AU2022200539A1

AU2022200539A1 - System and Method for Providing Additives to Internal Combustion Engines

Info

Publication number: AU2022200539A1
Application number: AU2022200539A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Jack Legrant COTTON; Les MAY
Original assignee: Hydrogen Partners Pty Ltd
Current assignee: Hydrogen Partners Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2021-01-27
Filing date: 2022-01-27
Publication date: 2022-08-11
Also published as: AU2021106827A4; AU2022200539A9

Abstract

Mining machines such as continuous miners and chain haulage units may include chain conveyors that are capable of deflecting laterally in order to travel through lateral turns. The chain conveyors may include flight members for pushing or urging material along a pan. The chain may be driven by one or more sprockets. In one independent aspect, a link for a chain conveyor includes a body including a first end a second end opposite the first end, a first opening proximate the first end and extending in a direction transverse to a direction of travel of the link, a second opening proximate the second end and extending in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the link, and a relief opening extending through the link body and positioned between the first end and the second end. 18435223_1 (GHMatter) P118237.AU 1/11 CIO 0 0 dL CU-

Description

1/11

CIO 0

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SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING ADDITIVES TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to method and system for operating combustion engines.

[0002] The invention has been devised particularly, although not necessarily solely, in relation to systems and methods for delivering additives into the engines for improving the combustion occurring in the combustion chambers.

BACKGROUND ART

[0003] The following discussion of the background art is intended to facilitate an understanding of the present invention only. The discussion is not an acknowledgement or admission that any of the material referred to is or was part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of the application.

[0004] Typically, combustion occurring in combustion is incomplete. An incomplete combustion occurs when not all of the energy available in the hydrocarbon fuel (such as diesel) is converted to energy during the combustion process. Incomplete combustion results in increased emissions and reduced fuel efficiency.

[0005] Solutions have been developed for improving the quality of the combustion within the internal combustion engines. An example of such a solution is delivering additives such as hydrogen into the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines.

[0006] In additive delivery systems 10, an additive (hydrogen) is delivered into the combustion chamber (such as shown in figure 5) in order to help burning of the primary fuel (diesel) to ensure complete combustion of the conventional fuel will occur during operation of the engine due to the addition of the additive.

[0007] An example of a fuel delivery system is described in Australian patent application 2017229114 which is herein incorporated by reference. This particular Australian patent application discloses apparatuses, systems, and methods to produce

HHO gas (mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases) in a pressure- resistant container for use in an internal combustion engine to increase fuel efficiency and/or reduce emissions, for example by introducing the HHO gas to one or more air intake ports of the engine.

[0008] Figures 1 to 7 refer to the fuel delivery system as described in Australian patent application 2017229114.

[0009] FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure container housing an HHO gas production apparatus 100. The apparatus comprises an electrolysis cell 102 comprising a spaced stack of electrolysis plates 104 seated within an insulated plate holder comprising a lower portion 106 and an upper portion 108. The lower portion of the insulated plate holder 106 and the upper portion of the insulated plate holder 108 are oriented with respect to each other via alignment pegs 110. Electrolyte solution can be introduced and HHO gas removed from the electrolysis cell through slots 112 in the upper portion of the insulated plate holder 108. The electrolysis cell 102 is contained within a pressure resistant container 117 (the second housing) comprising a top housing 114 and an insulated cover 116. The pressure resistant container 117 comprises a first defined space for holding an electrolyte solution, and a second defined space provisioned to contain and/or store HHO gas.

[0010] When assembled, the lower rim 118 of the top housing 114 is seated in a groove 120 of the insulated cover 116. The pressure resistant container 117 is assembled and sealed with flange assembly 122. The top housing further comprises an electrolyte solution addition port 126 and gas removal port 128. The insulated cover 116 further comprises power terminals 124 used to supply electricity to the electrolysis cell.

[0011] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise cooling coils in the first defined space, whereby heat may be removed from the electrolyte solution.

[0012] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 5 vol.% (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution, for example less 4 vol.%, less than 3 vol.%, less than 2 vol.%, less than 1 vol.%, less than 0.5 vol.%, or the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 0.25 vol.% (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or electrolytes in the range of 0.1-5 vol.%, for example in the range of 0.5-3 vol.% or the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of electrolyte in the range of 1.5-3 vol.% (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may be selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na2C03, NaHC03, NaCI, K2C03, KHC03, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of one or more electrolytes present in the electrolyte solution may be selected, maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20 amps (for example less than 10 amps) at the operating voltage and temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolyte concentration may be lower than the concentration of electrolyte a conventional electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be operated continuously (for example without pulsed width modulation) for a period of time (for example at least 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or indefinitely) without overheating, for example without heating to a temperature in excess of 65 0 C. In certain further embodiments, for example, an ability to operate the electrolysis cell continuously without overheating may be due at least in part to a low electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution and/or a current draw of less than 15 amps (for example less than 10 amps).

[0013] FIG. 2 depicts an electrolysis plate stack 104 comprising five spaced-apart substantially parallel electrolysis plates 104A, 104B, 104C, 104D, and 104E. One of the power terminals 124 may be connected to terminal connector 105A. FIG. 3 depicts an electrolysis plate 104E comprising an electrolyte solution flow port 107E, an electrolyte solution flow and gas removal port 109E, and optional power terminal connector 105E.

[0014] FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution harness with control wiring 400. The HHO gas distribution harness is shown with a communication line 412, a voltage inverter 414 an audible alarm 416 and a programmable electronic control system (ECS) 410 in communication with a programming unit 404 by the programming lines 406. The ECS 410 optionally communicates with an engine control unit (ECU) 408. The ECS 410 is in communication with several sensors, including a knock sensor 418, an exhaust temperature sensor 420, and an HHO gas temperature sensor 422. In operation, HHO gas is introduced to a regulator 424 via supply line 434 and cooled with engine coolant circulated through engine coolant lines 426. Cooled HHO gas is passed through optional HHO line filter 428 and portions of the HHO gas are introduced to HHO gas injectors 430A-H. The ECS is in electrical communication with the control wiring of the HHO production apparatus, not shown, via line 432. FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit 500 for a HHO gas production apparatus 502. Control relay 504 is controlled by temperature switch 506 and pressure switch 508. Control relay 504 controls, via control line 512 power relay 510 configured to regulate power to the HHO gas production apparatus 502. Power to the apparatus is passed through a hi-amp breaker 516 and power relay 510 via power line 514 .

[0015] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an HHS gas delivery system 600. In operation, a power source 602 provides power to an HHO gas production apparatus 604 and a central processing unit (CPU) 606. The CPU 606 receives power through ignition switch controlled line 608. The CPU 606 provides a control signal through a control signal line 610 to a power relay 612 to regulate power to the apparatus 604. HHO gas exits the apparatus 604 through an HHO gas outlet tubing 614 and is passed through the regulator 616 and cooled with engine coolant circulated through engine coolant lines 618(A&B) Cooled HHO gas is then transmitted through a pressure regulated tubing 620 to an HHO gas injector manifold 622. The HHO gas injector manifold 622 distributes portions of the HHO gas through the set of injectors fitted with injector lances 624A, 624B,624C,and 624D.

[0016] FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port 700. In operation, an HHO injector 702 delivers HHO gas proximate an intake valve 704 of a cylinder 716 through an HHO injector lance 710 positioned in an intake port 712 for the cylinder 716. The primary fuel, for example diesel or gasoline, is feed into the combustion chamber 720 via the fuel injector 706. HHO gas injection is timed relative to the position of the piston 714.

[0017] In accordance with particular embodiments described in Australian patent application 2017229114, an additive for improving the performance of an internal combustion engine may be generated. For example, the internal combustion engine may be a light duty high speed diesel engine, a light heavy-duty diesel engine, a medium duty diesel engine, a medium heavy-duty diesel engine, a heavy heavy-duty diesel engine, a nonroad engine, a stationary engine, a locomotive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft engine, a generator set engine, a spark-ignition engine, a compression-ignition engine, nonroad compression-ignition engine, a naturally aspirated engine, a turbocharged engine, a turbo compound engine, a supercharged engine, a direct injection engine, an indirect injection engine, a port injection engine, a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol engine, a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural gas engine, a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine.

[0018] The internal combustion engine may provide power to one or more vehicles or gensets. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more vehicles may be a passenger car, a light duty vehicle, a medium duty passenger vehicle, a truck (for example a passenger truck or a delivery truck), a light duty truck, a medium duty truck, a heavy duty truck, an urban bus, a motorcycle, a passenger car, a four tyre single unit vehicle, a bus, a Class 8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel engine, pleasure boat comprising an internal combustion engine, and a generator set engine.

[0019] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise a pressure resistant container. In certain further embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure in excess of 25 psig, for example a pressure in excess of 50 psig, in excess of 75 psig, in excess of 100 psig, or the pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure in excess of 150 psig. In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure of up to 100 psig, a pressure of up to 125 psig, up to 150 psig, or the pressure resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure of up to 200 psig.

[0020] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 25 psig, for example a pressure in excess of 50 psig, in excess of 80 psig, in excess of 100 psig, in excess of 150 psig, or the electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 200 psig.

[0021] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of an electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 1 day of operation of a host engine (i.e. an engine or engines the electrolysis cell is supplying additive to), for example at least 2 days of operation, at least 1 week of operation, at least 2 weeks of operation, at least 3 weeks of operation, at least 1 month of operation, at least 2 months of operation, at least 3 months of operation, or the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 6 months of operation of the host engine.

[0022] In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 200 miles of driving, for example at least 400 miles of driving, at least 800 miles of driving, at least 1 ,200 miles of driving, at least 5,000 miles of driving, at least 10,000 miles of driving, at least 20,000 miles of driving, or the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 30,000 miles of driving. In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 400,000 crankshaft rotations, for example at least 800,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 1 ,600,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 2,400,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 10,000,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 40,000,000 crankshaft rotations, or the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations.

[0023] In certain embodiments, the second defined space may not be integrated into the high-pressure container where the HHO gas generator is housed. The second defined space may be a separate high-pressure housing configured to receive HHO gas or be detachably connected to the HHO generator (for example for remote or portable delivery). In certain embodiments, the separate second defined space may serve as an additional storage of HHO gas, a primary storage or secondary storage for HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the solution may comprise water and one or more electrolytes. In certain further embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may comprise a metal salt, such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in water. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may be selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na2C03, NaHC03, NaCI, K2C03, KHC03, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0024] In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold at least 1 -quart of the electrolyte solution, for example at least 1/2 gallon, at least 1 gallon, or the first defined space may be configured to hold at least 5 gallons of the electrolyte solution.

[0025] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 5 vol.% (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution, for example less 4 vol.%, less than 3 vol.%, less than 2 vol.%, less than 1 vol.%, less than 0.5 vol.%, or the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 0.25 vol.% (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or electrolytes in the range of 0.1-5 vol.%, for example in the range of 0.5-3 vol.% or the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of electrolyte in the range of 1.5-3 vol.% (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may be selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na2C03, NaHC03, NaCI, K2C03, KHC03, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of one or more electrolytes present in the electrolyte solution may be selected, maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20 amps (for example less than 10 amps) at the operating voltage and temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolyte concentration may be lower than the concentration of electrolyte a conventional electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be operated continuously (for example without pulsed width modulation) for a period of time (for example at least 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or indefinitely) without overheating, for example without heating to a temperature in excess of 65 0 C. In certain further embodiments, for example, an ability to operate the electrolysis cell continuously without overheating may be due at least in part to a low electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution and/or a current draw of less than 15 amps (for example less than 10 amps).

[0026] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a plurality of electrolysis plates. In certain further embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-15 plates, for example in the range of 7-12 plates, or the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-8 plates.

[0027] In certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality of electrolysis plates may have a thickness in the of 0.25-3 mm, for example in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm, or the plurality of electrolysis plates may have a thickness in the of 1-2 mm.

[0028] In certain embodiments, for example, a first one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in the range of 0.25-8 mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality of plates, for example a first one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in the range of 0.5-3 mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality of plates.

[0029] In certain embodiments, for example, the plates may comprise (for example be composed of or be partially or completely coated with) a material that is composed of or comprises a highly conductive and low corrosivity material, for example a material with a higher conductivity higher than 304 stainless steel and a corrosivity in the electrolyte environment of about the same or less than 304 stainless steel. In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise platinum, titanium, iridium, brass, gold, nickel alloy, silver, graphene or a combination of one or more thereof.

[0030] In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of plates may be configured as a stack of approximately parallel plates in fixed relation comprising two end plates and remaining plates spaced an approximately equal distance between adjacent plates. In certain further embodiments, for example, the positive terminal may be attached to one of the end plates and the negative terminal may be attached to the other of the end plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may be fully immersed in the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the positive terminal and the negative terminal may be in electrical and or electrochemical communication only or at least substantially through the plurality of plates and electrolyte solution present in the regions between adjacent plates. In certain embodiments, for example, electrical and/or electrochemical communication through the plurality of plates and electrolyte solution present in the regions between adjacent plates may be increased (for example maximised) by insulating a portion of the plurality of plates, for example by seating the stack of plates in a slot of the pressurised container and/or at least partially isolating the fluid situated between adjacent plates in a plate stack with spacers, gaskets and/or sealants between the adjacent plates.

[0031] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise cooling coils in the first defined space, whereby heat may be removed from the electrolyte solution.

[0032] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise a second defined space provisioned to contain and/or store HHO gas. In certain further embodiments, for example, the second defined space may contain and/or store air-free HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may have a volume of at least 1 quart, at least 2 quarts, at least 1 gallon, at least 2 gallons, at least gallons, at least 10 gallons, or the second defined space may have a volume of at least 25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may have a volume of less than 1 gallon, less than 5 gallons, less than 10 gallons, or the second defined space may have a volume of less than 25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may degrade, be changed, and/or be less effective (for example be at least partially reacted or quenched) by exposure to air. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO may be stored air-free (or at least substantially air-free) for at least 2 weeks (for example at least 1 month) without any noticeable change in performance when used as an additive in the internal combustion engine.

[0033] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providing

HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas flow regulator configured to start and stop a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a plurality of injectors of the internal combustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of greater than 35 0 C, for example of greater than 40 0 C, of greater than 50 0 C, of greater than 60 0 C, or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of greater than 70 0 C.

[0034] In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of less than 90 0 C, for example less than 80 0 C, less than 70 0 C, less than 60 0 C, or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature less than 45 0 C. In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature in the range of 5-800 C, for example in the range of 10-80 0 C, in the range of 5-75 0 C, in the range of 10-700 C, in the range of 10-60 0 C, in the range of 10-55 0 C, in the range of 20-80 0 C, in the range of 10-80 0 C or less than 90 0 C, for example less than 80 0 C, less than 70 0 C, less than 60 0 C, or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature less than 45 0 C.

[0035] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas distribution harness comprising a plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the number of the plurality of lances may be equal to a number of the plurality of the injectors. In certain embodiments, for example, at least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at least a third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a third outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a an air flow port of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve seats of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a second engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a third engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake value of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake valve of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders.

[0036] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for on-demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, a controller, and an HHO injection apparatus. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more pre-determined temperatures. In certain further embodiments, the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds 50 0 C, for example when the exhaust temperature exceeds 75 ° C, 100 ° C, 150 0 C, 175 0 C, or the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds 200 0 C. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 1-5 wt.% when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more of the foregoing pre-determined temperatures, for example the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 5-10 wt.%, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 10-20 wt.%, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 20-50 wt.%, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 50-100 wt.%, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 100-150 wt.%, or the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 150-200 wt.% when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more of the foregoing pre-determined temperatures.

[0037] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for onboard, on demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal combustion engine (for example for a vehicle), comprising: an electrolysis cell configured to produce a required amount of HHO gas; and an HHO gas delivery system configured to distribute the HHO gas to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, distribution of the HHO gas may comprise delivering a portion of the required amount of HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice (for example within 3 inches of the at least one orifice) of a combustion chamber intake valve, wherein said portion of the HHO gas is not introduced to or mixed with combustion intake air until said portion reaches said position and delivering a pre-determined amount of a portion of the HHO gas at a pre-determined time relative to the position of the piston operating within the combustion chamber and/or firing of that combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and the pre-determined amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolysing in the range of 2-30 ounces of electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, for example in the range of 3-16 ounces of electrolyte solution, in the range of 4-10, or the required amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolysing in the range of 5-7 ounces (for example 6 ounces) of electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 300-1000 litres per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of 25 0 C and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the range of 300-900 litres, in the range of 400-800 litres, in the range of 500-700 litres, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 600-700 litres per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of 25 0 C and pressure of 1 atmosphere.

[0038] In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 litres per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of 25 0 C and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the range of 2 7 litres, in the range of 3-4.5 litres, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 3.5-4.5 litres per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of 25 0 C and pressure of 1 atmosphere. In certain embodiments, for example, the foregoing ranges of the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions, for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical driving conditions applicable to the vehicle.

[0039] In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 litres per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20 0 C of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia, for example in the range of 1.5-6 litres, in the range of 2-4 litres, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 2-3 litres per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20 0 C of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, for example, the foregoing ranges of the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions, for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical driving conditions applicable to the vehicle.

[0040] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for onboard, on demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal combustion engine for a vehicle, comprising: an electrolysis cell capable of delivering a required amount of HHO gas of at least litre of HHO. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at least 1.5 litres of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example at least 2 litres, at least 3 litres, at least 4 litres, at least 5 litres, at least 6 litres, at least 7 litres, at least 10 litres, at least 20 litres, or the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at least 30 litres of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering in the range of 1-10 litres of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example in the range of 1-8 litres of HHO gas, in the range of 2-7 litres of HHO gas, or the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering in the range of 2-5 litres of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine. In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be based on the volume of HHO gas delivered from an electrolysis cell at the outlet pressure of the electrolysis cell (for example 45-50 psia). In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be based on a volume of HHO gas as calculated at a standard temperature and pressure (for example, a standard temperature of 25 0 C and a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere). In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be based on the volume of the HHO gas at the outlet temperature and pressure of an engine coolant-cooled flow regulator in communication with at least one HHO gas injector (for example an outlet temperature within 20 0 C of the temperature of engine coolant entering the flow regulator and a pressure of 45 psi above an inlet air pressure of the internal combustion engine.

[0041] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the required amount of HHO gas for at least 5,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine, for example at least 10,000 crankshaft revolutions, 15,000 crankshaft revolutions, 20,000 crankshaft revolutions, or the electrolysis cell may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the required amount of HHO gas for at least 50,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, the temperature of the electrolysis cell may not exceed 80 0 C during operation, for example the temperature of the electrolysis cell may not exceed may not exceed 65 0 C during operation. In certain embodiments, for example, the temperature of the electrolysis cell may not exceed 25 0 C above ambient temperature.

[0042] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage in the range of 11-30 VDC, for example 11-14 VDC, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage in the range of 20-28 VDC. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage of 24 VDC, or the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage of 28 VDC.

[0043] In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of electrolyte present in the electrolyte solution may be selected, maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20 amps, 15 amps, or less than 10 amps at the operating temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on less than 250 watts of DC power, for example the electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on less than 150 watts of DC power. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to have less than 20 ohm of resistance, for example less than 10 ohm, less than 5 ohm, or the electrolysis cell may be configured to have less than 3 ohm of resistance. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to have at least 1 ohm of resistance, for example at least 2 ohm, at least 3 ohm, at least 5 ohm, at least 10 ohm, at least 20 ohm, or the electrolysis cell may be configured to have at least 30 ohm of resistance.

[0044] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method, apparatus, or system to deliver HHO gas into one or more cylinders of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, less than 0.05 litre of the HHO gas per litre of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), less than 0.025 litre of the HHO gas per litre of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), less than 0.01 litre of the HHO gas per litre of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), or less than 0.005 litre of the HHO gas per litre of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa).

[0045] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, method for reducing one or more emissions of an internal combustion engine, comprising: controlling a temperature of an HHO gas by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and delivering an HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at least one intake port of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, one or more engine-out emissions of the internal combustion engine may fall within or meet one or more regulated emission limits for the internal combustion engine according to one or more emission standards specified in Europe (for example the Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV, Euro V, or Euro VI emission standards) and/or by the Environmental Protection Agency (for example the 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, or 2014 Environmental Protection Agency emission standards).

[0046] In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more engine-out emissions may be particulate matter (PM) emissions, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, nitric oxide (NO) emissions, nitrogen dioxide (N02) emissions, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions, non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide (HC+NOx) emissions, nitrogen oxide and non-methane hydrocarbon (NOx+NMHC) emissions, carbon oxide (CO) emissions, carbon dioxide (C02) emissions, fine particle (P 2.5) emissions, ultrafine particle (PMO.i) emissions, number of particles (PN) emissions, non-methane organic gases (NMOG) emissions, formaldehyde (HCHO) emissions, or a combination of one or more of the foregoing emissions.

[0047] In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be based on one or more test procedures. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more test procedures may be the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), the Environmental Protection Agency Transient Test Procedure, the Not-to Exceed (NTE) test, the Supplemental Emission Test (SET), the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), the FTP 72 cycle, the FTP 75 cycle, the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), the US06 test or Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP), the LA92 "Unified" Dynamometer Driving Schedule, the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC), the Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC), the ECE Urban Driving Cycle, the Common Artemis Driving Cycles (CADC), the ADAC Highway Cycle, the RTS 95 Cycle, the ECE R49 cycle, the ESC (OICA) cycle, the ELR cycle, the ETC

(FIGE) cycle, the Exhaust Emission Standards for Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines, according to 40 C.F.R. Part 89 Subpart E, according to 40 C.F.R. Part 1039 Subpart F, or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0048] In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less than 1.0 grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr), for example a PM level of less than 0.02 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less than 0.25 grams per kilometre (g/km), for example a PM level of less than 0.005 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less than 15.8 g/kWh, for example a NOx level of less than 0.268 g/kWh. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less than 0.78 g/km, for example a NOx level of less than 0.012 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HC level of less than 2.6 g/kWh, for example an HC level of less than 0.13 g/kWh. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a THC level of less than 0.29 g/km a THC level of less than 0.10 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 1.3 g/kW-hr, for example an NMHC level of less than 0.19 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 0.108 g/km, for example an NMHC level of less than 0.068 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC+NOx level of less than 21.4 g/kW-hr, for example an NMHC+NOx level of less than 4.0 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HC+NOx level of less than 1.7 g/km, for example an HC+NOx level of less than 0.170 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level of less than 53.6 g/kW-hr, for example a CO level of less than 1.0 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level of less than 6.9 g/km, for example a CO level of less than 0.50 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NMOG level of less than 0.28 g/mi, for example a NMOG level of less than 0.01 g/mi.

[0049] In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HCHO level of less than 0.032 g/mi, for example an HCHO level of less than 0.004 g/mi. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a PN level of less than 6*1012, for example a PN level of less than 6*1011.

[0050] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be delivered at a controlled temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be within 0 C of an engine coolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger positioned upstream of the combustion chamber, such as positioned proximate a regulator for HHO gas flow into the combustion chamber), for example the temperature may be within 15 0 C, within 10 ° C, or the controlled temperature may be within 5 0 C of an engine coolant temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be no more than 20 0 C above an engine coolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger), for example the temperature may be no more than 15 0 C, no more than 10 0 C, or the controlled temperature may be no more than 5 0 C above an engine coolant temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be no more than 20 0 C below an engine coolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger), for example the temperature may be no more than 15 0 C, no more than 10 0 C, or the controlled temperature may be no more than 5 0 C below an engine coolant temperature.

[0051] In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be under pressure when introduced to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 50-500 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, for example in the range of 50-300 kPa above the pressure of an intake port, in the range of 100-200 kPa, in the range of 45-50 psi, or the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 100-150 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the combustion chamber.

[0052] In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 45-50 psi above the pressure of an intake port combustion chamber and at a temperature within 30 0 C of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example, use of the engine coolant to control the temperature of the HHO gas and/or controlling the introduction pressure of the HHO gas (for example by using a pressure regulator) may allow p re-determined amounts of the HHO gas to be introduced to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the aforesaid temperature and/or pressure controls may provide more precise control over the amount of HHO gas introduced into the internal combustion engine in comparison to a system lacking said controls (for example a traditional system for introducing electrolysis gases into an internal combustion engine).

[0053] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may include gasoline engines, diesel engines, turbocharged diesel engines, supercharged diesel engines, direct injection diesel engines, trunk-piston diesel engines, crosshead diesel engines, marine diesel engines, locomotive diesel engines, low-speed diesel engines, medium speed diesel engines, high-speed diesel engines, double-acting diesel engines, 2-stroke engines, 4-stroke engines and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realise a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least %, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40 %, between 40-45%, or between 44-50%.

[0054] In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realise a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least %, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-

%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between 44-50%.

[0055] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to achieve substantially complete combustion, or at least more complete combustion, within the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, more complete combustion may be more than 10%, for example more than %, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than 99% combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, substantially complete combustion may be more than 80%, for example more than 85%, more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than 98%, or more than 99% combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal combustion engine.

[0056] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate more power for the same or lower amount of fuel. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of exhaust aftertreatment systems. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of diesel particulate filter (DPF). In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of selective catalytic reactor (SCR). In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of NOx trap.

[0057] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to introduce an additive (for example an additive exclusive of a petroleum derived fuel) into an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the additive (or booster gas or enhancement gas) comprises hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the additive may substantially comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the additive may predominantly comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the additive may be a product of electrolysis.

[0058] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture (for example an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use as an additive in an internal combustion engine). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich or hydrogen-rich a gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise at least one or more of the following aqueous solution electrolysis components: monatomic oxygen, diatomic oxygen, monatomic hydrogen, diatomic hydrogen, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononuclear oxygen, mononuclear ozone, singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions, hydronium ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and/or mixtures of the same. In certain embodiments, for example, in exemplary embodiments, the gas mixture may be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion and diatomic oxygen, etc.

[0059] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1 , 1.5:1 , 1.25:1 , 1 :1 ,

0.75:1 , or 0.5:1). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture produced may be modified before being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined with an additive and/or the composition of the gas mixture may be modified by adding, recycling or removing portions of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis process may generate a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1 , for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1 and the system may be configured to deliver a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2:1 , for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1.8: 1 or less, such as 1.7: 1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, by removing, or recycling, a portion of the hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate hydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1 , but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, method, or system may be configured to release the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion engine.

[0060] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1 , 1.5:1 , 1.25:1 , 1 :1

, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis process may generate an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1 , for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 2:1 ratio, and the system may be configured to deliver a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 2:1 , for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less by removing, adding or recycling a portion of the hydrogen or oxygen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. In certain embodiments, for example, the system may generate an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5:1 , less than 3:1 , less than 2.75:1 , less than 2.5:1.

[0061] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to result in a more reliably controlled gas mixture generation process. In certain embodiments, for example, the current provided to the system for gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or substantially real time), so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity of gas, for example, in relation to the engine speed and/or demand.

[0062] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to utilise a substantially closed-loop system that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption.

[0063] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to alter combustion (for example diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation. In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realise a reduction in particulate formation of greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 25%, greater than 30%, greater than

%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95% or close to 100%.

[0064] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an oxidiser in an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidisers may be at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least %, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50%. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidisers may be between 5-50%, such as between 10 %, between 15-25%, between 20-30%, between 25-35%, between 30-40%, between -45%, or between 40-50%.

[0065] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for distributing the oxidiser for more even air/fuel mixture.

[0066] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speed combustion, enhance combustion, and/or increase the extent of combustion.

[0067] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine's intake system. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may displace air within the engine's intake system with the gas mixture, resulting from the gas mixture generator system. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may be used to create a shorter combustion process that lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing at least a portion of the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing a substantial portion (for example greater than 95 wt.%), of the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solution and storing the gas mixture in a storage tank instead of introducing the gas mixture into the engine's intake. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate an optimised or partially optimised quantity of a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueous solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in the range of between 1 7.5 litres of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.9, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 litres of gas per minute, and/or produce in the range of between 0.08-0.75 litres of gas per minute per litre of engine displacement, such as 0.1 , 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29, 0.3, 0.32, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 litres of gas per minute per litre of engine displacement. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in the range of between 0.25-3 litres of gas per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5, between 0.25-2, between 0.25-1.5, between 0.25-1 , between 0.25-0.50, between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5, between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1 , between 1-2, between 1-3, between 1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between 1.5-2, between 2-2.5, between 2.5-3 litres of gas per minute.

[0068] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system or apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an internal combustion engine, the system or apparatus comprising a tank configured to store an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may further comprise a cell (i.e. an electrolytic cell) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution. In certain further embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially parallel to one another and be spaced substantially equidistant from an adjacent one of the plurality of plates, and at least one seal located between the plurality of plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one seal may comprise a relatively hard plastic portion with a first thickness for maintaining the predetermined distance between adjacent plates, and a relatively soft sealing portion, typically, a soft, often rubber or rubber-like portion, with a second thickness for maintaining the substantially airtight and substantially watertight seal between adjacent ones of the plurality of plates.

[0069] In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may further comprise a controller configured to apply a pulse width modulated voltage to the cell to generate the gas mixture within the cell. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controller may be configured to regulate the current provided to the cell by controlling the duty cycle of the pulse width modulated voltage. In certain embodiments, for example, the duty cycle may be controlled in real time and/or substantially real time.

[0070] In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may further comprise an output for outputting the gas mixture to the internal combustion engine.

[0071] In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be input into the tank prior to being output to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be output to the internal combustion engine without being input into the tank. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be stored in the tank without being output to the internal combustion engine under certain operating conditions. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas generation system or apparatus may be integral with the gas storage tank.

[0072] In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may be manufactured of a material that is non-conductive.

[0073] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may be a metal salt, such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in water. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may be one selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na2C03, NaHCOs, NaCI, K2C03, KHC03, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0074] In certain embodiments, for example, the size of the tank may be selected such that the aqueous solution occupies less than 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, or 3/4, the volume of the tank during operation. In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may have a capacity of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 litres. In certain embodiments (for example for larger applications), for example, the tank may be even larger. In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may comprise multiple tanks.

[0075] In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise at least two plates, a first plate configured to be coupled to a positive terminal of a voltage source and a second plate configured to be coupled to a negative terminal of the voltage source. In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may further comprise at least one neutral plate configured in a series relationship to the first plate and the second plate. In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least6, at least7, at least8, at least 9, at least 10, at least11 , at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at least 15 neutral plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the number of neutral plates may be selected to obtain a desired voltage drop between the plates.

[0076] In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion of the at least one seal may be positioned on an inner edge of the hard plastic portion of the seal.

[0077] In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be located on the outer edge of hard plastic portion. In certain embodiments, for example, the seal may comprise at least two soft plastic portions - a first soft plastic portion may be located between the interface of the hard plastic portion and a first one of the adjacent plates and a second soft plastic portion may be located between the interface of the hard plastic portion and a second one of the adjacent plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft plastic portion may surround the hard plastic portion of the seal. In certain embodiments, for example, the thickness of the soft rubber portion may be larger than the thickness of the hard plastic portion of the seal. In certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be 0.002", 0.003", 0.004", 0.005", 0.006"", 0.007", 0.008", 0.009", 0.010", 0.0125", 0.025", 0.0375", 0.050", 0.0625", or 0.075" thick. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be 0.002", 0.003", 0.004", 0.005", 0.006", 0.007", 0.008", 0.009", 0.010", 0.011", 0.012", 0.13", 0.014", 0.030", 0.038", 0.055", 0.0675", or 0.080" thick. In certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be manufactured from a material selected such that the hard plastic portion does not significantly react with the aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyphthalamide (PPA), styrene, nylon, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be manufactured from a material selected such that the soft rubber portion does not significantly react with the aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be manufactured from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).

[0078] In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be a turbocharged diesel engine and the gas mixture may be input into the turbocharged diesel engine up stream of an intake valve or valves. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may comprise a nonroad engine, a stationary engine, a locomotive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft engine, or a generator set engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may comprise a spark-ignition engine, a compression-ignition engine, a naturally aspirated engine, a turbocharged engine, a turbo compound engine, a supercharged engine, a direct injection engine, an indirect injection engine, or a port injection engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may comprise a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol engine, a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural gas engine, a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine.

[0079] In certain embodiments, for example, the scrubber may comprise a switch configured to sense excess liquid and/or moisture in the form of foam in the gas stream and shut-off the electrolysis process to prevent the excess moisture from entering the internal combustion engine, and/or the accumulation of the gas mixture.

[0080] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to realise a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least %, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between -20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between 44 %.

[0081] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner.

[0082] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, such as an oxygen-rich, oxygen hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-rich oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be a low temperature plasma. In certain embodiments, for example, the plasma may be a cleaner plasma than that produced by other systems and/or methods. In certain embodiments, for example, the plasma may be an oxygen rich plasma. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich or a hydrogen-rich gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise at least one or more of the following: aqueous solution electrolysis components: monatomic oxygen, diatomic oxygen, monatomic hydrogen, diatomic hydrogen, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononuclear oxygen, mononuclear, ozone, singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions, hydronium ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and/or mixtures of the same. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion and diatomic oxygen, etc. In certain embodiments, for example, the oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich gas mixture, an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-rich oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than 1.75:1 , less than 1.5:1 , less than 1.25:1 , less than 1 :1 , less than 0.75:1 , or a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than 0.5:1 , etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture produced may be modified before being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined with an additive and/or the composition of the gas mixture may be modified by adding or removing portions of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, an electrolysis process may generate a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio in the range of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1 , for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1 , and an apparatus, system, or method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2:1 , for example a ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, by removing, or recycling, a portion of the hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of generating a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, system, or method may be configured to enable the release of the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, erein may comprise methods capable of producing a gas mixture that is approximately two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1 , 1.5:1 , 1.25:1 , 1 :1

, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, an electrolysis process may generate between an oxygen to hydrogen ratio in the range of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1 , for example a 2:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen and the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 2:1 , for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5:1 , less than 3:1 , less than 2.75:1 , less than 2.5:1 oxygen to hydrogen.

[0083] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to more reliably controlled gas mixture generation process. In certain embodiments, for example, the current provided for gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or substantially real time), so a predetermined quantity of gas is consistently produced.

[0084] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to utilise a substantially closed-loop method of electrolysis that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption.

[0085] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems capable of altering combustion (for example diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation. In certain embodiments, for example, the methods may be capable of achieving a reduction in particulate formation from an internal combustion engine of greater than 5%, for example greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 25%, greater than 30%, greater than 35%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than %, greater than 95% or close to 100%. In certain embodiments, for example, the concentration of an oxidiser in an internal combustion engine may be increased. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidisers may be at least 5%, for example at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least %, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50%. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidisers may be in the range of between 5 %, such as between 5-25%, between 10-20%, between 10-40%, between 15-25%, between 20-30%, between 25-35%, between 25-50%, between 30-40%, between 40 %, between 35-45%, or between 40-50%.

[0086] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to distribute the oxidiser for more even air/fuel mixture.

[0087] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speed combustion and/or increase combustion completion.

[0088] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine's intake system.

[0089] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to create a shorter combustion process that lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides.

[0090] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to generate an optimised or partially optimised quantity of a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueous solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the range of between 1-7.5 litres of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.9, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 litres of gas per minute, and/or produce in the range of between 0.08-0.75 litres of gas per minute per litre of engine displacement, such as 0.1 , 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29, 0.3, 0.32, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 litres of gas per minute per litre of engine displacement. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the range of between 0.25-3 litres of gas per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5, between 0.25-2, between 0.25-1.5, between 0.25-1 , between 0.25-0.50, between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5, between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1 , between 1-2, between 1-3, between 1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between 1.5-2, between 2-2.5, between 2.5-3 litres of gas per minute.

[0091] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to reduce the particulate emissions of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method may comprise the steps of generating a gas mixture for use within the internal combustion engine and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion engine during operation of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method may comprise: generating a gas mixture for use within the internal combustion engine, and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion engine during operation of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be generated in substantially real time relative to the consumption of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be generated onboard the vehicle during operation of the internal combustion engine.

[0092] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems wherein a tank may be at least partially filled with an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may perform electrolysis of the aqueous solution within a cell (i.e. an electrolytic cell) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution.

EXAMPLES

[0093] Table 1

Peforrnaice Featurs Uncoated versus Coatd Plates

Electrlyte Concentration Uncated plates required approximately 3 tires greater E~ecto~yteconcentration.

HHO Gas Production Uncoated plates produced approximately 50% less HHO gas. After 4 hours of testing, the cells wlth uncoated plates had Current Draw a noticeably lower electrolyte level resulting in lower current draw.

[0094] Experimental Note: Iridium-coated plates performed similar to platinum coated plates

[0095] Example 2: A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different plates. In a first cell, 7 platinum coated stainless steel plates were used and in a second cell 5 platinum coated stainless steel plates were used. The current draw was kept essentially the same for both cells during the test procedure, by adjusting the concentration of the electrolyte in the 7-plate cell to almost twice the concentration of the 5-plate cell. All other conditions were essentially identical. The following table reports the results.

Performance Featre 5PlatesVersus 7 Plates HHO Gas Production 5 plates produced 2-25% more HHO gas.

[0096] It is against this background that the present invention has been developed.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0097] According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided an apparatus for generating additive for an internal combustion engine, the apparatus comprising a first housing defining an interior for containment of an electrolysis cell configured to generate the additive from an electrolyte solution, first and second cooling systems for reducing the temperature of the electrolysis cell and the interior of the apparatus, and a second housing for containment of the electrolysis cell, wherein the first coiling system is adapted to reduce the temperature of the interior, the second cooling system is adapted to reduce the temperature of the electrolysis cell, and the first housing is adapted to isolate the interior of from the exterior of the first housing.

[0098] Preferably, the first cooling system comprises an intake made in the housing to permit air to enter the interior of the housing, a fan attached to a side wall having an outlet to permit exit of the air entering the housing and sucked by the fan, wherein the inlet and the fan are arranged with respect to each other to permit the air flow to surround the electrolysis cell for removal of heat therefrom.

[0099] Preferably, the intake comprises a cap.

[00100] Preferably, the first housing further comprises a plenum attached to the outer surface of the side wall for receiving the air sucked by the fan, the plenum having at least one opening for air to exit the plenum to dissipate into the exterior of the housing.

[00101] Preferably, the plenum comprises a lower opening and a plurality of side openings.

[00102] Preferably, each side opening comprises a slanted wing member.

[00103] Preferably, the first cooling system further comprises a snorkel fluidly connected to the intake of the housing.

[00104] Preferably, the snorkel comprises a snorkel head pre-cleaner intake.

[00105] Preferably, the second cooling system comprises heat exchanger means located in the electrolysis cell, coolant lines, a radiator attached between the fan and in inner surface of the side wall of the first housing and a cooling container located within the interior for storing cooling medium, the heat exchanger means, the coolant lines, the cooling container, and the radiator being fluidly connected with respect to each other to define a closed circuit containing the cooling medium for removing the heat from the interior of the second housing containing the electrolysis cell.

[00106] Preferably, the second housing comprises a top housing having a lower rim and at least one insulated cover having a groove configured to avoid the O-Ring from being pressed out of the groove as the rim is inserted in the groove.

[00107] Preferably, the groove comprises a stepped wall defining a lower channel and an upper channel for receiving the rim of the housing, the stepped wall comprises a stepped portion for receiving at least a portion of the rim.

[00108] Preferably, the rim either comprises an upper rim or a lower rim and the insulated cover either comprises an upper insulated cover or a lower insulated cover.

[00109] Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a flow regulator configured to start and stop a flow of the additive from the electrolysis cell to a plurality of injectors.

[00110] Preferably, the plurality of injectors are configured to deliver air-free HHO gas to within 3 inches of at least one combustion chamber inlet orifice of the engine.

[00111] Preferably, the air-free additive is delivered from at least one lance attached to at least one of the plurality of injectors.

[00112] Preferably, wherein separate portions of the air-free additive are delivered to each combustion chamber from a plurality of different lances, and wherein each of the plurality of lances is attached to a different injector of the plurality of injectors.

[00113] Preferably, the additive pressure regulator is at least partially controlled relative to an intake manifold pressure of the internal combustion engine.

[00114] Preferably, the injectors are configured to deliver air-free additive to a plurality of air intake valves wherein at least one injector of the plurality of injectors is positioned proximate at least one combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine and at least a second injector of the plurality of injectors is positioned proximate a second combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine.

[00115] Preferably, at least one of the plurality of injectors comprises a lance configured to deliver a portion of the air-free additive to within 3 inches of a combustion inlet orifice.

[00116] Preferably, the additive comprises hydrogen.

[00117] Alternatively, the additive comprises HHO gas.

[00118] Preferably, the housing comprises anti-vibration mounts.

[00119] According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a system for an internal combustion engine comprising an apparatus for generating additive for an internal combustion engine in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, the system further comprising: i. a pressure-resistant container comprising: (a) an electrolysis cell configured to generate an additive from an electrolyte solution; and (b) a storage volume to hold a volume of the additive at a pressure greater than 40 psia; i. a multi-point gas distribution system comprising a plurality of control valves to distribute separate portions of the additive to multiple locations about the internal combustion engine; and ii. a multi-point gas distribution control system that controls the plurality of control valves to control the amount and timing of the delivery of the additive to the multiple locations about the internal combustion engine.

[00120] Preferably, at least one of the multiple locations comprises at least one air intake orifice.

[00121] Preferably, the multi-point gas distribution control system is configured to deliver at least a portion of the additive in a timed sequence based on an intake stroke timing of the at least one air intake orifice.

[00122] Preferably, at least a second one of the at least one of the multiple locations comprises at least one air intake orifice.

[00123] Preferably, the multi-point gas distribution control system is further configured to deliver at least a second portion of the additive in a timed sequence based on an intake stroke timing of the at least one air intake orifice of the at least second one of the at least one of the multiple locations.

[00124] Preferably, the multi-point gas distribution system is configured to provide an average of 1 -5 litres of the additive per 120,000 crankshaft revolutions.

[00125] Preferably, the system further comprises an engine control unit (ECU) comprising data storage means permitting storing information of data representative of performance of the system.

[00126] In an arrangement the ECU comprises a Motec engine control unit, model Lite-M130.

[00127] According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a pressure resistant container comprising:

(a) a first defined space for holding an electrolyte solution;

(b) a plurality of electrolysis plates retained within the first defined space; and

(c) a second defined space configured to store an additive at a pressure in the range of 45-50 psia in the absence of air, the volume of the second defined space is in the range of 80-120% of the volume of the first defined space, wherein the electrolysis cell comprises a housing having a rim and at least one insulated cover having a groove configured to avoid the O-Ring from being pressed out of the groove as the rim is inserted in the groove.

[00128] Preferably, the groove comprises a stepped wall defining a lower channel and an upper channel for receiving the rim of the housing, the stepped wall comprises a stepped portion for receiving a portion of the rim.

[00129] Preferably, the rim either comprises an upper rim or a lower rim and the insulated cover either comprises an upper insulated cover or a lower insulated.

[00130] Preferably, the electrolysis cell further comprises a heat exchanger connected to a gas outlet of the electrolysis cell.

[00131] Preferably, the electrolysis cell further comprises a controller, pressure sensor, and temperature sensor, the controller configured to: i. shut off electrolysis when the pressure of the additive exceeds 50 psia and/or when the temperature of the electrolysis cell exceeds 125 °F; and ii. start electrolysis when the pressure of the additive falls below 45 psia and temperature of the electrolysis cell is below 125 °F.

[00132] Preferably, the additive comprises HHO gas.

[00133] According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a method for reducing emissions of an internal combustion engine, comprising: i. controlling a temperature of an additive by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and ii. delivering an additive at the controlled temperature to at least one intake port of the internal combustion engine, iii. wherein the additive is generated in the apparatus in accordance with the first aspect of the invention.

[00134] Preferably, the method further comprises producing the additive by electrolysis in an electrolyte solution containing an alkaline aqueous solution.

[00135] Preferably, the aqueous solution comprises K2CO3.

[00136] Preferably, the concentration of the aqueous solution in the electrolyte is between about 42 grams/US gallon to 62 grams/US gallon.

[00137] According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided a method for saving fuel, comprising: i. controlling a temperature of an additive by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and ii. delivering an additive at the controlled temperature to at least one intake port of the internal combustion engine, iii. wherein the additive is generated in the apparatus in accordance with the first aspect of the invention.

[00138] Preferably, the method further comprises producing the additive by electrolysis in an electrolyte solution containing an alkaline aqueous solution.

[00139] Preferably, the aqueous solution comprises K2CO3.

[00140] Preferably, the concentration of the aqueous solution in the electrolyte is between about 42 grams/US gallon to 62 grams/US gallon.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00141] Further features of the present invention are more fully described in the following description of several non-limiting embodiments thereof. This description is included solely for the purposes of exemplifying the present invention. It should not be understood as a restriction on the broad summary, disclosure or description of the invention as set out above. The description will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[00142] Figure 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure container housing an HHO gas production apparatus;

[00143] Figure 2 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate stack;

[00144] Figure 3 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate;

[00145] Figure 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution harness with control wiring;

[00146] Figure 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit for a HHO gas production apparatus;

[00147] Figure 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system;

[00148] Figure 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port equipped with a HHO gas injector and lance;

[00149] Figure 8 is a schematic drawing of a cross section of a details of a particular arrangement of an insulated bottom cover in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention;

[00150] Figure 9 is a schematic view of an electrolysis cell;

[00151] Figure 10 is a perspective view of a side wall of a particular arrangement of an electrolysis cell in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention;

[00152] Figure 11 is a perspective view of a side wall of another arrangement of an electrolysis cell in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention;

[00153] Figure 12 is a perspective view of the control panel;

[00154] Figure 13 is a perspective view of a particular arrangement of an electrolysis cell in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention; and

[00155] Figure 14 is a schematic illustration of a particular arrangement of the system in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT(S)

[00156] Figures 8 to 14 refer to particular arrangements of additive delivery system in accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention, in particular the additive delivery system 10 comprises an apparatus 900 for generating an additive for an internal combustion engine.

[00157] The additive is generated in the apparatus 900. In a particular arrangement, the additive comprises hydrogen. The additive, when being injected in the cylinders, of the internal combustion engine having the primary fuel (such as diesel), accelerates burning of the primary fuel, in particular the additive increases the speed of flame front propagation resulting in a cleaner combustion and reducing consumption of the primary fuel.

[00158] Referring to figure 14, figure 14 shows a schematic view of a particular arrangement of an additive delivery system 10 for use in conjunction with internal combustion engines, in particular, diesel internal combustion engines of, for example, trucks including a driver cab 1410.

[00159] The driver cab 1410 of a particular truck comprises the engine control unit (ECU) 1412 acting as the control system of the additive delivery system 10. The ECU 1412 is operatively connected to the apparatus 900 comprising an electrolysis cell 100 for generating the additive (such as HHO, more particularly hydrogen) in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention.

[00160] The ECU 1412 controls the injection of a measured quantity of the additive to each cylinder of the internal combustion engine at a precise time, based on inputs from the engine cam, crank and MAP; for this the ECU 1412 is operatively connected to the engine bay 1414. The additive is delivered to each cylinder via a distribution system such as depicted in figures 4 and 5 and described in the Background Art Section. A fuel line provides bulk hydrogen from the hydrogen generation unit to the manifold 622 (see figure for example figure 6). Injectors fitted to the manifold 622 and controlled by the ECU deliver particular quantities of hydrogen to each cylinder.

[00161] Further, in one arrangement, the apparatus 900 comprises an electrolyser 1416 comprising the electrolysis cell 100 for generating hydrogen (the additive). The hydrogen is produced from distilled water via electrolysis. Cooling for the electrolyser tank is via a closed glycol circuit. The glycol circuit includes a tank, pump, radiator and fan to be described below and depicted in figure 13). A distilled water reservoir provides top up distilled water to the electrolyser via a pump. An electrical board within the electrolyser provides 12/24V power supply, relays and control harness connections. A circuit breaker is fitted for the power supply into the electrolyser 1416.

[00162] In an arrangement of the present embodiment of the invention, the electrolyser 1416 comprises an electrolyte solution having an alkaline solution, in particular K2CO3. In a particular arrangement, the concentration of the alkaline solution is between 42 grams to 62 grams.

[00163] Further, in one arrangement, the number of plates contained in the electrolyser 1416 varies depending on the voltage used for running the electrolyser 1416. Electrolysers 1416 having five plates are operated with a 12 volt electric energy power supply; electrolysers 1416 having 10 plates are operated with a 24 volt electric energy power supply.

[00164] Figure 8 is a schematic drawing of a cross section of a detail of a particular arrangement of an insulated cover 116 of the electrolysis cell 100.

[00165] As described in the background art section, the electrolysis cell 100 comprises a pressure resistant container 117 (the second housing) comprising a top housing 114 having a lower rim 118 to be received within a groove 120 of the lower insulated cover 116 during assembly of the electrolysis cell 100.

[00166] The groove 120 comprise an O-ring (not shown for illustration purposes) located within the groove 120 for sealing purposes.

[00167] In accordance with the present embodiment of the invention and in contrast with respect the prior art the groove 120 is configured as a trapped O-ring design to avoid the O-Ring (whilst being inside the groove 120) from being pressed out of the groove 120 as the lower rim 118 is inserted in the groove 120.

[00168] In the particular arrangement of figure 8, the groove 120 comprises a stepped wall 810 defining a lower channel 812 and an upper channel 814 for receiving the lower rim 118 of the housing 114 as shown in figure 8.

[00169] When the electrolysis cell 100 is assembled, the lower rim 118 is received within the upper channel 814 (whilst the O-ring is positioned in the lower channel 812) resting on a stepped portion 816 as well as the O-ring; thus, a seal is formed impeding fluid from leaking through the joint of the lower rim 118 and the insulated cover 116.

[00170] Similarly, in a particular arrangement, the top housing 114 of the electrolysis cell comprises also an upper rim, and an upper end cover having a groove 120 configured to avoid the O-Ring from being pressed out of the groove as, respectively, the upper rim is inserted in the groove 120 of the upper insulated cover.

[00171] Figure 9 is a perspective view of the apparatus 100 in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention.

[00172] As shown in figure 9, the apparatus 900 comprises a housing 910 adapted to isolate the interior of the housing 910 from the exterior of the housing 910 but include cooling systems (the first and second cooling systems) adapted to be in contact with the exterior of the housing 910.

[00173] It is particularly advantageous that the housing 910 isolates the interior of the housing 910 from its exterior because it impedes water, dust, debris and mineral ore residue from entering the housing 910 thus impeding, for example, damage to the equipment located within the housing 910. For example, for vehicles and engines and power plants located in mining regions of iron ore (typically in the Australian outback) it is essential that the iron ore dust does not enter the housing 910 because iron or dust, when inside the housing 910 can be deposited on electric contacts of electrical components 1210 such as relays shown in figures 12 and 13, for example) resulting in short-circuiting of the electrical components (of the control panel 1300 contained in the housing 910 leading to equipment malfunction.

[00174] Further, the housing 910 comprises side walls 912 and 914, a door 916 for closing the side 918 (show open in figure 9) of the housing 910 and top wall 917 and bottom wall 920. As shown in, for example, figure 9, the side 918 comprises an opening (and a door for closing the opening) defining an inner periphery having a gasket attached around the entire inner periphery of the side 918 of the housing 910; in this manner, when the door 916 is in the closed condition, the interior of the housing 910 is isolated from the exterior.

[00175] Furthermore, as shown on figure 9, the housing 910 may comprise anti vibration mounts 922. This is particularly useful, because it allows using the apparatus on mobile equipment (trucks and mining equipment) in circumstances where the housing will be subject to vibrations such as for example, when the system 10 (in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention) is used in vehicles travelling over uneven roads or outback.

[00176] Moreover, the electrolysis process occurring in the electrolysis cell 100 generates heat requiring extracting heat from the interior of the housing 910; this is particularly true in view that, as mentioned above, the housing 910 is adapted to isolate its interior from the exterior environment to, for example, avoid entrance of debris and mining ore dust.

[00177] Referring now to figure 10, in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention, the apparatus 900 comprises cooling system 1010 (the first cooling system). The fact that the housing 910 of the apparatus 900 is isolated from the exterior results in that a relatively large quantity of heat is formed within the housing 910 due to (1) the electrolysis phenomena, and (2) the fact that the system in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention may operate in outback environments where relatively high temperatures can occur; this is particular true for trucks and power plants operating in Australian mining environments.

[00178] The first cooling system 1010 is based on a flow of air flowing entering the housing 910 (the first housing) from a location at the top wall 917 of the housing 910 flowing around the housing 114 (the second housing) of the electrolysis cell 100 and being extracted via a fan 1014 located at the interior of the housing 910 and adjacent the side wall 912 of the housing 910 and onto the outlet made into the side wall 912. The cooling system 1010 is configured such that the air flow enters in contact with the housing 114, thus, removing the heat from the housing 114 (generated due to the electrolysis phenomena occurring therein) and being drawn out by the fan 1014 with the objective of discharging out of the housing 910 of the HHO gas production apparatus 900.

[00179] In particular, as shown in figure 10, the housing 910 comprises an air intake 1016 at the top wall 917 located adjacent the top of the housing 114 in order that, the air entering the intake 1016, flows onto the housing 114.

[00180] The air intake 1016 comprises an inlet filter 1018 to avoid, for example, dust, contaminants fluid (e.g. rain water and debris) to enter the housing 910.

[00181] Further, the housing 910 comprises the outlet located of the side wall 912 to allow exit of the air flow. As shown in figures 10 and 11, there is provided an exhaust plenum 1020. The plenum 1020 is attached to the side wall 912 and provides a space for receiving the discarded heated air exiting the housing 910. In the particular arrangement shown in figure 10, the plenum 1020 comprises a lower opening 1022 and a plurality of side openings 1026a to 1026c. In alternative arrangement, the plenum 1020 may only comprise the lower opening 1022 as is shown in figure 9.

[00182] Further, as shown in figure 11, each side opening 1026 comprises a slanted wing member 1030 to divert dust, debris, rain and water from entering the housing 910.

[00183] Further, in alternative arrangements, there may be provided an inlet filter (not shown) fluidly connected to the air intake 1016 permitting the vehicles to operate in dusty environments . In an arrangement, there may be provided an air inlet filter fluidly connected to the air intake 1016 connection on the top of the housing via a flexible connection for defining a snorkel having an inlet that may be located at a spaced apart location of the apparatus 900. In an arrangement, the snorkel comprises a snorkel head pre-cleaner intake.

[00184] Furthermore, in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention there may be provided a Motec engine control unit (ECU) 408; in particular, the model Lite-M130. This ECU model is particularly useful because it comprises data storage means permitting storing information of data representative of performance of the system 10 allowing performance monitoring and trouble shooting in case any adverse change in the operation of the system 10.

[00185] Referring to figure 13, figure 13 shows the interior of the apparatus, in particular of the second housing 900 including a cooling system (the second cooling system) for removing heat generated by from the electrolysis process out of the first housing 114. As shown in figure 13, the apparatus 900 comprises a cooling container 1300 for containment of coolant fluid to act as a cooling medium (such as ethylene glycol) for convective heat transfer to occur for removal of heat from the housing 114 of the electrolysis cell 100.

[00186] Referring to figure 10, the second cooling system comprises heat exchanger means 1024 (such as a tubular coil permitting fluid to flow therethrough) within the second housing 100, coolant lines 1028, a circulating pump and a radiator 1012 located between the fan 1014 and the side wall 912 having attached thereto the exhaust plenum 1020.

[00187] The heat exchanger means 1024, coolant lines 1028, a circulating pump and a radiator 1012 are fluidly connected to each other to define a closed circuit containing the cooling medium for removing the heat from the interior of the second electrolysis cell 114.

[00188] Modifications and variations as would be apparent to a skilled addressee are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention.

[00189] Further, it should be appreciated that the scope of the invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments disclosed. These embodiments are intended for the purpose of exemplification only. Functionally equivalent products, formulations and methods are clearly within the scope of the invention as described herein.

[00190] Reference to positional descriptions, such as lower and upper, or inner and outer, are to be taken in context of the embodiments depicted in the figures, and are not to be taken as limiting the invention to the literal interpretation of the term but rather as would be understood by the skilled addressee.

[00191] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprise", "comprises", "comprising", "including", and "having", or variations thereof are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[00192] Although terms such as first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as "first", "second", and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.

[00193] Spatially relative terms, such as "inner", "outer", "beneath", "below", "lower", "above", "upper" and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. Spatially relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "below" or "beneath" other elements or features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or features. Thus, the example term "below" can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

[00194] Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

Claims

1. An apparatus for generating additive for an internal combustion engine, the apparatus comprising a first housing defining an interior for containment of an electrolysis cell configured to generate the additive from an electrolyte solution, first and second cooling systems for reducing the temperature of the electrolysis cell and the interior of the apparatus, and a second housing for containment of the electrolysis cell, wherein the first coiling system is adapted to reduce the temperature of the interior, the second cooling system is adapted to reduce the temperature of the electrolysis cell, and the first housing is adapted to isolate the interior from the exterior of the first housing.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first cooling system comprises an intake made in the housing to permit air to enter the interior of the housing, a fan attached to a side wall having an outlet to permit exit of the air entering the housing and sucked by the fan, wherein the intake and the fan are arranged with respect to each other to permit the air flow to surround the electrolysis cell for removal of heat therefrom.

3. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the intake comprises a cap.

4. An apparatus according to claims 2 or 3, wherein, the first housing further comprises a plenum attached to the outer surface of the side wall at the outlet for receiving the air sucked by the fan, the plenum having at least one opening for air to exit the plenum to dissipate into the exterior of the housing.

5. An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the plenum comprises a lower opening and a plurality of side openings.

6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein each side opening comprises a slanted wing member.

7. An apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the first cooling system further comprises a snorkel fluidly connected to the intake of the first housing.

8. An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the snorkel comprises a snorkel head pre-cleaner intake.

9. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the second cooling system comprises heat exchanger means located in the electrolysis cell, coolant lines, a radiator attached between the fan and in inner surface of the side wall of the first housing and a cooling container located within the interior for storing cooling medium, the heat exchanger means, the coolant lines, the cooling container, and the radiator being fluidly connected with respect to each other to define a closed circuit containing the cooling medium for removing the heat from the interior of the second housing containing the electrolysis cell.

10. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the second housing comprises atop housing having a lower rim and at least one insulated cover having a groove configured to avoid the O-Ring from being pressed out of the groove as the rim is inserted in the groove.

11. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the groove comprises a stepped wall defining a lower channel and an upper channel for receiving the rim of the housing, the stepped wall comprises a stepped portion for receiving at least a portion of the rim.

12. An apparatus according to anyone of claims 10 or 11, wherein the rim either comprises an upper rim or a lower rim and the insulated cover either comprises an upper insulated cover or a lower insulated cover.

13. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the apparatus further comprises a flow regulator configured to start and stop a flow of the additive from the electrolysis cell to a plurality of injectors.

14. An apparatus according to claims 13, wherein the plurality of injectors are configured to deliver air-free HHO gas to within 3 inches of at least one combustion chamber inlet orifice of an engine.

15. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the air-free additive is delivered from at least one lance attached to at least one of the plurality of injectors.

16. An apparatus according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein separate portions of the air-free additive are delivered to each combustion chamber from a plurality of different lances, and wherein each of the plurality of lances is attached to a different injector of the plurality of injectors.

17. An apparatus according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein an additive pressure regulator is at least partially controlled relative to an intake manifold pressure of the engine.

18. An apparatus according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the injectors are configured to deliver air-free additive to a plurality of air intake valves wherein at least one injector of the plurality of injectors is positioned proximate at least one combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine and at least a second injector of the plurality of injectors is positioned proximate a second combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine.

19. An apparatus according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein at least one of the plurality of injectors comprises a lance configured to deliver a portion of the air-free additive to within 3 inches of a combustion inlet orifice.

20. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the additive comprises hydrogen.

21. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the additive comprises HHO gas.

22. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the first housing comprises anti-vibration mounts.

23. A system for an internal combustion engine comprising an apparatus for generating additive for an internal combustion engine as defined in any one of claims 1 to 23, the system further comprising: i. a pressure-resistant container comprising: ii. an electrolysis cell configured to generate an additive from an electrolyte solution; and iii. a storage volume to hold a volume of the additive at a pressure greater than 40 psia; iv. a multi-point gas distribution system comprising a plurality of control valves to distribute separate portions of the additive to multiple locations about the internal combustion engine; and v. a multi-point gas distribution control system that controls the plurality of control valves to control the amount and timing of the delivery of the additive to the multiple locations about the internal combustion engine.

24. A system according to claim 24, wherein at least one of the multiple locations comprises at least one air intake orifice.

25. A system according to claims 23 or 24, wherein the multi-point gas distribution control system is configured to deliver at least a portion of the additive in a timed sequence based on an intake stroke timing of the at least one air intake orifice.

26. A system according to any one of claims 23 to 25, wherein at least a second one of the at least one of the multiple locations comprises at least one air intake orifice.

27. A system according to any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein the multi-point gas distribution control system is further configured to deliver at least a second portion of the additive in a timed sequence based on an intake stroke timing of the at least one air intake orifice of the at least second one of the at least one of the multiple locations.

28. A system according to any one of claims 23 to 27, wherein the multi-point gas distribution system is configured to provide an average of 1 -5 litres of the additive per 120,000 crankshaft revolutions.

29. A system according to any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein the system further comprises an engine control unit (ECU) comprising data storage means permitting storing information of data representative of performance of the system.

30. A system according to any claim 29, wherein the ECU comprises a Motec engine control unit, model Lite-M130.

31. A pressure-resistant container comprising: i. a first defined space for holding an electrolyte solution; ii. a plurality of electrolysis plates retained within the first defined space; and iii. a second defined space configured to store an additive at a pressure in the range of 45-50 psia in the absence of air, the volume of the second defined space is in the range of 80-120% of the volume of the first defined space, wherein the electrolysis cell comprises a housing having a rim and at least one insulated cover having a groove configured to avoid the O-Ring from being pressed out of the groove as the rim is inserted in the groove.

32. A pressure-resistant container according to claim 31, wherein the groove comprises a stepped wall defining a lower channel and an upper channel for receiving the rim of the housing, the stepped wall comprises a stepped portion for receiving a portion of the rim.

33. A pressure-resistant container according to any one of claims 31 or 32, wherein the rim either comprises an upper rim or a lower rim and the insulated cover either comprises an upper insulated cover or a lower insulated.

34. A pressure-resistant container according to any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the electrolysis cell further comprises a heat exchanger connected to a gas outlet of the electrolysis cell.

35. A pressure-resistant container according to any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the electrolysis cell further comprises a controller, pressure sensor, and temperature sensor, the controller configured to: i. shut off electrolysis when the pressure of the additive exceeds 50 psia and/or when the temperature of the electrolysis cell exceeds 125 °F; and ii. start electrolysis when the pressure of the additive falls below 45 psia and temperature of the electrolysis cell is below 125 °F.

36. A pressure-resistant container according to any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein the additive comprises HHO gas.

37. A method for reducing emissions of an internal combustion engine, comprising: i. controlling a temperature of an additive by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and ii. delivering an additive at the controlled temperature to at least one intake port of the internal combustion engine, iii. wherein the additive is generated in the apparatus as defined in any one of claims 1 to 22.

38. A method according to claim 37, wherein the method further comprises producing the additive by electrolysis in an electrolyte solution containing an alkaline aqueous solution.

39. A method according to claim 38, wherein the aqueous solution comprises K2CO3.

40. A method according to claims 38 or 39, wherein the concentration of the aqueous solution in the electrolyte is between about 42 grams/US gallon to 62 grams/US gallon.

41. A method for saving fuel, comprising: i. controlling a temperature of an additive by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and ii. delivering an additive at the controlled temperature to at least one intake port of the internal combustion engine, iii. wherein the additive is generated in the apparatus as defined in any one of claims 1 to 23.

42. A method according to claim 41, wherein the method further comprises producing the additive by electrolysis in an electrolyte solution containing an alkaline aqueous solution.

43. A method according to claim 42, wherein the aqueous solution comprises K2CO3.

44. A method according to claims 42 or 43, wherein the concentration of the aqueous solution in the electrolyte is between about 42 grams/US gallon to 62 grams/US gallon.

Prior art 1/10