 R1 25 1B iC wherein each R, independently is -H, -OH, a halogen, -CHCH 2 , -CHCHCH 3 , -CCH, -CCCH 3 , or, or, the other moiety that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent and R, is =0; R 2 is -H, -OH, a 27 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 halogen, C -8 alkoxy, -S-C(O)-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -C(O)-S-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -0-S(O)(O)(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -0-S(O)(O) 0-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -0-C(O)-NH-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -NH-C(O)-0-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -O-C(S)-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -C(S)-0
(CH
2 )m-R 4 , -O-C(O)-(CH 2 )m-R 4 or -C(O)-O-(CH 2 )m-R 4 ; R4 is -H, -CH 3 , -C 2
H
5 , -C 3
H
7 , -C 2
H
4 0H, C 3
H
6 0H, -CH 2
-CH
2 -0-CH 3 , -CH 2
-CH
2 -0-CH 2
-CH
3 , -CH 2
-CH
2 -0-CH 2
-CH
2 0H, a C 3
.
6 alkenyl 5 group, a C 3
-
6 alkynyl group, benzyl or phenyl, wherein the phenyl or benzyl groups are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halogen, C 1 4 alkoxy, -OH, -SH, -0- or -NH moieties; and Q3 and Q6 independently are -H, -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH; Q2 is -C(R) 2 - or -CH 2
-CH
2 -; and m is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In these embodiments, Q3 and Q6 are usually both in the p-configuration, typically they are -CH 3 , Q2 usually comprises -CH 2 -, -C(O)-, -CH(Br)-, -CH(I)-, or -CH(OH)- with the Br, I 10 or OH moieties in the ct-configuration, or Q2 comprises =0, and R, at the 7-position is -H, -OH or =0. Related embodiments comprise compounds related to formula lB and IC compounds wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, -Cl, -F, -I, -OCH 3 or -OC 2
H
5 atoms or groups. The formula 1 compounds can exist in a crystalline or polymorphic form. 15 Metabolites. Also falling within the scope of this invention are the in vivo metabolites of the compounds of the invention, to the extent such products are novel and unobvious over the prior art. Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered formula I compound, due to enzymatic or chemical processes. Accordingly, the invention includes novel and unobvious compounds produced by a 20 process coniprising contacting a compound of this invention with a subject, e.g., a human, rodent or a primate, for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabelled (e.g. C 4 or H 3 ) compound of the invention, administering it parenterally or orally in a detectable dose (e.g. greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, primate, or to a human, allowing sufficient time for 25 metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to about 30 hours) and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples. These products are easily isolated since they are labeled (others are isolated by the use of antibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). The metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g. by HPLC, MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites is done in the same way as conventional 30 drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art. The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds of the invention even if they possess no therapeutic activity of their own. The following description exemplifies embodiments of the formula I compounds. Group 1. Exemplary embodiments include the formula 1 compounds named in table B 35 based on the compound structure designations defined in table A. Each compound named in Table B is depicted as a compound of formula 4 28 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 X H Q6 17 H Q3 16. /Y Q4
R
1 A R2 3 7 j H 4 where Q3 and Q6 are both -CH 3 , Q4 is -CH 2 - and R 2 , RIA, and Y and X have the structures designated in Table A. The compounds named according to Tables A and B are referred to as 5 "group 1" compounds. Compounds named in Table B are designated by numbers assigned to R 2 , RIA, Y and X according to the following compound naming convention, R 2 .RIA.Y.X, using the numbered chemical structures depicted in Table A. As shown in formula 4, R 2 is in the 3p3-position and hydrogen fills the remaining valence or R2 is double bonded to the 3 carbon, RIA is an R, group at 10 the 7P-position or RIA is an R, group double bonded to the 7 carbon, Y is in the 16c-position and hydrogen fills the remaining valence or R2 is double bonded to the 16 carbon and X is in the 17p3 position and.hydrogen fills the remaining valence or X is double bonded to the 17 carbon. When
R
2 , R 1 A, Y or X is a divalent moiety, e.g., =0, the hydrogen at the corresponding position is absent. Thus, the group 1 compound named 1.2.1.1 specifies a formula 4 structure with a p-hydroxyl 15 bonded to carbons at the 3- and 7-positions (the variable groups R 2 and RIA respectively), an cc bromine bonded to carbon 16 (the variable group Y) and double bonded oxygen (=0) at carbon 17 (the variable group X), i.e., having the structure shown below. CH3 0 17 H CH3 16 Br HO 3 7 OH H "//H 29 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 TABLE A R2 RIA I -OH 1 -1 5 2 =0 2 -OH 3 -O-P(O)(O)-OH 3 =0 4 -O-P(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-CH(O-C(O)-CH
3
)-CH
2 -0-C(O)CH 3 4 -CH3 5 -O-S(O)(O)-OH 5 -OCH3 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O'Na' 6 -OC 2
H
5 10 7 -O-S(O)(O)-OC 2
H
5 7 -OCH 2
CH
2
CH
3 8 -0-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-CH3)-CH 2 -0-C(O)CH3 8 -OCH(CH 3
)CH
3 9 -O-S(O)(O)-OCH 2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 9 -OCH 2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 10 -O-S(O)(O)-OC(CH 3
)
3 10 -OC(CH 3
)
3 15 Y X 1 -Br I =o 2 -Cl 2 -OH 3 -I 3 -H 4 -F 4 -F 20 5 -H 5 -Cl 6 -OH 6 -Br 7 =0 7 -1 8 -O-C(O)-CH 3 8 -O-C(O)-CH 3 9 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
3 9 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
3 25 10 -O-C(O)-CHCH3fCH 10 -O-C(O)-CHC CH TABLE B 1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2, 1.1.1.3, 1.1.1.4, 1.1.1.5, 1.1.1.6, 1.1.1.7, 1.1.1.8, 1.1.1.9, 1.1.1.10, 1.1.2.1, 1.1.2.2, 1.1.2.3, 1.1.2.4, 1.1.2.5, 1.1.2.6, 1.1.2.7, 1.1.2.8, 1.1.2.9, 1.1.2.10, 1.1.3.1, 1.1.3.2, 1.1.3.3, 1.1.3.4, 30 1.1.3.5, 1.1.3.6, 1.1.3.7, 1.1.3.8, 1.1.3.9, 1.1.3.10, 1.1.4.1, 1.1.4.2, 1.1.4.3, 1.1.4.4, 1.1.4.5, 1.1.4.6, 1.1.4.7, 1.1.4.8, 1.1.4.9, 1.1.4.10, 1.1.5.1, 1.1.5.2, 1.1.5.3, 1.1.5.4, 1.1.5.5, 1.1.5.6, 1.1.5.7, 1.1.5.8, 1.1.5.9, 1.1.5.10, 1.1.6.1, 1.1.6.2, 1.1.6.3, 1.1.6.4, 1.1.6.5, 1.1.6.6, 1.1.6.7, 1.1.6.8, 1.1.6.9, 1.1.6.10, 1.1.7.1, 1.1.7.2, 1.1.7.3, 1.1.7.4, 1.1.7.5, 1.1.7.6, 1.1.7.7, 1.1.7.8, 1.1.7.9, 1.1.7.10, 1.1.8.1, 1.1.8.2, 1.1.8.3, 1.1.8.4, 1.1.8.5, 1.1.8.6, 1.1.8.7, 1.1.8.8, 1.1.8.9, 1.1.8.10, 1.1.9.1, 1.1.9.2, 1.1.9.3, 1.1.9.4, 35 1.1.9.5, 1.1.9.6, 1.1.9.7, 1.1.9.8, 1.1.9.9, 1.1.9.10, 1.1.10.1, 1.1.10.2, 1.1.10.3, 1.1.10.4, 1.1.10.5, 1.1.10.6, 1.1.10.7, 1.1.10.8, 1.1.10.9, 1.1.10.10, 1.2.1.1, 1.2.1.2, 1.2.1.3, 1.2.1.4, 1.2.1.5, 1.2.1.6, 1.2.1.7, 1.2.1.8, 1.2.1.9, 1.2.1.10, 1.2.2.1, 1.2.2.2, 1.2.2.3, 1.2.2.4, 1.2.2.5, 1.2.2.6, 1.2.2.7, 1.2.2.8, 30 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 1.2.2.9, 1.2.2.10, 1.2.3.1, 1.2.3.2, 1.2.3.3, 1.2.3.4, 1.2.3.5, 1.2.3.6, 1.2.3.7, 1.2.3.8, 1.2.3.9, 1.2.3.10, 1.2.4.1, 1.2.4.2, 1.2.4.3, 1.2.4.4, 1.2.4.5, 1.2.4.6, 1.2.4.7, 1.2.4.8, 1.2.4.9, 1.2.4.10, 1.2.5.1, 1.2.5.2, 1.2.5.3, 1.2.5.4, 1.2.5.5, 1.2.5.6, 1.2.5.7, 1.2.5.8, 1.2.5.9, 1.2.5.10, 1.2.6.1, 1.2.6.2, 1.2.6.3, 1.2.6.4, 1.2.6.5, 1.2.6.6, 1.2.6.7, 1.2.6.8, 1.2.6.9, 1.2.6.10, 1.2.7.1, 1.2.7.2, 1.2.7.3, 1.2.7.4, 1.2.7.5, 1.2.7.6, 5 1.2.7.7, 1.2.7.8, 1.2.7.9, 1.2.7.10, 1.2.8.1, 1.2.8.2, 1.2.8.3, 1.2.8.4, 1.2.8.5, 1.2.8.6, 1.2.8.7, 1.2.8.8, 1.2.8.9, 1.2.8.10, 1.2.9.1, 1.2.9.2, 1.2.9.3, 1.2.9.4, 1.2.9.5, 1.2.9.6, 1.2.9.7, 1.2.9.8, 1.2.9.9, 1.2.9.10, 1.2.10.1, 1.2.10.2, 1.2.10.3, 1.2.10.4, 1.2.10.5, 1.2.10.6, 1.2.10.7, 1.2.10.8, 1.2.10.9, 1.2.10.10, 1.3.1.1, 1.3.1.2, 1.3.1.3, 1.3.1.4, 1.3.1.5, 1.3.1.6, 1.3.1.7, 1.3.1.8, 1.3.1.9, 1.3.1.10, 1.3.2.1, 1.3.2.2, 1.3.2.3, 1.3.2.4, 1.3.2.5, 1.3.2.6, 1.3.2.7, 1.3.2.8, 1.3.2.9, 1.3.2.10, 1.3.3.1, 1.3.3.2, 1.3.3.3, 1.3.3.4, 10 1.3.3.5, 1.3.3.6, 1.3.3.7, 1.3.3.8, 1.3.3.9, 1.3.3.10, 1.3.4.1, 1.3.4.2, 1.3.4.3, 1.3.4.4, 1.3.4.5, 1.3.4.6, 1.3.4.7, 1.3.4.8, 1.3.4.9, 1.3.4.10, 1.3.5.1, 1.3.5.2, 1.3.5.3, 1.3.5.4, 1.3.5.5, 1.3.5.6, 1.3.5.7, 1.3.5.8, 1.3.5.9, 1.3.5.10, 1.3.6.1, 1.3.6.2, 1.3.6.3, 1.3.6.4, 1.3.6.5, 1.3.6.6, 1.3.6.7, 1.3.6.8, 1.3.6.9, 1.3.6.10, 1.3.7.1, 1.3.7.2, 1.3.7.3, 1.3.7.4, 1.3.7.5, 1.3.7.6, 1.3.7.7, 1.3.7.8, 1.3.7.9, 1.3.7.10, 1.3.8.1, 1.3.8.2, 1.3.8.3, 1.3.8.4, 1.3.8.5, 1.3.8.6, 1.3.8.7, 1.3.8.8, 1.3.8.9, 1.3.8.10, 1.3.9.1, 1.3.9.2, 1.3.9.3, 1.3.9.4, 15 1.3.9.5, 1.3.9.6, 1.3.9.7, 1.3.9.8, 1.3.9.9, 1.3.9.10, 1.3.10.1, 1.3.10.2, 1.3.10.3, 1.3.10.4, 1.3.10.5, 1.3.10.6, 1.3.10.7, 1.3.10.8, 1.3.10.9, 1.3.10.10, 1.4.1.1, 1.4.1.2, 1.4.1.3, 1.4.1.4, 1.4.1.5, 1.4.1.6, 1.4.1.7, 1.4.1.8, 1.4.1.9, 1.4.1.10, 1.4.2.1, 1.4.2.2, 1.4.2.3, 1.4.2.4, 1.4.2.5, 1.4.2.6, 1.4.2.7, 1.4.2.8, 1.4.2.9, 1.4.2.10, 1.4.3.1, 1.4.3.2, 1.4.3.3, 1.4.3.4, 1.4.3.5, 1.4.3.6, 1.4.3.7, 1.4.3.8, 1.4.3.9, 1.4.3.10, 1.4.4.1, 1.4.4.2, 1.4.4.3, 1.4.4.4, 1.4.4.5, 1.4.4.6, 1.4.4.7, 1.4.4.8, 1.4.4.9, 1.4.4.10, 1.4.5.1, 1.4.5.2, 20 1.4.5.3, 1.4'5.4, 1.4.5.5, 1.4.5.6, 1.4.5.7, 1.4.5.8, 1.4.5.9, 1.4.5.10, 1.4.6.1, 1.4.6.2, 1.4.6.3, 1.4.6.4, 1.4.6.5, 1.4.6.6, 1.4.6.7, 1.4.6.8, 1.4.6.9, 1.4.6.10, 1.4.7.1, 1.4.7.2, 1.4.7.3, 1.4.7.4, 1.4.7.5, 1.4.7.6, 1.4.7.7, 1.4.7.8, 1.4.7.9, 1.4.7.10, 1.4.8.1, 1.4.8.2, 1.4.8.3, 1.4.8.4, 1.4.8.5, 1.4.8.6, 1.4.8.7, 1.4.8.8, 1.4.8.9, 1.4.8.10, 1.4.9.1, 1.4.9.2, 1.4.9.3, 1.4.9.4, 1.4.9.5, 1.4.9.6, 1.4.9.7, 1.4.9.8, 1.4.9.9, 1.4.9.10, 1.4.10.1, 1.4.10.2, 1.4.10.3, 1.4.10.4, 1.4.10.5, 1.4.10.6, 1.4.10.7, 1.4.10.8, 1.4.10.9, 1.4.10.10, 25 1.5.1.1, 1.5.1.2, 1.5.1.3, 1.5.1.4, 1.5.1.5, 1.5.1.6, 1.5.1.7, 1.5.1.8, 1.5.1.9, 1.5.1.10, 1.5.2.1, 1.5.2.2, 1.5.2.3, 1.5.2.4, 1.5.2.5, 1.5.2.6, 1.5.2.7, 1.5.2.8, 1.5.2.9, 1.5.2.10, 1.5.3.1, 1.5.3.2, 1.5.3.3, 1.5.3.4, 1.5.3.5, 1.5.3.6, 1.5.3.7, 1.5.3.8, 1.5.3.9, 1.5.3.10, 1.5.4.1, 1.5.4.2, 1.5.4.3, 1.5.4.4, 1.5.4.5, 1.5.4.6, 1.5.4.7, 1.5.4.8, 1.5.4.9, 1.5.4.10, 1.5.5.1, 1.5.5.2, 1.5.5.3, 1.5.5.4, 1.5.5.5, 1.5.5.6, 1.5.5.7, 1.5.5.8, 1.5.5.9, 1.5.5.10, 1.5.6.1, 1.5.6.2, 1.5.6.3, 1.5.6.4, 1.5.6.5, 1.5.6.6, 1.5.6.7, 1.5.6.8, 1.5.6.9, 1.5.6.10, 30 1.5.7.1, 1.5.7.2, 1.5.7.3, 1.5.7.4, 1.5.7.5, 1.5.7.6, 1.5.7.7, 1.5.7.8, 1.5.7.9, 1.5.7.10, 1.5.8.1, 1.5.8.2, 1.5.8.3, 1.5.8.4, 1.5.8.5, 1.5.8.6, 1.5.8.7, 1.5.8.8, 1.5.8.9, 1.5.8.10, 1.5.9.1, 1.5.9.2, 1.5.9.3, 1.5.9.4, 1.5.9.5, 1.5.9.6, 1.5.9.7, 1.5.9.8, 1.5.9.9, 1.5.9.10, 1.5.10.1, 1.5.10.2, 1.5.10.3, 1.5.10.4, 1.5.10.5, 1.5.10.6, 1.5.10.7, 1.5.10.8, 1.5.10.9, 1.5.10.10, 1.6.1.1, 1.6.1.2, 1.6.1.3, 1.6.1.4, 1.6.1.5, 1.6.1.6, 1.6.1.7, 1.6.1.8, 1.6.1.9, 1.6.1.10, 1.6.2.1, 1.6.2.2, 1.6.2.3, 1.6.2.4, 1.6.2.5, 1.6.2.6, 1.6.2.7, 1.6.Z8, 35 1.6.2.9, 1.6.2.10, 1.6.3.1, 1.6.3.2, 1.6.3.3, 1.6.3.4, 1.6.3.5, 1.6.3.6, 1.6.3.7, 1.6.3.8, 1.6.3.9, 1.6.3.10, 1.6.4.1, 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10.3.9.9, 10.3.9.10, 10.3.10.1, 10.3.10.2, 10.3.10.3, 10.3.10.4, 10.3.10.5, 10.3.10.6, 10.3.10.7, 10.3.10.8, 10.3.10.9, 10.3.10.10, 25 10.4.1.1, 10.4.1.2, 10.4.1.3, 10.4.1.4, 10.4.1.5, 10.4.1.6, 10.4.1.7, 10.4.1.8, 10.4.1.9, 10.4.1.10, 10.4.2.1, 10.4.2.2, 10.4.2.3, 10.4.2.4, 10.4.2.5, 10.4.2.6, 10.4.2.7, 10.4.2.8, 10.4.2.9, 10.4.2.10, 10.4.3.1, 10.4.3.2, 10.4.3.3, 10.4.3.4, 10.4.3.5, 10.4.3.6, 10.4.3.7, 10.4.3.8, 10.4.3.9, 10.4.3.10, 10.4.4.1, 10.4.4.2, 10.4.4.3, 10.4.4.4, 10.4.4.5, 10.4.4.6, 10.4.4.7, 10.4.4.8, 10.4.4.9, 10.4.4.10, 10.4.5.1, 10.4.5.2, 10.4.5.3, 10.4.5.4, 10.4.5.5, 10.4.5.6, 10.4.5.7, 10.4.5.8, 10.4.5.9, 10.4.5.10, 30 10.4.6.1, 10.4.6.2, 10.4.6.3, 10.4.6.4, 10.4.6.5, 10.4.6.6, 10.4.6.7, 10.4.6.8, 10.4.6.9, 10.4.6.10, 10.4.7.1, 10.4.7.2, 10.4.7.3, 10.4.7.4, 10.4.7.5, 10.4.7.6, 10.4.7.7, 10.4.7.8, 10.4.7.9, 10.4.7.10, 10.4.8.1, 10.4.8.2, 10.4.8.3, 10.4.8.4, 10.4.8.5, 10.4.8.6, 10.4.8.7, 10.4.8.8, 10.4.8.9, 10.4.8.10, 10.4.9.1, 10.4.9.2, 10.4.9.3, 10.4.9.4, 10.4.9.5, 10.4.9.6, 10.4.9.7, 10.4.9.8, 10.4.9.9, 10.4.9.10, 10.4.10.1, 10.4.10.2, 10.4.10.3, 10.4.10.4, 10.4.10.5, 10.4.10.6, 10.4.10.7, 10.4.10.8, 10.4.10.9, 35 10.4.10.10, 10.5.1.1, 10.5.1.2, 10.5.1.3, 10.5.1.4, 10.5.1.5, 10.5.1.6, 10.5.1.7, 10.5.1.8, 10.5.1.9, 10.5.1.10, 10.5.2.1, 10.5.2.2, 10.5.2.3, 10.5.2.4, 10.5.2.5, 10.5.2.6, 10.5.2.7, 10.5.2.8, 10.5.2.9, 10.5.2.10, 10.5.3.1, 10.5.3.2, 10.5.3.3, 10.5.3.4, 10.5.3.5, 10.5.3.6, 10.5.3.7, 10.5.3.8, 10.5.3.9, 52 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 10.5.3.10, 10.5.4.1, 10.5.4.2, 10.5.4.3, 10.5.4.4, 10.5.4.5, 10.5.4.6, 10.5.4.7, 10.5.4.8, 10.5.4.9, 10.5.4.10, 10.5.5.1, 10.5.5.2, 10.5.5.3, 10.5.5.4, 10.5.5.5, 10.5.5.6, 10.5.5.7, 10.5.5.8, 10.5.5.9, 10.5.5.10, 10.5.6.1, 10.5.6.2, 10.5.6.3, 10.5.6.4, 10.5.6.5, 10.5.6.6, 10.5.6.7, 10.5.6.8, 10.5.6.9, 10.5.6.10, 10.5.7.1, 10.5.7.2, 10.5.7.3, 10.5.7.4, 10.5.7.5, 10.5.7.6, 10.5.7.7, 10.5.7.8, 10.5.7.9, 5 10.5.7.10, 10.5.8.1, 10.5.8.2, 10.5.8.3, 10.5.8.4, 10.5.8.5, 10.5.8.6, 10.5.8.7, 10.5.8.8, 10.5.8.9, 10.5.8.10, 10.5.9.1, 10.5.9.2, 10.5.9.3, 10.5.9.4, 10.5.9.5, 10.5.9..6, 10.5.9.7, 10.5.9.8, 10.5.9.9, 10.5.9.10, 10.5.10.1, 10.5.10.2, 10.5.10.3, 10.5.10.4, 10.5.10.5, 10.5.10.6, 10.5.10.7, 10.5.10.8, 10.5.10.9, 10.5.10.10, 10.6.1.1, 10.6.1.2, 10.6.1.3, 10.6.1.4, 10.6.1.5, 10.6.1.6, 10.6.1.7, 10.6.1.8, 10.6.1.9, 10.6.1.10, 10.6.2.1, 10.6.2.2, 10.6.2.3, 10.6.2.4, 10.6.2.5, 10.6.2.6, 10.6.2.7, 10.6.2.8, 10 10.6.2.9, 10.6.2.10, 10.6.3.1, 10.6.3.2, 10.6.3.3, 10.6.3.4, 10.6.3.5, 10.6.3.6, 10.6.3.7, 10.6.3.8, 10.6.3.9, 10.6.3.10, 10.6.4.1, 10.6.4.2, 10.6.4.3, 10.6.4.4, 10.6.4.5, 10.6.4.6, 10.6.4.7, 10.6.4.8, 10.6.4.9, 10.6.4.10, 10.6.5.1, 10.6.5.2, 10.6.5.3, 10.6.5.4, 10.6.5.5, 10.6.5.6, 10.6.5.7, 10.6.5.8, 10.6.5.9, 10.6.5.10, 10.6.6.1, 10.6.6.2, 10.6.6.3, 10.6.6.4, 10.6.6.5, 10.6.6.6, 10.6.6.7, 10.6.6.8, 10.6.6.9, 10.6.6.10, 10.6.7.1, 10.6.7.2, 10.6.7.3, 10.6.7.4, 10.6.7.5, 10.6.7.6, 10.6.7.7, 10.6.7.8, 15 10.6.7.9, 10.6.7.10, 10.6.8.1, 10.6.8.2, 10.6.8.3, 10.6.8.4, 10.6.8.5, 10.6.8.6, 10.6.8.7, 10.6.8.8, 10.6.8.9, 10.6.8.10, 10.6.9.1, 10.6.9.2, 10.6.9.3, 10.6.9.4, 10.6.9.5, 10.6.9.6, 10.6.9.7, 10.6.9.8, 10.6.9.9, 10.6.9.10, 10.6.10.1, 10.6.10.2, 10.6.10.3, 10.6.10.4, 10.6.10.5, 10.6.10.6, 10.6.10.7, 10.6.10.8, 10.6.10.9, 10.6.10.10, 10.7.1.1, 10.7.1.2, 10.7.1.3, 10.7.1.4, 10.7.1.5, 10.7.1.6, 10.7.1.7, 10.7.1.8, 10.7.1.9, 10.7.1.10, 10.7.2.1, 10.7.2.2, 10.7.2.3, 10.7.2.4, 10.7.2.5, 10.7.2.6, 10.7.2.7, 20 10.7.2.8, 10-7.2.9, 10.7.2.10, 10.7.3.1, 10.7.3.2, 10.7.3.3, 10.7.3.4, 10.7.3.5, 10.7.3.6, 10.7.3.7, 10.7.3.8, 10.7.3.9, 10.7.3.10, 10.7.4.1, 10.7.4.2, 10.7.4.3, 10.7.4.4, 10.7.4.5, 10.7.4.6, 10.7.4.7, 10.7.4.8, 10.7.4.9, 10.7.4.10, 10.7.5.1, 10.7.5.2, 10.7.5.3, 10.7.5.4, 10.7.5.5, 10.7.5.6, 10.7.5.7, 10.7.5.8, 10.7.5.9, 10.7.5.10, 10.7.6.1, 10.7.6.2, 10.7.6.3, 10.7.6.4, 10.7.6.5, 10.7.6.6, 10.7.6.7, 10.7.6.8, 10.7.6.9, 10.7.6.10, 10.7.7.1, 10.7.7.2, 10.7.7.3, 10.7.7.4, 10.7.7.5, 10.7.7.6, 10.7.7.7, 25 10.7.7.8, 10.7.7.9, 10.7.7.10, 10.7.8.1, 10.7.8.2, 10.7.8.3, 10.7.8.4, 10.7.8.5, 10.7.8.6, 10.7.8.7, 10.7.8.8, 10.7.8.9, 10.7.8.10, 10.7.9.1, 10.7.9.2, 10.7.9.3, 10.7.9.4, 10.7.9.5, 10.7.9.6, 10.7.9.7, 10.7.9.8, 10.7.9.9, 10.7.9.10, 10.7.10.1, 10.7.10.2, 10.7.10.3, 10.7.10.4, 10.7.10.5, 10.7.10.6, 10.7.10.7, 10.7.10.8, 10.7.10.9, 10.7.10.10, 10.8.1.1, 10.8.1.2, 10.8.1.3, 10.8.1.4, 10.8.1.5, 10.8.1.6, 10.8.1.7, 10.8.1.8, 10.8.1.9, 10.8.1.10, 10.8.2.1, 10.8.2.2, 10.8.2.3, 10.8.2.4, 10.8.2.5, 10.8.2.6, 30 10.8.2.7, 10.8.2.8, 10.8.2.9, 10.8.2.10, 10.8.3.1, 10.8.3.2, 10.8.3.3, 10.8.3.4, 10.8.3.5, 10.8.3.6, 10.8.3.7, 10.8.3.8, 10.8.3.9, 10.8.3.10, 10.8.4.1, 10.8.4.2, 10.8.4.3, 10.8.4.4, 10.8.4.5, 10.8.4.6, 10.8.4.7, 10.8.4.8, 10.8.4.9, 10.8.4.10, 10.8.5.1, 10.8.5.2, 10.8.5.3, 10.8.5.4, 10.8.5.5, 10.8.5.6, 10.8.5.7, 10.8.5.8, 10.8.5.9, 10.8.5.10, 10.8.6.1, 10.8.6.2, 10.8.6.3, 10.8.6.4, 10.8.6.5, 10.8.6.6, 10.8.6.7, 10.8.6.8, 10.8.6.9, 10.8.6.10, 10.8.7.1, 10.8.7.2, 10.8.7.3, 10.8.7.4, 10.8.7.5, 10.8.7.6, 35 10.8.7.7, 10.8.7.8, 10.8.7.9, 10.8.7.10, 10.8.8.1, 10.8.8.2, 10.8.8.3, 10.8.8.4, 10.8.8.5, 10.8.8.6, 10.8.8.7, 10.8.8.8, 10.8.8.9, 10.8.8.10, 10.8.9.1, 10.8.9.2, 10.8.9.3, 10.8.9.4, 10.8.9.5, 10.8.9.6, 10.8.9.7, 10.8.9.8, 10.8.9.9, 10.8.9.10, 10.8.10.1, 10.8.10.2, 10.8.10.3, 10.8.10.4, 10.8.10.5, 53 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 10.8.10.6, 10.8.10.7, 10.8.10.8, 10.8.10.9, 10.8.10.10, 10.9.1.1, 10.9.1.2, 10.9.1.3, 10.9.1.4, 10.9.1.5, 10.9.1.6, 10.9.1.7, 10.9.1.8, 10.9.1.9, 10.9.1.10, 10.9.2.1, 10.9.2.2, 10.9.2.3, 10.9.2.4, 10.9.2.5, 10.9.2.6, 10.9.2.7, 10.9.2.8, 10.9.2.9, 10.9.2.10, 10.9.3.1, 10.9.3.2, 10.9.3.3, 10.9.3.4, 10.9.3.5, 10.9.3.6, 10.9.3.7, 10.9.3.8, 10.9.3.9, 10.9.3.10, 10.9.4.1, 10.9.4.2, 10.9.4.3, 10.9.4.4, 5 10.9.4.5, 10.9.4.6, 10.9.4.7, 10.9.4.8, 10.9.4.9, 10.9.4.10, 10.9.5.1, 10.9.5.2, 10.9.5.3, 10.9.5.4, 10.9.5.5, 10.9.5.6, 10.9.5.7, 10.9.5.8, 10.9.5.9, 10.9.5.10, 10.9.6,1, 10.9.6.2, 10.9.6.3, 10.9.6.4, 10.9.6.5, 10.9.6.6, 10.9.6.7, 10.9.6.8, 10.9.6.9, 10.9.6.10, 10.9.7.1, 10.9.7.2, 10.9.7.3, 10.9.7.4, 10.9.7.5, 10.9.7.6, 10.9.7.7, 10.9.7.8, 10.9.7.9, 10.9.7.10, 10.9.8.1, 10.9.8.2, 10.9.8.3, 10.9.8.4, 10.9.8.5, 10.9.8.6, 10.9.8.7, 10.9.8.8, 10.9.8.9, 10.9.8.10, 10.9.9.1, 10.9.9.2, 10.9.9.3, 10.9.9.4, 10 10.9.9.5, 10.9.9.6, 10.9.9.7, 10.9.9.8, 10.9.9.9, 10.9.9.10, 10.9.10.1, 10.9.10.2, 10.9.10.3, 10.9.10.4, 10.9.10.5, 10.9.10.6, 10.9.10.7, 10.9.10.8, 10.9.10.9, 10.9.10.10, 10.10.1.1, 10.10.1.2, 10.10.1.3, 10.10.1.4, 10.10.1.5, 10.10.1.6, 10.10.1.7, 10.10.1.8, 10.10.1.9, 10.10.1.10, 10.10.2.1, 10.10.2.2, 10.10.2.3, 10.10.2.4, 10.10.2.5, 10.10.2.6, 10.10.2.7, 10.10.2.8, 10.10.2.9, 10.10.2.10, 10.10.3.1, 10.10.3.2, 10.10.3.3, 10.10.3.4, 10.10.3.5, 10.10.3.6, 10.10.3.7, 10.10.3.8, 10.10.3.9, 10.10.3.10, 15 10.10.4.1, 10.10.4.2, 10.10.4.3, 10.10.4.4, 10.10.4.5, 10.10.4.6, 10.10.4.7, 10.10.4.8, 10.10.4.9, 10.10.4.10, 10.10.5.1, 10.10.5.2, 10.10.5.3, 10.10.5.4, 10.10.5.5, 10.10.5.6, 10.10.5.7, 10.10.5.8, 10.10.5.9, 10.10.5.10, 10.10.6.1, 10.10.6.2, 10.10.6.3, 10.10.6.4, 10.10.6.5, 10.10.6.6, 10.10.6.7, 10.10.6.8, 10.10.6.9, 10.10.6.10, 10.10.7.1, 10.10.7.2, 10.10.7.3, 10.10.7.4, 10.10.7.5, 10.10.7.6, 10.10.7.7, 10.10.7.8, 10.10.7.9, 10.10.7.10, 10.10.8.1, 10.10.8.2, 10.10.8.3, 10.10.8.4, 10.10.8.5, 20 10.10.8.6, 1 0.10.8.7, 10.10.8.8, 10.10.8.9, 10.10.8.10, 10.10.9.1, 10.10.9.2, 10.10.9.3, 10.10.9.4, 10.10.9.5, 10.10.9.6, 10.10.9.7, 10.10.9.8, 10.10.9.9, 10.10.9.10, 10.10.10.1, 10.10.10.2, 10.10.10.3, 10.10.10.4, 10.10.10.5, 10.10.10.6, 10.10.10.7. 10.10.10.8, 10.10.10.9, 10.10.10.10 25 Additional exemplary formula 1 compound groups include the following groups as disclosed below. Group 2. Group 2 compounds are as named in 'able B, i.e., 12, RIA, Y and X substituents are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula 5, which is the same as the formula 4 steroid nucleus, except that the 5-6 double bond is absent and hydrogen is 30 present at the 5-position in the a-configuration Q6X H 15. H Q3 --/ "Y Q4 R2 1A H 5. 54 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 Thus, the group 2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH3 O 17 H CH3 16 Br HO 3 s 7 OH H H group 2, compound 1.2.1.1. Group 3. Group 3 compounds are as named in Table B, i.e., R 2 , RIA, Y and X substituents 5 are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula 6, which is the same as the formula 4 steroid nucleus, except that the 5-6 double bond is absent and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the f-configuration IH Q3 16. Q4 R2 3 5 7 R1A H H 6. 10 Thus, the group 3 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH3 0 17 H CH3 16 Br HO 3 5 7 OH H H group 3, compound 1.2.1.1. Group 4. Group 4 compounds are as named in Table B, i.e., R2, RiA, Y and X substituents are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula 7, which is 15 the same as the formula 4 steroid nucleus, except that Q3 is
-CH
2 OH 55 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 Q6X H CH2OH iH Q4 R2 3 .5 7 R1A H7. Thus, the group 4 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH3 O CH2OH 17 H 16. HO0 3 s 7 H H group 4, compound 1.2.1.1. 5 Group 5. Group 5 compounds are as named in Table B, i.e., R 2 , RIA, Y and X substituents are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula 8, which is the same as the formula 4 steroid nucleus, except that the 5-6 double bond is absent and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration and Q3 is -CH 2 OH Q6 XH 8. CH2OH H 10 Thus, the group 5 compound named 1.2. 1.1 has the structure 56 H2 3 5 7 R1A HH 10 Thus, th group 5, compoundnmd 1.2.. has th1srctr iSH -C-211isedo ehyl group 5,teeae ugopso u compound s 1.2.1.1.t 15 subgroup, subgroup 6-1, has thle same steroid nucleus with thle substituents as defined for group I 56 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 compounds while the second, subgroup 6-2, has the same steroid nucleus with the substituents as defined for group 2 compounds. Subgroups 6-3 through 6-5 have the same steroid nucleus with the substituents as defined for group 3 through 5 respectively. Thus, for example, the subgroup 6-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH2OH O 17 H CH3 16 Br HO 3 7 OH 5 H and the subgroup 6-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure HOH2C O 17 H CH3 16 Br HO 5 7 OH //H H [[ Grdup 7. Group 7 compounds are as named in groups 1-5, except that the Y moiety in 10 formulas 4-8 is in the p-configuration instead of in the a-configuration. Group 7 comprises 5 subgroups, wherein the compounds are named essentially as described for group 6 compounds, except that the Y group is in the -configuration. Group 8. Group 8 compounds are as named in groups 1-5, except that the X moiety in formulas 4-8 is in the a-configuration instead of in the f-configuration. Group 8 comprises 5 15 subgroups, wherein the compounds are named essentially as described for group 6 compounds, except that the X group is in the a-configuration. Group 9. Group 9 compounds are as named in groups 1-5, except that the R 2 moiety in formulas 4-8 is in the a-configuration instead of in the p-configuration. Group 9 comprises 5 subgroups, wherein the compounds are named essentially as described for group 6 compounds, 20 except that the R 2 group is in the a-configuration. Group 10. Group 10 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. I -S-C(O)-CH 3 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
5 25 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 3 4 -O-S(O)-O-CH2-C 6
H
5 57 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH3 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
5 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH3 8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6 Hs 5 9 -O-C(S)-CH 3 10 -O-C(S)-CH 2
-C
6 Hs Group 10 comprises 25 subgroups of compounds. The first, subgroup 10-1, has the same steroid nucleus with substituents as defined for group 1, except that the R 2 moieties or groups listed replace those in Table A above. The subgroup 10-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH3 0 17 H CH3 16 H3C S4 3 7 OH E .//H 10 0 the subgroup 10-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH3 0 17 H CH3 16 Br H3C Y S 3 s 7 OH 1 HH the subgroup 10-6-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH2OH 0 17 H CH3 16 H3C S4 3 7 OH ' "/H 15 0 and the subgroup 10-6-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure 58 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 CH2OH O 17 H CH3 16 Br H-3C Y S 3 7 OH H. 0 = Group 11. Group 11 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. 5 1 -S-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
3 4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CI- 2 C1 2 -0-CI-1 2 C1 3 10 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-CH
4 0CH 3 7 -0-C(O)-NH-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
3 8 -0-C(O)-NH-CH 4 0CH 3 9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 10 -O-C(S),CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 15 Group 11 comprises 25 subgroups, wherein the compounds are named essentially as described for group 10 compounds, except that the R 2 group is given above. Group 12. Group 12 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. I -S-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2 C(O)OH 20 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 F 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2 C(O)OH 4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 F 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2 C(O)OH 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 F 25 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2 C(O)OH 8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
4 F 9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2 C(O)OH 10 -O-C(S)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 F Group 13. Group 13 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 30 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. I -S-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2 OH 59 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
CH
3 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2 OH 4 -O-S(O)-O-CHr 2 -CIH 1 4 C13 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2 OH 5 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
CH
3 . 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2 OH 8 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 4
CH
3 9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2 OH 10 -O-C(S)-CH 2 -C6H 4
CH
3 10 Group 14. Group 14 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moietieS I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. I -S-C(O)-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2ORPR 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6 1H 4 0RR 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2ORPR 15 4 -O-S(O)-O-CHrC6H4 ORP 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2ORPR 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CHrC6H40RPR 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2ORPR 8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
4 0RPR 20 9 -O-C(S)-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2ORPR 10 -O-C(S)-CH 2 rC 6
H
4 0RPR Group 15. Group 15 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. 1 -S-C(O)-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2NHRPR 25 2 -S-C(O)-CHC 6
H
3
(ORPR)
2 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2NHRPR 4 -O-S(O)-O-CHrC6H3(ORPR)2 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2NHR 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CHrC6H3(ORPR)2 30 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2NHR 8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
3
(ORPR)
2 9 -O-C(S)-CH2CHrO-CH2CH2NHR 10 -O-C(S)-CHC 6
H
3
(ORPR)
2 Group 16. Group 16 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I 35 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. I -S-C(O)-(CH 2
)
0 o 6
-CH
3 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
5 60 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 3 -O-S(O)-O-(CH 2
).
6
-CH
3 4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
5 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-(CH 2
)
0 o.-CH 3 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
5 5 7 -O-C(O)-NH-(CH 2 )o.4-CH 3 8 -O-C(O)-NH-(CH 2 )o.
6
-C
6 Hs 9 -O-C(S)-(CH 2
)
0 o6-CH 3 10 -O-C(S)-CH 2
-C
6 Hs Group 17. Group 17 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 10 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. I -S-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 )-so-H 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1 -so-H 4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 15 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1
-
5 o-H 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6 11 4 0CH 3 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1
-
5 o-H 8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
4 0CH 3 9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)-
50 -H 20 10 -O-C(S):CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 Group 18. Group 18 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. I -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1
-
5 o-H 2 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 25 3 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 )o.
6
-CH
3 4 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 NO2 5 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1
-
5 o-H 6 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6 1 5 7 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
3 30 8 -O-C(O)-C 6
H
5 9 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-S-CH
2
CH
3 10 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 F Group 19. Group 19 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. 35 1 -O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1
-
50 -H 2 -O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 3 -O-(CH 2
)
0 .- CH 3 61 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 4 -O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 NO2 5 -O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 )-so-H 6 -O-CH 2
-C
6
H
5 7 -O-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
3 5 8 -O-C 6
H
5 9 -O-CH 2
CH
2
-S-CH
2
CH
3 10 -O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 F Group 20. Group 20 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. 10 1 -C(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1
-
5 o-H 2 -C(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 0CH 3 3 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 )o-6-CH 3 4 -C(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 NO2 5 -C(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2
)
1
-
5 o-H 15 6 -C(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
5 7 -C(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
3 8 -C(O)-O-C 6
H
5 9 -C(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-S-CH
2
CH
3 10 -C(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 F 20 Group 21. Group 21 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties. 1 -C(O)-O-G 12 2 -O-C(O)-G12 3 -C(O)-S-G12 25 4 -S-C(O)-G12 5 -C(S)-O-G12 6 -O-C(S)-G12 7 -O-C(O)-NH-G12 8 -NH-C(O)-O-G12 30 9 -C(O)-O-CH 2 -G12 10 -O-C(O)-CH 2 -G 12 Thus, the group 21-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure 62 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 H3 0 H wethe group 21- compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure 17 H CH3 16 O Br G12 3 7 OH O //H 0 ethe group 21- 2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH3 0 17 H 0 CH3 16%, "Br G12 3 7 OH H E 5 H the group 21-3 compound named 1.2. 1.1 has the structure CH3 0 CH20H17 H Br G12 3 7 OH E the group 21-4- compound named 1.2. 1.1 has the struture CH0 O CHOH17 H 'B r G12 37 OH OHW 10 the group 21-6-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH2OH6O WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 CH2OH 0 17 H 0 CH3 16-,! 'B r G12 3 7 OH H and the group 21-6-3 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH2OH O 17 H VBr G12 3 7 OH H H 5 G12 in Group 21 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected from
CI-
1 2 alkyl, C2- 1 2 alkenyl, C 2
-
1 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2
-
9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen 10 and is selected from -0-, -S-, -NRPR- (including -NH-), -C(O)-, =0, =S, -N(R PR) 2 (including -NH 2 ), -C(O)ORPR (including -C(O)OH), -OC(O)R (including -O-C(O)-H), -ORPR (including -OH), SRPR (including -SH), -NO 2 , -CN, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O-A8, -S-A8, -C(O) A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(O)O-A8, =N-, -N=, =N-OH, -OPO 3
(RPR)
2 , -OS0 3
H
2 and halogen moieties or atoms, where each RPR is -1H, an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together 15 comprise a protecting group, and A8 is CI- 8 alkyl, C 2
-
8 alkenyl, C 2
-
8 alkynyl, C14 alkyl-aryl (e.g., benzyl), aryl (e.g. phenyl) or CI.
4 alkyl-C 2 -9 heterocycle. G12 moieties include -CH 3 , -C 2 H5, -C 3
H
7 ,
-C
4 H,, -C 6
H
11 , -CH-C 6 H , -C 2
H
4
-C
6 H, -C 3
H
6
-C
6
H
5 , -C 6
H
5 , -CH 2 -heterocycle, -CHr-CH 2 heterocycle and a heterocycle, any of which are substituted with one, two, three or more independently selected -0-, -S-, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH-, =0, -CN, -OCH 3 , -OC 2
H
5 , -OC 4
H
9 , -NO 2 , 20 NH 2 , -COOH, or -NH-C(O)- moieties. Other embodiments include the use of any formula 4 compound or genus of formula 4 compounds that are named in any of the foregoing groups for any of the therapeutic or other applications described herein. This includes the use of any named formula 4 compound or genus for any of those applications wherein (i) R 2 is in the a-configuration, (ii) Q4 is -CIH(halogen)-, (iii) 25 X is in the a-configuration and the -H at the 17-position is in the p-configuration, (iv) Y is in the f 64 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 configuration and the -H at the 16-position is in the a-configuration or (v) RI A is in the a configuration and the -H at the 7-position is in the p-configuration. Embodiments also include formula 1 compounds (e.g., formula 4 compounds) wherein R 4 is optionally substituted C 1
.
8 alkyl, optionally substituted C2.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-8 5 alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycle, optionally substituted C1.8 alkyl-aryl, optionally substituted C1.8 alkyl-heterocycle or optionally substituted -CH 2
-C
1
.
8 organic moiety (where the organic moiety is as described for esters), wherein any of the foregoing are independently substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 or more -0-, -S-, -NH-, -NH-C(O)- (i.e., -NH-C(O) or -C(O)-NH-), =0, =NOH, -NO 2 , -CN, -F, -Cl, -Br, -1, -OH, -SH, or -NH 2 . Such R 4 moieties 10 include -CH 2
-C
14 optionally substituted alkyl, -CH 2
-C
2
.
6 optionally substituted alkenyl, -CH 2 -Cl.
6 optionally substituted aryl and -CH 2
-C
2
.
9 optionally substituted heterocycle. Plasma concentration-enhancing compounds. An aspect of the invention comprises administering an effective amount of a plasma concentration-enhancing compound, e.g., a compound of formula 2A or 2B compound with a formula 1 compound to facilitate preventing or 15 treating one or more togavirus infections (including flavivirus, alphavirus, pestivirus or rubivirus) in a subject. In addition to the formula 2A and 2B compounds, the plasma concentration-enhancing compounds include bavachinin A, didymin (isosakuranctin-7-rutinoside or neoponcirin), flavanomarein (isookanine-7-glucoside), flavanone azine, flavanone diacetylhydrazone, flavanone hydrazone, silybin, which has the structure OH 0 CH3 OH OHOH 20 OH O silychristin, which has the structure OH O-chiral OH HO O OH OH OH O isosilybin, which has the structure 65 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 OH O OH OH H OCH 3 HO O 00 OH silandrin, which has the structure OH O OH HO O OCH 3 IaOH 5 and a compound having the structure (E) OH 0 CH3 CH3 HO O 5 OH C OH O (E). Collectively, these compounds and the formula 2A and 2B compounds are referred to as the "plasma concentration-enhancing compounds". The formula 2A and 2B compounds encompass a number of natural and synthetic 10 flavonoids, including certain flavones, flavans, and their iso analogs. The presence of a formula 2A or 2B compound in compositions comprising a formula 1 compound has been found to enhance the systemic bioavailability of formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound. The presence of a formula 2A or 2B compound, e.g., naringin or naringenin, results in enhanced plasma concentrations of the formula 1 compound. The formula 2A or 2B compound need not be present 15 in a formulation that contains a formula 1 compound. The formula 2A or 2B compound can also be administered, e.g., about 1-4 hours, before or after, preferably before, the formula 1 compound is 66 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 administered. In these embodiments, one will administer an oral or parenteral formulation that contains a formula 1 compound and a formula 2A or 2B compound. The plasma concentration-enhancing compounds include compounds of formulas 50-65 R8 R 8 R8 R8 R8 R8
R
8 R Rio O R10 0 78 2 R8 R8 6 3 R 8 A R 8 A R8 R8A R8 R8A
R
8 0 R 8
R
1 1 R 11 5 50 51 R8 R8 R8 R8 R 8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 0RN. R 10 RioR R I R8 R R8a R
R
8
R
8 A R8 R 8 A F38 O R8 R11 R11 52 53 R8 R8 R180
R
8 R R8 R8 R A R8 R A 10 R8 R8 O k AR R8 R 1R 11R8 R8 54 55 67 WO 00/321 77 PCTIUS99/28082 R8 R8 8 R8 R8 1 R8 1 R8
R
8
R
8 R R 8
R
8 R8 R R8 8 R8 1 R8 R 68 0 61R RijIR 56 68 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 R1 8 8Ra R 8 8 R1a R8 R8 R8 R8 8R R 8 R8A R8 R18 R A R8 R8 O R8 R 11 R11I R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 64 65 wherein
R
8 at the 6-position independently are -H, -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, C 1
.
6 alkyl, C 1 6 alkoxy, 5 glucuronide, a CI- 25 fatty acid, glucoside, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3
)
2 or a group having the structure (B);
R
8 at the 8-position independently are -H, -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, CI- 6 alkyl, C 1 .- alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1
..
2 5 fatty acid, glucoside, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3
)
2 or the residue of a formula 50-65 compound where a hydrogen atom is removed to form the formula 50-65 radical;
R
8 A independently are -H, -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, C 1 .- alkyl, C 1 .- alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1
-
2 5 10 fatty acid, glucoside, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3
)
2 or a group having the structure (C); the remaining R 8 independently are -- 1, -01H, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, CI.
6 alkyl, CI.
6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a CI-2 5 fatty acid or -CH 2
-CH=C(CH
3
)
2 ; and Rio (i) is -OH or -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, CI.
6 alkyl, C 1
.
6 alkoxy, neohesperidoside, apioglucoside, rutinoside, glucoside, galactoside, rhamnoside, arabinoside, or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, 15 derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties, any of which are optionally independently substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, CI.
6 alkyl, CI. alkoxy, glucuronide or a CI- 2 5 fatty acid, or (ii) RIO is the radical of bavachinin A, didymin, flavanomarein, flavanone azine, flavanone diacetylhydrazone, flavanone hydrazone, silybin, silychristin, isosilybin, silandrin, a moiety of structure (E) or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, derivative or metabolite of 20 any of these moieties. Additional therapeutic embodiments. In accordance with another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treatment of one or more of the conditions described above, e.g., togavirus infections, comprising administering a combination therapy including one or more of the compounds of the present invention administered simultaneously or 25 sequentially with one or more macrophage stimulating factor (and optionally further co administering one or more plasma concentration-enhancing compounds). Macrophage stimulating factors are well known to those of skill in the art, examples including GM-CSF (see, e.g., Callard et al., The Cytokine Facts Book, Academic Press, 1994, p. 139, which is incorporated herein by reference) and Interleukin-4 (sold by Immunex as "Leukine" and by Schering Plough as "Prokine"). 30 In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the compounds of the present invention can be co-administered with one or more oxidation agent (optionally further together with a plasma 69 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 concentration-enhancing compound and/or a macrophage stimulating factor), or the patient may be given oxygen ventilation to increase oxidative steroids in the plasma. In addition, the present invention is further directed to a combination therapy for the treatment of patients suffering from hepatitis C and/or hepatitis G, comprising administering to the 5 patient, simultaneously or sequentially, one or more of the compounds of the present invention together with ribavirin and/or alpha interferon, and optionally further together with one or more plasma concentration-enhancing compound, one or more macrophage stimulating factor, one or more oxidation agent, and/or oxygen ventilation. In addition, the present invention is further directed to a combination therapy as discussed above in this paragraph for the treatment of patients 10 suffering from or susceptible to any type of togavirus infection. The invention also includes the use of combinations of compounds as disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a togavirus or a flavivirus, in particular, HCV. The components of any of the combination therapies disclosed herein can be administered 15 simultaneously (in a combination formulation), essentially simultaneously (e.g., administration of each compound a few minutes or a few hours apart), or they can be administered sequentially, e.g., several days apart, or more than a week apart. For example, a compound of the present invention and a plasma-concentration-enhancing compound (and/or a macrophage stimulating factor) can be administered together, or essentially simultaneously, e.g., administration of each compound a few 20 minutes or 4 few hours apart, or can be administered sequentially, e.g., several days apart, or more than a week apart (optionally together with simultaneous or sequential administration of oxidizing agent or oxygen ventilation). All such variations in administration of the combination therapy are encompassed within the scope of the invention. The invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations containing any combination that is 25 described herein. The present invention is also directed to the use of compounds of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for therapeutic treatments as described herein, e.g., for treatment of a togavirus infection such as HCV. The present invention is also directed to administering compounds of the present invention 30 (optionally together with one or more combination compounds) to provide a prophylactic treatment of a patient to prevent, e.g., togavirus infections. Articles of manufacture. The present invention also provides articles of manufacture comprising, for example, packaging material, at least one unit-dosage of a compound according to the present invention (optionally together with one or more unit-dosage of a compound which can 35 be administered in a combination therapy) and a label or package insert indicating that the compound can be used in a method disclosed herein. 70 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 In one embodiment, an article of manufacture comprises packaging material, at least one unit dose of a 17-ketosteroid compound (a formula 1 compound) and a label or package insert indicating that the 17-ketosteroid compound (a formula 1 compound) can be used in a method as described herein. The packaging material can be made from one or more generally known 5 materials, e.g., foam, cardboard, fiberboard, polystyrene and polypropylene, and is of a size suitable to contain the compound(s) accompanying the packaging material. A label or package insert can be a tag or label secured to the packaging material, a label printed on the packaging material or a label inserted within the packaging material. The label indicates that the 17-ketosteroid can be used in a therapy as disclosed herein, e.g., in combination with a plasma concentration-enhancing compound, 10 a macrophage stimulating factor, ribavirin and/or alpha interferon. The label can also indicate that the compound(s) have received approval from an official agency, for example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, for medical or veterinary use according to the method. The label may also indicate suitable administration routes, dosage regimen, and the like. If desired, the article may contain additional components such as at least one unit dose of a plasma concentration-enhancing 15 compound, macrophage stimulating factor, ribavirin and/or alpha interferon. Methods of administration and formulations. The, dosage of a formula 1, 2A or 2B compound for a particular patient will vary depending on factors such as the overall health of the patient, the metliod, route and dose of administration and the severity of side effects (if any). Determination of the appropriate dose is made by the clinician using parameters known in the art. 20 Generally, the -dose begins with an amount somewhat less than the optimum dose and it is increased by small increments thereafter until the desired or optimum effect is achieved. The dosage of the compounds of the invention is suitably determined depending on the individual cases taking symptoms, age and sex of the subject and the like into consideration. With respect to the duration of treatment, it is typical for skilled clinicians to monitor patients in order to determine 25 when inhibition is providing therapeutic benefit, and to determine whether to increase dosage, decrease dosage, discontinue therapy, resume therapy or alter therapy. The therapeutically effective dosage of any specific compound of the invention will vary somewhat from compound to compound and patient to patient. As a general proposition, a dosage in the range of from about 0. 1 to about 500 mg/kg will have therapeutic efficacy. Typically, a 30 dosage in the range of from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg will be employed. A daily dosage of a formula 1 compound will typically comprise about 10 to about 750 mg, usually about 20 to about 400 mg, which may be administered as a single dose or as two or more subdoses. Such doses or subdoses may be administered at one or more sites or by one or more than one route of administration. The duration for the treatment is usually once per day for a sufficient length of time 35 for the patient to become asymptomatic, or for symptoms to abate noticeably. Depending upon the severity of the infection in the individual patient, this may last several days, weeks, or longer. 71 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 With regard to the frequency and duration of treatment, it is well known that it is within the skill of the ordinary physician to monitor a patient's condition and to make appropriate decisions with regard to discontinuing, interrupting and resuming treatments. The dosages used in accordance with the invention are suitably determined depending on the 5 individual cases, taking symptoms, age and sex of the subject and the like into consideration. In addition, it is well known that it is within the skill of ordinary artisans to determine suitable dosages based on the above and other factors. In accordance with the present method, a compound of the present invention may be administered orally, intramuscularly (IM); intravenously (IV), or subcutaneously (SC), with 10 intravenous administration being especially preferred. Although other routes of administration can be used, it has been found that intravenous administration provides surprising effectiveness. For oral administration, the use of a plasma concentrationenhancing compound may be of great importance. Alternatively, a formula 1 compound or salt may also be administered intravenously or intramuscularly as a liposomal suspension. Such administration may comprise a cyclodextrin 15 formulation (given orally, SC, IV or IM). Compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically or physiologically, acceptable salts, are thus administered by any route suitable to the condition to be treated, including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ocular, buccal or sublingual), vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intrathecal, intradural and epidural) and pulmonary by aerosol. Generally, the compounds of the 20 invention arp administered parenterally, orally or topically. If an embodiment is not sufficiently orally bioavailable it can be administered by the other routes noted above. Embodiments include formulations that comprise a liposome or lipid complex that comprises a formula 1 compound. Such formulations are prepared according to known methods, e.g., U.S. patents 4427649, 5043165, 5714163, 5744158, 5783211, 5795589, 5795987, 5798348, 25 5811118, 5820848, 5834016 and 5882678, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The liposomes may optionally comprise an additional therapeutic or other agent(s), e.g., a compound of formula 2A or 2B. The liposomes can be delivered to a subject by any standard route, e.g., oral, aerosol or parenteral (e.g., SC, IV, IM). Most often, the pharmaceutical compositions useful in the present invention will comprise a 30 compound of formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. If a solution is desired, water is the carrier of choice with respect to water soluble compounds or salts. In other embodiments, an organic vehicle, such as glycerol, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, DMSO, DMSO 2 , vegetable or mineral oils, ethanol, benzyl benzoate, or mixtures thereof, may be suitable. In general, the solutions in any instance should be 35 sterilized in a suitable manner, preferably by filtration through a 0.22 micron filter. The compositions useful in the practice of the present invention may be provided in the form of vials, ampoules, and the like. 72 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 In some embodiments, the formula I compound that is present in the compositions or that is used in the methods disclosed herein is completely dissolved in non-aqueous excipients. However, in some embodiments, e.g., transient compositions or some formulations, the formula I compound is partially dissolved while the remaining portion is present as a solid, which can be a suspension or 5 a colloid. In related embodiments, the formula 1 compound is incompletely dissolved and is present as a suspension or gel. In addition to compounds of formula 1, or their salts, the pharmaceutical compositions may contain other additives, such as p-1 adjusting additives, in particular, agents such as acids, bases, or buffers, including sodium lactate, sodium acetate, and sodium gluconate. Further, such 10 compositions may contain microbial preservatives, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate. If a multiple use vial is supplied, the pharmaceutical composition should likewise include such a microbial preservative. The formulations may be lyophilized, using techniques well known in the art. The formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes. The 15 formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques, excipients and formulations generally are found in, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA 1985, 17*' edition, Nema et al., PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Tech. 1997 51:166-171, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Methods to make invention formulations include the step of bringing into 20 association y formula 1 compound with one or more excipients or carriers. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the formula 1 compound with liquid excipients or finely divided solid excipients or both, and then, if appropriate, shaping the product. Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as 25 discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound; as a powder or granules; as solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. 30 A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more excipients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the formula I or formula 2A or 2B compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound 35 moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound therein. 73 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a 5 lipophilic emulsifier, which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations. Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in formulations comprising a formula 1 or a formula 2A or 2B compound include Tween® 60, Span® 10 80, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate. Formulations suitable for buccal administration include lozenges comprising a formula I or formula 2A or 2B compound in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound in an inert basis such as gelatin and 15 glycerin, or sucrose and acacia. Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate. Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal administration will have a particle size for example in the range of 0.01 to 200 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 0.01 20 and 500 midrons in increments of 0.1 microns such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 30 microns, 35 microns, etc.), which is administered by inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the various bronchi or alveolar sacs. Formulations suitable for aerosol or dry powder administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents such as compounds heretofore used in the treatment or 25 prophylaxis of togavirus, flavivirus or retrovirus other infections. Inhalation therapy is readily administered by metered dose inhalers. Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the formula 1 compound such carriers or excipients as are known in the art to be appropriate. 30 Formulations suitable for parenteral administration are sterile and include aqueous and non aqueous injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules 35 and vials with elastomeric stoppers, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared 74 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. Unit dosage formulations will typically contain a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as recited above, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of a formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound. In some embodiments, the formula I compounds will be administered on an intermittent 5 basis. In these embodiments, the formula I compound, e.g., a dose that comprises about 5-500 mg of a formula 1 compound (typically about 25-400 mg, or about -50-350 mg), is administered to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day (at least 24 hours), optionally followed by at least one more daily dose of, e.g., about 50-500 mg. Intermittent dosing methods may comprise dosing (1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week) based on a weekly schedule, e.g., dosing on 10 Monday, Wednesday and Friday, or on Tuesday, Thursday Saturday for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by periods of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again on Monday, Wednesday and Friday for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks. Weekly dosing methods may comprise administration of the formula 1 compound to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks..- In related embodiments, dosing 15 may be administered to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days, optionally followed by another course of daily dosing. These embodiments may further comprise treatment with a formula 2A or 2B compound or another treatment as described herein. To the extent not already indicated, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art 20 that any one of the various specific embodiments herein described and illustrated may be further modified to incorporate features shown in any of the other embodiments disclosed herein. Therapeutic applications. For therapeutic applications, the compositions disclosed herein will typically comprise one or more compounds of formula 1, and, the methods disclosed herein will utilize such compositions, which will contain one, two or more of such compounds, usually 25 one. While it is possible for the compounds of the invention to be administered as pure compounds it is preferable to present them as pharmaceutical formulations. The formulations of the present invention comprise at least one formula 1 compound together with one or more acceptable carriers or excipients and optionally other therapeutic agents, e.g., a formula 2A or 2B compound(s), aIFN, ribavirin, a macrophage stimulating factor(s) and/or an oxidation agent(s). The one or more carriers 30 or excipients must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the patient. The compounds of this invention are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of one or more flaviviral or togaviral infections in man or animals. Togavirus and flavivirus infections that can be treated with the formula I compounds include HCV, California encephalitis virus, St. Louis 35 encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, Colorado tick fever virus, LaCrosse encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Murray valley fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis viruses, 75 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 GB virus A, GB virus B, GB virus C, Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 3, Dengue virus 4, Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus. The rubiviruses include human rubella virus. Pestiviruses include mucosal disease viruses such as bovine virus diarrhea virus, hog cholera virus and sheep border disease virus. The formula 1 compounds are also useful to treat hepatitis G virus. 5 In addition to preventing or treating togaviral infections, the some of the formula 1 compounds can be used to treat subjects who are coinfected with a togavirus and another virus, such as a retrovirus or a second togavirus. Retroviruses such as a human immunodeficiency virus, e.g., HIIVI or HIV2, a simian immunodeficiency virus, a recombinant human-simian immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), a feline immunodeficiency virus or a feline or murine leukemia or 10 sarcoma virus can be treated with formula I compounds. Coinfections with hepatitis viruses may be treated using the compounds of the invention, e.g., a HCV and HIV coinfection. In these embodiments, the subject will typically be one who has been tested to determine that (i) one or more togavirus infections is present (HCV, etc.) and (ii) a second virus infection is present (e.g., human herpes simplex virus 1, human herpes simplex virus 2, or a retrovirus such as HIV 1, HIV2, 15 etc.). In other embodiments, a dosing regimen for a formula 1 compound will comprise the use of a relatively high induction dose, e.g., about 150-750 mg per day or about 150-750 mg per day using an intermittent dosing schedule (such as described herein), followed by lower maintenance dosing, e.g., about 50-250 mg per day or about 50-250 mg per day on an intermittent dosing schedule. 20 These embodiments may further comprise treatment with a formula 2A or 2B compound or another treatment as described herein. Parenteral formulations may comprise a cyclodextrin, e.g., an c-cyclodextrin, a p3 cyclodextrin (e.g., P-hydroxypropylcyclodextrin) or a y-cyclodextrin, which are typically employed in aqueous formulations, which optionally comprise one or more of a buffer, a salt (NaCI, etc.) to, 25 e.g., render the solution isotonic, a bacteriostat or other excipients as known in the art and a formula 1 compound at a concentration of, e.g., about 5-25 mg/mL, typically about 10-20 mg/mL. Parenteral formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound and one or more excipients may be diluted into, e.g., sterile saline and infused into a subject. Parenteral formulations are typically administered by, e.g., intravenous, topical or oral delivery to a subject such as a human. For non 30 aqueous formulations, one or more solvents such as propylene glycol, a PEG, e.g., PEG 300 or PEG 400, ethanol, and benzyl benzoate may be employed. Typical aqueous and non-aqueous formulations will contain about 5 to about 400 mg/mL of a formula I compound, usually about 10 to about 200 rng/mL. Such parenteral formulations may be delivered orally, or by intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection. 35 In preparing compositions that comprise a formula 1 compound (and optionally one or more excipients), one may optionally mill or otherwise granulate the compound to obtain a desired particle size, before or after the formula 1 compound is contacted with one or more excipients. For 76 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 example, one may mill a formula 1 compound such as 16ax-bromoepiandrosterone, to obtain an average particle size (or diameter) of about 0.5-25 pM or about 1-10 pM (e.g., about 2, 5 or 10 p.M average particle size or diameter) before contacting the milled formula 1 compound with a liquid or solid excipient. Milled formula 1 compound is useful to facilitate dissolution or suspension of the 5 formula 1 compound in one or more liquid excipients (e.g., a PEG such as PEG 300, propylene glycol or benzyl benzoate) or to facilitate uniformly distributing drug substance when the milled compound is contacted with one or more solid excipients (e.g., a filler, a binder or a lubricant). The compositions and formulations disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of, or ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with, the conditions or infections disclosed herein. 10 These compositions and formulations may also be used to treat, or ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with, a retroviral infection such as a HIVI or HIV2 infection in humans, or Malaria in humans. As used herein, phrases such as "amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with" means that such compounds or formulations may be used to reduce replication of an infectious agent or to reduce the number of infectious agents that are present in a subject or to 15 ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with, or caused by, the condition or infection (e.g., reduced fever, a shortened duration or degree of pain, or a noticeable reduction of or elimination of diarrhea or fatigue). In addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation 20 in question,for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring or coloring agents. The present invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound together with a veterinary carrier therefor. Also, the formula 1 compound may be present in the animal's feed or water. Excipients for veterinary 25 applications may include compounds, e.g., small amounts of chloroform, that may not be generally suitable for human use. Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition to cats, dogs, horses, mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits and other animals and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials that are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with 30 the formula I or formula 2A or 2B compound. These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route, e.g., as described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, human patients infected with HCV are given an aqueous isotonic a-cyclodextrin or p-cyclodextrin (e.g., p-hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin) formulation containing about 5-30 mg/mL of dehydroepiandrosterone or 16ax-bromoepiandrosterone, e.g., about 35 10-20 mg/mL. The formulation is delivered intravenously in a single daily dose or two subdoses per day. The patients are dosed with I to 10 mg/kg/day for 4 to 10 days, followed by no dosing for 5 to 30 days, followed by dosing again with the cyclodextrin formulation for 4 to 10 days. The 77 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 dosing regimen is repeated one, two or more times. Clinical markers for HCV infection are followed during treatment, e.g., viral nucleic acid in the blood or plasma, liver enzyme levels in the blood or plasma (aminotransferase). For these patients, a standard anti-HCV treatment(s), e.g., interferon and/or ribavirin, is optionally started or continued according to the recommendations of 5 the patient's doctor and with the patient's informed approval. In some of these embodiments, a formula I compound(s) is administered daily continuously as a component in an oral or parenteral composition or formulation, e.g., for a formula 1 compound(s) that is a new compound per se. The dehydroepiandrosterone or 16a-bromoepiandrosterone is optionally also administered systemically using, e.g., the formulation of example I to deliver 1-5 mg/kg/day every other day for about I to 4 10 months, or an oral formulation to deliver about 5-40 mg/kg/day every other day for about I to 4 months. Embodiments of formula I compounds include or exclude any subset of compounds within the definition of formula 1, provided that at least one compound remains. For example, a subset of formula 1 compounds that are generally preferred and are usually included, for example are 15 aqueous or nonaqueous formulations comprising 16ax-bromoepiandrosterone. A subset compounds or applications for compounds that are optionally excluded from formula 1 compounds or their uses in any embodiment or claim herein comprises, e.g., the use of one or more compounds (or their use) that are disclosed in one or more prior art references or publications, to the extent that the disclosed compounds or uses renders any claim or embodiment unpatentable for novelty, obviousness and/or 20 inventive stdp reasons. Another subset of the formula I compounds cxcludcs one or more formula I compounds with corticosteroid activity, e.g., one or more formula I compounds wherein the 3 position comprises =0, a double bond at the 4-5 positions, a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bonded to the Il-position, -C(O)-CH 2 OH and -H or -C(O)-CH 2 OH and -OH or =0 is bonded to the 17-position, Q6 is -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, Q3 is -CH 3 , and the remaining positions (R 1 ) comprise, e.g., -H and 0, 1 or 2 25 hydroxyl groups. In other embodiments, a formula 1 compound may be linked to an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide analog to facilitate delivery of the oligonucleotide or analog into cells. Typically the formula 1 compound will be linked to the steroid nucleus through a terminal hydroxyl group at a 5', 3' or 2' position of the oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides and analogs of oligonucleotides are 30 known and have been described, e.g., U.S. patents 4725677, 4973679, 4997927, 4415732, 4458066, 5047524,4959463,5212295,5386023,5489677,5594121,5614622,5624621;and PCT publication Nos. WO 92/07864, WO 96/29337, WO 97/14706, WO 97/14709, WO 97/31009 and WO 98/04585, WO 98/04575 all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Synthesis methods. The compounds employed in the present invention in general may be 35 synthesized in manners known and readily understood by those skilled in the art. Therefore, there is no need to explain in great detail the methodology used for the synthesis of most such compounds. 78 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082 Formula 1 compounds that comprise a thioacetal moiety, sulfate ester, sulfite ester, carbamate or thioester moiety at R 2 (the 3-position) are prepared essentially according to methods known in the art. Suitably protected intermediates will be used as is apparent. See, for example, U.S. patent 5198432; European patent publications EP 576915 and EP 576914; C. Christiana et al., 5 J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1991 vol 22, C. Christiana et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1991 19:1403-1405, H.N. Abramson et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977-66:602-603, E.J. Corey et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118:8765-8766, A.G.M. Barrett et al., J. Org. Chem. 1989 54:227, D.H.R. Barton et al., J Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1976 19:2112-2116, D.H.R. Barton et al., J Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1975 16:1574-1585 and W.T. Smith et al., Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 1984 45:76-77, all 10 of which are incorporated herein by reference. Enumerated embodiments. Aspects of the invention include the following enumerated embodiments, which further illustrate the invention and preferred aspects thereof or related subject matter. 1. A method of treating hepatitis virus C in a patient in need of such treatment, 15 comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the present invention. 2. A method as recited in embodiment 1, further comprising administering to said patient at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound. 3. A method as recited in embodiment 2, wherein said at least one compound 20 according to the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered simultaneously. 4. A method as recited in embodiment 2, wherein said at least one compound according to the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered sequentially. 25 5. A method as recited in any one of embodiments I - 4, further comprising administering to said patient ribavirin and/or alpha interferon. 6. A method as recited in any one of embodiments I - 5, further comprising administering to said patient at least one macrophage stimulating factor. 7. A method as recited in any one of embodiments I - 6, further comprising 30 administering to said patient one or more oxidation agent and/or oxygen ventilation. 8. A method as recited in any one of embodiments I - 7, wherein said patient is a mammal. 9. A method as recited in embodiment 8, wherein said patient is a human. 10. A method as recited in any one of embodiments I - 9, wherein said administering is 35 by injection. 11. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 1 - 9, wherein said administering is by infusion. 79 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 12. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 1 - 9, wherein said administering is by intravenous injection. 13. A method as recited in embodiment 2, wherein said plasma concentration enhancing compound is naringin or naringenin. 5 14. A method of reducing at least one aminotransferase level in a patient suffering from hepatitis virus C in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the present invention. 15. A method as recited in embodiment 14, further comprising administering to said 10 patient at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound. 16. A method as recited in embodiment 14, wherein said at least one compound according to the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered simultaneously. 17. A method as recited in embodiment 15, wherein said at least one compound 1 5 according to the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered sequentially. 18. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 14 - 17, further comprising administering to said patient ribavirin and/or alpha interferon. 19. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 14 - 18, further comprising 20 administered to said patient at least one macrophage stimulating factor. 20. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 14 - 19, further comprising administering to said patient one or more oxidation agent and/or oxygen ventilation. 21. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 14 - 20, wherein said patient is a mammal. 25 22 A method as recited in embodiment 21, wherein said patient is a human. 23. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 14 - 22, wherein said administering is by injection. 24. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 14 - 22, wherein said administering is by infusion. 30 25. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 14 - 22, wherein said administering is by intravenous injection. 26. A method as recited in embodiment 15. wherein said plasma concentration enhancing compound is narigin or naringenim. 27. A method of treating a togavirus in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising 35 administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of to the present invention. 80 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 28. A method as recited in embodiment 27, further comprising administering to said patient at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound. 29. A method as recited in embodiment 28, wherein said at least one compound according to the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound 5 are administered simultaneously. 30. A method as recited in embodiment 28, wherein said at least one compound according to the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered sequentially. 31. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 27 - 30, further comprising 10 administering to said patient ribavirin and/or alpha interferon. 32. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 27 - 31, further comprising administering to said patient at least one macrophage stimulating factor. 33. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 27 - 32, further comprising administering to said patient one or more oxidation agent and/or oxygen ventilation. 15 34. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 27 - 33, wherein said patient is a mammal. 35. A method as recited in embodiment 34, wherein said patient is a human. 36. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 27 - 35, wherein said administering is by injection. 20 37. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 21 - 35, wherein said administering is by infusion. 38. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 27 - 35, wherein said administering is by intravenous injection. 39. A method as recited in embodiment 28, wherein said plasma concentration 25 enhancing compound is naringin or naringenin. 40. A method according to embodiment 27, wherein said togavirus is an alphavirus. 41. A method according to embodiment 27, wherein said togavirus is a flavivirus. 42. A method according to embodiment 41, wherein said flavivirus is hepatitis G. 43. A method according to embodiment 41, wherein said flavivirus is yellow fever 30 virus. 44. A method according to embodiment 27, wherein said togavirus is a rubivirus. 45. A method according to embodiment 44, wherein said rubivirus is the rubella virus. 46. A method according to embodiment 27, wherein said togavirus is a pestivirus. 47. A method according to embodiment 46, wherein said pestivirus is bovine virus 35 diarrhea virus (BVDV). 48. The method of any of embodiments 1-47 wherein the compound of the invention is .a formula I compound or a metabolite thereof. 81 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 49. The method of embodiment 48 wherein the formula I compound is a compound named in compound groups 1-21, or in any formula 1 (e.g., any formula 4) compound or genus disclosed or named herein, or a metabolite of any of these. 50. A composition comprising 16a-bromoepiandrosterone, and 2, 3, 4 or 5 excipients 5 selected from polyethylene glycol, dehydrated ethanol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol, wherein the composition comprises less than -about 3% v/v, or less than about 1% v/v, or less than about 0.5% v/v of water, or less than about 0.1% v/v of water. 51. The composition of embodiment 50 wherein the composition comprises (i) 16C bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 45-55 mg/mL, (ii) 20-30% v/v polyethylene 10 glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400 or a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300 and 400, (iii) 10-15% v/v dehydrated ethyl alcohol, 2.5-7.5% v/v benzyl benzoate, and (iv) 55-60% v/v propylene glycol. 52. The composition of embodiment 51 wherein the composition comprises 16a bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL, about 25% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, about 12.5% v/v dehydrated ethyl alcohol, about 5% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 57.5% v/v 15 propylene glycol and less than about 0.5% v/v water. 53. The composition of embodiment 50 wherein the composition comprises 16c bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 50-105 mg/mL, about 27-33% w/w benzyl benzoate, about 27-33% w/w polyethylene glycol 300, about 25-30% w/w propylene glycol and about 1-3% w/w benzyl alcohol. 20 54. The composition of embodiment 53 wherein the composition comprises 16a bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL (about 10% w/w), about 30.4% w/w benzyl benzoate, about 30.7% w/w polyethylene glycol 300, about 28% w/w propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol about 1.9% w/w. 55. A product produced by the process of contacting 16ax-bromoepiandrosterone and a 25 liquid excipient, wherein the product contains less than about 3% water, provided that the liquid excipient is not chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, olive oil, or a vegetable oil. 56. The product of embodiment 55 wherein the liquid excipient is polyethylene glycol, dehydrated ethanol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol, wherein the product comprises less than about 3% v/v, or less than about 1% v/v, or less than about 0.5% v/v of water. 30 57. The use of a formula 1 compound for making a medicament for the treatment of an infection caused by one or more togaviruses in a subject. 58. The use of embodiment 57 wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in compound groups 1-21, or a metabolite thereof. 59. A method to enhance the oral bioavailability of a therapeutic agent comprising 35 administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of formula 2A or 2B. 82 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 60. The method of embodiment 59 wherein the therapeutic agent is a steroid, a steroid analog an antibiotic, an antiviral agent (e.g., a nucleoside, nucleoside analog, nucleotide analog, protease inhibitor or a polymerase inhibitor) or an antifungal agent (e.g., amphotericin B). 61. The method of embodiment 59 wherein the therapeutic agent is a compound of 5 formula 1. 62. A method comprising administering an effective amount of a composition of any of embodiments 50-54 to a subject having, or susceptible to, a togavirus infection (e.g., HCV). 63. The method of embodiment 62 wherein the subject is a human and the human is optionally coinfected with a retrovirus (e.g., IIIVI or I-TV2). 10 64. A method to ameliorate or reduce one or more symptoms associated with a togavirus infection in a subject, or to reduce replication of a togavirus in a subject infected with a togavirus, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of formula 1. 65. The method of embodiment 64 wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound or within a genus of compounds as disclosed herein, e.g., a compound or genus named in compound 15 groups 1-21 or in the claims as originally filed, or the formula I compound is present in a composition comprising one or more pharmaceutical excipients, e.g., any of the formulations disclosed or described herein. 66. A composition comprising a formula I compound wherein the formula I compound is a compound or within a genus of compounds as disclosed herein, e.g., a compound or genus named 20 in compound groups 1-21 or in the claims as originally filed, and at least one excipient and a local anesthetic, wherein the local anaesthetic is optionally selected from procaine, benzocaine and lidocaine. 67. A product produced by the process of contacting a compound of formula 1, e.g., any compound named in compound groups 1-21, and a first excipient with a second excipient wherein 25 the product optionally further comprises a local anesthetic, wherein the local anaesthetic is optionally selected from procaine, benzocaine and lidocaine. 68. A product produced by the process of contacting a compound of formula 1, e.g., any compound named in compound groups 1-21, and a first nonaqueous liquid excipient with a second nonaqueous liquid excipient wherein the product comprises less than about 3% w/w water, or less 30 than about 0.5% w/w water, or less than about 0.1% w/w water, and wherein the first or the second nonaqueous liquid excipient optionally excludes one or more of dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, dioxane, a vegetable oil and olive oil, and wherein the product optionally further comprises a local anesthetic, whreiiin the local anaesthetic is optionally selected from procaine, benzocaine and lidocaine. 35 69. A method comprising administering an effective amount of the composition of embodiment 66 or the product of embodiments 67 or 68 to a subject having an infection or 83 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 condition described herein, e.g., HCV, whereby the infection or condition, or a symptom thereof, is eliminated, reduced, treated, improved or ameliorated. 70. The method of embodiment 69 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16a haloepiandrosterone or 16a-halodehydroepiandrosterone. 5 EXAMPLES The following examples further illustrate the invention- and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Example 1. 16a-Bromoepiandrosterone formulation 1. Two lots of a non-aqueous formulation was made at a 16a-bromoepiandrosterone ("BrEA") concentration of 50 mg/mL in 10 25% polyethylene glycol 300, 12.5% dehydrated ethyl alcohol, 5% benzyl benzoate, and 57.5% propylene glycol, hereafter "formulation 1", as follows. BrEA was obtained from Procyte, Inc. The remaining excipients are shown below. Excipient Specification Supplier Final Product Lot No. Concentration Propylene glycol USP Arco Chemical 57.5% (v:v) HOC-61220-01104 Polyethylene glycol 300 NF Union Carbide 25% (v:v) 695752 Dehydrated alcohol USP McCormick Distilling 12.5% (v:v) (ethanol) 97K10 Benzyl benzoate USP Spectrum 5% (v:v) Pharmaceuticals MG025 15 The formulation was prepared by suspending BrEA in polyethylene glycol 300, and sequentially adding propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate, and dehydrated ethyl alcohol to form a solution, which was diluted to the final desired volume with additional propylene glycol. The procedure is described below. The calculated amount of polyethylene glycol 300 was added to a compounding vessel. 20 Then, while mixing, the calculated amount of BrEA was added to the vessel, and mixed for at least 5 minutes to form a smooth, creamy liquid. Propylene glycol was added to the vessel, and mixed for a minimum of 5 minutes to form a uniform suspension. The calculated amount of benzyl benzoate is added to the vessel, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes to form a translucent liquid suspension. Dehydrated alcohol was added to the vessel, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes to 25 form a clear, colorless solution. Propylene glycol was then added to achieve the desired final formulation, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes. The drug solution was transferred to a volume-dispensing device set to deliver 1.2 mL per vial. Under nitrogen pressure, the solution was 84 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 filtered through two 0.2 im polyvinylidene fluoride filters in series before dispensing into 2 cc amber galss vials. The vials were capped with Teflon-coated, butyl-rubber stoppers and crimp sealed. Materials used in the product vials are listed below. Material Source Product Code Description Vial Wheaton 2702-B51BA Tubing vial, 2 mL/13 mm, glass, type 1 amber Stopper Omniflex V9239 FM257/2 13 mm, Teflon coated, butyl rubber stopper Seal West 4107 Flip seal, 13 mm, mist gray bridge 5 Example 2. BrEA formulation 2. A formulation containing 100 mg/mL of BrEA, 10% w/w, in benzyl benzoate (USP) 30.4% w/w, polyethylene glycol 300 (NF) 30.7% w/w, propylene glycol (USP), qs, about 28% w/w and benzyl alcohol (NF) 1.9% w/w, hereafter "formulation 2", was prepared as follows. A desired amount of BrEA (1.0 kg) was suspended in PEG 300 (about 3.0 10 L) in a compounding vessel and mixed for at least 5 minutes at room temperature to form a smooth creamy liquid. The needed amount of propylene glycol (about 1.5 L) was then added and mixing was continued for at least 5 minutes to form a uniform suspension. Benzyl benzoate (about 3.0 L) was then added and the vessel contents were mixed for about 5minutes to form a translucent suspension. Benzyl alcohol (about 200 mL) was then added and the mixing was continued for 15 about 5 minutes to form a clear, colorless solution. Propylene glycol was then added to achieve the desired finaf formulation volume (about 1.5 L) and mixing was continued for about 5 minutes. The drug solution was transferred to a volume-dispensing device, which was set to deliver 1.2 mL per vial (2 mL, glass, type 1 amber vials). The formulation was filtered under nitrogen pressure (about 3 atm) through two 0.2 pm polyvinylidine fluoride filters in series. The vials were capped using 20 Teflon-coated, butyl rubber stoppers and then crimp sealed essentially as described in example 1. The vials were stored in the dark at reduced temperature (about 2-8"C). Example 3. Human clinical trial. A clinical trial protocol that incorporates about 15-20 patients is designed. For the phase I or I/II trial, the patients are mildly infected with one or more togaviruses, e.g., HCV and they are mildly to moderately symptomatic. The patients are 25 administered treatment for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. In 2 or more dose groups, e.g., 25, 50 or 100 mg/day of 16a-bromoepiandrosterone (BrEA), or an ester thereof, is administered parenterally, e.g., by intramuscular or intravenous injection, on 3, 4 or 5 days of the weeks when dosing occurs. Dosing is on consecutive days or on an intermittent schedule, e.g., 2, 3 or 4 doses with one dose administered every other day. The formulation containing BrEA is as described herein, e.g., the 30 formulation of example I or 2, preferably the formulation of example 2. During the week of treatment and for 1, 2, 3, or more weeks thereafter, blood samples are taken periodically for evaluation of the infection or its symptoms, pharmacokinetics, plasma cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, 85 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 IL-10, IGF1, yIFN, GM-CSF), and intracellular cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IGF1, yIFN, GM CSF). The patients are optionally treated again at about 2 to 12 weeks after the initial dosing, using the same or a similar protocol as that used in the initial dosing protocol. 86

Claims (37)

1. A method to treat or prevent togaviral infection, or to ameliorate or reduce one or more symptoms of a togaviral infection, in a subject suffering from or susceptible to the togaviral 5 infection, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having formula 1, IR R1,X R1 io R1 i6 R17 R R 1 , 11 a2kxy 15 16 Q2 Q42 10 8 R1 R2 , C 1 7 R, R, R 14 11 6 1 1 Q R1 R1 wherein Q is -C(RI)2- or -C(O)-; 10 Q2 is -C(RI)2-, -C(RO)(Y )- or -CH2-CH2-; Q3 is -H or -C(R1)3-; Q4 is 2 -( -C(O)-R 7 )-CH 2 O)-, hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; Q5 is -C(Ri)2- or -C(O)-; X and Y independently are -OH, -H, lower alkyl, -O-C(O)-Rs, 15 -C(O)-ORs, halogen or =0; each R, independently is -H, halogen, -OH, C1.6 alkoxy, or C1.6 alkyl; R2 is -H, -OH, halogen, C 1.6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, -OR3, an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamnate or R2, together with the R1 that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; 20 R3 is -S(O)(O)-OM, -S(O)(O)-O-CH2-CH(O-C(O)-R6)-CH2-O-C(O)-R6, -P(O)(O)-O-CH2-CH(O-C(O)-R7)-CH2-O-C(O)-R7, a glucuronide group of structure (A) COOH H 3 C O OH OH CH 3 (A), 87 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 or R 3 is C 1 . 1 8 alkyl, C 2 - 1 8 alkenyl, C 2 - 1 8 alkynyl, a C 1 .18 ester or a C 1 . 1 8 thioester, where any of the foregoing C 1 . 1 8 or C 2 - 1 8 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -ORR, -NHRPR, or -SRPR, groups, or R 3 is a CI- 1 8 fatty acid, C 2 - 1 0 alkynyl, (J)n-phenyl-C. 5 -alkyl, (J),-phenyl-C 2 -s-alkenyl; 5 each R 5 independently is straight or branched CI. 1 4 alkyl; each R 6 independently is CI. 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is C 1 . 1 4 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure (A); each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; 10 n is0, 1,2 or3; each J independently is halogen, C.4 alkyl, C24 alkenyl, C14 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 . 6 carboxyl ester or a C .- sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, -S(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 6 )-CH 2 -0-C(O)-R 6 , -P(O)(O)-O CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 7 )-CH 2 -0-C(O)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure (A); and 15 the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the 4-5 and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 R group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 17 positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, 20 tautomers, ildnized forms and solvates thereof.
2. The method of claim I wherein the togaviral infection is one or more of a flavivirus infection, a pestivirus infection, a rubivirus infection or an alphavirus infection.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the formula 1 compound is one or more compounds selected from compound groups 1-21. 25
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the togaviral infection is an infection caused by one or more of hepatitis C virus, a hepatitis G virus, California encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Colorado tick fever virus, LaCrosse encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Murray valley fever virus, GB virus A, GB virus B, GB virus C, Dengue 30 virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 3, Dengue virus 4, Semliki Forest virus, human rubella virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the formula I compound is one or more compounds selected from compound groups 1-21.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the togaviral infection is an infection caused by 35 HCV, HGV, yellow fever virus, rubella virus or bovine virus diarrhea virus.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the subject is a human or a primate. 88 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the formula I compound is one or more compounds selected from compound groups 1-21.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the formula I compound is 16cc-bromo-3p hydroxy-5c-androstan-17-one or 16ct-bromodehydroepiandrosterone. 5
10. The method of claim I wherein the subject is coinfected with a retrovirus.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the subject is -a human and the retrovirus is HIVI or HIV2.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the formula 1 compound has the formula 1B or IC Q3 Q2 03 Q2 R2 R1 or R2 R1 10 1B IC wherein, each R 1 independently is -11, -OI, a halogen, -Cl ICI 12, -CICHCI 13, -CCI1, -CCCI 13, or, RI, together with the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom comprises =0; R 2 is -O-C(O)-R 4 , -S-C(O)-R 4 , -0-S(O)(O)-R 4 , -O-S(O)(O)-OR4, -O-C(O)-NHR4, or -0 15 C(S)-R 4 ; R 4 is -H, a protecting group, optionally substituted C 1 . 1 8 alkyl, optionally substituted CI. 1 8 alkenyl, optionally substituted CI. 1 8 alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl CI. 6 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2 . 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2 -6 alkynyl, optionally substituted heterocycle-CI-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 .6 alkenyl-heterocycle, 20 optionally substituted C 2 . 6 alkynyl-heterocycle or an optionally substituted heterocycle, where any of the foregoing moieties are optionally substituted at one or more carbon or hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -0-, -S-, -NRPR-, -ORPR, -NHRPR, -SRPR, =0, =S, =N-OH, -CN, -NO 2 , -F, -Cl, -Br or -I groups or atoms; each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; 25 Q2 is -C(R 1 ) 2 -; and Q3 and Q6 independently are -H, -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein Q3 and Q6 are both -CH 3 in the p-configuration; and Q2 is -C- 2 -, -C(O)-, -CH(Br)-, -CH(l)-, or -CH(OH)- with the Br, I or 01- moieties in the 30 cc-configuration, or Q2 comprises -C(O)- or -CH 2 -CH 2 -; and Ri at the 7-position is -H, -OH or, when taken with the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom, R 1 is =0. 89 WO 00/32177 PCTIUS99/28082
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the formula 1 compound has the formula IA CH3 O CH3 --1IllBr R2 wherein, R 2 is -OH, halogen, C 1 . 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 , a C 1 . 18 fatty acid, C 1 - 1 0 alkynyl, (J),-phenyl-C 1 . 5 5 alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 1 . 5 -alkenyl, an ester optionally selected from -0-C(O)-(CH 2 )m-R 4 and -C(O)-O (CH 2 )m-R 4 , or R 2 is -S-C(O)-(CH 2 )m-R4, -C(O)-S-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -0-S(O)(O)-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -0-S(O)(O) O-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -O-C(O)-NH-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -NH-C(O)-O-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -0-C(S)-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , -C(S)-O (CH 2 )m-R 4 , -O-C(O)-(CH 2 )m-R 4 or -C(O)-O-(CH 2 )m-R 4 , or R 2 , together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; 10 R 4 is -H, a protecting group, optionally substituted C 1 .18 alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 - 1 8 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-18 alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl C 1 . 6 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2 . 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2 - 6 alkynyl, optionally substituted heterocycle-C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 - 6 alkenyl-heterocycle, optionally substituted C 2 . 6 alkynyl-heterocycle or an optionally substituted heterocycle, where any 15 of the foregoing moieties are optionally substituted at one, two, three, four, five or more carbon or hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -0-, -S-, -NRPR-, -ORPR, -NHRPR, -SRPR =0, =S, -CN, -NO 2 , -F, -Cl, -Br or -I groups or atoms; each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and 20 the dotted line is an optional double bond.
15. The method of claim I wherein the formula 1 compound has the formula 45 CH3 R52 CH3 R51 R49 R5o 45 wherein, R5o is -H, -OH or =0; 25 R 51 is -Br, -Cl, -F, -I or -OH; R 52 is -OH or, R 5 2 , together with the -H bonded to the same position, is =0; R 4 9 is -H, -OH, or -OR 53 ; 90 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 R 53 is C 1 . 1 8 alkyl, C 2 - 1 8 alkenyl, C 2 - 1 8 alkynyl, a C 1 . 1 8 ester, a C 1 . 18 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing C 1 . 1 8 or C 2 - 1 8 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -0-, -S-, -OH, -NH 2 , -SH or =0 groups or R 53 is a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester, a carbamate or a thioester; and 5 the dotted line is an optional double bond.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein R4 is -O-C(O)-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH(R 4 )-CH(R 55 ) CH 2 R 56 wherein R 54 is -NH 2 , -OH, -SH, -O-P0 3 , -S03 or -OS03; R 5 5 is -H, -NH 2 , -OH, -SH, -0 P0 3 , -SO 3 or -OS0 3 ; and R 5 6 is C 1 . 18 alkyl, C 2 - 1 8 alkenyl, C 2 - 1 8 alkynyl, a C 1 . 18 ester or a Ci. 1 8 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing C 1 .8 1 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms 10 with one or more independently selected -OH, -NH 2 , -SH or =0 groups.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the formula 1 compound has the formula 44 CH3 O CH3 Y R30 '44 wherein, Y is hydrogen or a halogen; 15 R 44 ;is -H, -S(O)(O)-OH, -S(O)(O)-ONa, -S(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 6 )-CH 2 -O-C(O) R 6 , -P(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R)-CH 2 -0-C(O)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure (A); and the dotted line is an optional double bond.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the formula 44 compound is dehydroepiandrosterone, epiandrosterone, 1 6a-bromoepiandrosterone, 16c 20 bromodehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-3-sulfate or 5 f-androstan-3 p-ol- 17-one.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the method further comprises simultaneously or sequentially administering an effective amount a plasma concentration-enhancing compound selected from bavachinin A, didymin, flavanomarein, flavanone azine, flavanone diacetylhydrazone, flavanone hydrazone, silandrin, silybin, 25 silychristin, isosilybin, a compound having the structure (E) 91 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 OH CH3 HO 0 Z ' 0 0 CH3 H 0 (E) and a compound of formula 2A or 2B R 8 R10 X1 7 RA 6 510 43 R8 5 4R8 R8 R8 2 R8 R 8 2A 5 R8 R1 X1 R 9 2 6 510 43,R Ra X2 R8 R8 R8 2B wherein a double or a single bond is present at the dotted line and when a double bond is present (i) the optionally substituted phenyl ring at the 2- or 3-position is present and the Rg that is bonded to thle carbon is absent, and (ii) one R8 at the adjacent 2- or 3-position is absent; 10 Xi is -O- or -C(Rs)2-; X2 is -C(O)- or -C(Ru1)2-; each R8 independently is -H, -OH, halogen, C1.6 alkyl, CI-6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a CI-25 fatty acid, the residue of a formula 2A or 2B compound where a hydrogen atom is removed to form the formula 2A or 2B compound radical, -CH2CH=C(CH3)2, glucoside, a group having 15 structure (B) or (C), 92 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 HO HO 0 HO OH OH (B) or HO (C) R 9 is -phenyl-(R 8 )s, wherein one R 9 is bonded to the 2--or 3-position, but both R 9 are not bonded to both the 2- and 3-positions at the same time; RIO is CI. 6 alkyl, CI. 6 alkoxy, neohesperidoside, apioglucoside, rutinoside, glucoside, 5 galactoside, rhamnoside, arabinoside, or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties, any of which are optionally independently substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with -OH, halogen, C 1 . 6 alkyl, C 1 . 6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a C 1 - 2 5 fatty acid or RIO is -H, -OH or halogen; each R, 1 independently is -H, -OH, halogen, C . 6 alkyl, C . 6 alkoxy, a glucuronide group of 10 structure (A), a C 1 -2 5 fatty acid, or both R 1 together are =0; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the plasma concentration-enhancing compound is naringin or naringenin. 15
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the subject is a human or a primate.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the formula 1 and the plasma concentration enhancing compound are administered simultaneously.
23. The method of claim 19 further comprising administering to the subject, or treating the subject with, one or more of ribavirin, alpha interferon, a macrophage stimulating factor, an 20 oxidation agent and oxygen ventilation.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the plasma concentration-enhancing compound is naringin or narilgenil.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the subject is a human or a primate.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein the formula I compound and the plasma 25 concentration-enhancing compound are administered simultaneously.
27. A method to enhance the oral bioavailability of a therapeutic agent comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of a plasma concentration-enhancing compound.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the plasma concentration-enhancing compound is 30 naringin or naringenin or the plasma concentration-enhancing compound has the formula 2A or-2B 93 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 R8 R8 R8 R8 R 10 X1 78 1 i R8 S 9 2 6 10 3 R8 Ra5 X2 3 R8 R8 R8 2A RR R8 RA R8R R10 X1 R R 9 2 6 510 431 O LR R8 R8 R8 R8 2B wherein a double or a single bond is present at the dotted line and when a double bond is present (i) 5 the optionally substituted phenyl ring at the 2- or 3-position is present and the R 8 that is bonded to the carbon is absent, and (ii) one R at the adjacent 2- or 3-position is absent; X, js -0- or -C(R8)2-; X 2 is -C(O)- or -C(R1)2-; each Rg independently is -H, -OH, halogen, CI-6 alkyl, C 1 . 6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a 10 CI- 25 fatty acid, the residue of a formula 2A or 2B compound where a hydrogen atom is removed to form the formula 2A or 2B compound radical, -CH 2 CH=C(CH 3 ) 2 , glucoside, a group having structure (B) or (C), HO HO 0 HO HOOH OH (B) or HO (C) R 9 is -phenyl-(Rs) 5 , wherein one R 9 is bonded to the 2- or 3-position, but both R 9 are not 15 bonded to both the 2- and 3-positions at the same time; RIo is C 1 .- alkyl, C 1 . 6 alkoxy, neohesperidoside, apioglucoside, rutinoside, glucoside, galactoside, rhamnoside, arabinoside, or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties, any of which are optionally independently substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with -OH, halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 . 6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a C 1 . 25 fatty acid or Rio is 20 -H, -OH or halogen; 94 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 each RI independently is -H, -OH, halogen, C1.6 alkyl, CI-6 alkoxy, a glucuronide group of structure (A), a C1- 2 5 fatty acid, or both R 1 together are =0; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof. 5
29. The method of claim 27 wherein the therapeutic agent is a steroid, a steroid analog an antibiotic, an antiviral agent or an antifungal agent.
30. The method of claim 27 wherein the therapeutic agent is a compound of formula 1 R1 R, X R1 Ri ~ 12 1 R , R 1 ,1 1 7 1 6 0 *R 13 911 4 1 5 6 2 Q-2 10 8 R1 R2 3 5, 7 R1 R1 R17 R1 R1 wherein 10 Q is -C(Ri) 2 - or -C(O)-; Q2 is -C(R) 2 -, -C(R,)(Y)-, -C(Y)- or -CH 2 -CH 2 -; Q3 is -H or -C(RI)r; Q4 is -C(R) 2 -, -C(O)-, hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; Q5 is -C(Ri) 2 - or -C(O)-; 15 X and Y independently are -OH, -H, lower alkyl, -O-C(O)-R 5 , -C(O)-OR 5 , halogen or =0; each R, independently is -H, halogen, -OH, C 1 .6 alkoxy, or C 1 .6 alkyl; R 2 is -H, -OH, halogen, CI- 6 alkyl, CI- 4 alkoxy, -OR 3 , a C1.1 8 fatty acid, C,.1 0 alkynyl, (J), phenyl-C 1 . 5 -alkyl, (J),-phenyl-C 1 .s-alkenyl, an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a 20 sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R2, together with the Ri that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is -S(O)(O)-OM, -S(0)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R)-CH 2 -O-C(O)-R 6 , -P(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(O)-R 7 , a glucuronide group of structure (A) 95 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 COOH 0 OH OH CH 3 (A) or R 3 is C 1 . 18 alkyl, CI. 18 alkenyl, C 1 .i8 alkynyl, CI 1 8 ester or C. 1 8 thioester, where any of the foregoing CI. 1 8 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OH, -NH 2 or -SH groups; 5 each R 5 independently is straight or branched C .4 alkyl; each Re independently is C 1 . 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is CI-14 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure (A); n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; 10 each J independently is halogen, CI4 alkyl, C14 alkenyl, C14 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a CI. 6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 . 6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, -S(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R6)-CH 2 -O-C(O)-R6, -P(O)(O)-O CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 7 )-CH 2 -0-C(O)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure (A); and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds 15 at both the 4-5 and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 R 1 group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 17 positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof. 20
31. A method to treat or prevent a togaviral infection, or to ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with a togaviral infection, in a subject suffering from or subject to a togaviral infection, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising 16ca-bromoepiandrosterone, and 2, 3, 4 or 5 excipients selected from polyethylene glycol, dehydrated ethanol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol, wherein the composition 25 optionally comprises less than about 3% v/v, or less than about 1% v/v, or less than about 0.5% v/v of water, or less than about 0.1% v/v of water.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein the composition comprises 16a bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 45-55 mg/mL, 20-30% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400 or a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300 and 400, 10-15% v/v 30 dehydrated ethyl alcohol, 2.5-7.5% v/v benzyl benzoate, and 55-60% v/v propylene glycol.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein the composition comprises 16a bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL, about 25% v/v polyethylene glycol 96 WO 00/32177 PCT/US99/28082 300, about 12.5% v/v dehydrated ethyl alcohol, about 5% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 57.5% v/v propylene glycol and less than about 0.5% v/v water.
34. The method of claim 31 wherein the composition comprises 16a bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 85-105 mg/mL, about 27-33% w/w benzyl 5 benzoate, about 27-33% w/w polyethylene glycol 300, about 25-30% w/w propylene glycol and about 1-3% w/w benzyl alcohol.
35. The composition of claim 34 wherein the composition comprises 16a bromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL, about 30.4% w/w benzyl benzoate, about 30.7% w/w polyethylene glycol 300, about 28% w/w propylene glycol and about 1.9% w/w 10 benzyl alcohol.
36. The method of claim I wherein 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 R 1 are not hydrogen.
37. The method of claim 27 wherein the 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 R, that are not hydrogen are independently selected from -OH, =0, halogen and C 2 4 alkoxy. 97
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CN110452280B (en) * 2019-07-25 2020-11-17 中国人民解放军第二军医大学 Tetracyclic triterpenic acid derivative and preparation method and application thereof
JP2023543352A (en) * 2020-09-22 2023-10-13 マイクロナイゼーション テクノロジーズ アンド セラピューティクス グループ エルエルシー Nebulizers and atomized antivirals

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