AU2022232414A1

AU2022232414A1 - Sustained formulation for prevention or treatment of autoimmune disease containing naltrexone and method using same

Info

Publication number: AU2022232414A1
Application number: AU2022232414A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Donghoon Kim; Ju Hee Kim; Mase LEE
Original assignee: Inventage Lab Inc
Current assignee: Inventage Lab Inc
Priority date: 2021-03-09
Filing date: 2022-03-08
Publication date: 2023-08-17
Also published as: CA3208374A1; WO2022191615A1; US11730731B2; US20230301987A1; US20220370437A1; EP4282406A1; JP2024509230A

Abstract

Provided are: a sustained formulation, for prevention or treatment of an autoimmune disease, containing naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and microparticles comprising a biodegradable polymer; and a method using same. The present invention may be used for continuous and long-term prevention or treatment of an autoimmune disease by means of a single administration.

Description

DESCRIPTION Invention Title

SUSTAINED FORMULATION FOR PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CONTAINING LOW-DOSE NALTREXONE AND METHOD USING THE SAME

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to sustained formulation for prevention or

treatment of autoimmune disease containing low-dose naltrexone and method for

prevention or treatment of autoimmune disease using the same.

Background Art

[0002] Naltrexone has a similar chemical structure to that of morphine as a

competitive antagonist of opioid receptors. Since naltrexone was approved by the US

FDA in 1984, it has been used for the treatment of alcoholism or opioid addiction, and a

fixed dose combination of naltrexone and bupropion (brand name Contrave) is used for

the treatment of obesity. Recently, it has been proposed that low-dose naltrexone (LDN)

has a useful effect on other diseases, but a clear therapeutic effect has not been

confirmed, and there is no known pharmaceutical means for confirming this.

[0003] The naltrexone dosage form is mainly a tablet for oral administration, and is

also provided as an intramuscular injection or a subcutaneous implant. Recently,

sustained microparticles comprising various drugs and a method for manufacturing the

same have been developed (Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2020-0044977

(2020.04.29)). However, formulations that release low-dose naltrexone for a long period

of time from 3 weeks to 1 year or more have not been developed, and it has not been confirmed whether low-dose naltrexone parenteral sustained-release formulations are effective in the treatment of diseases such as autoimmune diseases.

[0004] Therefore, in order to improve the convenience of patients, it is necessary to

develop a low-dose naltrexone sustained formulation capable of sustaining the medicinal

effect of naltrexone for a long period of time, and to confirm the disease treatment

efficacy of the low-dose naltrexone sustained formulation.

DISCLOSURE

Technical Problem

[0005] The present disclosure provides the sustained agent for prevention or treatment

of autoimmune disease containing low-dose naltrexone.

[0006] The present disclosure provides a method for prevention or treatment of

autoimmune disease using the sustained agent containing low-dose naltrexone.

Technical Solution

[0007] One aspect provides the sustained agent for prevention or treatment of

autoimmune diseases, comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and biodegradable polymer.

[0008] The present disclosure firstly confirmed through an experiment that a

parenteral sustained agent containing naltrexone has the preventive or therapeutic effect

on autoimmune diseases and exhibits a remarkably better effect for prevention or

treatment of autoimmune disease than that of an oral formulation containing naltrexone.

[0009] Naltrexone of the present dislosure is also referred to as N-cyclopropyl

methylnoroxymorphone, N-cyclopropylmethyl-14-hydroxydihydro-morphinone, 17

(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5 a-epoxy-3,14-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one, EN-1639A, or UM-

792.

[0010] In the present disclosure, naltrexone may be a compound represented by the

following structural formula:

[0011]

HO

0 N

[0012] In the present disclosure, naltrexone may be a solvate, stereoisomer, prodrug,

metabolite (e.g., 6p-naltrexol), or derivative (e.g., naloxone) of naltrexone. The

stereoisomers refer to ones having the same molecular formula and the same sequence of

bonded atoms, but having a different spatial arrangement of the atoms. The solvate refers

to a compound solvated by an organic or an inorganic solvent. The solvate is, for

example, a hydrate. The stereoisomer may be a diastereomer or an enantiomer. The

prodrug may be a compound that is converted into a target compound in vivo after

administration of the compound. The metabolite may be a compound that can be

produced through an in vivo metabolic process. The derivative refers to a compound

obtained by substituting a part of the structure of naltrexone with another atom or group

of atoms.

[0013] In the present disclosure, the term "salt" of "pharmaceutically acceptable salt"

refers to an additional salt of an inorganic acid salt, an organic acid salt, or a metal salt

of a compound. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be a salt that does not cause

serious irritation to the organism to which the compound is administered and does not

impair the biological activity and physical properties of the compound. The inorganic acid salt may be hydrochloride, hydrobromide, phosphate, sulfate, or disulfate. The organic acid salts may be formate, glacial acetate, acetate, propionate, lactate, oxalate, tartrate, malate, maleate, citrate, fumarate, besylate, camsylate, edicylate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, benzoate, gluconate, methanesulfonate, glycolate, succinate, 4-toluenesulfonate, galacturonate, embonate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, or aspartate. The metal salt may be a calcium salt, a sodium salt, a magnesium salt, a strontium salt, or a potassium salt. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt is, for example, acetate or hydrochloride.

[0014] In the present disclosure, the biodegradable polymer may comprise at least one

selected from the group consisting of polylactide, polylactic acid, polylactide-co

glycolide, polylactic-co-glycolic acid, polyphosphazine, polyiminocarbonate,

polyphosphoester, polyanhydride, polyorthoester,polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyvalate,

polyhydroxybutyrate, and polyamino acid.

[0015] In the present disclosure, the molar ratio of glycolide to lactide in polylactide

co-glycolide may be about 50:50 to about 90:10, about 60:40 to about 90:10, about

60:40 to about 85:15 , about 60:40 to about 80:20, about 60:40 to about 75:25, about

65:35 to about 90:10, about 70:30 to about 90:10, about 75:25 to about 90:10, from

about 65:35 to about 85:15, or about 70:30 to about 80:20. The molar ratio of glycolide

to lactide in the polylactide-co-glycolide may be about 75:25.

[0016] In the present disclosure, the biodegradable polymer may comprise two or

more types among one or more type of polylactide and one or more type of polylactide

co-glycolide. In the present disclosure, the biodegradable polymer may comprise, for

example, two types of polylactide, one type of polylactide, one type of polylactide-co

glycolide, two types of polylactide-co-glycolide, three types of polylactide, a

combination of two types of polylactide and one polylactide-co-glycolide, etc., one polylactide and two polylactide-co-glycolide, etc., and in particular, may comprise one type of polylactide and one type of polylactide-co-glycolide or two types of polylactide co-glycolides, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0017] The biodegradable polymer may comprise polylactide and polylactide-co

glycolide. The weight ratio of polylactide and polylactide-co-glycolide may be about

1:10 to about 10:1, about 1:9 to about 9:1, about 1:8 to about 8:1, about 1:7 to about 7:1,

about 1:6 to about 6:1, about 1:5 to about 5:1, about 1:4 to about 4:1, about 1:3 to about

3:1, about 1:2 to about 2:1, or about 1:1 to about 2:1. The weight ratio of the polylactide

and polylactide-co-glycolide may be about 1:1.

[0018] In the present disclosure, the biodegradable polymer may comprise two or

more types of polylactide-co-glycolide.

[0019] In the case that two or more types of polylactide-co-glycolide are a

combination of two types of polylactide-co-glycolide, the weight ratio of each of

polylactide-co-glycolide may be about 1:10 to about 10:1, about 1:9 to about 9:1, about

1:8 to about 8:1, about 1:7 to about 7:1, about 1:6 to about 6:1, about 1:5 to about 5:1,

about 1:4 to about 4:1, about 1:3 to about 3:1, about 1:2 to about 2:1, or about 1:1 to

about 2:1. The weight ratio of two types of polylactide-co-glycolide may be about 1:1.

[0020] The term "intrinsic viscosity (IV)" refers to a value obtained by extrapolating

the reduced viscosity or the inherent viscosity of a diluted polymer solution to polymer

concentration 0. The intrinsic viscosity may be the viscosity modulus when the

interaction between the solute particles was eliminated.

[0021] In the present disclosure, the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the polylactide may be

about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.5 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.4 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to about

0.3 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.2 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.5 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g

to about 0.4 dl/g, or about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.3 dl/g.

[0022] In the present disclosure, the intrinsic viscosity of polylactide-co-glycolide may

be about 0.1 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to 1.0 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to 0.8 dl/g, about

0.1 dl/g to 0.6 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to 0.4 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to 0.2 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to

1.5 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to 1.0 dl/g, about 0.4 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g,

about 0.6 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.8 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, or about 1.0 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g.

[0023] In the biodegradable polymer comprising polylactide and polyactide-co

glycolide of the present disclosure, the intrinsic viscosity of the polylactide may be about

0.1 dl/g to about 0.5 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.4 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.3 dl/g,

about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.2 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.5 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to about

0.4 dl/g, or about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.3 dl/g. In the biodegradable polymer comprising

polylactide and polyactide-co-glycolide, the intrinsic viscosity of the polylactide-co

glycolide may be about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.5 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.4 dl/g, about

0.1 dl/g to about 0.3 dl/g, about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.2 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.5 dl/g,

about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.4 dl/g, or about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.3 dl/g. In the biodegradable

polymer comprising polylactide and polylactide-co-glycolide, the intrinsic viscosity of

polylactide may be about 0.2 dl/g and the intrinsic viscosity of polylactide-co-glycolide

may be about 0.2 dl/g or about 0.4 dl/g.

[0024] In the biodegradable polymer comprising two or more types of polylactide-co

glycolide, the intrinsic viscosity of one type of polylactide-co-glycolide may be about

0.1 dl/g to about 0.3 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to about 0.3 dl/g, or about 0.1 dl/g to about 0.2

dl/g. In the biodegradable polymer comprising two or more types of polylactide-co

glycolide, the intrinsic viscosity of another type of polylactide-co-glycolide may be

about 0.1 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.2 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.4 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.6

dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.8 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g, about 0.8 dl/g to 1.2 dl/g, or about 0.8 dl/g to

1.0 dl/g. The biodegradable polymer may comprise, for example, two types of polylactide-co-glycolide having an intrinsic viscosity of about 0.2 dl/g and a polylactide co-glycolide having an intrinsic viscosity of about 1.0 dl/g.

[0025] In the present disclosure, the biodegradable polymer may be one in which the

end of the polymer is capped or uncapped (i.e., not capped). The end of the

biodegradable polymer may be capped with an acid moiety. The end of the

biodegradable polymer may be capped with a carboxyl group or an ester group.

[0026] The polylactide may have an end capped with an acid moiety.

[0027] The polylactide-co-glycolide may have an end capped with an acid moiety.

[0028] The two or more types of polylactide-co-glycolides may be a mixture of a

polylactide-co-glycolide with an acid end-cap and two or more types of uncapped

polylactide-co-glycolides.

[0029] The residual amount of the solvent in microsphere of the present disclosure

may be about 1000 ppm or less, about 900 ppm or less, about 800 ppm or less, about 700

ppm or less, about 600 ppm or less, about 500 ppm or less, about 400 ppm or less, about

300 ppm or less, about 200 ppm or less, about 100 ppm or less, about 10 ppm or less, or

about 1 ppm or less. The residual amount of the solvent in microsphere may be about

800 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 700 ppm to about

100 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 800

ppm to about 200 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 300

ppm, about 800 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 800

ppm to about 450 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 550

ppm, about 800 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 700

ppm to about 600 ppm, or about 650 ppm to about 600 ppm.

[0030] The solvent may be dichloromethane.

[0031] In the present disclosure, the biodegradable polymer may be one obtained by removing the solvent while stirring at about 10°C to about 20°C at about 200 to about

400 rpm for about 30 minutes to about 2 hours. The biodegradable polymer may be one

obtained by removing the solvent while stirring at about 25°C to about 35°C at about

200 to about 400 rpm for about 30 minutes to about 2 hours. The biodegradable polymer

may be one obtained by removing the solvent while stirring at about 35°C to about 45°C

at about 200 to about 400 rpm for about 30 minutes to about 4 hours. The biodegradable

polymer may be one obtained by removing the solvent while stirring at about 15°C at

about 300 rpm for about 1 hour. The biodegradable polymer may be one obtained by

removing the solvent while stirring at about 30°C at about 300 rpm for about 2 hours.

The biodegradable polymer may be one obtained by removing the solvent while stirring

at about 40°C at about 300 rpm for about 3 hours.

[0032] In the present disclosure, microparticles may also be referred to as

microspheres.

[0033] The microparticles may comprise biodegradable polymers and naltrexone or its

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 10:1,

from about 2:1 to about 10:1, from about 2:1 to about 5:1, or about 1:1 to about 2:1.

[0034] The contents of naltrexone in the microparticles may be about 10% (w/w) to

about 50% (w/w), about 15% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 50% (w/w) to about 50%

(w/w), about 25% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 30% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w),

about 10% (w/w) to abut 45% (w/w), about 10% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), about 10%

(w/w) to about 35% (w/w), about 15% (w/w) to about 45% (w/w), about 20% (w/w) to

about 40% (w/w), about 25% (w/w) to about 35% (w/w), or about 30% (w/w) to about

35% (w/w), based on a total weight of the microparticles.

[0035] A median particle size distribution (D50) of the microparticles may be about 25

m to about 100 [m, about 25 m to about 95 m, about 25 m to about 90 m, about

25 m to about 80 m, about 25 m to about 70 [m, about 30 m to about 65 m, about

30 m to about 60 m, about 30 m to about 55 m, about 30 m to about 50 m, about

35 m to about 65 m, about 40 m to about 65 m, about 45 m to about 65 m, about

35 m to about 60 m, about 40 m to about 55 m, or about 45 m to about 50 m.

[0036] The microparticles may have a particle size distribution in the range of± 5 m,

7 m, 10 m, 12 m, or 15 m, based on the median particle size distribution

(D50). In addition, the microparticle may be present with 60% by weight or more, 65%

by weight or more, 70% by weight or more, 75% by weight or more, 80% by weight or

more, 85% by weight or more, 90% by weight or more, 95 wt% or more, or 99 wt% or

more, based on the total microparticles within this particle size distribution range.

[0037] High-dose sustained formulation using conventional microparticles (e.g.,

Vivitrol@) has difficulty in controlling microparticle size range, and thus has a problem

in that the particle size deviation was very high based on the median particle size

distribution (D50) by having wide particle size distribution (that is, non-uniform particle

size distribution). In the case of such a wide particle size distribution, it is difficult to

ensure a constant release of the drug because each of the microparticles has a different

sizes, and in particular, has a high possibility to develop adverse effects as the blood

concentration of the drug rises abruptly due to the phenomenon called initial burst effect

wherein all drugs are released at the same time from the microparticles in the initial

point of an administration of drug. In contrast, the microparticles of the present

disclosure have a narrow particle size distribution (that is, a uniform particle size

distribution), and thus exhibit constant pharmacokinetic properties and effects wherein

the drug may be constantly released in the body and blood concentration of the drug is

maintained constantly. In addition, the present disclosure has found that these properties

contribute to the remarkable and excellent effect for the prevention or treatment of autoimmune diseases. Naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be homogeneously distributed in the microparticles. Biodegradable polymers may be uniformly distributed in the microparticles.

[0038] The microparticles may be oval to spherical.

[0039] The term "autoimmune disease" refers to a disease wherein an abnormality

occurs in immune function, and immune cells in the body attack organs or tissues of the

self. The autoimmune disease may be divided into organ-specific autoantibody-related

diseases and organ non-specific (systemic) diseases. In the present disclosure, the

autoimmune disease may be a disease related to toll-like receptor (TLR) protein, in

particular a disease related to toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) signaling. The autoimmune

disease may be selected from, for example, the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis,

multiple sclerosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, systemic lupus erythematosus,

Kikuchi disease, vasculitis, adult onset Still's disease, inflammatory myositis, Behcet

disease, IgG4-associated disease, Sjogren syndrome, giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis,

type 1 diabetes, atopic dermatitis, Crohn's disease, systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, Grave's

hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto's disease, pernicious anemia, ankylosing spondylitis,

myasthenia, vitiligo, Guillain-Barre syndrome, glomerulonephritis, ANCA-associated

vasculitis (AAV), antiphospholipid syndrome, pemphigus, cancer, autoimmune hepatitis,

encephalomyelitis, fibromyalgia, and psoriatic arthritis, but the present disclosure is not

limited thereto.

[0040] The term "prevention" refers to any action that suppresses the onset of

autoimmune disease or delays the onset of an autoimmune disease by administration of

the agent. The term "treatment" refers to any action that improves or alters beneficially

the symptom of autoimmune disease by administration of the agent.

[0041] The term "sustained" refers to properties wherein an active ingredient of drug is slowly released. The term "sustained" may be used interchangeably with terms "long acting" or "extended".

[0042] In the present disclosure, the agent refers to a pharmaceutical composition

prepared in a form and appearance suitable for administering a drug.

[0043] The agent may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier

comprises excipients, diluents or adjuvants. The carrier may be selected from, for

example, the group consisting of lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol,

erythritol, maltitol, starch, gum acacia, alginate, gelatin, calcium phosphate, calcium

silicate, cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, water, physiological saline,

buffers such as PBS, methylhydroxy benzoate, propylhydroxy benzoate, talc,

magnesium stearate, and mineral oil. The agent may comprise a filler, an anti

agglomeration agent, a lubricant, a wetting agent, a flavoring agent, an emulsifying

agent, a preservative, or a combination thereof.

[0044] The agent may be prepared in any formulation according to a conventional

method. The agent may be formulated, for example, in oral dosage forms (e.g., powders,

tablets, capsules, syrups, pills, or granules), or parenteral preparations (e.g., injections,

patches, or implants). In addition, the formulation may be prepared for a systemic

formulation or for a local formulation. The agent may be an injection for subcutaneous

administration or intramuscular administration. The agent may be a patch or implant for

subcutaneous administration.

[0045] The agent may comprise naltrexone as an active ingredient or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an effective amount. The term "effective

amount" refers to an amount sufficient to exhibit the effect of prevention or treatment

when administered to a subject in need thereof. The effective amount may be

appropriately selected by those skilled in the art depending on the individual. It may be determined depending on a severity of disease, patient's age, weight, health, sex, patient's sensitivity to drug, administration time, administration route and excretion rate, duration of treatment, factors including drugs used in combination with or concurrently with the composition used, and factors well-known to other medical fields. The effective amount may be about 0.5 g to about 2 g, about 1 g to about 1 g, about 10 g to about

500 mg, about 100 g to about 100 mg, or about 1 mg to about 50 mg per the agent.

[0046] The agent may comprise low-dose naltrexone as an active ingredient or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The term "low-dose" may refer to a dose

within a range wherein an effect following the administration of low-dose naltrexone is

exhibited, when naltrexone is administered as an injection. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN)

in the existing oral dosage form means a dose of 1mg to 7.5 mg or a dose of 5 mg or

less per unit dosage form, but when naltrexone is administered as an injection, this

definition may not be applied, and it may mean a capacity sufficient to achieve the effect

of the present disclosure. For example, low-dose naltrexone may mean (i) a dose that

effectively inhibits the TLR4 receptor in the body while maintaining a normal immune

response and immune system in the patient without causing a sudden decline in the

patient's immunity, as described in Example 6, or (ii) a dose that exhibits the same or

better effect for the prevention or treatment of autoimmune disease as that of Humira,

even though it is administered at a lower dose and less frequently than Humira. For

example, in a sustained injection of naltrexone, a low dose may be for example a range

of less than about 160 mg, about 150 mg or less, about 140 mg or less, about 120 mg or

less, about 100 mg or less, about 80 mg or less, about 60 mg or less, about 40 mg or less,

about 20 mg or less, about 10 mg or less, about 5 mg or less, about 1 mg or less.

[0047] The agent may comprise about 0.1 mg to about 1 g, about 0.5 mg to about 500

mg, about 1 mg to about 400 mg, about 1 mg to about 300 mg, about 1 mg to about 200 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 1 mg to about 80 mg, about 1 mg to about 60 mg, about 1 mg to about 50 mg, about 1 mg to about 30 mg, about 5 mg to about 50 mg, about 10 mg to about 40 mg, about 15 mg to about 30 mg, about 25 mg to about 40 mg, or about 55 mg to about 50 mg of naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dosage form.

[0048] The agent may be administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or

intradermally. The agent may be administered one time every about 1 week to about 2

years, about 1 week to about 1 year and 6 months, about 1 week to about 1 year, about 1

week to about 11 months, about 1 week to about 10 months, about 1 week to about 9

months, about 1 week to about 8 months, about 1 week to about 7 months, about 1 week

to about 6 months, about 1 week to about 5 months, about 1 week to about 4 months,

about 1 week to about 3 months, about 1 week to about 2 months, about 1 week to about

1 month, about 2 weeks to about 1 month, or about 3 weeks to about 1 month. The agent

may be administered one time at about 25 days to about 30 days, about 26 days to about

30 days, about 27 days to about 30 days, about 28 days to about 30 days, about 25 days

to about 29 days, or about 25 days to about 28 days.

[0049] The agent may be administered in an amount of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1

g/kg, about 0.2 mg/kg to about 1 g/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg to about 1 g/kg, about 1 mg/kg

to about 1 g/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 900 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 800 mg/kg,

about 1 mg/kg to about 700 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 600 mg/kg kg, about 1

mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about

300 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg,

about 5 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg

to about 80 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 60 mg/kg, or about 10 mg/kg to about 50

mg/kg.

[0050] The agent of the present disclosure may be administered in combination with

one or more therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. According to the standard

administration method of naltrexone and one or more therapeutic agents for autoimmune

diseases, it may be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or in a separate

administration interval and manner with the agent of the present disclosure. The

therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases that may be administered in combination

with the naltrexone agent of the present disclosure may be at least one selected from the

group consisting of Methotrexate, Hydroxychloroquine, Sulfasalazine, Leflunomide,

Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab, Golimumab, Tocilizumab, Abatacept, Rituximab,

Tofacitinib, Baricitinib, Peficitinib, Upadacitinib, Glatiramer acetate, Dimethyl fumarate,

Interferon p-la, Interferon p-lb, Ocrelizumab, Fingolimod, Natalizumab, Ozanimod,

Siponimod, Alemtuzumab, Teriflunomide, Cladribine, Mitoxantrone and

Cyclophosphamide, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0051] One aspect may be related to a sustained agent for improving the clinical or

radiological status of a rheumatoid arthritis patient, comprising microparticles

comprising naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and biodegradable

polymers. One aspect may be related to a sustained agent for treating inflammation of

arthritis in rheumatoid arthritis patients or inhibiting the progression of joint destruction,

comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt

thereof, and biodegradable polymers.

[0052] One aspect may be related to a sustained agent for reducing inflammatory

mediators in patients with autoimmune diseases, comprising microparticles comprising

naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and biodegradable polymers.

Here, the autoimmune disease may be rheumatoid arthritis, and the inflammatory

mediator may be one or more of a pro-inflammatory cytokine group A (IL-I, IL-6, IL-

17, and TNF-a) and a chemokine group B (MCP-1 and MIP-2).

[0053] One aspect may be related to a sustained agent for improving the clinical status

of a multiple sclerosis patient, comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and biodegradable polymers.

[0054] One aspect may be related to a sustained agent for reducing cellular infiltration

in the spinal cord tissue or for inhibiting inflammation of the spinal cord, comprising

microparticles comprising naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and

biodegradable polymers. One aspect may be related to a sustained agent for reducing

demyelination in spinal tissue, comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and biodegradable polymers. One aspect may

be related to a sustained agent for inhibiting an expression of myelin basic protein

(MBP), comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or a pharmaceutically

acceptable salt thereof, and biodegradable polymers.

[0055] One aspect may be related to a sustained agent for inhibiting a TLR4 signaling,

thereof, and biodegradable polymers. Here, the inhibition of TLR4 signaling may be the

inhibition from naltrexone by binding to the MD2 protein present at the TLR4 receptor.

Also, here, the sustained agent may be a sustained agent to inhibit TLR4 signaling in a

patient with an autoimmune disease.

[0056] One aspect may be related to a sustained agent to inhibit an expression of pro

inflammatory cytokine, comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and biodegradable polymers. Here, the

inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be the inhibition of the

expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a mechanism mediated by the TLR4

receptor. Also, here, the sustained agent may be a sustained agent to inhibit an expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine in a patient with an autoimmune disease. The pro-inflammatory cytokine may be one or more selected from the group consisting of

TNF-a, IL-I, IL-6, IL-17 and iNOS.

[0057] One aspect may be related to a sustained agent to inhibit an activity of NF-B,

thereof, and biodegradable polymers. Here, the inhibition of the activity of NF-KB may

be the inhibition of the activity of NF-KB in a mechanism mediated by the TLR4

receptor. Also, here, the sustained agent may be a sustained agent for inhibiting the

activity of NF-KB in a patient with an autoimmune disease.

[0058] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for preparing naltrexone

microparticles is provided, the method comprising 1) preparing a drug solution by

dissolving naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a first solvent; 2)

preparing a polymer solution by dissolving biodegradable polymers in a second solvent;

3) mixing and stirring the drug solution and the polymer solution prepared in steps 1)

and 2) to prepare an oily solution; 4) preparing microparticles by applying the oil phase

solutionand the aqueous phase solutionprepared in step 3) to a microparticle

(microsphere) production module; and 5) removing the solvent by stirring the

microparticles prepared in step 4).

[0059] In this aspect, naltrexone, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biodegradable

polymers, and microparticles (microspheres) are as described above.

[0060] In step 1), the first solvent may be dichloromethane, methyl acetate, ethyl

acetate, diethyl ether, benzyl alcohol, or a combination thereof, and in step 2), the second

solvent may be methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane or a combination thereof,

but is not limited thereto. In addition, steps 1) and 2) may be performed sequentially,

simultaneously, or in reverse order.

[0061] Instep 3), the drug solution and the polymer solution maybe mixed so that the

drug to polymer ratio is 1:0.5 to 1:10, specifically, the drug to polymer ratio is 1:0.5

(2:1) to 1: 5, more specifically, 1:2 to 1:5, and in particular, may be mixed so that the

drug and polymer ratio is 1:2.

[0062] In step 4), the aqueous phase solutionmay be polyethylene glycol sorbitan

monooleate, sorbitan oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution,

specifically, 0.5% (w/v) of PVA solution.

[0063] Instep 5), the stirring maybe carriedout at 10°C to 20°C at200 to 400 rpm for

30 minutes to 2 hours, at 25°C to 35°C at 200 to 400 rpm for 30 minutes to 3 hours, and

at 35°C to 45°C at 200 to 400 rpm for 30 minutes to 4 hours, specifically, at 13C to

17°C at 250 to 350 rpm for 30 minutes to 2 hours, at 28°C to 32°C at 250 to 350 rpm for

1 hour to 3 hours, and at 38°C to 42°C at 250 to 350 rpm for 2 hours to 4 hours, more

specifically at 15°C at 300 rpm for 1 hour, at 30°C at 300 rpm for 2 hours, and at 40°C

at 300 rpm for 3 hours, but is not limited thereto, and may be carried out under

conditions that may removee the solvent as much as possible for an appropriate time.

[0064] The residual amount of the solvent in naltrexone microparticles prepared

according to a method for the preparation above may be about 1000 ppm or less, about

900 ppm or less, about 800 ppm or less, about 700 ppm or less, about 600 ppm or less,

about 500 ppm or less, about 400 ppm or less, about 300 ppm or less, about 200 ppm or

less, about 100 ppm or less, about 10 ppm or less, or about 1 ppm or less. Also, the

residual amount of the solvent in naltrexone microparticles prepared according to a

method for the preparation above may be about 800 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 750

ppm to about 100 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 100

ppm, about 800 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 800

ppm to about 250 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 450 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 600 ppm, or about 650 ppm to about 600 ppm.

[0065] The method for the preparation above may further comprise 6) step of freeze

drying the microparticles.

[0066] Another aspect provides microparticles prepared by the method for preparing

naltrexone microparticles of the present disclosure.

[0067] Another aspect provides a method for preventing or treating autoimmune

disease, the method comprising: administering a sustained agent for preventing or

treating autoimmune disease to an individual with an injection one time per one week to

two years, comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or a pharmaceutically

acceptable salt thereof, and biodegradable polymers according to one aspect.

[0068] Naltrexone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, biodegradable polymers,

microparticles, autoimmune diseases, prevention, treatment, sustained, and formulations

are as described above.

[0069] The individual may be a mammalian, for example, a human, a dog, a mouse, a

rat, a guinea pig, a cow, a horse, a pig, a sheep, a goat, a cat, or a simian, in particular, a

mammalian including a human, or non-human mammalian, but is not limited thereto.

The individual may be suffering from or at risk of suffering from an autoimmune disease.

[0070] The method of administration may be a parenteral administration, for example,

an administration via subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intradermal routes. The agents

may be administered systemically or locally, alone or in combination with other

pharmaceutically active compounds.

[0071] Normally, naltrexone is administered at a dose of 25 mg to 50 mg once per day when administered orally, and administered once a month at a dose of 380 mg when administered intramuscularly. Naltrexone may cause liver damage when administered at dose higher than recommended doses. The sustained agent according to one aspect contains a low dose of naltrexone and may be administered once from about 1 week to about 1 year, from about 2 weeks to about 1 year, or from about 3 weeks to about 1 year.

The sustained agent may be administered once on about 28 days. The sustained agent

has the same effect as the methotrexate administered once a week even when

administered once for about 3 weeks to about one year, and may achieve a significantly

superior effect compared to the oral naltrexone agent administered once a day.

[0072] Another aspect relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or

treating an autoimmune disease comprising naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable

salt thereof, and the pharmaceutical composition may be administered parenterally. The

pharmaceutical composition may be an injection for subcutaneous administration or

intramuscular administration. The injection comprises naltrexone or a pharmaceutically

acceptable salt thereof, and may further comprise water for injection. The water for

injection is a solvent used in the preparation of injections, is not limited to the above

examples, and may be used without limitation as long as it is readily available to those

skilled in the art. The pharmaceutical composition may comprise 0.1 mg to 1 g of

naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dosage form. The

pharmaceutical composition includes a low-dose naltrexone or a pharmaceutically

acceptable salt thereof, and is administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight to 1 g/kg

body weight, and is administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to 500 mg/kg body

weight, but, is not limited to the above example. The matters described or defined with

respect to the sustained agent in the present specification may be applied to the

pharmaceutical composition as well. In one aspect, the agent may be a pharmaceutical composition.

Advantageous Effects

[0073] According to a sustained agent for preventing or treating autoimmune diseases

comprising microparticles containing naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt

thereof, and biodegradable polymers and a method using the same, it may be used for

long-lasting prevention or treatment of autoimmune diseases by a single administration.

Brief Description of Drawings

[0074] FIGS. 1A to IF are graphs showing the pharmacokinetic profile of

microspheres prepared by varying lactide ratio and intrinsic viscosity of the

microspheres.

[0075] FIGS. 2A to 2C are images of scanning electron microscopy of microspheres

prepared according to Preparation Example 1, and FIG. 2D is a graph showing the

particle size distribution of the microspheres. FIGS. 2E to 2H are images of scanning

electron microscopy of microspheres prepared according to Preparation Example 4, and

FIG. 21 is a graph showing the particle size distribution of the microspheres.

[0076] FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs showing the blood concentration (ng/mL) of

naltrexone over time after administration(hour) when microspheres prepared according

to Preparation Example 1 were administered to dogs by subcutaneous injection and

intramuscular injection, respectively. FIG. 3C is a graph showing the blood

concentration (ng/mL) of naltrexone over time after administration (hour) when

microspheres prepared according to Preparation Example 4 were administered to dogs

by intramuscular injection.

[0077] FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of animal model construction and

administration schedule, FIG. 4B is images of the mouse toes for test substance administration groups (Vehicle DDS: negative control group, MTX: methotrexate administration group, Naltrexone: naltrexone administration group, Naltrexone DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group), FIG. 4C is a graph showing the clinical arthritis index of mouse over time (days) after administration of the test substance, FIG. 4D is a graph showing the area under the curve (AUC) of the clinical arthritis index, and FIG.

4E is a graph showing the incidence (%) of arthritis over time (day) after administration

of the test substance and FIG. 4F is a graph showing the area under the curve (AUC) of

the incidence (meanSEM, **: p-value < 0.01, ***: p-value < 0.001).

[0078] FIGS. 5A and 5C are images of tissues stained with hematoxylin/eosin and

toluidine blue, respectively (Vehicle DDS: negative control group, MTX: methotrexate

administration group, Naltrexone: naltrexone administration group, Naltrexone DDS:

naltrexone DDS administration group, 200 times magnification, bar: 100 m), FIGS. 5B

and 5D are graphs showing histomorphological scores for each administration group in

hematoxylin/eosin-stained tissues and toluidine-stained tissues, respectively

(meanSEM, **: p-value < 0.01, ***: p-value < 0.001).

[0079] FIG. 6 is a graph showing the body weight (%) of mouse for each

administration group over the time (days) after administration of the test substance.

[0080] FIG. 7A is a toe image of mouse by test substance administration groups

(Vehicle DDS: negative control group, MTX: methotrexate administration group,

Xeljanz@: Xeljanz@ administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration

group, MTX + Q-DDS: methotrexate + naltrexone DDS combination administration

group), FIG. 7B is a graph showing the clinical arthritis index of mouse according to the

time (days) after administration of the test substance, FIG. 7C is a graph showing the

area under the curve (AUC) of the clinical arthritis index, FIG. 7D is a graph showing

the incidence (%) of arthritis according to time (days) after administration of the test substance, and FIG. 7E is a graph showing the area under the curve (AUC) of the incidence of arthritis (mean+SEM, **: p-value < 0.01, ***: p-value < 0.001).

[0081] FIG. 8A is an image of tissue stained with hematoxylin/eosin (Vehicle DDS:

negative control group, MTX: methotrexate administration group, Xeljanz@: Xeljanz@

administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, MTX + Q-DDS:

methotrexate + Naltrexone DDS combination administration group, 200-fold

magnification, bar: 100 m), FIG. 8B is a graph showing histomorphological scores for

each administration group in hematoxylin/eosin-stained tissues (mean+SEM, **: p-value

< 0.01, ***: p-value < 0.001).

[0082] FIG. 9A is an image of tissue stained with toluidine blue (Vehicle DDS:

administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, MTX + Q-DDS:

methotrexate + Naltrexone DDS combination administration group, 200-fold

magnification, bar: 100 m), FIG. 9B is a graph showing histomorphological scores for

each administration group in toluidine-stained tissues (mean+SEM, **: p-value < 0.01,

***: p-value < 0.001).

[0083] FIG. 10 is a graph showing the body weight (%) of mouse for each

administration group according to the time (days) after administration of the test

substance.

[0084] FIG. 11A is a representative image of each group taken by micro-CT (Vehicle

DDS: negative control group, MTX: methotrexate administration group, Xeljanz@:

Xeljanz@ administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, MTX +

Q-DDS: methotrexate + Naltrexone DDS combination administration group, 200-fold

magnification, bar: 100 m), FIG. 1lB is particularly an enlarged image of the joint. FIG.

11C is a graph showing radiographic scores.

[0085] FIGS. 12A and 12B are the results of analysis of the concentration of

inflammatory mediator protein in the arthritis tissue for each administration group and

show the respective result of measuring the amount of proteins of pro-inflammatory

cytokine group A (IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-a) (FIG. 12A) and chemokine group B

(MCP-1 and MIP-2) (FIG. 12B) of the inflammatory mediator, through the Luminex

technology-based multi-analyte-ELISA (multi-analyte-ELISA) method, respectively.

[0086] FIG. 13 is the result of analysis of the concentration of inflammatory mediator

protein in the blood for each administration group, and shows the result of measuring the

amount of IL-6 protein through the Luminex technology-based multi-analyte-ELISA

(multi-analyte-ELISA) method.

[0087] FIG. 14A is a toe image of mouse for test substance administration group

(Vehicle DDS: negative control group, Humira: Humira administration group, Q-DDS:

naltrexone DDS 10mg/mouse administration group), FIG. 14B is a graph showing the

clinical arthritis index of mouse according to the time (days) after administration of the

test substance, FIG. 14C is a graph showing the area under the curve (AUC) of the

clinical arthritis index, FIG. 14D is a graph showing the incidence (%) of arthritis over

time (days) after administration of the test substance, and FIG. 14E is a graph showing

the area under the curve (AUC) of the incidence of arthritis (meanSEM, **: p-value <

0.01, ***: p-value < 0.001).

[0088] FIGS. 15A and 15C are images of tissues stained with hematoxylin/eosin and

toluidine blue, respectively (Vehicle DDS: negative control group, Humira: Humira

administration group, Q-DDS: Naltrexone DDS 10mg/mouse administration group, 200

fold magnification, bar: 100 pm), FIGS. 15B and 15D are graphs showing

histomorphological scores for each administration group in hematoxylin/eosin-stained

tissues and toluidine-stained tissues, respectively (mean+SEM, ***: p-value < 0.001).

[0089] FIG. 16A is a graph showing the body weight (%) of mouse for each

administration group over the time (days) after administration of the test substance, and

FIG. 16B is a graph showing the body weight (% vs. 23 days) on the 41st day.

[0090] FIG. 17A is a representative image of each group taken by micro-CT (Vehicle

DDS: negative control group, Humira: Humira administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone

DDS 10mg/Mice administration group, 200-fold magnification, bar: 100 m), FIG. 17B

is particularly an enlarged image of the joint. FIG. 17C is a graph showing radiographic

scores.

[0091] FIGS. 18A and 18B are the results of analyzing the concentration of

show the respective result of measuring an amount of proteins of pro-inflammatory

cytokine group A (IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-a) (FIG. 18A) and chemokine group B

(MCP-1 and MIP-2, + IL-2) (FIG. 18B) of the inflammatory mediator, through the

Luminex technology-based multi-analyte-ELISA (multi-analyte-ELISA) method,

respectively.

[0092] FIG. 19 is a result of analyzing the concentration of inflammatory mediator

amount of IL-6 protein through the Luminex technology-based multi-analyte-ELISA

(multi-analyte-ELISA) method.

[0093] FIG. 20A, 20B, and 20C are images taken at each magnification by NK cell

immunostaining (CD56+) in arthritis tissue (x200, x200, x400). FIG. 20D is a graph

quantitatively evaluating the number of NK cells.

[0094] FIG. 21A is a schematic diagram summarizing the production, the substance to

be administered, administration schedule of an experimental autoimmune

encephalomyelitis mouse model (Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis:

EAE), which is an animal model of multiple sclerosis.

[0095] FIG. 21B is a graph showing the EAE clinical score of mouse over time (days)

after administration of the test substance, and FIG. 21C is a graph showing the area

under the curve of the clinical score (mean standard error mean (SEM), ***: p-value <

0.001).

[0096] FIG. 21D is an image of tissue stained with hematoxylin/eosin (Vehicle:

negative control group, Fytarex: Fytarex administration group, Revia: Revia

administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, 50-fold and 200

fold magnification), FIG. 21e is a graph showing histomorphological scores for each

administration group in hematoxylin/eosin-stained tissues (mean standard error mean

(SEM), **: p-value compared to negative control < 0.01, ***: p-value compared to

negative control) < 0.001).

[0097] FIG. 21F is an image of tissue stained with Luxol fast blue (Vehicle: negative

control group, Fytarex: Fytarex administration group, Revia: Revia administration group,

Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, 50-fold and 200-fold magnification),

FIG. 21G is a graph showing histomorphological scores for each administration group in

Luxol fast blue-stained tissues (mean standard error mean (SEM), **: p-value compared

to negative control < 0.01, ***: p-value compared to negative control < 0.001).

[0098] FIG. 21H is an image of tissue stained with immunohistochemistry (Vehicle:

negative control group, Fytarex: Fytarex administration group, Revia: Revia

fold magnification), FIG. 211 is a graph showing the results of quantification of the

stained area for each administration group in the stained tissue based on the total spinal

cord cross-sectional area (mean standard error of mean (SEM), **: p-value compared to

negative control < 0.01, ***: p-value compared to negative control) < 0.001).

[0099] FIG. 22 is a graph showing the body weight (%) of mouse for each

[00100] FIG. 23 is a result confirming the concentration-dependent binding of

naltrexone to MD2 protein during TLR4 signaling through surface plasmon resonance

analysis.

[00101] FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of the mechanism by which naltrexone affects

TLR4 signaling in the human synovial cell line SW982 cells.

[00102] FIG. 25 is a result confirming with RT-qPCR that the expression of pro

inflammatory cytokines is inhibited when human synovial cell line SW982 cells are

treated with LDN (indicated by "Q" in the figure) and then treated with

lipopolysaccharide("LPS").

[00103] FIG. 26 is a result confirming the activity of NF-B through Western blotting

when the human synovial cell line SW982 cells were treated with LDN (indicated by

"Q" in the figure) and then treated with LPS.

[00104] FIG. 27 is a result of confirming the phoshorylation level of ERK, JNK, p38

through Western blotting to examine the activity of MAPK when human synovial cell

line SW982 cells are treated with LDN (indicated by "Q" in the figure) and then treated

with LPS.

[00105] FIG. 28 is a result confirming with RT-qPCR that the expression of pro

inflammatory cytokines is inhibited when mouse macrophage line, Raw 264.7 cells are

treated with LDN (indicated by "Q" in the figure) and then treated with

lipopolysaccharide("LPS").

[00106] FIG. 29 is a result confirming the activity of NF-B through Western blotting

when mouse macrophage line, Raw 264.7 cells were treated with LDN (indicated by "Q"

in the figure) and then treated with LPS.

[00107] FIG. 30 is a result of the phoshorylation level of ERK, JNK, p38 through

Western blotting to examine the activity of MAPK when mouse macrophage line, Raw

264.7 cells are treated with LDN (indicated by "Q" in the figure) and then treated with

LPS.

[00108] FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram of the mechanism by which naltrexone affects

TLR4 signaling in mouse macrophage line, Raw 264.7 cells.

[00109] FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram showing the signaling or activation mechanism

of TLR4 in cells.

[00110] FIG. 33 is a result confirmed by RT-qPCR that the expression of pro

treated with naltrexone (indicated by "Q" in the figure) or 6p-naltrexol (indicated by

"6p-Q"in the figure) and then treated with lipopolysaccharide ("LPS"). In the figure,*

means p<0.05.

[00111] FIG. 34 is a result confirmed by RT-qPCR that the expression of pro

inflammatory cytokines is inhibited when mice macrophage line, Raw 264.7 cells are

means p<0.05.

[00112] FIG. 35 is a result of confirming the activity of signaling factor (NF-KB or

MAPKs) of TLR4 through Western blotting when human synovial cell line SW982 cells

are treated with naltrexone (indicated by "Q" in the figure) or 6p-naltrexol (indicated by

"6p-Q"in the figure) and then treated with lipopolysaccharide ("LPS").

[00113] FIG. 36 is a result of the activity of signaling factor (NF-KB or MAPKs) of

TLR4 through Western blotting when mice macrophage line, Raw 264.7 cells are treated

with naltrexone (indicated by "Q" in the figure) or 6p-naltrexol (indicated by "6p-Q"in the figure) and then treated with lipopolysaccharide ("LPS").

Best Mode

[00114] Hereinafter, one or more specific embodiments will be described in more detail

through examples. However, these examples are for illustrative purposes only and the

scope of the present disclosure is not limited to these examples.

[00115] Example 1. Preparation of injectable composition containing low-dose

sustained-naltrexone

[00116] 1. Preparation of naltrexone-containing microspheres

[00117] (1) Confirmation of pharmacokinetic profile according to lactide ratio and

intrinsic viscosity

[00118]

Differences in the release of active ingredients contained in microspheres depending on

the type of polymers, the composition of polylactide and polylactide/glycolide

copolymer, and the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the polymer were confirmed by

pharmacokinetic profiles.

[00119] For the preparation of the oily solution, naltrexone Base Anhydrous

(manufactured by Mallinckrodt, hereinafter the same shall apply) and a polymer was

prepared. As a polymer, PDL02A, PDLG7510, PDLG7504A, PDLG7502A, and a

combination thereof were used as shown in Table 1 below.

[00120] [Table 1] Polymer Intrinsic viscosity Molecular weight (dl/g) (kg/mol) Poly (DL-lactide) PDL02A 0.2 17 75/25 DL- PDLG7510 1.0 153 lactide/glycolide co- PDLG7504A 0.4 44 polymer PDLG7502A 0.2 17

[00121] A single polymer (Corbion) or a mixture thereof listed in Table 1 was dissolved

in dichloromethane to prepare 18.29% (w/w) of a polymer solution. For the polymer

mixture, a mixture of PDLG7510+PDLG7502A (weight ratio 5:5),

PDL02A+PDLG7502A (weight ratio 5:5), and PDL02A+PDLG7504A (weight ratio

5:5) was used. A drug solution of 29.41% (w/w) was prepared by dissolving naltrexone

base in benzyl alcohol. The ratio of drug and polymer was 1:2, and the final oil phase

solutionwas prepared by mixing and stirring the polymer solution and the drug solution.

[00122] As an aqueous solution, a 0.5% (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was

prepared.

[00123] A 100 m of microchannel was assembled into a microsphere manufacturing

module, and an oil phase solution and an aqueous phase solution were connected to an

oil phase line and an aqueous phase line, respectively. A pressure of 400 mbar for the oil

phase solution and 2500 mbar for aqueous phase solution was applied, and the oil phase

solution and the aqueous phase solution were allowed to flow at a temperature of 17C.

Microspheres were to be prepared at the point where the flows of the oil phase solution

and the aqueous phase solution met. After the preparation of microspheres was

completed, the product was stirred at 300 rpm at 15°C for 1 hour, 300 rpm at 30°C for 2

hours, and 300 rpm at 40°C for 3 hours to remove the solvent. Microspheres having a

diameter between 25 m and 63 m were obtained by filtration through a sieve of 25 m

and 63 m. The obtained microspheres were lyophilized then stored until use.

[00124] The prepared microspheres were dispersed in a diluent to prepare an injection

formulation. The microspheres of the injection formulation were administered to the

beagle dog once by subcutaneous injection at a dose of 190 mg/2 mL (based on

naltrexone) (microspheres, 570 mg). The concentration (ng/mL) of naltrexone in the

blood over the administration time (hour) was measured, and the results were shown in

FIGS. 1A to IF.

[00125] In general, the degradation rate of PDL02A-based microspheres is about 6

months to about 9 months, and the degradation rate of PDLG7502A-based microspheres

is about 2 months to about 3 months. This means that the degradation rate of

microspheres is decreased and the microspheres are maintained for a longer period in

poly lactide compared to poly lactide-glycolide copolymer.

[00126] According to the results of FIGS. 1A to IC, as the ratio and intrinsic viscosity

of lactide increased, the decomposition rate of microspheres decreased, and the

microspheres are maintained for a longer period (see FIGS. 1A to IC).

[00127] In consideration of the naltrexone release pattern, initial release, and

maintenance period of microsphere according to the results of FIGS. 1A to IF,

PDLG7510+PDLG7502A (weight ratio 5:5) (FIG. ID) and PDL02A+PDLG7502A

(weight ratio 5:5) (FIG. 1E) were selected and used as a polymer of microsphere suitable

for the naltrexone sustained injection.

[00128] (2) Change in dichloromethane residual amount according to stirring

conditions

[00129] Changes in the residual amount of dichloromethane (DCM) according to the

stirring conditions during the preparation of microspheres were confirmed.

[00130] PDLG7510+PDLG7502A (weight ratio 5:5) and PDL02A+PDLG7502A

(weight ratio 5:5)-based microspheres were prepared by a method described in Example

1.1(2). The residual amount of dichloromethane according to the stirring conditions was

shown in Table 2 below.

[00131] [Table 2] Conditions PDLG751O+PDLG7502A (5:5) PDL02A+PDLG7502A (5:5) Size of a particle 46.92 109.5 50.25 51.38 (p1)(X50) Amount in an 5000 5000 5000 5000 aqueous (Reservoir, mL) 15°C/rpm 1 H/ 150 1 H/300 1 H / 300 1 H / 300 30°C/rpm 2 H/300 3 H / 600 2 H/300 2 H/300 40°C/rpm 3 H/600 - 1 H / 300 3 H/300 Residual amount 644.6 530,027.1 7,596.3 619.0 (ppm) of DCM

[00132] As shown in Table 2, if PDL02A+PDLG7502A (5:5)-based microspheres were

stirred at 300 rpm at 15°C for 1 hour, at 300 rpm at 30°C for 2 hours, and at 300 rpm at

40°C for 3 hours, the residual amount of dichloromethane was the lowest.

[00133] 2. Preparation of microsphere-based low-dose naltrexone injection

composition and confirmation of its particle size distribution.

[00134] 2-1. Preparation of microsphere-based low-dose naltrexone injection

composition (Preparation Example 1)

[00135] Microspheres containing low dose naltrexone were prepared according to the

method described in Example 1.1.

[00136] Specifically, for the preparation of the oil phase solution, a polymer solution of

18.29% (w/w) was prepared by dissolving PDL02A and PDLG7502A (5:5) mixture in

dichloromethane. A drug solution of 29.41% (w/w) was prepared by dissolving

naltrexone base in benzyl alcohol. The final oil phase solution was prepared by mixing

and stirring the polymer solution and the drug solution, so that the ratio of drug and

polymer was 1:2.

[00137] As an aqueous phase solution, a 0.5% (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

solution was prepared.

[00138] A 100 m microchannel was assembled into a microsphere manufacturing

module, and an oil phase solutionand an aqueous phase solutionwere connected to an

oily line and an aqueous line, respectively. A pressure of 400 mbar for the oil phase

solutionand 2500 mbar for aquious phase solution was applied, and the oil phase solutionand the aqueous phase solutionwere allowed to flow at a temperature of 17C.

Microspheres were allowed to be prepared at the point where the flow of the oil phase

solutionand the flow of the aqueous phase solutionmet. After the preparation of

microspheres was completed, the product was stirred at 300 rpm at 15°C for 1 hour, 300

rpm at 30°C for 2 hours, and 300 rpm at 40°C for 3 hours to remove the solvent.

Microspheres having a diameter between 25 m and 63 m were obtained by filtration

through a sieve of 25 m and 63 m. The obtained microspheres were lyophilized and

stored until use.

[00139] The prepared microspheres were confirmed with a scanning electron

microscope (SEM), and the images were shown in FIGS. 2A to 2C. The particle size

distribution of the microspheres was measured, and the results were shown in FIG. 2D.

As shown in FIGS. 2A to 2D, it was confirmed that the microspheres were well prepared.

As a result, the median particle size (D50) of the microspheres was 42.0 [m, the width

was 8.82 [m, the encapsulation rate of the active ingredient was 91.36%, and the

residual amount of dichloromethane was 19.5 ppm. The ratio of polymer to naltrexone

was about 1:2. Here, the median particle size may mean an average particle size, and the

width may mean a deviation.

[00140] 2-2. Preparation of microsphere-based low-dose naltrexone injection

composition (Preparation Example 2)

[00141] Microspheres containing low dose naltrexone were prepared according to the

method described in Example 1.1.

[00142] Specifically, for the preparation of an oil phase solution, PDLG7504 was

dissolved in ethyl acetate and benzyl alcohol, and a drug solution was prepared by

dissolving naltrexone base. The final oil phase solution was prepared by mixing and

stirring the polymer solution and the drug solution, so that the ratio of drug and polymer was 1:2.

[00143] As an aqueous phase solution, a 1.0% (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

solution was prepared.

[00144] A 100 m of microchannel was assembled into a microsphere manufacturing

solution and 2500 mbar for aquious phase solution was applied, and the oil phase

solution and the aqueous phase solution were allowed to flow at a temperature of 7C.

Microspheres were allowed to be prepared at the point where the flows of the oil phase

solution and the aqueous phase solution met. After the preparation of the microspheres

was completed, the solvent was removed by extracting the solvent from an aqueous

ethanol solution at 10°C for 10 hours. Microspheres having a diameter between 25 m

and 63 m were obtained by filtration through a sieve of 25 m and 63 m. The obtained

microspheres were lyophilized and stored until use.

[00145] 2-3. Preparation of microsphere-based low-dose naltrexone injection

composition (Preparation Example 3)

[00146] Microspheres containing low dose naltrexone were prepared according to the

method described in Example 1.1.

[00147] Specifically, for the preparation of an oily solution, PDLG7504 was dissolved

in dichloromethane, and a drug solution was prepared by dissolving naltrexone base. The

final oil phase solution was prepared by mixing and stirring the polymer solution and the

drug solution, so that the ratio of drug and polymer was 1:2.

[00148] As an aqueous solution, a 0.5% (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was

prepared.

[00149] A 100 m of microchannel was assembled into a microsphere manufacturing module, and an oil phase solution and an aqueous phase solution were connected to an oily line and an aqueous line, respectively. A pressure of 600 mbar for the oil phase solution and 3000 mbar for aquious phase solution was applied, and the oil phase solution and the aqueous phase solution allowed to flow at a temperature of 10°C.

Microspheres allowed to be prepared at the point where the flows of the oil phase

solution and the aqueous phase solution met. The product was stirred at 300 rpm at

10°C for 1 hour, at 300 rpm at 30°C for 2 hours, and at 300 rpm at 40°C for 3 hours to

remove the solvent. Microspheres having a diameter between 25 m and 63 m were

obtained by filtration through a sieve of 25 m and 63 m. The obtained microspheres

were lyophilized and then stored until use.

[00150] 2-4. Preparation of microsphere-based low-dose naltrexone injection

composition (Preparation Example 4)

[00151] Microspheres containing low dose naltrexone were prepared according to the

method described in Example 1.1.

[00152] Specifically, for the preparation of an oily solution, PDLG7504 was dissolved

in dichloromethane and diethylether, and a drug solution was prepared by dissolving

naltrexone base. The final oil phase solution was prepared by mixing and stirring the

polymer solution and the drug solution, so that the ratio of drug and polymer was 1:2.

[00153] As an aqueous solution, a 0.5% (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was

prepared.

[00154] A 100 m of microchannel was assembled into a microsphere manufacturing

oily line and an aqueous line, respectively. A pressure of 600 mbar for the oil phase

solution and 3000 mbar for the aqueous phase solution was applied, and the oil phase

solution and the aqueous phase solution were allowed to flow at a temperature of10°C.

remove the solvent. Microspheres having a diameter between 25 m and 63 m were

were lyophilized and stored until use.

[00155] The prepared microspheres were confirmed with a scanning electron

microscope (SEM), and the images were shown in FIGS. 2E to 2H. The particle size

distribution of the microspheres was measured, and the results were shown in FIG. 21.

As shown in FIGS. 2E to 2H, it was confirmed that the microspheres were well prepared.

As a result, the median particle size (D50) of the microspheres was 38.34 [m, the width

was 8.08 [m, the encapsulation rate of the active ingredient was 98.03%, and the

residual amount of dichloromethane was 105.7 ppm and the residual amount of diethyl

ether was 89.3 ppm. The ratio of polymer to naltrexone was about 1:2. Here, the median

particle size may mean an average particle size, and the width may mean a deviation.

[00156] 3. Pharmacokinetic properties of naltrexone-containing microspheres

[00157] The microspheres prepared as described in Example 1.2-1 (Preparation

Example 1) were dispersed in a diluent to prepare an injection formulation. The

microspheres of the injection formulation were administered to the beagle dog once by

subcutaneous injection at a dose of 190 mg/2 mL (naltrexone base) (microspheres, 570

mg). The concentration (ng/mL) of naltrexone in the blood over the administration time

(hour) was measured, and the results were shown in FIG. 3A.

[00158] The microspheres of the injection formulation were administered once by

intramuscular injection at a dose of 300 mg/4 mL (based on naltrexone) (microspheres,

900 mg). Blood of beagle dogs was obtained regularly until 31 days after administration.

The concentration (ng/mL) of naltrexone in the blood according to the administration

time (hour) was measured, and the results were shown in FIG. 3B.

[00159] As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, even when administered once by subcutaneous

or intramuscular injection, the sustaining effect of the test substance was shown for up to

28 days. Therefore, it was confirmed that the prepared microspheres can be used as long

acting and sustained-injections as a polymer drug delivery system (DDS).

[00160] Further, the microspheres prepared as described in Example 1.2-4 (Preparation

Example 4) were dispersed in a diluent to prepare an injection formulation. The

intramuscular injection at a dose of 300 mg/head (based on naltrexone) (microspheres,

900mg). The concentration (ng/mL) of naltrexone in the blood over the administration

time (hour) was measured, and the results were shown in FIG. 3C.

[00161] As shown in FIG. 3C, even when administered once by intramuscular injection,

the lasting effect of the test substance was shown up to 28 days. Therefore, it was

confirmed that the prepared microspheres can be used as long-acting and sustained

injections as a polymer drug delivery system (DDS).

[00162] Example 2. Efficacy evaluation of naltrexone-containing microspheres for

rheumatoid arthritis (first)

[00163] 1. In vivo testing method of naltrexone-containing microspheres for

rheumatoid arthritis

[00164] In vivo efficacy was evaluated to determine whether naltrexone-containing

microspheres, i.e., the naltrexone drug delivery systems, have therapeutic efficacy for

rheumatoid arthritis.

[00165] As a model of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), 6 to 10 week-old male mice of DBA/1J strain was prepared. Mice were kept and tested in a specific pathogen free (SPF) laboratory under an environment of a temperature of 21°C to 23°C and a relative humidity of 40% to 45%. The number of experimental animals per cage was kept under 6, and a cage was exchanged twice a week and feed was supplied.

[00166] A 2 mg/mL collagen solution was prepared by dissolving bovine type 2

collagen in 10 mM acetic acid. After emulsifying by mixing 2 mg/mL of Complete

Freund's adjuvant and collagen solution in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio, it was intradermally injected

into the tail of mouse at a dose of 100 l/animal (first immunization, day 0). After

emulsifying by mixing incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and collagen solution in a

1:1 (v/v) ratio on the 2 1th day, it was intradermally injected into the tail of mouse at a

dose of 100 l/animal (the secondary immunization, on the 2 1th day). After that, mice

were randomly divided into groups and assigned to experimental groups.

[00167] As a material to be tested, naltrexone DDS prepared as described in Preparation

Example 1 was prepared. Since the ratio of polymer to active ingredient in naltrexone

DDS is about 1:2, 9 mg of microspheres contains about 3 mg of naltrexone as an active

ingredient. As a negative control, DDS containing a carrier was used instead of

naltrexone, and as a positive control, methotrexate (MTX, MTX injection, 50 mg/2 mL,

JW Pharmaceutical) and naltrexone (Revia Tablet) were used. The refrigerated test

substance was standed at room temperature 1 hour before administration and dissolved

in 0.15 mL of water for injection. 0.15 mL of the test substance was filled using a

syringe with a 21 G needle. The needle was changed to 23 G within 2 minutes after

filling and the mice were injected.

[00168] Administration information for each administration group is as described in

Table 3 below.

[00169] [Table 3]

Administration Administration Route of Regimen and dose Administration group drug administration of administration volume(pul) (Each group, (Baseline of the n=6) active ingredient) 1(Negative Carrier- Subcutaneous one dose on the 2 3th 150 control) containing DDS injection day, N/A 2(Positive methotrexate intraperitoneal Twice/week, 1 100 control) injection mg/kg body weight/each time 3(Positive Naltrexone Oral Once/day, 10 mg/kg 200 control) body weight/each time 4(Test group) Naltrexone DDS Subcutaneously Administration once 150 on the 2 3th day, 3 mg/mouse

[00170] Based on the blind evaluation data for each evaluation index, statistical

analysis between the negative control group and the test group or between the two test

groups was performed using SPSS. Student's t-test was used for comparison between the

two groups. To compare differences between treatment groups at multiple time points,

repeated measures ANOVA with Turkey's post-hoc test was used. The significance level

was defined as a p-value of 0.05 or less.

[00171] 2. Clinical evaluation of arthritis activity

[00172] After administration of the test substance to the collagen-induced arthritis

mouse model, the occurrence and level of inflammation were regularly observed from

the date of group separation to the end of the experiment (the 41th day). Inflammation

level was given a score of 0 to 4 for each paw according to the criteria in Table 4 below,

and the sum was used as a clinical arthritis index (CAI).

[00173] [Table 4] Score Symptom 0 Asymptomatic 1 Inflammation on one toe 2 Inflammation on two toes 3 Inflammation on three or more toes and sole 4 Inflammation on all toes and sole

[00174] When the clinical index of each paw was 2 score or higher, it was determined

that arthritis occurred, and the incidence was defined as 100% when arthritis occurred in

four toes.

[00175] Toe images of normal mouse to which the test substance was not administered,

and each administration group was shown in FIG. 4B (Normal: normal group, Vehicle

DDS: negative control group, MTX: methotrexate administration group, Naltrexone:

naltrexone administration group, Naltrexone DDS: naltrexone DDS administration

group). The clinical arthritis index (CAI) of mouse over the time (days) after

administration of the test substance was shown in FIG. 4C, and a graph showing the area

under the curve (AUC) of the clinical arthritis index was shown in FIG. 4D mean±

standard error of mean (SEM), **: p-value < 0.01, ***: p-value < 0.001). The results of

the clinical arthritis index and the area under the curve were summarized in Table 5

below.

[00176] [Table 5] Group CAI CAI-AUC Mean SEM p-value vs Mean SEM p-value vs Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle DDS 10.75 2.73 - 120.3 27.9 Methotrexate (1 mg/kg) 5.92 2.15 0.0057 46.6 13.8 0.0002 Naltrexone (10 mg/kg) 8.25 4.06 0.0572 59.0 32.5 0.0057 Naltrexone DDS 6.25 2.46 0.0064 46.8 16.5 0.0002 (3 mg/mouse)

[00177] As shown in FIGS. 4C, 4D, and Table 5, the naltrexone DDS-administration

group (test group) showed a decrease in the clinical arthritis index compared to the

carrier-containing DDS-administration group (negative control group), and a similar

level of decrease to the methotrexate-administeration group (positive control group). The

area under the curve for the clinical arthritis index showed a decrease in both the positive

control group and the naltrexone DDS administration group compared to the carrier- containing DDS administration group. In particular, the clinical arthritis index was lower in the naltrexone DDS-administration group compared to the oral naltrexone (10 mg/kg) administration group, and the difference was consistently maintained during the arthritis progression.

[00178] The frequency (%) of arthritis over the time (days) after administration of the

test substance was shown in FIG. 4E, and a graph showing the area under the curve

(AUC) of the incidence was shown in FIG. 4F (mean standard error mean (SEM), * *:

p-value < 0.01 versus negative control, ***: p-value < 0.001 versus negative control).

The results of the incidence and the area under the curve were summarized in Table 6

below.

[00179] [Table 6] Group Incidence(%) Incidence-AUC Mean SEM p-value Mean SEM p-value Vehicle DDS 70.83 24.58 - 714.6 28.3 Methotrexate (1 mg/kg) 20.83 18.82 0.0120 185.4 169.8 0.0013 Naltrexone (10 mg/kg) 41.67 34.16 0.0813 320.8 377.5 0.0561 Naltrexone DDS 25.00 22.36 0.0159 204.2 229.8 0.0036 (3 mg/mouse)

[00180] As shown in FIGS. 4E, 4F, and Table 6, the naltrexone DDS-administration

group showed a decrease in the incidence of arthritis compared to the carrier-containing

DDS-administration group, and showed a similar level of decrease to the methotrexate

administration group. Also, in area under the curve for the incidence of arthritis, the

naltrexone DDS-administration group showed a decrease compared to the carrier

containing DDS-administered group, and decrease similar to the methotrexate

administrationgroup.

[00181] Therefore, it was confirmed that naltrexone DDS showed superior therapeutic

efficacy compared to naltrexone for oral administration, and showed an effect similar to

that of methotrexate, which is a standard treatment used in clinical practice.

[00182] 3. Histological estimation

[00183] Mice were sacrificed on the 4 1 th day, which is the end of the experiment, and

the tissues of the hind paws were stained with hematoxylin/eosin. Hematoxylin/eosin

staining was used to evaluate the activity of inflammation in the arthritic tissue, and

toluidine blue staining was performed to confirm the histological therapeutic effect on

cartilage destruction.

[00184] (1) Hematoxylin/eosin staining

[00185] The hind paw tissue of the mouse was stained with hematoxylin/eosin, and 4

sites (100 magnification) for each tissue were photographed. Two or more investigators

evaluated the items of synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, cartilage destruction, and

bone erosion for hematoxylin/eosin staining. The scoring criteria for each item were

described in Table 7, and the average score of 4 sites was calculated as the score of each

tissue.

[00186] [Table 7] Score Synovial hyperplasia Pannus formation Cartilage destruction Bone erosion 0 None None None None 1 Very few Pannus formation is Catilage surface is Bone surface is not inflammatory cells not distinct not smooth. Focal smooth are found in the erosion of cartilage synovium Mild surface region hyperplastic synovium 2 Inflammatory Pannus is weakly Catilage surface Cell invasion in cellular proliferation invaded in the bone takes a corrugated bone is Found. is well marked shape Marked loss of bone leading to surface integrity thichkened synovium 3 Extensive Pannus is strongly More than 50% of Bone conformation proliferation of invaded in the bone cartilage of either is almost disrupted inflammatory cell joint counterpart is along with severely destroyed thickening of synovium

[00187] The image of the tissue stained with hematoxylin/eosin was shown in FIG. 5A

(Vehicle DDS: negative control group, MTX: methotrexate administration group,

Naltrexone: naltrexone administeration group, Naltrexone DDS: naltrexone DDS

administration group, 200 times magnification, bar: 100 m). Histological scores were

shown in FIG. 5B and the results were summarized in Table 8 below (mean standard

error mean (SEM), **: p-value compared to negative control < 0.01, ***: p-value

compared to negative control < 0.001).

[00188] [Table 8] VehicleDDS MTX Naltrexone NalDxone Histochromatographic parameters (1 mg/kg) (10 mg/kg) (3mg/mouse) Synovial Mean 3.00 0.91 1.27 0.98 hyperplasia SEM 0.00 0.28 0.74 0.29 p-value vs - < 0.0001 0.0045 < 0.0001 Vehicle Pannus Mean 2.89 0.14 0.58 0.30 formation SEM 0.10 0.21 0.77 0.49 p-value vs - < 0.0001 0.0014 0.0001 Vehicle Cartilage Mean 2.61 0.50 0.98 0.66 destruction SEM 0.34 0.18 0.72 0.31

Vehicles - <0.0001 0.0052 <0.0001 Bone erosion Mean 2.89 0.08 0.58 0.28 SEM 0.10 0.11 0.77 0.49 p-value vs - < 0.0001 0.0014 0.0001 Vehicle _________________________

[00189] As shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and Table 8, in the negative control group,

cartilage destruction and bone erosion were clearly observed due to the increase of the

pannus tissue along with the overproliferation of synovial cells. In the methotrexate

administration group, proliferation of synovial tissue was observed, but it showed a

marked decrease compared to the negative control group, and the level of destruction of

cartilage and bone was also decreased. The naltrexone DDS administration group showed a decrease compared to the negative control group in all four parameters, and showed a decrease similar to that of the methotrexate administration group.

[00190] (2) Toluidine blue staining

[00191] The hind paw tissue of the mouse was stained with toluidine blue, and 4 sites

(100 magnification) for each tissue were photographed. Two or more investigators

evaluated the items of matrix staining, surface regularity, and cartilage thickness. The

scoring criteria for each item was described in Table 9, and the average score of 4 sites

was calculated as the score of each tissue.

[00192] [Table 9] Score Matrix staining Surface regularity Cartilage thickness 0 Normal Smooth; 75% to 100% > 2/3 depth relative to av. GC* depth 1 Slightlyreduced Moderate; 50% to 75% 1/2 to 2/3 depth relative to av. GC

2 Markedly reduced Irregular; < 50% < 1/2 depth relative to av. GC 3 Not staining Severely irregular

[00193] The image of the tissue stained with toluidine blue was shown in FIG. 5C

(Vehicle DDS: negative control group, MTX: methotrexate administration group,

Naltrexone: naltrexone administration group, Naltrexone DDS: naltrexone DDS

shown in FIG. 5D and the results were summarized in Table 10 below (meanSEM, **:

p-value compared to negative control < 0.01, ***: p-value compared to negative control

< 0.001).

[00194] [Table 10] Histological Scoring MTX Naltrexone Naltrexone parameters Vehicle DDS DDS (1mg/kg) (10mg/kg) (3 mg/mouse) Matrix Mean 2.97 0.61 0.92 0.59 staining SEM 0.09 0.39 0.70 0.65 p-valuevs - <0.0001 0.0015 0.0003 Vehicle ________ ________ ________

Surface Mean 2.78 0.34 0.80 0.44 regularity SEM 0.13 0.13 0.74 0.38 p-valuevs - <0.0001 0.0024 <0.0001 Vehicle Mean 1.78 0.11 0.39 0.16 Cartilage SEM 0.11 0.12 0.51 0.20 thickness p-valuevs - < 0.0001 0.0024 < 0.0001 Vehicle _________________________

[00195] As shown in FIGS. 5C, 5D, and Table 10, the naltrexone DDS administration

group showed a decrease compared to the negative control group in all three parameters,

and showed a decrease similar to that of the methotrexate administration group.

[00196] Taken together with the histological estimation results, the naltrexone DDS

administration group showed a level of inhibitory effect similar to the methotrexate

administered group as the positive control in the evaluation of the activity of

inflammation of the arthritis tissues and the severity of joint damage, and showed a more

consistent inhibitory effect compared with the oral administration group of naltrexone.

Therefore, naltrexone DDS was histologically confirmed to have an arthritis treatment

effect.

[00197] 4. Safety assessment in vivo

[00198] The in vivo safety of the test substance was evaluated by measuring the body

weight of mouse in each administration group of Example 2.1.

[00199] For the safety evaluation of the test substance, the body weight of mouse was

measured daily from before the start of administration (The 2 1 th day) to just before the

end of administration (The 4 1 th day), and the body weight (%) of the mouse for each

administration group over the time (day) was shown in FIG. 6.

[00200] As shown in FIG. 6, there was a tendency for the overall body weight of the

mice to decrease according to the occurrence of arthritis during the test period. The

naltrexone DDS-administration group had a slight body weight loss at the beginning of the administration, but the loss was recovered afterwards and the group showed the smallest weight loss compared to the other administration groups. Therefore, it was confirmed that naltrexone DDS is safe in vivo.

[00201] Example 3. Efficacy evaluation of naltrexone-containing microspheres for

rheumatoid arthritis (secondary)

[00202] 1. In vivo testing method of naltrexone-containing microspheres for

rheumatoid arthritis

[00203] Following the in vivo efficacy evaluation of naltrexone-containing

microspheres for rheumatoid arthritis in Example 2, an additional efficacy experiment

was conducted by giving a difference between the dose and the combination

administration of methotrexate and the control group.

[00204] A model of murine collagen-induced arthritis prepared in the same manner as

in Example 2 (6-10 week-old male mouse of DBA/1J strain; the first immunization on

day 0 and secondary immunization on day 21) was used.

[00205] As a material to be tested, naltrexone DDS ("Q-DDS") was prepared as

described in Preparation Example 1. As a negative control, vehicle DDS was used

instead of naltrexone, and as a positive control, methotrexate (MTX, MTX injection, 50

mg/2 mL, JW Pharmaceutical) and Tofacitinib (Xeljanz@ Tablet, 5 mg, Pfizer Korea)

were used.

[00206] Administration information for each administration group is as described in

Table 11 below.

[00207] [Table 11] Administration Administration Route of Regimen and dose Administration group drug administration of administration volume (pl) (Each group, (based on the active n=6) ingredient) 1 (Negative Vehicle DDS Subcutaneous 1 dose on the 2 3th 140 control) injection day, N/A

2 (Positive Methotrexate Intraperitoneal Twice/week, 1 100 control) (MTX) injection mg/kg body weight/each time 3 (Positive Tofacitinib Oral Once/day, 10 mg/kg 200 control) (Xeljanz@) body weight/each time 4 (Test group) Q-DDS Subcutaneous Administration once 50 injection on the 2 3th day, 1 mg/mouse 5 (Test group) Q-DDS Subcutaneous Administration once 160 injection on the 2 3th day, 3 mg/ mouse 6 (Test group) Q-DDS Subcutaneous Administration once 260 injection on the 2 3th day, 5 mg/ mouse 7 (Test group) Q-DDS Subcutaneous Administration once 500 injection on the 2 3th day, 10 mg/ mouse 8 (Test group) Q-DDS Subcutaneous Administration once 1000 injection on the 2 3 th day, 20 mg/ mouse 9 (Test group) MTX +Q-DDS Intraperitoneal+ MTX: Twice/week, 160 subcutaneous 1 mg/kg body injection weight/each time Q-DDS: Administration once on the 2 3th day, 3 mg/mouse

[00208] Based on the blind evaluation data for each evaluation index, statistical

groups was performed using SPSS. For comparison between the two groups, Student's t

test or Mann Whitney U test was used. To compare differences between treatment

groups at multiple time points, repeated measures ANOVA with Turkey's post-hoc test

was used. The significance level was defined as a p-value of 0.05 or less.

[00209] 2. Clinical evaluation of arthritisactivity

[00210] After administration of the test substance to the collagen-induced arthritis

the date of group separation to the end date of the experiment (the 41th day).

Inflammation level was given a score of 0 to 4 for each paw according to the criteria in

Table 4 above, and the sum was used as a clinical arthritis index (CAI).

[00211] When the clinical index of each paw was 2 score or higher, it was determined

four toes.

[00212] Toe Images for each administration group were shown in FIG. 7 (Vehicle

DDS: negative control, MTX: methotexate administration group, Xeljanz@: Xeljanz@

administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, MTX + Q-DDS:

methotrexate + naltrexone DDS combination administration group). The clinical arthritis

index (CAI) of mouse over the time (days) after administration of the test substance was

shown in FIG. 7B, and a graph showing the area under the curve (AUC) of the clinical

arthritis index was shown in FIG. 7C (mean standard error mean (SEM), **: p-value <

0.01, ***: p-value < 0.001). The results of the clinical arthritis index and the area under

the curve were summarized in Table 12 below.

[00213] [Table 12] Group CAI(D41) CAI-AUC Mean SEM P value vs Mean SEM P value vs Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle DDS 11.75 1.20 - 150.65 12.03 Methotrexate (1 mg/kg) 6.35 1.05 <0.0001 71.20 8.19 <0.0001 Xejanz@ (10 mg/kg) 6.25 0.75 <0.0001 74.50 9.63 <0.0001 Q-DDS (1 mg/ mouse) 7.30 1.28 <0.0001 91.13 16.43 <0.0001 Q-DDS (3 mg/ mouse) 7.60 1.69 <0.0001 88.05 14.86 <0.0001 Q-DDS (5 mg/ mouse) 6.30 1.32 <0.0001 73.30 10.77 <0.0001 Q-DDS (10 mg/ mouse) 5.25 0.69 <0.0001 66.08 8.09 <0.0001 Q-DDS (20 mg/ mouse) 6.85 1.30 <0.0001 78.63 11.93 <0.0001 Methotrexate (1 mg/kg) + 5.95 1.30 <0.0001 63.60 10.75 <0.0001 Q-DDS (3 mg/mouse)

[00214] As shown in FIGS. 7B, 7C, and Table 12, the positive control group, the

naltrexone DDS administration group (test group), and the MTX+naltrexone DDS

administration group (combination test group) showed a decrease of a clinical arthritis index compared to the Vehicle DDS administration group (negative control group). In particular, the naltrexone DDS 10 mg/mouse administration group and the combination administration group showed the lowest clinical arthritis index, which was lower than the methotrexate administration group and Xeljanz@ administration group (tofacitinib administration group; positive control group). The area under the curve for the clinical arthritis index also showed a decrease in both the positive control group and the naltrexone DDS administration group, and a combination administration group compared to the Vehicle DDS administration group. Between the doses of naltrexone

DDS 1 mg/mouse and 10 mg/mouse administration, a concentration-dependent effect of

lowering the clinical arthritis index was confirmed as the dose increased, but the effect

of treating arthritis in naltrexone DDS 20mg/mouse administration group appeared to

decrease, compared to the administration dose. In addition, the group administered with

methotrexate and naltrexone DDS 3 mg/mouse (combination test group) showed a lower

clinical arthritis index than the group administered with methotrexate alone or naltrexone

DDS 3 mg/mouse, and its synergistic effect could be confirmed since the area under the

curve for the clinical arthritis index shows the lowest value. Through the above results, it

was confirmed that the naltrexone DDS of the present disclosure exhibited an effect of

reducing the clinical arthritis index to a degree similar to that of the standard therapeutic

agent used in clinical practice and it was confirmed that there was a concentration

dependence in a treatment dose between the administration dose of naltrexone DDS

1mg/mouse to 10mg/mouse, and synergistic effect between naltrexone and methotrexate.

[00215] The incidence (%) of arthritis over the time (days) after administration of the

test substance was shown in FIG. 7D, and a graph showing the area under the curve

(AUC) of the incidence was shown in FIG. 7E (mean standard error mean (SEM), **:

The results of the incidence and the area under the curve were summarized in Table 13

below.

[00216] [Table 13] Group Incidence(%) Incidence-AUC SEM P value vs Mean SEM P value vs Mean Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle DDS 70.0 9.9 - 835.0 89.2 Methotrexate (1 mg/kg) 30.0 11.5 <0.0001 170.0 77.1 <0.0001 Xejanz@ (10 mg/kg) 27.5 9.2 <0.0001 263.8 122.7 <0.0001 Q-DDS (1 mg/ mouse) 35.0 12.1 0.0002 337.5 185.4 0.0012 Q-DDS (3 mg/ mouse) 35.0 14.7 0.0001 307.5 103.3 <0.0001 Q-DDS (5 mg/ mouse) 22.5 12.4 <0.0001 196.3 121.3 <0.0001 Q-DDS (10 mg/ mouse) 12.5 6.6 <0.0001 131.3 71.9 <0.0001 Q-DDS (20 mg/ mouse) 22.5 12.4 <0.0001 216.3 112.1 <0.0001 Methotrexate (1 mg/kg) + 25.0 11.8 <0.0001 167.5 90.9 <0.0001 Q-DDS (3 mg/mouse)

[00217] As shown in FIGS. 7D, 7E, and Table 13, the positive control group, the

naltrexone DDS administration group (test group), and the MTX+naltrexone DDS

administration group (combination administration group) showed a decrease of an

incidence of arthritis, compared to the Vehicle DDS administration group. Further, in the

case of the naltrexone DDS 10 mg/mouse administration group and the combination

administration group, the incidence of arthritis was decreased compared to the

methotrexate administration group. In the area under the curve for the incidence of

arthritis, a concentration-dependent effect according to the administration dose was

confirmed between the administration dose of naltrexone DDS 1 mg/mouse and 10

mg/mouse. In particular, the naltrexone DDS 10 mg/mouse administration group showed

the most significant decrease, and showed a more significant decrease than the

methotrexate administration group and Xeljanz@ administration group.

[00218] In addition, since the group administered with methotrexate and naltrexone

DDS 3 mg/mouse (combination test group) had a lower incidence of arthritis than the

group administered with methotrexate alone or naltrexone DDS 3 mg/mouse, a synergistic effect could be confirmed.

[00219] 3. Histological estimation

[00220] Mice were sacrificed on the 4 1 th day, which is the end of the experiment, and

cartilage destruction.

[00221] (1) Hematoxylin/eosin staining

[00222] Hematoxylin/eosin staining was performed and evaluated in the same manner

as in Example 2.3. (1) above, and the score for items of synovial hyperplasia, pannus

formation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion was calculated by scoring each tissue

as the average of the score of 4 sites based on Table 7 above.

[00223] Images for tissues stained with hematoxylin/eosin were shown in FIG. 8A

(Vehicle DDS: negative control, MTX: methotexate administration group, Xeljanz:

Xeljanz@ administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, MTX

Q-DDS: methotrexate + naltrexone DDS combination administration group, 200 times +

magnification, bar: 100 m). Histological scores were shown in FIG. 8B and the results

were summarized in Table 14 below (mean standard error mean (SEM), **: p-value

compared to negative control < 0.01, ***: p-value compared to negative control < 0.001).

[00224] [Table 14] Histological Scorning Mean SEM p-value Value vs vs MTX vs Vehicle Xeljanz@ Synovi Negative control 3.00 0.00 - < 0.0001 0.0012 al (Vehicle DDS) hyperpl MTX 1.38 0.29 <0.0001 - 0.6489 asia Xeljanz@ 1.56 0.39 0.0012 0.6489 Q-DDS 1.98 0.54 0.0441 0.2564 0.4634 (1 mg/mouse)

Q-DDS 2.00 0.43 0.0183 0.1737 0.3825 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.98 0.27 < 0.0001 0.2485 0.1658 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.63 0.10 < 0.0001 0.0127 0.0175 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.58 0.56 0.0108 0.6942 0.9720 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 0.79 0.18 < 0.0001 0.0599 0.0529 (3 mg/mouse) Pannus Negative control 3.00 0.00 - < 0.0001 0.0004 formati (Vehicle DDS) on MTX 0.92 0.36 < 0.0001 - 0.6608 Xeljanz@ 1.13 0.44 0.0004 0.6608 Q-DDS 1.58 0.67 0.0273 0.3075 0.5004 (1 mg/ mouse) Q-DDS 1.58 0.59 0.0147 0.2627 0.4629 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.21 0.14 < 0.0001 0.0489 0.0358 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.06 0.05 < 0.0001 0.0165 0.0150 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.17 0.68 0.0079 0.6985 0.9529 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 0.06 0.08 < 0.0001 0.0175 0.0156 (3 mg/mouse) Cartila Negative control 2.98 0.03 - < 0.0001 0.0004 ge (Vehicle DDS) destruct MTX 1.02 0.30 < 0.0001 - 0.3907 ion Xeljanz@ 1.38 0.38 0.0004 0.3907 Q-DDS 1.71 0.56 0.0199 0.2157 0.5592 (1 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.75 0.45 0.0071 0.1294 0.4519 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.65 0.20 < 0.0001 0.2356 0.0627 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.42 0.06 < 0.0001 0.0380 0.0117 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.38 0.51 0.0033 0.4839 0.9975 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 0.46 0.14 < 0.0001 0.0654 0.0187 (3 mg/mouse) Bone Negative control 3.00 0.00 - < 0.0001 0.0004 erosion (Vehicle DDS) MTX 0.92 0.36 < 0.0001 - 0.6608 Xeljanz@ 1.13 0.44 0.0004 0.6608 -

Q-DDS 1.58 0.678 0.0273 0.3075 0.5004 (1 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.58 0.59 0.0147 0.2627 0.4629 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.19 0.15 < 0.0001 0.0445 0.0330 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.04 0.05 < 0.0001 0.0145 0.135 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.17 0.68 0.079 0.6985 0.9529 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 0.06 0.08 < 0.0001 0.0175 0.0156 (3 mg/mouse)

[00225] As shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B, and Table 14, in the negative control group,

cartilage destruction and bone erosion were evident due to the increase of the panus

tissue along with the overproliferation of synovial cells, and in MTX or Xeljanz@

administration group as the positive control group, other parameters showed a marked

decrease compared to the negative control group except for the proliferation of some

synovial tissue. In the case of the naltrexone DDS administration group, the proliferation

of synovial tissue was observed in the 1, 3, and 20 mg/mouse administration groups, and

the initiation of some cartilage destruction and bone erosion were observed. In the case

of the naltrexone DDS 5 mg/mouse and 10 mg/mouse administration group, and the

combination administration group, all four indicators were shown to be decreased

compared to the negative control group, and also shown to be decreased compared with

the MTX and Xeljanz @ administration group as the positive control group.

[00226] (2) Toluidine blue staining

[00227] In the same manner as in Example 2.3.(2), the hind paw tissue of the mouse

was stained with toluidine blue, and items such as photographing and matrix staining,

surface regularity, and cartilage thickness were evaluated. The scoring criteria for each

item were described in Table 9, and the average score of 4 sites was calculated as the

score of each tissue.

[00228] Images for tissues stained with toluidine blue were shown in FIG. 9A (Vehicle

administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, MTX + Q-DDS:

methotrexate + naltrexone DDS combination administration group, 200 times

magnification, bar: 100 m). Histological scores were shown in FIG. 9B and the results

were summarized in Table 15 below (mean SEM, **: p-value compared to negative

control < 0.01, ***: p-value compared to negative control < 0.001).

[00229] [Table 15] Histochromatographic p-value parameters Mean SEM vs vsVehicle vsMTX Xeljanz@ Matrix Negative control 3.00 0.00 - < 0.0001 < 0.0001 staining (Vehicle DDS) MTX 1.15 0.16 < 0.0001 - 0.2676 Xeljanz@ 1.42 0.23 <0.0001 0.2676 Q-DDS 1.92 0.36 0.0040 0.0366 0.1814 (1 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.96 0.45 0.0177 0.0639 0.2198 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.92 0.18 < 0.0001 0.2767 0.0659 (5 mg/mouse)

(10mg/mouse) 0.63 0.06 <0.0001 0.0037 0.0023

(20mg/mouse) 1.46 0.60 0.0104 0.5517 0.9384 MTX+ Q-DDS 0.83 0.09 < 0.0001 0.0612 0.0163 (3 mg/mouse) Surface Negative control 3.00 0.00 - < 0.0001 < 0.0001 regulari (Vehicle DDS) ty MTX 1.02 0.19 < 0.0001 - 0.6652 Xeljanz@ 1.13 0.22 <0.0001 0.6652 Q-DDS 1.75 0.34 0.0011 0.0442 0.0868 (1 mg/mouse)

mg/mouse) 1.83 0.49 0.0159 0.0886 0.1383 Q-DDS 0.56 0.24 <0.0001 0.0946 0.0587 (5 mg/mouse) I 0 < 0 Q-DDS 0.35 1 0.10 1< 0.0001 1 0.0032 10.0027

(10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.15 0.68 0.0074 0.8321 0.9721 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 0.46 0.14 < 0.0001 0.0147 0.0101 (3 mg/mouse) Cartila Negative control 1.96 0.05 - < 0.0001 < 0.0001 ge (Vehicle DDS) thickne MTX 0.38 0.15 <0.0001 - 0.3341 ss Xeljanz@ 0.56 0.17 <0.0001 0.3341 Q-DDS 1.04 0.24 0.0009 0.0150 0.0719 (1 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.10 0.39 0.0245 0.0589 0.1521 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.21 0.12 < 0.0001 0.3035 0.0625 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.10 0.06 <0.0001 0.0652 0.0115 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.67 0.47 0.0075 0.4855 0.8040 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 0.19 0.09 < 0.0001 0.2094 0.0375 (3 mg/mouse)

[00230] As shown in FIGS. 9A, 9B, and Table 15, the naltrexone DDS administration

group showed a decrease in histological scores than the negative control group in all

three parameters, and in particular, 5 mg/mouse and 10 mg/mouse administration group,

and the combination administration group showed a lower histological score than the

MTX and Xeljanz @ administration groups.

[00231] Taken together with the histological estimation results, naltrexone DDS 5

mg/mouse administration group and 10 mg/mouse administration group, and

combination administration group not only had an anti-inflammatory effect compared to

the negative control group in the evaluation of the activity of inflammation of arthritic

tissues and the severity of joint damage but also showed a more effective arthritis

inhibitory effect than the positive control group, such as the standard antirheumatic

drugs methotrexate or Xeljanz@ administration group. Therefore, it was confirmed that

naltrexone DDS is histologically effective for treating arthritis, and when administered in an appropriate amount, it has a superior effect to existing standard antirheumatic agents.

[00232] 4. Safety assessment in vivo

[00233] The in vivo safety of the test substance was evaluated by measuring the body

weight of mouse in each administration group of Example 3.1.

[00234] For the safety evaluation of the test substance, the body weight of mouse was

administration group over the time (day) was shown in FIG. 10 and Table 16.

[00235] [Table 16] Change of body Change of body weight weight D23 body weight D41 body weight (%, D23 body weight 100%) Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM Negative control 22.6 0.3 20.5 1.0 90.8 3.7 (Vehicle DDS) MTX 22.7 0.5 23.8 1.2 104.7 3.5 Xeljanz@ 21.7 0.5 21.6 0.8 99.6 2.5

mg/mouse) 21.4 0.6 20.7 0.9 96.9 3.6 Q-DDS 22.2 0.9 21.7 0.6 98.2 4.0 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 22.8 0.6 22.5 1.3 98.5 4.3 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 22.6 0.5 22.5 0.8 99.6 2.0 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 22.7 0.7 23.4 1.1 103.2 4.3 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 22.2 0.5 22.3 1.0 100.3 2.8 (3 mg/mouse)

[00236] As shown in FIG. 10 and Table 16, there was a tendency for the body weight of

the mouse to be decreased if severity of arthritis was high during the test period. In

contrast to the 9.2% body weight loss in the negative control group, the naltrexone DDS

administration group showed little body weight loss. Therefore, it was confirmed that naltrexone DDS is safe in vivo.

[00237] 5. Imaging evaluation of arthritis using micro-CT

[00238] After treatment with the test substance in Example 3.1, and fixing the paw

tissue representing the results of each group, micro-CT scanners (Quantum FX, Perkin

Elmer, MA) were used to photograph it. The radiographs were 3D rendered using the

Quantum FX CT imaging system (Perkin Elmer, MA), and then the radiological score

was evaluated, and the bone volume ratio (Bone volume [BV]/Tissue volume [Tissue

volume; TV]) and bone surface density (Bone surface area (BS)/Bone volume (BV))

were also measured. Two or more investigators performed blind evaluation for joint

destruction, and the indicators in Table 17 below were used as the scoring criteria. The

average value of the researchers' blind evaluation data was used as the score, and the

average score of the paw tissue was calculated as the score of each group.

[00239] [Table 17] score Joint destruction 0 No damage 1 Minor bone destruction observed in one enlightened spot 2 Moderate change, 2-4 spots in one area 3 Marded change, 2-4 spots in more area 4 Severe erosion afflicting the joint 5 Complete destruction of the joints

[00240] Representative images for each group photographed with micro-CT were

shown in FIG. 11A, and in particular, images magnifying joint portions were shown in

FIG. 11B (Vehicle DDS: negative control, MTX: methotexate administration group,

Xeljanz@: Xeljanz@ administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration

group, MTX + Q-DDS: methotrexate + naltrexone DDS combination administration

group, 200 times magnification, bar: 100 m). The radiological score was shown in FIG.

11C and the results were summarized in Table 18 below (mean standard error mean

(SEM), *: p-value <0.05 compared to negative control group, **: p-value <0.01 compared to negative control group, ***: p-value < 0.001 compared to negative control group, #: p-value compared to MTX administration group < 0.05, T: p-value < 0.05 compared to MTX administration group).

[00241] [Table 18]

Radiological analysis Mean SEM vs value value Mean vs MTX vs Vehicle Xeljanz@ Bone Negative control volume group 13.50 1.06 - 0.0002 0.0097 /tissue (Vehicle DDS) volume MTX 31.25 0.62 0.0002 - 0.0624 (0) Xeljanz@ 25.27 1.92 0.0097 0.0624

(1mg/mouse) 28.46 2.92 0.0141 0.4652 0.4730 Q-DDS 23.57 4.18 0.1131 0.1906 0.7653 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 32.24 0.27 0.0001 0.2726 0.0358 (5 mg/mouse)

35.82 1.09 0.0002 0.0341 0.0144 (10mg/mouse)

(20mg/mouse) 26.81 6.10 0.1363 0.5654 0.8444 MTX+ Q-DDS 31.93 0.16 0.0001 0.4119 0.0403 (3 mg/mouse) Bone Negative control surface group 9.00 0.23 - 0.0004 0.0011 area/bo (Vehicle DDS) ne MTX 6.12 0.06 0.0004 - 0.0703 volume Xeljanz@ 6.52 0.13 0.0011 0.0703 (mm-1) Q-oDS 6.23 0.14 0.0008 0.5389 0.2600 (1 mg/mouse)

3mg/mouse) 6.84 0.47 0.0233 0.2578 0.5947 Q-DDS 6.09 0.06 0.0004 0.8030 0.0587 (5 mg/mouse)

(10mg/mouse) 6.12 0.04 0.0004 0.9423 0.0639

(20mg/mouse) 6.75 0.45 0.0180 0.2981 0.6934 MTX+ Q-DDS 6.14 0.03 0.0004 0.7847 0.0673 (3 mg/mouse) RadioloNegative control 4.67 0.41 - 0.0002 0.0010 gical group score (Vehicle DDS) MTX 1.67 0.49 0.0002 - 0.5078 Xeljanz@ 2.08 0.56 0.0010 0.5078 Q-DDS 2.33 0.66 0.0044 0.3466 0.7314 (1 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 2.33 0.72 0.0062 0.3705 0.7433 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.42 0.33 < 0.0001 0.6171 0.2368 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DD 1.08 0.40 < 0.0001 0.2862 0.1046 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 1.83 0.61 0.0008 0.7989 0.7176 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 1.08 0.33 < 0.0001 0.2563 0.0884 (3 mg/mouse)

[00242] As noted in FIGS. 11A and 11B, as a result of the micro-CT scan, in the case

of the negative control group, bone volume was decreased, and bone erosion of the paw

joint was clearly observed in several joints, and in MTX administration group and

Xeljanz@ administration group as a control, a decrease in volume was observed in some

joint portions, but the degree of the decrease was smaller than that of the negative

control group. In the naltrexone DDS administration group, the joint morphology of the

5 mg/mouse, 10 mg/mouse, and combination administration group was maintained at a

level similar to that of normal paw tissue, and no bone erosion was observed.

[00243] As a result of measurement of bone volume ratio, the naltrexone DDS 10

mg/mouse administration group showed a higher value than the negative control group

(Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS 10 mg/mouse, 13.50% ± 1.06% vs 35.82% ± 1.09%, p <

0.001) and showed increased values compared to the positive control group (MTX vs

Xeljanz@ vs Q-DDS 10 mg/mouse, 31.25% ±0.62% vs 25.27% ±1.92% vs 35.82%±

1.09%, p < 0.05). As a result of measurement of bone surface density, it was lower in all

treatment groups compared to the negative control group, and in particular, in the

naltrexone DDS 5 mg/mouse administration group, 10 mg/mouse administration group, and the combination administration group, the MTX administration group, it was similar to the normal joint at a level similar to that of the MTX administration group among the positive control groups (Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS 5 mg/mouse vs Q-DDS 10 mg/mouse vs MTX+Q-DDS, 9.00 mm-1 0.23 mm-1 vs 6.09 mm- 0.06 mm-1 vs 6.12 mm-1

0.04 mm-1 vs 6. 14 mm-1 0.03 mm-1, p < 0.001), and showed lower level compared to

Xeljanz@ administration group. As a result of radiographic score for joint destruction,

when compared with the negative control group, the radiographic score was decreased in

the naltrexone DDS administration group including the positive control group, and

showed a decrease in radiological score compared to the positive control group, in

particular, in the naltrexone DDS administration group, 5mg/mouse administration

group and 10mg/mouse administration group and a combination administration group. In

the end, it was confirmed that naltrexone DDS not only treats the inflammation of

arthritis, but also inhibits the progression of joint destruction as a result.

[00244] 6. Multiplex Protein Immunoassay on Arthritic Tissue and Serum

[00245] In order to evaluate the inflammatory activity and confirm the mode of action

of the test substance through quantitative analysis of inflammatory substances in mouse

arthritis tissue and blood, inflammatory mediators were investigated at the protein level.

In order to overcome the limitation of the amount of sample that can be extracted for

protein analysis, a multi-analyte-ELISA (multi-analyte-ELISA) method based on

Luminex technology was used to analyze the largest amount of protein in a small sample.

[00246] (1) Biomarker evaluation through analysis of protein concentration of

inflammation mediators in arthritic tissues

[00247] The mouse joint tissue obtained after treatment with the test substance in the

method of Example 3.1 was pulverized through ceramic beads, and all proteins were

extracted using a lysis buffer (Cat. 1713040111, Bio-Rad). Using Pro-reagent kit V, the same amount of protein (2.7 mg/mL) for each administration group was diluted 1/4 and reacted with the target-binding beads in a culture dish for 30 minutes. After washing with a wash buffer, it was reacted with the target-measurement antibody for 30 minutes, and after washing with a wash buffer again, it was reacted with streptavidin-PE for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the target protein is quantitatively measured for each administration group using the Bio-Plex@ 200 system (Bio-Rad). The target-binding beads were composed of a set that can be combined as needed from Bio-Plex Mouse cytokine 4-plex

(IL-1, IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-a; Cat. 171G5002M), Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine 1-plex

(MCP1; Cat. 171G5019M), Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine II 1-plex (MIP2; Cat.

171G6006M), and Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine 1-plex (IL-6; Cat. 171G5007M) (all

products are from Bio Rad) and were used for measurement.

[00248] For the measurement result, paw tissue weight of the mouse was corrected for

the quantified target protein. For each target joint, the hind paw was mainly used, and in

order to overcome the limitation of the amount of protein extracted from the joint tissue,

up to 4 inflammatory mediators were measured in one well.

[00249] On the other hand, as the target protein to be measured, a representative

inflammation-promoting cytokine group A (IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-a) among

inflammatory mediators, and a chemokine group B (MCP-1 and MIP-2) among

inflammatory mediators was selected to carry out the experiment. The measurement

results were summarized in FIGS. 12A and 12B, and Tables 19 and 20 below.

[00250] [Table 19]

ELISA values in Arthritis p-value Paw (pg/mL) Vehicle vs MTX Xeljasnz@ Negative control 26.77 12.21 - 0.0276 0.1321 IL-1j3 (Vehicle DDS) MTX 1.05 0.31 0.0276 - 0.0069 Xeljanz@ 12.68 4.38 0.1321 0.0069 -

Q-DDS 3.44 0.79 0.0122 0.0034 0.0067 (1 mg/mouse)

mg/mouse) 15.98 2.27 0.2112 < 0.0001 0.3297 Q-DDS 5.52 0.94 0.0201 0.0001 0.0289 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 0.83 0.25 0.0064 0.4583 0.0009 (10 mg/mouse)

(20mg/mouse) 7.64 4.29 0.0473 0.0867 0.2340 MTX+ Q-DDS 3.28 0.31 0.0034 < 0.0001 0.0014 (3 mg/mouse) IL-6 Negative control 250.8 187.0 - 0.1341 0.2264 (Vehicle DDS) MTX 1.8 0.7 0.1341 - 0.0359 Xeljanz@ 88.6 44.8 0.2264 0.0359

mg/mouse) 14.0 4.4 0.0750 0.0057 0.0246

mg/mouse) 35.3 10.3 0.1023 0.0017 0.1019 Q-DDS 14.1 2.0 0.0749 < 0.0001 0.0242 (5 mg/mouse)

(10mg/mouse) 1.5 0.5 0.0623 0.6586 0.0102

(20mg/mouse) 15.5 10.1 0.0771 0.1247 0.0298 MTX+ Q-DDS 6.1 2.4 0.0326 0.0505 0.0046 (3 mg/mouse) IL-17 Negative control 8.70 1.11 - < 0.0001 0.0022 (Vehicle DDS) MTX 2.269 0.29 < 0.0001 - 0.0179 Xeljanz@ 4.57 0.99 0.0022 0.0179

mg/mouse) 3.06 0.35 <0.0001 0.0459 0.0465 Q-DDS 7.11 0.99 0.1690 0.0001 0.0150 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 3.21 0.45 < 0.0001 0.0419 0.0877 (5 mg/mouse)

(10mg/mouse) 1.78 0.50 <0.0001 0.2862 0.0018 Q-DDS 4.87 2.29 0.0824 0.1964 0.8487 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 3.40 0.71 < 0.0001 0.0881 0.1346 (3 mg/mouse)III TNF-a Negative control 45.61 7.21 0.0001 - 0.0129 (Vehicle DDS)

MTX 6.54 1.60 0.0001 - 0.0077 Xeljanz@ 24.52 6.78 0.0129 0.0077

mg/mouse) 10.14 2.15 <0.0001 0.1037 0.0080

mg/mouse) 42.60 6.97 0.6925 < 0.0001 0.0131 Q-DDS 10.42 1.28 < 0.0001 0.0213 0.0075 (5 mg/mouse)

3.54 1.10 <0.0001 0.0504 0.0003 (10mg/mouse)

45.37 24.23 0.9915 0.0748 0.2310 (20mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 29.01 3.11 0.0032 < 0.0001 0.3208 (3 mg/mouse) IIIII

[00251] [Table 20] ELISA values in Arthritis Mean SEM p-value Paw (pg/mL) vs Vehicle vs Vehicle vs Vehicle MCP-1 Negative control 3371.1 2096.6 - 0.0831 0.4044 (Vehicle DDS) MTX 76.1 11.5 0.0831 - 0.0294 Xeljanz@ 207.9 954.6 0.4044 0.0294

mg/mouse) 281.8 22.6 0.0421 < 0.0001 0.0154

mg/mouse) 1062.6 120.1 0.1168 < 0.0001 0.1599 Q-DDS 366.9 57.0 0.0473 < 0.0001 0.0204 (5 mg/mouse)

(10mg/mouse) 69.8 9.4 0.0316 0.5709 0.0077

(20mg/mouse) 398.3 247.0 0.0514 0.1389 0.0262 MTX+ Q-DDS 111.8 12.9 0.0134 0.0112 0.0026 (3 mg/mouse) MIP-2 Negative control 519.3 249.7 - 0.0301 0.0359 (Vehicle DDS) MTX 4.4 1.7 0.0301 - 0.0077 Xeljanz@ 126.8 46.9 0.0359 0.0077 Q-DDS 53.9 18.0 0.0139 0.0055 0.0452 (1 mg/mouse)

(3mg/mouse) 251.5 13.3 0.1257 < 0.0001 0.0015

Q-DDS 98.1 23.2 0.0236 0.000. 0.4237 (5 mg/mouse) 10 m/mse 17.4 8.5 0.0089 0.0908 0.0034

Q-DDS 139.2 92.7 0.0550 0.1021 0.8596 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 28.2 12.9 0.0029 0.0423 0.0024 (3 mg/mouse)

[00252] Through the above process, as a result of measuring the protein amount of four

representative inflammation-promoting cytokines (IL-1i, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-a) in

arthritis tissues, IL-I and IL-6 showed similar patterns, and the naltrexone DDS

administration group entirely showed results similar to CAI, a clinical indicator of

arthritis activity. In particular, in the naltrexone DDS 5 mg/mouse administration group,

the 10 mg/mouse administration group, and the combination administration group, it was

shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines were decreased compared to the negative control

group, and also compared to the Xeljanz@ administration group as a positive control

group (FIG. 12A and Table 19).

[00253] In the case of IL-17 and TNF-a, the naltrexone DDS administration group

showed a decrease compared to the negative control group, and in particular, the

naltrexone DDS 5 mg/mouse administration group and 10 mg/mouse administration

group showed a decrease compared to the negative control group, and also showed a

decrease when compared with the Xeljanz@ administration group, which is a positive

control.(IL 17: Xeljanz@ vs 10 mg/mouse, 4.57 pg/ml 0.99 pg/ml vs 1.78 pg/ml 0.50

pg/ml, p < 0.01; TNF-a: Xeljanz@ vs 5 mg/mouse vs 10 mg/mouse, 24.52 pg/ml 6.78

pg/ml vs 10.42 pg/ml 1.28 pg/ml vs 3.54 pg/ml 1.10 pg/ml, p < 0.01).

[00254] In addition, as a result of measurement of the chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-2,

both naltrexone DDS 5 mg/mouse administration group and 10 mg/mouse administration

group and the combination administration group showed a decrease compared to the

negative control group(Vehicle DDS vs 5 mg/mouse vs 10 mg/mouse vs MTX+Q-DDS,

MCP 1: 3371.1 pg/ml 2096.6 pg/ml vs 366.9 pg/ml 57.0 pg/ml ml vs 69.8 pg/ml±

9.4 pg/ml vs 111.8 pg/ml 12.9 pg/ml, p < 0.05; MIP-2: 519.3 pg/ml 249.7 pg/ml vs

98.1 pg/ml 23.2 pg/ml vs 17.4 pg/ml 8.5 pg/ml vs 28.2 pg/ml 12.9 pg/ml, p < 0.05),

and also showed a decrease when compared with the Xejanz@ administration group,

which is a positive control(Xeljanz@ vs 10 mg/mouse vs MTX+Q-DDS, MCP 1: 207.9

pg/ml 954.6 pg/ml vs 69.8 pg/ml 9.4 pg/ml vs 111.8 pg/ml 12.9 pg/ml, p < 0.01;

MIP-2: 126.8 pg/ml 46.9 pg/ml vs 17.4 pg/ml 8.5 pg/ml vs 28.2 pg/ml 12.9 pg/ml,

p < 0.01).

[00255] As a result, the major inflammatory mediators measured in the arthritic tissue

showed a pattern very similar to the clinical indicators, especially in the naltrexone DDS

10 mg/mouse administration group, the pro-inflammatory cytokine group A (IL-1, IL-6,

IL). -17, and TNF-a) and all of the inflammatory mediators belonging to the chemokine

B group (MCP-1 and MIP-2) showed a decrease compared to the negative control group,

and also showed a decrease compared to the Xejanz@ administration group, the

standard clinical treatment.

[00256] (2) Biomarker evaluation through analysis of protein concentration of

inflammation mediators in serum

[00257] Using the Pro-reagent kit V, the mouse blood (serum) obtained after treatment

with the test substance in the method of Example 3.1. above was diluted to 1/4 with the

same amount of protein (2.7 mg/mL) for each administration group, and then incubated

in target-binding beads (IL-6 target) and a culture dish for 30 min. After washing with a

wash buffer, it was reacted with the target-measurement antibody for 30 minutes, and

after washing with a wash buffer again, it was reacted with streptavidin-PE for 10

minutes. Thereafter, the target protein is quantitatively measured for each administration

group using the Bio-Plex@ 200 system (Bio-Rad). As the target-binding beads, the beads

described in Example 3. 6. (1) were used.

[00258] For the measurement result, paw tissue weight of the mouse was corrected for the quantified amount of IL-6 protein. For each target joint, the hind paw was mainly used, and in order to overcome the limitation of the amount of protein extracted from the joint tissue, up to 4 inflammatory mediators were measured in one well.

[00259] The measured results were summarized in FIG. 13 and Table 21.

[00260] [Table 21]

ELISA values in p-value Serum(pg/mL) vs Vehicle vs MTX Xevsnz@ IL-6 Negative control 144.7 92.2 - 0.2065 0.4558 (Vehicle DDS) MTX 39.6 24.3 0.2065 - 0.093 Xeljanz@ 94.5 30.8 0.4558 0.0903 Q-DDS 79.5 36.1 0.3494 0.2594 0.6416 (1 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 58.8 38.4 0.2293 0.5972 0.2933 (3 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 33.5 19.1 0.0974 0.7898 0.0224 (5 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 7.2 1.7 0.0400 0.0636 0.0006 (10 mg/mouse) Q-DDS 7.2 2.8 0.0400 0.0648 0.0006 (20 mg/mouse) MTX+ Q-DDS 5.2 1.9 0.0156 0.0233 0.0001 (3 mg/mouse) I I I _

[00261] As can be seen in FIG. 13 and Table 21, as a result of measuring the amount of

IL-6 protein among the inflammatory mediators, the amount was decreased in all of the

naltrexone DDS dose administration groups in a concentration-dependent mode, but in

particular, a significant decrease at the dose concentration of not less than naltrexone

DDS 5mg/mouse was shown. In particular, the naltrexone DDS 10 mg/mouse

administration group, 20 mg/mouse administration group, and combination

administration group showed the lowest IL-6 concentration, and the concentration was

decreased compared to the negative control group, and decreased even when compared

to the Xeljanz@ administration group, a positive control group.

[00262] In conclusion, the blood concentration of IL-6 presents in the downstream of

the inflammatory response cascade showed results consistent with the histologic and

clinical findings of arthritis in the naltrexone DDS 10 mg/mouse administration group

and the combination administration group.

[00263] Example 4. Efficacy evaluation of naltrexone-containing microspheres for

rheumatoid arthritis (Tertiary)

[00264] 1. In vivo testing method of naltrexone-containing microspheres for

rheumatoid arthritis

[00265] Following the efficacy evaluation in vivo of naltrexone-containing

microspheres for rheumatoid arthritis in Example 2 and Example 3, an additional

efficacy experiment was conducted by giving a difference to the positive control group.

[00266] A model of murine collagen-induced arthritis prepared in the same manner as

day 0 and secondary immunization on day 21) was used.

[00267] As a material to be tested, naltrexone DDS prepared as described in preparation

example 1 was prepared. As a negative control, DDS containing a carrier was used

instead of naltrexone, and Humira@ (Humira@, Humira@ prefilled syringe, 40 mg/0.4

mL, Abbott Korea), a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, was used as a positive control.

[00268] Administration information for each administration group is as described in

Table 22 below.

[00269] [Table 22] Administration Administration Route of Regimen and dose Administration group drug administration of administration volume(pl) (Each group, (based on the active n=10) ingredient) 1 (Negative Vehicle DDS Subcutaneous Administration once 140 control) injection on the 2 3th day, 3 mg/mouse, N/A

2 (Positive Humira@ Subcutaneous Twice/week, 10 100 control) injection mg/kg body weight/each time 3 (Test group) Q-DDS Subcutaneous Administration once 500 injection on the 2 3th day, 10 mg/mouse

[00270] Based on the blind evaluation data for each evaluation index, statistical

groups was performed through SPSS. For comparison between the two groups, Student's

t-test or Mann Whitney U test was used. To compare differences between treatment

was used. The significance level was defined as a p-value of 0.05 or less.

[00271] 2. Clinical evaluation of arthritis activity

[00272] After administration of the test substance to the collagen-induced arthritis

level was given a score of 0 to 4 for each paw according to the criteria in Table 4 above,

and the sum was used as a clinical arthritis index (CAI).

[00273] When the clinical index of each paw was 2 or more scores, it was found that

arthritis occurred, and the incidence was defined as 100% when arthritis occurred in the

four toes.

[00274] Toe images of each administration group were shown in FIG. 14A (Vehicle

DDS 10 mg/mouse administration group). The clinical arthritis index (CAI) of mouse

over the time (days) after administration of the test substance was shown in FIG. 14B,

and a graph showing the area under the curve (AUC) of the clinical arthritis index was

shown in FIG. 14C (mean standard error mean (SEM), ***: p-value < 0.001). The

results of the clinical arthritis index and the area under the curve were summarized in

Table 23 below.

[00275] [Table 23] Group CAI CAI-AUC Mean SEM p-value Mean SEM p-value Vehicle DDS 10.55 1.44 - 130.48 15.24 Humira@ 5.90 2.67 <0.0001 70.28 11.61 <0.0001 Q-DDS (10 mg/mouse) 5.15 1.27 <0.0001 71.88 14.38 <0.0001

[00276] As shown in FIGS. 14A, 14B, and Table 23, the positive control group and the

naltrexone DDS administration group (test group) showed a decrease of a clinical

arthritis index compared to the carrier-containing DDS administration group (negative

control group). In particular, the naltrexone DDS administration group showed the

lowest clinical arthritis index on the 4 1 th day (Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS, 10.55 1.44 vs

5.15 1.27, p < 0.001). As a result of analyzing the area under the curve for the clinical

arthritis index (FIG. 14C and Table 23), a similar pattern to the numerical results of

clinical arthritis was observed, and both the positive control group and the naltrexone

DDS administration group showed a decrease compared to the carrier-containing DDS

administration group. Through the above results, the effectiveness of naltrexone DDS of

the present disclosure as a therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory arthritis was

confirmed by exhibiting an arthritis inhibitory effect similar to that of Humira, a

representative biological antirheumatic agent used in clinical practice.

[00277] The incidence (%) of arthritis over the time (days) after administration of the

test substance was shown in FIG. 14D, and a graph showing the area under the curve

(AUC) of the incidence was shown in FIG. 14E (mean standard error mean (SEM), **:

The results of the incidence and the area under the curve were summarized in Table 24

below.

[00278] [Table 24]

Incidence(%) Incidence-AUC Group Mean SEM p-value Mean SEM p-value Vehicle DDS 62.50 13.18 - 678.8 167.7 Humira@ 25.00 31.18 <0.0001 155.0 186.1 <0.0001 Q-DDS 17.50 12.08 <0.0001 156.3 108.1 <0.0001 (10 mg/mouse)

[00279] As shown in FIGS. 14D, 14E, and Table 24, the positive control group and the

naltrexone DDS administration group (test group) showed a decrease of an incidence of

arthritis, compared to the carrier-containing DDS administration group. In particular, the

naltrexone DDS 10 mg/mouse administration group showed a more decreased result

than the positive control group (Humira vs Q-DDS, 25.00 26.35 vs 17.50 12.08). In

the area under the curve for the frequency of arthritis incidence, the positive control

group and the naltrexone DDS administration group showed a clear decrease compared

to the negative control group, and the naltrexone DDS administration group showed a

similar decrease to the Humira administration group.

[00280] 3. Histological estimation

[00281] Mice were sacrificed on the 4 1 th day, which is the end of the experiment, and

cartilage destruction.

[00282] (1) Hematoxylin/eosin staining

[00283] Hematoxylin/eosin staining was performed and evaluated in the same manner

as in Example 2. 3. (1) above, and the score for items of synovial hyperplasia, pannus

as the average of the score of 4 sites based on Table 7 above.

[00284] The image of the tissue stained with hematoxylin/eosin was shown in FIG. 15A

Naltrexone DDS 10 mg/mouse administration group, 200 times magnification, bar: 100

pm). Histological scores were shown in FIG. 15B and the results were summarized in

Table 25 below (mean standard error mean (SEM), ***: p-value compared to negative

control group < 0.001).

[00285] [Table 25] Histochromatographic Mean SEM p-value parameters vs Vehicle vs Q-DDS Synovial Negative control 2.89 0.17 - < 0.0001 hyperplasia (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 1.05 0.41 < 0.0001 0.2498 Q-DDS 0.86 0.17 < 0.0001 (10 mg/mouse) Pannus Negative control 2.55 0.32 - < 0.0001 formation (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 0.36 0.60 < 0.0001 0.2166 Q-DDS 0.08 0.11 < 0.0001 (10 mg/mouse) Cartilage Negative control 2.50 0.29 - < 0.0001 destruction (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 0.80 0.44 < 0.0001 0.7799 Q-DDS 0.75 0.12 < 0.0001 (10 mg/mouse) Bone Negative control 2.45 0.38 - < 0.0001 erosion (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 0.28 0.52 < 0.0001 0.2315 Q-DDS 0.05 0.09 <0.0001 (10 mg/mouse)

[00286] As shown in FIGS. 15A, 15B, and Table 25, in the negative control group,

tissue along with the overproliferation of synovial cells, and all of positive control group

and naltrexone DDS administration group showed a marked decrease compared to the

negative control group in all parameters including overproliferation of synovial tissue. In

the case of the naltrexone DDS administration group, when compared with the positive

control group, items of the synovial hyperplasia and cartilage destruction were decreased to similar levels, but items of the pannus formation and bone erosion showed a lower index than the Humira-administration group.

[00287] (2) Toluidine blue staining

[00288] In the same manner as in Example 2. 3. (2) above, the hind paw tissue of the

mouse was stained with toluidine blue, and items such as photographing and matrix

staining, surface regularity, and cartilage thickness were evaluated. The scoring criteria

for each item is described in Table 9, and the average score of 4 sites was calculated as

the score of each tissue.

[00289] The image of the tissue stained with toluidine blue was shown in FIG. 15C

pm). Histological scores were shown in FIG. 15D and the results were summarized in

Table 26 below (mean+SEM, ***:p-value compared to negative control group < 0.001).

[00290] [Table 26] Histochromatographic Mean SEM p-value parameters vs Vehicle vs Q-DDS Matrix Negative control 2.91 0.11 - < 0.0001 staining (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 1.31 0.59 < 0.0001 0.2249 Q-DDS 1.00 0.37 < 0.0001 (10 mg/mouse) Surface Negative control 2.59 0.24 - < 0.0001 regularity (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 0.72 0.76 < 0.0001 0.3335 Q-DDS 0.44 0.25 < 0.0001 (10 mg/mouse) Cartilage Negative control 1.69 0.15 - < 0.0001 thickness (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 0.34 0.43 < 0.0001 0.5824 Q-DDS 0.25 0.16 < 0.0001 (10 mg/mouse)

[00291] As shown in FIGS. 15C, 15D, and Table 26, the positive control group and the naltrexone DDS administration group showed a decrease compared to the negative control group in all three parameters, and in particular, the naltrexone DDS administration group showed a lower histological score than Humira administration group.

[00292] Taken together with the histological estimation results, naltrexone DDS 10

mg/mouse administration group not only had an anti-inflammatory effect compared to

inhibitory effect rather than that of Humira which is an antirheumatic agent used in a

clinic.

[00293] 4. Safety assessment in vivo

[00294] The safety in vivo of the test substance was evaluated by measuring the body

weight of mouse in each administration group of Example 4.1.

[00295] For the safety evaluation of the test substance, the body weight of mouse was

measured daily from before the start of administration (The 2 3 th day) to just before the

administration group over the time (day) and the body weight on the 4 1th day were

shown in FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B and Table 27.

[00296] [Table 27] Change of D23 body weight D41 body weight Change of body weight (%, D23 body body weight 100%) weight p-value Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM (vs Vehicle) Negative control 22.3 1.2 21.2 0.9 95.06 5.29 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 22.2 1.6 22.6 1.9 102.11 7.67 0.0279 Q-DDS 23.0 1.4 24.4 1.8 106.39 3.79 < 0.0001

(10 mg/mouse )

[00297] As shown in FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B and Table 27, there was a tendency for the

body weight of the mouse to be decreased if severity of arthritis is high during the test

peperiod. In contrast to 4.94% weight loss in the negative control group, no body weight

loss was observed in the naltrexone DDS administration group and the positive control

group.

[00298] 5. Imaging evaluation of arthritis using micro-CT

[00299] The paw tissue representing each group's results was fixed after the treatment

with the test substance in Example 4.1 and was photographed with micro-CT scanners

(Quantum FX, Perkin Elmer, MA). The radiographs were 3D rendered using the

was evaluated, and the bone volume ratio (Bone volume [BV]/Tissue volume; TV) and

bone surface density (Bone surface area (BS)/Bone volume (BV)), and cortical bone

thickness were also measured. Two or more researchers performed blind evaluation for

joint destruction, and the indicators in Table 17 above were used as the scoring criteria.

The average value of the researchers' blind evaluation data was used as the score, and the

average score of the paw tissue was calculated as the score of each group.

[00300] Representative images for each group photographed with micro-CT were

shown in FIG. 17A, and in particular, images magnifying joint portions were shown in

FIG. 17B (Vehicle DDS: negative control, MTX: methotexate administration group,

Xeljanz@: Xeljanz@ administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration

group, MTX + Q-DDS: methotrexate + naltrexone DDS combination administration

17C and the results were summarized in Table 28 below (mean standard error mean

(SEM), *: p-value <0.05 compared to negative control group, **: p-value <0.01

compared to negative control group, ***: p-value < 0.001 compared to negative control

group, #: p-value compared to MTX administration group < 0.05, T: p-value < 0.05

compared to MTX administration group).

[00301] [Table 28]

Radiological analysis values Mean SEM p-valu vs Vehicle vs Q-DDS Bone Negative control 16.53 1.50 - 0.0209 volume/tiss (Vehicle DDS) ue volume Humira@ 24.21 3.83 0.0209 0.8845 (%) Q-DDS 25.71 0.48 0.0209 (10 mg/mouse) Bone Negative control surface group 6.88 0.71 - 0.0202 width/Bone (Carrier) volume Humira@ 6.08 0.09 0.0202 0.2944 (mm-1) Q-DDS 5.97 0.15 0.0202 (10 mg/mouse) Cortical Negative control bone group 0.62 0.06 - 0.0209 thickness (Carrier) (mm) Humira@ 0.78 0.03 0.0202 0.7674 Q-DDS 0.78 0.03 0.0209 (10 mg/mouse)

[00302] As noted in FIGS. 17A and 17B, as a result of micro-CT scan, in the case of

the negative control group, bone volume decreased, and bone erosion of the paw joint

was clearly observed in several joints, and the reduction of a joint volume in the Humira

administration group as the positive control group was less compared to the negative

control group. In the naltrexone DDS administration group, the bone volume ratio was

higher than in the negative control group, and slightly higher than in the Humira

administration group (Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS, 16.53% ±1.50% vs 25.71% ±0.48%, p

< 0.05).

[00303] As a result of measurement of bone surface density, the positive control group and the naltrexone DDS administration group showed lower levels than the negative control group, and the naltrexone DDS administration group showed a level similar to the positive control group (Vehicle DDS vs Humira vs Q-DDS, 6.88 mm-' 0.71 mm-' vs 6.08 mm- ±0.09 mm-1 vs 5.97 mm- 0.15 mm-1, p < 0.05).

[00304] As a result of quantification of cortical bone thickness, it was found that the

negative control group had a thinner cortical bone thickness due to bone erosion, but the

positive control group showed a greater thickness than the negative control group. The

naltrexone DDS administration group was thicker than the negative control group

(Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS, 0.62 mm 0.06 mm vs 0.78 mm 0.03 mm p < 0.05), and

exhibited a thickness similar to the Humira administration group.

[00305] In the radiological score, the positive control group and the naltrexone DDS

administration group showed a decrease compared to the negative control group, and as

a result, through imaging analysis, it was confirmed that naltrexone DDS not only treats

arthritis inflammation, but also inhibits the progression of joint destruction as a result.

[00306] 6. Multiplex Protein Immunoassay on Arthritic Tissue and Serum

[00307] In order to evaluate the inflammatory activity and confirm the mode of action

arthritis tissue and serum, inflammatory mediators were investigated at the protein level.

The same multi-analyte-ELISA (multi-analyte-ELISA) method based on Luminex

technology as in Example 3.6. above was used.

[00308] (1) Biomarker evaluation through analysis of protein concentration of

inflammation mediators in arthritic tissues

[00309] The mouse joint tissue obtained after treatment with the test substance in the

method of Example 4.1. above was pulverized through ceramic beads, and all proteins

were extracted using a lysis buffer (Cat. 1713040111, Bio-Rad). Using Pro-reagent kit V, the same amount of protein (2.7 mg/mL) for each administration group was diluted 1/4 and reacted with the target-binding beads in a culture dish for 30 minutes. After washing with a wash buffer, it was reacted with the target-measurement antibody for 30 minutes, and after washing with a wash buffer again, it was reacted with streptavidin-PE for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the target protein is quantitatively measured for each administration group using the Bio-Plex@ 200 system (Bio-Rad). The target-binding beads were composed of a set that can be combined as needed from Bio-Plex Mouse cytokine 4-plex

(IL-1, IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-a; Cat. 171G5002M), Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine 1-plex

(MCP1; Cat. 171G5019M), Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine II 1-plex (MIP2; Cat.

171G6006M), and Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine 1-plex (IL-6; Cat. 171G5007M) (all

products are from Bio Rad) and were used for measurement.

[00310] For the measurement result, paw tissue weight of the mouse was corrected for

up to 4 inflammatory mediators were measured in one well.

[00311] On the other hand, as the target protein to be measured, a representative

inflammation-promoting cytokine group A (IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-a) among

inflammatory mediators, and IL-2 and a chemokine group B (IL-2, MCP-1 and MIP-2)

among inflammatory mediators were selected to carry out the experiment. The

measurement results were summarized in FIGS. 18A and 18B, and Tables 29 and 30

below.

[00312] [Table 29] ELISA values in Arthritis Mean SEM p-value Paws (pg/mL) Mean SEM vs Vehicle vs Q-DDS IL-1j Negative control 56.80 8.43 - < 0.0001 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 4.09 1.90 < 0.0001 0.0018

(10mg/mouse) 1.67 0.42 < 0.0001 IL-6 Negative control 397.25 247.40 - 0.0002 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 10.75 12.57 0.0003 0.0589

(10mg/mouse) 2.20 1.02 0.0002 IL-17 Negative control 40.56 11.83 - < 0.0001 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 9.93 1.01 < 0.0001 0.0001

(10mg/mouse) 7.50 1.02 < 0.0001 TNF-a Negative control 105.64 20.60 - < 0.0001 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 18.93 7.64 < 0.0001 0.0299

10 mg/mouse) 12.49 2.77 < 0.0001

[00313] [Table 30] ELISA values in Arthritis Mean SEM p-value Paws (pg/mL) vs Vehicle vs Q-DDS IL-2 Negative control 182.26 170.68 - 0.0093 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 36.59 16.19 0.0215 0.0016

(10mg/mouse) 14.00 7.56 0.0093 MCP-1 Negative control 7808.4 3280.5 - < 0.0001 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 281.3 204.6 < 0.0001 0.0536

(10mg/mouse) 138.4 22.4 < 0.0001 MIP-2 Negative control 12373.11 3255.29 - < 0.0001 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 564.83 393.77 < 0.0001 0.0165

(10mg/mouse) 211.31 43.55 < 0.0001

[00314] Through the above process, as a result of measuring the protein amount of four

representative pro-inflammative cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-a) in the

arthritic tissue, the positive control group and the naltrexone DDS administration group

showed a decrease compared to the negative control group, and in particular, for IL- P,

IL-17, and TNF-a, the naltrexone DDS administration group showed a decrease even when compared to the Humira-administered group, a positive control group (IL 1I

Humira vs Q-DDS, 4.09 pg/ml 1.90 pg/ml vs 1.67 pg/ml 0.42 pg/ml, p < 0.01; IL

17: Humira vs Q-DDS, 9.93 pg/ml 1.01 pg/ml vs 7.50 pg/ml 1.02 pg/ml, p < 0.05;

TNF-a : Humira vs Q-DDS, 18.9 3 pg/ml 7.64 pg/ml vs 12.49 pg/ml 2.77 pg/ml, p <

0.05).

[00315] In the case of IL-6, the naltrexone DDS administration group showed a

decrease compared to the negative control group.

[00316] In addition, as a result of measurement of the chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-2, a

pattern similar to that of pro-inflammatory cytokines of group A was found. Specifically,

the IL-2 concentration in the naltrexone DDS administration group was lower than that

of the negative control group and was measured at a lower level than Humira

administered group as the positive control group (Humira vs Q-DDS, 36.59 pg/ml±

16.19 pg/ml vs. 14.00 pg/ml 7.56 pg/ml, p < 0.01). MIP-2 and MCP-1 measurement

results also showed a decrease in the naltrexone DDS administration group compared to

the negative control group.

[00317] As result, the major inflammatory mediators measured in arthritic tissues

showed a pattern very similar to the previously measured clinical indicators, and in the

naltrexone DDS administration group, all of IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-a, IL-2, MCP-1,

and MIP-2 not only showed a decrease compared to the negative control group, but also

showed an inhibition compared to Humira, a standard treatment. The major

inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in these arthritic tissues are important

biomarkers of arthritis. Therefore, from the above result that the main causative agents

of inflammation were more inhibited in the naltrexone DDS administration group than in

the Humira administration group, it could be confirmed that the naltrexone DDS of the

present disclosure effectively inhibits, alleviates, or modulates both the symptoms and inflammation of arthritis in the treatment of arthritis.

[00318] (2) Biomarker evaluation through analysis of protein concentration of

inflammation mediators in serum

[00319] Using the Pro-reagent kit V, the mouse blood (serum) obtained after treatment

with the test substance in the method of Example 4. 1. above was diluted to 1/4 with the

with target-binding beads (IL-6 target) and a culture dish for 30 min. After washing with

a wash buffer, it was reacted with the target-measurement antibody for 30 minutes, and

described in Example 4. 6. (1) were used.

[00320] For the measurement result, paw tissue weight of the mouse was corrected for

the quantified amount of IL-6 protein. For each target joint, the hind paw was mainly

used, and in order to overcome the limitation of the amount of protein extracted from the

joint tissue, up to 4 inflammatory mediators were measured in one well.

[00321] The measured results were summarized in FIG. 19 and Table 31.

[00322] [Table 31] ELISA values in Mean SEM p-value serum(pg/mL) vs Vehicle vs Q-DDS IL-6 Negative control 74.72 20.33 - < 0.0001 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 29.02 21.74 0.0003 0.0219 Q-DDS 10.45 2.85 < 0.0001 (10 mg/mouse)

[00323] As can be seen in FIG. 19 and Table 31, as a result of measuring the amount of

IL-6 protein among inflammatory mediators, the positive control group and the

naltrexone DDS administration group showed a decrease compared to the negative control group and in particular, the naltrexone DDS administration group showed the lowest level of concentration and a decrease compared to the positive control group,

Humira administration group.(Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS, 74.72 pg/ml 20.33 pg/ml vs

10.45 pg/ml 2.85 pg/ml, p < 0.001; Humira vs Q-DDS, 29.02 pg/ml 21.74 pg/ml vs

10.45 pg/ml 2.85 pg/ml, p < 0.05).

[00324] In conclusion, the blood concentration of IL-6 consists of the downstream of

the inflammatory response cascade was shown to be decreased, consistent with the

histological and clinical findings of arthritis in the naltrexone DDS administration group.

The naltrexone DDS of the present disclosure exhibits more reducing effect on the

concentration of IL-6 in the blood compared to the positive control Humira, which

means that the present disclosure reduces IL-6 not only in arthritic tissues but also in a

systemic level. In addition, since IL-6 is a cytokine substantially showing high levels in

the serum of arthritis patients and reflects disease activity, this result means that

naltrexone DDS can be effective in the treatment of arthritis.

[00325] 7. NK cell immunostaining in arthritic tissue

[00326] In order to verify the etiological mechanism according to the severity of

arthritis, the infiltration of NK cells in the mouse paw tissue was measured after

administration of the test substance in the method of Example 4.1.

[00327] Specifically, after de-paraffinization and rehydration on a paraffin-embedded

tissue piece slide, the antigen in the tissue is exposed through heat-induced antigen

retrieval. After the serum blocking step, the slides were reacted with a CD56 target the

first antibody (rabbit anti-CD56 antibody, Abcam, ab220360) for 1 hour, and then

peroxidase blocking was performed for 15 minutes. After reacting with horseradish

peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, Jackson lab,

#111-035-144) for 30 minutes, OPAL 690 solution pack (Akoya Biosciences, CA) was reacted for 10 minutes to proceed with binding to the secondary antibody. After nuclear staining by reaction with DAPI for 3 minutes, the slides were mounted with Vector

Shield (Vector Lab, CA) medium having a fluorescence preservation formula, and

photographed with confocal microscopy; C2 plus Ti2-E, Nikon, NY). After

photographing 3 areas per slide (400 magnification), the number of cells stained with

CD56 antibody (NK cells) was quantitatively evaluated. The images taken according to

the magnification were shown in FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 20C, and the quantitatively

evaluated values were shown in FIG. 20D and Table 32 below.

[00328] [Table 32] The number of p-value CD56+ cell Mean SEM (number/HPF) vsVehicle vsQ-DDS Negative control 10.25 3.25 - < 0.0001 (Vehicle DDS) Humira@ 2.00 1.41 < 0.0001 0.7841 Q-DDS 1.83 1.53 <0.0001 (10 mg/mouse)

[00329] As can be seen in FIGS. 20A, 20B, 20C, and Table 32, a large number of

CD56+ cells were observed in the proliferated synovial tissue in the negative control

group, but very little CD56+ cell infiltration occurred in the positive control group and

the naltrexone DDS administration group (Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS, 10.25 3.25 vs 1.83

± 1.53, p <0.001). The naltrexone DDS administration group showed more decrease

compared to the positive control group.

[00330] As a result, in the case of CD56-positive NK cells in the development of

arthritis, infiltration into the inflamed tissue occurs as the arthritis becomes worse, but it

was confirmed that the infiltration is clearly inhibited by administration of naltrexone

DDS, and compared to Humira as an antirheumatic agent used in clinical practice, it was

further inhibited.

[00331] Example 5. Efficacy evaluation of naltrexone-containing microspheres for

multiple sclerosis

[00332] 1. In vivo test method of naltrexone-containing microspheres for multiple

sclerosis

[00333] In vivo efficacy was evaluated to determine whether naltrexone-containing

multiple sclerosis.

[00334] As an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model (Mouse

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: EAE), 6 to 10 week-old female mice of

C57BL/6 strain were prepared. Mice were kept and tested in a specific pathogen free

(SPF) laboratory under an environment of a temperature of 21°C to 23°C and a relative

humidity of 40% to 50%. Experimental animals were kept per cage in the number of 4 or

less, and a cage was exchanged 2 to 3 times a week and feed was supplied.

[00335] Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was dissolved in phosphate

buffered saline (PBS) to be 1 mg/mL, and was emulsified by mixing at 1:1 (v/v) with 5

mg/mL Complete Freund's adjuvant. 100 1 of this was subcutaneously injected into

both sides of the mouse, and then 400 1 of 2 g/mL pertussis toxin was intraperitoneally

injected (first immunization, day 0). On the second day, 400 1 of 2 g/mL pertussis

toxin was intraperitoneally injected a second time. On the third day after the first

immunization, the test was performed by separating the experimental group.

[00336] As a material to be tested, naltrexone DDS prepared as described in preparation

instead of naltrexone, and as a positive control, Fingolimod (Fytarex@ capsule, 0.5 mg,

Novartis Korea) and naltrexone hydrochloride (Revia@ tablet, 50 mg, Jeil

Pharmaceutical) were used.

[00337] Administration information for each administration group is as described in

Table 33 below. The animal model preparation and administration schedule were shown

in FIG. 21A.

[00338] [Table 33] Administration Administration Route of Regimen and dose Administration group drug administration of administration volume (pl) (Each group, (Baseline of the n=6) active ingredient) 1 (Negative Vehicle DDS Subcutaneous Administration once control) injection on the third day, N/A 2 (Positive Fytarex@ Oral Once/day, 3 mg/kg control) body weight/each time 3 (Positive Revia@ Oral Once/day, 1 control) mg/kg/time 4 (Test group) Naltrexone DDS Subcutaneously Administration once (Q-DDS) on the third day, 1 mg/mouse

[00339] Based on the blind evaluation data for each evaluation index, statistical

test or Mann Whitney U test was used. The significance level was defined as a p-value

of 0.05 or less.

[00340] 2. Clinical evaluation of the occurrence and severity of neurological

symptoms

[00341] The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model was prepared,

and from the third day after immunization, administered with carrier-containing DDS as

a negative control, and Q-DDS as the test substance by subcutaneous injection once at 1

mg/mouse, and Fytarexgand Revia@ as the positive control group were administered

orally daily with the corresponding dose. Then, the occurrence and extent of clinical

symptoms were regularly observed until the end of the experiment (The 3 0th day). The clinical symptom level was assigned a score of 0 to 5 after evaluating the functionality of the tail and four legs according to the criteria in Table 34 below, and was used as the

EAE clinical score.

[00342] [Table 34] Score Clinical neurologic findings 0 No obvious changes in motor function compared to non-immunized mice. 0.5 Tip of tail is limp. 1 Limp tail. 1.5 Limp tail and hind lig inhibition. 2 Limp tail and weakness of hind legs. 2.5 Limp tail and dragging of hind legs. 3 Limp tail and complete paralysis of hind lges (most common). 3.5 Limp tail and complete paralysis of hind legs. In addition to: Mouse is moving around the cage, but when placed on its side, is unable to right itself. Hind legs are together on one side of body. 4 Limp tail, complete hind leg and partial front leg paralysis. 4.5 Complete hind and partial front leg paralysis, no movement around the cage. Moue is not alert. 5 Mouse is spontaneously rolling in the cage (euthanasia is recommended).

[00343] The clinical score of EAE mouse over the time (days) after administration of

the test substance was shown in FIG. 21B, and a graph showing the area under the curve

(AUC) of the clinical score was shown in FIG. 21C (mean standard error mean (SEM),

***: p-value < 0.001). The results of the clinical score of EAE and the area under the

curve were summarized in Table 35 below.

[00344] [Table 35] Group Clinical score(D28) Clinical score-AUC Mean SEM p-value Mean SEM p-value vs vs Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle DDS 3.33 0.47 - 44.50 3.88 Fytarex@ 1.67 0.13 0.002 20.67 2.10 0.0001 Revia@ 2.00 0.16 0.008 21.08 4.37 0.0006 Q-DDS (1 mg/mouse) 1.92 0.25 0.008 21.71 2.42 0.0001

[00345] As shown in FIGS. 21B, 21C, and Table 35, the positive control group

(Fytarex@ and Revia@) and the Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse administration group showed a decrease in EAE clinical score compared to the carrier-containing DDS administration group. In particular, in the Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse administration group (Vehicle DDS vs

Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse, 3.33 0.47 vs 1.92 0.25, p < 0.001), a similar level of effect of

the current global standard treatment, Fytarex@ could be observed (3 mg/kg) (Vehicle

DDS vs Fytarex@ 3 mg/kg, 3.33 0.47 vs 1.67 0.13, p < 0.001).

[00346] The analyzed results of the area under the curve (AUC) of the clinical scores

also showed a similar pattern to the time course data of the clinical scores, and the

positive control group (Fytarex@ and Revia@) and Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse administration

group showed a decrease compared to the carrier-containing DDS group. Through the

above results, it was confirmed that a low-dose Q-DDS (1 mg/mouse) exhibited a

reducing effect in clinical index similar to the standard treatment used in clinical practice.

In addition, in the case of the sustained-release injection naltrexone DDS administration

group, despite administration once a month, the results were almost similar to the results

of Revia tablet administration group which is daily orally administered, and from this, it

was confirmed that sustained-injection of the present disclosure was better in terms of

formulation .

[00347] 3. Histological estimation

[00348] After mouse euthanasia, spinal cord tissue was extracted, hematoxylin/eosin

staining and Luxol Fast Blue staining were performed, and MBP-targeted

immunohistochemical staining was performed, and histological evaluation was

performed through blind evaluation.

[00349] (1) Hematoxylin/eosin staining

[00350] On the 30th day which is the last day of the experiment, mouse was sacrificed,

and the mouse spinal cord tissue was extracted and paraffin-embedded slides were

prepared and then stained with hematoxylin/eosin, and the spinal cord tissue was photographed at 50 and 200 magnifications. Then, histological scores were measured according to the histological evaluation criteria of Table 36 below to evaluate the distribution of inflammatory cells.

[00351] [Table 36] Score Inflammation scoring 0 No inflammation 1 Cellular infiltrate only in the perivascular areas and meninges 2 Mild cellular infiltrate in parenchyma: Less than one third part of the white matter is infiltrated with inflammatory cells 3 Moderate cellular infiltration in parenchyma: More than one third part of the white matter is infiltrated with inflammatory cells 4 Severe cellular infiltration in parenchyma: Infiltration of inflammatory cells are observed in the whole white matter

[00352] The image of the tissue stained with hematoxylin/eosin was shown in FIG. 21D

(Vehicle: negative control group, Fytarex: Fytarex@ administration group, Revia@:

Revia@ administeration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, 50 times

and 200 times magnification). Histological scores were shown in FIG. 21E and the

results were summarized in Table 37 below (mean standard error mean (SEM), **: p

value compared to negative control < 0.01, ***: p-value compared to negative control <

0.001).

[00353] [Table 37] Administration group Mean SEM p-value vs Vehicle vs Fytarex vs Revia Vehicle DDS 3.0 0.35 Fytarex@ (3 mg/kg) 1.08 0.29 0.0005 Revia@ (1 mg/kg) 1.42 0.46 0.0074 0.4702 Q-DDS (1 mg/mouse) 1.13 0.44 0.0046 0.5737 0.8753

[00354] As shown in FIGS. 21D, 21E, and Table 37, in the case of the Vehicle DDS

administration group, which is a negative control in the inflammation score evaluating

the infiltration of inflammatory cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the entire white matter layer of the spinal cord was evident and diffuse infiltration of cells into the meninges was found, and the volume of the spinal cord was also decreased. In contrast, in the Fytarex administration group, which is a positive control group, the infiltration of inflammatory cells occured partly in the white matter or had a limited distribution in the meninges, and when quantified by the inflammation score, it showed a decrease compared to the group administered with the carrier-containing DDS. Also, the Q-DDS

1 mg/mouse administration group showed a decrease (Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS 1

mg/mouse, 3.00 0.35 vs 1.33 0.44, p < 0.01). In addition, in the case of the

sustained-injection naltrexone DDS administration group, despite administration once a

month, the results were almost similar to the results of Revia tablet administration group

which is daily orally administered, and from this, it was confirmed that sustained

injection of the present disclosure was better in terms of efficacy and formulation.

[00355] (2) Luxol Fast Blue staining

[00356] On the 3 0th day which is the last day of the experiment, mouse was sacrificed,

prepared and then stained with Luxol Fast Blue, and the spinal cord tissue was

photographed at 50 and 200 magnifications. In Luxol Fast Blue staining, myelin is

stained from blue to green, and nerves are stained purple, and through this, the degree of

demyelination was analyzed in the EAE model by confirming the neural structure in the

spinal cord. Demyelination was analyzed according to the criteria described in Table 38

below and measured as a score.

[00357] [Table 38] Score Matrix staining results for demyelination scoring 0 No demyelination foci or lesion 1 Mild demyelination 2 Moderate demyelination 3 Severe demylelination

[00358] The image of the tissue stained with Luxol Fast Blue was shown in FIG. 21F

and 200 times magnification). Histological scores were shown in FIG. 21G and the

0.001).

[00359] [Table 39] Administration group Mean SEM p-value vs Vehicle vs Fytarex vs Revia Vehicle DDS 1.72 0.51 - < 0.0001 < 0.0001 Fytarex@ (3 mg/kg) 0.14 0.12 < 0.0001 - 0.0120 Revia@ (1 mg/kg) 0.61 0.36 < 0.0001 0.0120 Q-DDS (1 mg/mouse) 0.56 0.34 < 0.0001 0.0196 0.8136

[00360] As shown in FIGS. 21F, 21G, and Table 39, a lot of demyelination occurred in

the carrier-containing DDS administration group with severe spinal nerve damage due to

inflammation, and a decrease in histological score and demyelination in positive controls

(Fytarex and Revia) and Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse administration group was observed

(Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse, 1.72 0.51 vs 0.56 0.34, p < 0.001).

[00361] As a result, in the evaluation of the inflammatory activity of myelitis tissue and

the severity of myelin sheath, the Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse administration group showed a

therapeutic effect compared to the negative control group, and also showed a similar

level of therapeutic effect compared to Fytarex@, the clinically most widely used

standard multiple sclerosis treatment. In addition, in the case of the sustained-injection

naltrexone DDS administration group, despite administration once a month, the results

were better than the results of Revia tablet administration group which is daily orally

administered, and from this, it was confirmed that sustained injection of the present disclosure was better in terms of efficacy and formulation.

[00362] (3) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining using anti-myelin basic protein

(MBP) antibody

[00363] On the 30th day which is the last day of the experiment, mouse was sacrificed,

prepared and then myelin basic protein (MBP) was stained immunohistochemically, and

the spinal cord tissue was photographed at 50 and 200 magnifications. This is to confirm

demyelination through immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody against myelin

basic protein (MBP), a component of myelin.

[00364] The immunohistochemical staining image of the tissue was shown in FIG. 21H

(Vehicle: negative control group, Fytarex @: Fytarex @ administration group, Revia@:

Revia@ administration group, Q-DDS: naltrexone DDS administration group, 50 times

and 200 times magnification). The quantified result of the stained area based on the total

spinal cord cross-sectional area was shown in FIG. 211, and the results were summarized

in Table 40 below (mean standard error mean (SEM), *: p-value <0.05 versus negative

control, **: p-value < 0.01 versus negative control, ***: p-value < 0.001 versus negative

control).

[00365] [Table 40] Administration group Mean SEM p-value vs Vehicle vs Fytarex vs Revia Vehicle DDS 39.72 8.46 - 0.0237 0.0251 Fytarex @ (3 mg/kg) 58.47 8.12 0.0237 - 0.9029 Revia@ (1 mg/kg) 58.23 5.67 0.0251 0.9029 Q-DDS (1 mg/mouse) 56.41 5.99 0.0454 0.4661 0.51514

[00366] As shown in FIGS. 21H, 211, and Table 40, the white matter portion expressing

MBP was decreased in the carrier-containing DDS administration group with severe

inflammation and demyelination, and area expressing MBP in the positive control group

(Fytarex @ and Revia@) was conserved compared to the negative control. The ratio of

MBP positive area/total spinal area was increased in the Q-DDS 1 mg/mouse

administration group compared to the negative control group (Vehicle DDS vs Q-DDS 1

mg/mouse, 39.72 8.46 vs 56.41 5.99, p < 0.0454). As a result, it can be confirmed

that the low-dose Q-DDS administration group preserves the myelin sheath in healthy

state while suppressing the inflammation of the spinal cord and thus reducing

demyelination, thereby showing the therapeutic effect of multiple sclerosis. In addition,

in the case of the sustained-injection naltrexone DDS administration group, despite

administration once a month, the results were better than the results of Revia tablet

administration group which is daily orally administered, and from this, it was confirmed

that sustained-injection of the present disclosure was better in terms of efficacy and

formulation.

[00367] 4. Safety assessment in vivo

[00368] The in vivo safety of the test substance was evaluated by measuring the body

weight of mouse in each administration group of Example 5.1.

[00369] For the safety evaluation of control substance, the test substance, the body

weight of mouse was measured daily from before the start of administration (0 day) to

just before the end of administration (The 3 0 th day), and the body weight (%) of the

mouse for each administration group over the time (day) was shown in FIG. 22.

[00370] As shown in FIG. 22, during the test period, the naltrexone DDS administration

group maintained a higher body weight than the negative control group, and exhibited a

level similar to that of Revia tablet, an oral administration agent. Therefore, it was

confirmed that naltrexone DDS is safe in vivo.

[00371] Example 6. Study on the mechanism of action of low-dose naltrexone

containing microspheres related to autoimmune diseases

[00372] Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is closely related to innate immunity, which is the

first step of the immune response in the body, and is a representative receptor

responsible for regulating the initial immune response and inflammation response, when

there is damage or infection in cells or the body. When TLR4 is activated due to injury

or inflammatory response, NF-B, a sub-regulator of TLR4, is activated to increase the

expression of inflammatory cytokines and secrete inflammatory cytokines into the body

(J. Med. Chem. 2020, 63, 22), 13466-13513).

[00373] The present inventors conducted the following experiment to confirm whether

low-dose naltrexone exerts an antagonistic effect by regulating the activity of TLR4.

[00374] 1. Confirmation of direct binding of naltrexone to MD2

[00375] Naltrexone was purchased from USP (Rockville, MD, USA), and MD2 was

purchased from R&D systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). It was confirmed through

surface plasmon resonance analysis that naltrexone binds to the MD2 protein on TLR4

signaling. As the concentration of naltrexone increased, the binding to MD2 gradually

increased (FIG. 23).

[00376] In the present disclosure, it was revealed for the first time that low-dose

naltrexone binds to MD2, the major active site of TLR4, and these results show that

naltrexone may inhibit TLR4 activity by directly binding to MD2, which is an active

central factor in TLR4 signaling. From these results, it is expected that naltrexone has a

mechanism of curing autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases caused by

abnormal immune responses by targeting a novel target TLR4 signaling molecule and

blocking immune abnormalities or immune overreaction. A schematic diagram of the

mechanism by which low-dose naltrexone affects TLR4 signaling was shown in FIG. 24.

[00377] Hereinafter, it was confirmed whether a low-dose naltrexone capable of

blocking TLR4 signal transduction could inhibit TLR4-mediated inflammatory factors increased by LPS in actual cells.

[00378] 2. Effect of low-dose naltrexone on expression of pro-inflammatory

cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1p, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, iNOS) in human synovial cell lines

[00379] The SW982 cell line (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), a human synovial cell line,

was placed in RPMI 1640 medium (Welgene, Republic of Korea) to which 10% fetal

bovine serum (FBS), 50 IU/ml penicillin, and 50 g/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher

Scientific Inc.) was added, and cultured in a culture system (Sanyo, Japan) under 37°C

and 5% C02 conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

(St. Louis, MO, USA).

[00380] After treating SW982 cells with LPS (1 ug/ml) and naltrexone 200 or 500

ug/ml for 6 hours, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. As a result of

performing RT-qPCR on the synthesized cDNA, it was confirmed that the expression of

pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1i, IL-6, IL-17, iNOS) increased by LPS was

significantly inhibited by 200 or 500 ug/ml of naltrexone (see FIG. 25).

[00381] 3. Effect of low-dose naltrexone on activity of NF-KB in human synovial

cell lines

[00382] After treating SW982 cells with 200 or 500 ug/ml of naltrexone, Western

blotting was performed to confirm whether the activity of NF-KB was inhibited. 1 x Cell

lysis buffer (Cell signaling, CA, USA) was mixed with protease and a phosphatase

inhibitor and added to SW982 cells. After extracting the protein from the cells, the

concentration was measured, and the same amount of protein was developed on an SDS

polyacrylamide gel, and transferred to an ECL nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham

Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, NJ, USA) and blocked with nonfat dried milk for 1

hour. Thereafter, the reaction was performed with the first antibody (p65 NF-KB,

phospho p65 NF-KB or calnexin; Cell signaling, CA, USA), while shaking at 4°C for 24 hours. Then, after shaking and washing 3 times for 10 minutes with PBST buffer, the secondary antibody was incubated with anti-mouse or anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature, and reacted with the protein band on the membrane using Supersignal west pico ECL solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.).

The results were visualized with the Bio-Rad Gel Documentation system (Bio-Rad

Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA), and the results were shown in FIG. 26.

[00383] As shown in FIG. 26, the phosphorylation of p65 NF-KB increased by the

control LPS was inhibited by 200 ug/ml of naltrexone, confirming that the low-dose

naltrexone inhibited the activity of NF-KB.

[00384] 4. Effects of low-dose naltrexone on activity of mitogen-activated protein

kinases (MAPKs) in human synovial cell lines

[00385] After treating SW982 cells with 200 or 500 ug/ml of naltrexone, western

blotting was performed to confirm whether the activity of MAPKs was inhibited.

Western blotting was performed in the same manner as in Example 6. 3. The first

antibody used at this time is an antibody against p-ERK, ERK, p-JNK, JNK, p-p38, p38

and calnexin (Cell signaling, CA, USA), and the secondary antibody is anti-mouse or

anti-rabbit HRP-binding secondary antibody. The results obtained by performing

Western blotting were shown in FIG. 27.

[00386] As shown in FIG. 27, phosphorylation of MAPK increased by LPS as a control

was decreased by 200 or 500 ug/ml of naltrexone. Through this, it can be confirmed that

the low-dose naltrexone according to the present disclosure inhibits the activity of

MAPKs induced by LPS.

[00387] 5. Effect of low-dose naltrexone on expression of pro-inflammatory

cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1p, IL-6, IL-17, iNOS) in murine macrophage cell

[00388] The Raw 264.7 cell line (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), murine macrophage cell line, was placed in DMEM medium (Welgene, Republic of Korea) to which 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 IU/ml penicillin, and 50 g/ml streptomycin (Thermo

Fisher Scientific Inc.) was added, and cultured in a culture system (Sanyo, Japan) under

37°C and 5% C02 conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was purchased from Sigma

Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

[00389] After treating Raw 264.7 cells with LPS (1 ug/ml) and naltrexone 200 or 500

ug/ml for 6 hours, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. As a result of

significantly inhibited by 200 or 500 ug/ml of naltrexone (see FIG. 28).

[00390] 6. Effect of low-dose naltrexone on the activity of NF-KB in murine

macrophage cell

[00391] After treating Raw 264.7 cells with 100, 200, 500 or 1000 ug/ml of naltrexone,

Western blotting was performed to confirm whether the activity of NF-KB was inhibited.

1 x Cell lysis buffer (Cell signaling, CA, USA) was mixed with protease and a

phosphatase inhibitor and added to SW982 cells. After extracting the protein from the

cells, the concentration was measured, and the same amount of protein was developed on

an SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and transferred to an ECL nitrocellulose membrane

(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, NJ, USA) and blocked with nonfat

dried milk for 1 hour. Thereafter, the reaction was performed with the first antibody (p65

NF-KB, phospho p65 NF-KB or calnexin; Cell signaling, CA, USA), while shaking at

4°C for 24 hours. Then, after shaking and washing 3 times for 10 minutes with PBST

buffer, the secondary antibody was incubated with anti-mouse or anti-rabbit HRP

conjugated secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature, and reacted with the

protein band on the membrane using Supersignal west pico ECL solution (Thermo

Fisher Scientific Inc.). The results were visualized with the Bio-Rad Gel Documentation

system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA), and the results were shown in FIG.

29.

[00392] As shown in FIG. 29, it was confirmed that the phosphorylation of p65 NF-KB

increased by the control LPS from a concentration of 500 ug/ml of naltrexone inhibits

the activity of NF-KB.

[00393] 7. Effects of low-dose naltrexone on activity of mitogen-activated protein

kinases (MAPKs) in murine macrophage cell

[00394] After treating Raw 264.7 cells with 100, 200, 500 or 1000 ug/ml of naltrexone,

Western blotting was performed to confirm whether the activity of MAPKs was

inhibited. Western blotting was performed in the same manner as in Example 6. 3. The

first antibody used at this time is an antibody against p-ERK, ERK, p-JNK, JNK, p-p38,

p38 and calnexin (Cell signaling, CA, USA), and the secondary antibody is anti-mouse

or anti-rabbit HRP-binding secondary antibody. The results obtained by performing

Western blotting were shown in FIG. 30.

[00395] As shown in FIG. 30, phosphorylation of MAPKs increased by LPS as a

control group was not inhibited at all treatment concentrations of naltrexone 100, 200,

500, or 1000 ug/ml. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 31, it was confirmed that low-dose

naltrexone did not inhibit the activity of MAPKs induced by LPS in murine macrophage

cells, but inhibited only the activity of NF-KB in the TLR4 receptor mechanism.

[00396] Example 7. Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of naltrexone and 6p

naltrexol on autoimmune inflammatory factors and the regulation of TLR4

signaling factors

[00397] 1. Background and outline

[00398] When naltrexone is orally administered to humans, 6p-naltrexol as a metabolite, is produced in the body due to the first-pass effect and accordingly, in the case of oral preparations, 6p-naltrexol is relatively produced approximately 10 times more than injections. In addition, when administered orally, the deviation of naltrexone and 6p naltrexol production rates between patients is large enough to cause a 128-fold difference between individuals (0.73 to 92.00), and when a 6p-naltrexol production rate is high, side effects including nausea and headache may occur and this has been reported to affect drug efficacy, toxicity, and patient compliance (Journal of Analytical

Toxicology 2014;38:212-217). Although 6p-naltrexol is known to be active against

opioid addiction, which is currently used commercially, it has not been studied whether

naltrexone and its metabolite, 6p-naltrexol show a difference in efficacy against TLR4 in

relation to autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, the present inventors compared the

autoimmune or inflammation inhibitory effects of naltrexone and 6p-naltrexol at the

cellular level for the first time in order to confirm whether the sustained-injection of the

present disclosure exhibits superior effects compared to the oral preparation, and

checked whether TLR4 signaling factors (NF-KB, MAPKs) are regulated.

[00399] Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is closely related to innate immunity, which is the

first step of the immune response in the body, and is a representative receptor

(J. Med. Chem. 2020, 63, 22), 13466-13513).

[00400] IL-i and IL-6 are highly expressed in the synovial membrane, the lesion of

rheumatoid arthritis, and this leads to aggravation of the disease. As a result of a recent

study in muuse with multiple sclerosis, it has been found that IL-1 activates bystander

T cells, which migrate to the spinal cord and release interleukin-17 and interferon

gamma, which are signaling substances that cause autoimmune diseases again and then

damage the central nervous system (Nature Communications volume 10, Article

number: 709 (2019)).

[00401] Recent biologics block the action of TNF-a or IL-6 receptors, directly

interfering with the action of T cells or deplete B cells, and targeted therapies are being

developed to prove the effect of RA treatment, T cell inhibition by abatacept and a

decrease of cytokine signaling by JAK inhibitors, but unmet needs still remain.

[00402] Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (BDMARD) developed by

targeting TNF-a show excellent effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but there

are limitations that patients show only a partial response to the treatment, resistance to

the treatment, and side effects. Multiple sclerosis treatments have also recently improved

the treatment effect due to high efficacy and ease of administration, but they still have a

problem in that they lack efficacy for neuroprotection. Because existing treatment

methods block only one target among several etiological mechanisms, it is thought that

the therapeutic effect decreases or resistance occurs in cases caused by a complex

network of mechanisms.

[00403] On the other hand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a large glycolipid molecule

located in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and is a major inducer of

TLR4-mediated immune responses. It was known that TLR4 induces Myd88 (myeloid

differentiation first response gene 88) and TRIF (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)

domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-13)-dependent pathways, and when

MyD88-dependent pathways are initiated, nuclear factor NF-KB and MAPKs are

activated to induce the expression of cytokines related to autoimmune diseases (see FIG.

32).

[00404] The present inventors confirmed the effect of naltrexone and 6p-naltrexol on

the mechanism of TLR4 activation through LPS stimulation, which is a major causative

agent of immune-inflammatory mediated response.

[00405] 2. Effect of naltrexone and 6P-naltrexol on expression of pro-inflammatory

cytokines (iNOS, IL-1p, IL-6, and TNF-a) in human synovial cell lines

[00406] The SW982 cell line (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), a human synovial cell line,

was placed in RPMI 1640 medium (Welgene, Republic of Korea) to which 10% fetal

and 5% CO2 conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

(St. Louis, MO, USA).

[00407] After treating SW982 cells with LPS (1 ug/ml) and naltrexone (0.5, 1, 10, 100

uM) or 6-naltrexol (0.5, 1, 10, 100 uM) for 6 hours, RNA was extracted and cDNA was

synthesized. By performing RT-qPCR on the synthesized cDNA, it was confirmed

whether the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (iNOS, IL-I1, IL-6, and TNF-a)

increased by LPS was inhibited, and the results were shown in FIG. 33. As a result, it

was confirmed that the expression of cytokines induced by LPS was suppressed at all

concentrations of the treated naltrexone or 6p-naltrexol. In addition, naltrexone exhibited

superior cytokine inhibitory activity than the metabolite 6p-naltrexol. In particular, in the

case of iNOS, there was a significant difference when comparing the inhibitory effects

of 1 uM of naltrexone and 1 uM of 6-naltrexol (p=0.037), and in the case of IL-1,

when the inhibitory effect of 6p-naltrexol versus naltrexone was compared at all

treatment concentrations, there was a significant difference in the cytokine inhibitory

effect of naltrexone (0.5 uM p=0.032, 1 uM p=0.011, 10 uM p=0.003, 100 uM p =

0.009), confirming the excellent inhibitory effect of naltrexone on autoimmune inflammation of naltrexone.

[00408] Since IL- IPis the most potent cytokine that induces autoimmune diseases and

is also an important marker for clinical indicators of autoimmune diseases such as

arthritis, the fact that naltrexone has a higher cytokine inhibitory effect than its

metabolite 6p-naltrexol indicates that the low-dose naltrexone sustained-injection of the

present disclosure exhibits superior effects compared to the oral naltrexone.

[00409] 3. Effect of naltrexone and 6P-naltrexol on expression of pro-inflammatory

cytokines (iNOS, IL-1p, IL-6, and TNF-a) in murine macrophage cell lines

[00410] The Raw 264.7 cell line (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), murine macrophage

cell line, was placed in DMEM medium (Welgene, Republic of Korea) to which 10%

fetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 IU/ml penicillin, and 50 g/ml streptomycin (Thermo

37°C and 5% C02 conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was purchased from Sigma

Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

[00411] After treating Raw 264.7 cells with LPS (1 ug/ml) and naltrexone (0.5, 1, 10,

100 uM) or 6j-naltrexol (0.5, 1, 10, 100 uM) for 6 hours, RNA was extracted and cDNA

was synthesized. By performing RT-qPCR on the synthesized cDNA, it was confirmed

whether the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (iNOS, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a)

increased by LPS was inhibited, and the results were shown in FIG. 34. As a result, it

concentrations of the treated naltrexone or 6p-naltrexol. In particular, in the case of IL

1P, when the inhibitory effect of 6p-naltrexol versus naltrexone was compared, there was

a significant difference at 1OuM (p=0.028) and 1OOuM (p=0.005) treatment

concentrations.

[00412] 4. Effects of naltrexone and 6P-naltrexol on activity of NF-KB or mitogen- activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human synovial cell lines

[00413] After treating SW982 cells with LPS (1 ug/ml) and naltrexone (0.5, 1, 10, 100

uM) or 6-naltrexol (0.5, 1, 10, 100 uM) for 30 minutes, proteins were isolated from the

cells, and Western blotting was performed to conform whether the activity of NF-KB and

MAPKs was inhibited.

[00414] 1 x Cell lysis buffer (Cell signaling, CA, USA) was mixed with protease and a

an SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and transferred to an ECL nitrocellulose membrane

(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, NJ, USA) and blocked with nonfat

NF-KB, phospho p65 NF-KB, p-ERK, ERK, p-JNK, JNK, p-p38, p38 or calnexin; Cell

signaling, CA, USA), while shaking at 4°C for 24 hours. Then, after shaking and

washing 3 times for 10 minutes with PBST buffer, the secondary antibody was incubated

with anti-mouse or anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 hour at room

temperature, and reacted with the protein band on the membrane using Supersignal west

pico ECL solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The results were visualized with the

Bio-Rad Gel Documentation system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA), and

the results are shown in FIG. 35.

[00415] As shown in FIG. 35, it was found that phosphorylation of p65 NF-KB and

MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, p38), which are TLR4 signaling subfactors increased by LPS as

a control group, was inhibited by luM of naltrexone. However, 6-naltrexol had no

inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of p65 NF-B and MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, p38).

[00416] That is, as shown in FIG. 24 or 32, naltrexone effectively regulates the

phosphorylation of p65 NF-B and MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, p38), which are TLR4 signaling subfactors, and thereby it was confirmed that it affects the activity of autoimmune disease-inducing cytokines and the metabolite 6p-naltrexol had no effect on the activity of the TLR4 signaling factor. That is, it could be confirmed that the autoimmune disease response due to LPS-induced TLR4 activity in human synovial cell lines was inhibited by naltrexone, and the metabolite 6p-naltrexol had no effect.

[00417] 5. Effects of naltrexone and 6P-naltrexol on activity of NF-KB or mitogen

activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in murine macrophage cell lines

[00418] After treating Raw 264.7 cells with LPS (1 ug/ml) and naltrexone (0.5, 1, 10,

100 uM) or 6-naltrexol (0.5, 1, 10, 100 uM) for 30 minutes, proteins were isolated from

the cells, and Western blotting was performed to conform whether the activity of NF-KB

and MAPKs was inhibited. Western blotting was performed in the same manner as in

Example 7. 4. The results obtained by performing Western blotting were shown in FIG.

36.

[00419] As shown in FIG. 36, in the experiment on the murine macrophage cell line, it

was found that p65 NF-KB phosphorylation among the TLR4 signaling subfactors

increased by the control LPS was inhibited not only by naltrexone but also by 6p

naltrexol. Both naltrexone and 6p-naltrexol had similar inhibitory effects on p65 NF-KB

phosphorylation. However, unlike the previous human synovial cell line SW982, both

naltrexone and 6p-naltrexol had no inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of MAPKs

(ERK1/2, JNK, p38). That is, as shown in FIG. 31, it was found that naltrexone and its

metabolite 6p-naltrexol did not inhibit LPS-induced MAPKs activity in murine

macrophages, but inhibited only NF-KB activity in the TLR4 activation mechanism.

[00420] Although similar results in both of naltrexone and metabolite 6p-naltrexol were

shown, a clear difference (naltrexone showed a distinct decrease compared to 6p

naltrexol) in the cytokine inhibitory effect experiment performed in the item of Example

7. 4. suggests that there is an additional autoimmune suppression pathway in addition to

the effect through TLR4 in the case of murine macrophage cell line.

[00421] 6. Conclusion

[00422] In this experiment, the effects of naltrexone and 6p-naltrexol on the mechanism

of TLR4 activation through LPS stimulation were compared to confirm whether low

dose naltrexone had an antagonist effect by regulating TLR4 activity. As a result, it was

found that phosphorylation of p65 NF-KB and MAPKs (ERKI/2, JNK, p38), which are

TLR4 signaling subfactors increased by LPS in human synovial cell line (SW982 cell

line), was inhibited from 1 uM in the naltrexone-treated group. However, in 6-naltrexol,

an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of p65 NF-B and MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK,

p38) was not observed. That is, it means that the autoimmune inhibitory effect through

TLR4 by the orally administered naltrexone is due to non-metabolized naltrexone, not

6p-naltrexol.

[00423] In addition, the result of measuring the production amount of cytokines

involved in autoimmunity also showed the same result. When naltrexone was treated

compared to 6p-naltrexol, it showed a better inhibitory effect on cytokines such as IL-6,

TNF-a, and iNOS related with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,

multiple sclerosis, and lupus, and was in particular confirmed that the expression of IL

1p was significantly decreased. The reduction of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a,

iNOS, etc., by naltrexone treatment is an important result indicating that excellent

therapeutic effects may be achieved by inhibiting disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis.

Above all, the result of significantly inhibiting the expression of IL-I1 means that

naltrexone functions as an excellent and effective therapeutic agent for autoimmune

diseases, which regulates the activation and inflammatory response of immune cells.

[00424] In addition, in an experiment conducted in murine macrophage cell line (Raw

264.7 cell), blocking of the NF-B-mediated pathway among the mechanisms acting

through TLR4 was observed in both naltrexone and 6p-naltrexol, and it was confirmed

that it did not act on the MAPK-mediated pathway. However, specifically, in cytokine

inhibition, there was a clear difference between the two substances, and since the distinct

difference was shown in the inhibition rate in IL- , IL-6, TNF-a, iNOS, etc., it suggests

that there are other mechanisms of action that leads to the difference of the inhibition

rate between naltrexone and 6p-naltrexol. This fact also indicates that the main

substance exhibiting an autoimmune inhibitory effect is naltrexone and not 6p-naltrexol.

[00425] In conclusion, it was confirmed that the substance exhibiting an autoimmune

inhibitory effect through TLR4 was naltrexone and not its metabolite 6-naltrexol, and

by confirming the result that naltrexone exhibited a significantly superior autoimmune

inflammatory cytokine inhibitory effect compared to 6p-naltrexol, it was found that the

sustained injection of the present disclosure, may reduce the lowering of the drug

efficacy due to the production of 6p-naltrexol, a representative metabolite occurring in

oral drugs due to the first-pass effect, and may reduce side effects, and the difference in

metabolic rate between individuals, and maximize the bioavailability and effect of

naltrexone in the body, and is superior in terms of safety and effectiveness. In addition,

the present disclosure has a very convenient advantage because it eliminates the

discomfort and pain of daily administration when using the injection, and may achieve

its purpose with a single administration.

[00426] From the results of Examples 6 and 7 above, it was confirmed that it is possible

to treat various autoimmune diseases and immune diseases related to TLR4 by using the

naltrexone microparticles of the present disclosure that may excellently maintain

naltrexone a low dose and effective concentration for a long period of time.

[00427] In addition, if naltrexone is administered at a high dose in a situation with increased inflammation in affected lesion, such as arthritis, the activity of TLR4 in the body might be strongly inhibited and the secretion of inflammatory substances might be temporarily remarkably decreased, but a strong inhibition of TLR4 due to an administration of such a high dose of the naltexone might decrease all of the inflammatory responses in the body, resulting in a sudden loss of immunity. Unlike high-dose administration, the low-dose naltrexone sustained formulation of the present disclosure does not cause a sudden decrease in immunity and maintains a normal immune response and immune system in the patient, even when administered to a patient with an autoimmune disease such as arthritis, while inhibiting TLR4 in the body since it may effectively inhibit the inflammatory response, and thus it will be a safe and excellent method for treating autoimmune diseases.

[00428] From the above description, those skilled in the art to which the present

invention pertains will be able to understand that the present disclosure may be

embodied in other specific forms without changing the technical spirit or essential

characteristics thereof. In this regard, it should be understood that the embodiments

described above are illustrative in all respects and not restrictive. The scope of the

present disclosure should be construed as including all changes or modifications derived

from the meaning and scope of the claims to be described later rather than the above

detailed description, and equivalent concepts thereof.

Claims

1. A sustained formulation for prevention or treatment of autoimmune

disease, comprising microparticles comprising naltrexone or pharmaceutically

acceptable salts thereof, and biodegradable polymers.

2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer

comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of polylactide, polylactic acid,

polylactide-co-glycolide, polylactic-co-glycolic acid, polyphosphazine,

polyiminocarbonate, polyphosphoester, polyanhydride, polyorthoester, polycaprolactone,

polyhydroxyvalate, polyhydroxybutyrate, and polyamino acids.

3. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of glycolide to

lactide in the polylactide-co-glycolide is 50:50 to 90:10.

4. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the biodegradable polymer

comprises one or more of polylactide and polylactide-co-glycolide.

5. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the biodegradable polymer

comprises one or more polylactide and one or more of polylactide-co-glycolide.

6. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the weight ratio of polylactide and

polylactide-co-glycolide is 1:10 to 10:1.

7. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the weight ratio of polylactide and

polylactide-co-glycolide is 1:1 to 2:1.

8. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the biodegradable polymer

comprises two or more of polylactide-co-glycolide.

9. The formulation of claim 8, wherein the two or more polylactide-co

glycolides are polylactide-co-glycolides in a weight ratio of 1:10 to 10:1.

10. The formulation of claim 9, wherein the two or more of polylactide-co

glycolides are polylactide-co-glycolides in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 2:1.

11. The formulation of claim 2, wherein an intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the

polylactide is 0.1 dl/g to 0.5 dl/g.

12. The formulation of claim 2, wherein an intrinsic viscosity of the

polylactide-co-glycolide is 0.1 dl/g to 1.5 dl/g.

13. The formulation of claim 4 or 5, wherein an intrinsic viscosity of the

polylactide is 0.1 dl/g to 0.5 dl/g.

14. The formulation of claim 4 or 5, wherein an intrinsic viscosity of the

polylactide-co-glycolide is 0.1 dl/g to 1.0 dl/g.

15. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the end of the biodegradable

polymer is capped or uncapped.

16. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the residual amount of the solvent

in the microsphere is 1000 ppm or less.

17. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the residual amount of the solvent

in the microsphere is 800 ppm or less.

18. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the solvent is dichloromethane.

19. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer is

stirred with 200 to 400 rpm at 10°C to 20°C for 30 minutes to 2 hours, with 200 to 400

rpm at 25°C to 35°C for 30 minutes to 2 hours, and with 200 to 400 rpm at 35°C to 45°C

for 30 minutes to 4 hours to remove the solvent.

20. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the microparticle comprises

biodegradable polymers and naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a

weight ratio of 1:1 to 10:1.

21. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the microparticle comprises

weight ratio of 2:1 to 5:1.

22. The formulation of claim 1, wherein a median particle size (D50) of the

microparticles is 25 m to 100 [m.

23. The formulation of claim 1, wherein naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is homogenously dispersed in the microparticles.

24. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is a parenteral

formulation.

25. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is an injection for

subcutaneous administration or intramuscular administration.

26. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises 0.1 mg

to 1 g of naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dosage form.

27. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises low

dose naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

28. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is administered

once a day to once a year.

29. The formulation of claim 28, wherein the formulation is administered

once every 1 week to 2 months.

30. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is for

administration at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight to 1 g/kg body weight.

31. The formulation of claim 30, wherein the formulation is for

administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to 500 mg/kg body weight.

32. The formulation of clam 1, wherein the autoimmune diseases are

selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis,

hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Kikuchi disease,

vasculitis, adult onset Still's disease, inflammatory myositis, Behcet disease, IgG4

associated disease, Sjogren syndrome, Giant cell arteritis, Temporal arteritis, type 1

diabetes, atopic dermatitis, Crohn's disease, systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, Grave's

vasculitis (AAV), Antiphospholipid syndrome, Pemphigus, cancer, Autoimmune

hepatitis, Encephalomyelitis, Fibromyalgia, and Psoriatic arthritis.

33. A method for preparing the naltrexone microparticles, comprising:

1) preparing a drug solution by dissolving naltrexone or a pharmaceutically

acceptable salt thereof in a first solvent;

2) preparing a polymer solution by dissolving biodegradable polymers in a

second solvent;

3) mixing and stirring the drug solution and the polymer solution prepared in

steps 1) and 2) to prepare an oily solution;

4) preparing microparticles by applying the oil phase solutionand the aqueous

phase solutionprepared in step 3) to a microparticle (microsphere) production module;

and

5) removing the solvent by stirring the microparticles prepared in step 4).

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the first solvent is dichloromethane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, benzyl alcohol, or a combination thereof.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein the second solvent is methyl acetate,

ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, or a combination thereof.

36. The method of claim 33, wherein steps 1) and 2) are performed

sequentially, simultaneously, or in reverse order.

37. The method of claim 33, wherein in step 3), the drug solution and the

polymer solution are mixed so that the weight ratio of the drug and the polymer is 1: 0.5

to 1:10.

38. The method of claim 33, wherein the aqueous phase solutionis

polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, or

polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution.

39. The method of claim 33, further comprising 6) a step oflyophilizing the

microparticles.

40. Microparticles comprising naltrexone prepared by a method according

to any one of claims 33 to 39.

41. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is administered in

combination with one or more therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases.

42. The formulation of claim 41, wherein one or more therapeutic agents

for autoimmune disease are one or more selected from the group consisting of

methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, adalimumab, etanercept,

infliximab, golimumab, tocilizumab, abatacept, rituximab, tofacitinib, baricitinib,

pepicitinib, upadacitinib, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, interferon beta-la,

interferon beta-lb, ocrelizumab, fingolimod, natalizumab, ozanimod, siphonimod,

alemtuzumab, teriflunomide, cladribine, mitoxantrone, and cyclophosphamide.

43. A method for prevention or treatment of an autoimmune disease

comprising: administering the sustained formulation of claim 1 to an individual by

injection once a week to a year.

44. A pharmaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of

autoimmune diseases, comprising naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt

thereof.

45. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the

pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally.

46. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the

pharmaceutical composition is an injection for subcutaneous administration or

intramuscularadministration.

47. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the

pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.1 mg to 1 g of naltrexone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dosage form.

48. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the

pharmaceutical composition comprises low-dose naltrexone or a pharmaceutically

acceptable salt thereof.

49. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the

pharmaceutical composition is administered in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight to 1

g/kg body weight.

50. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the

pharmaceutical composition is administered in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to 500

mg/kg body weight.