AU2021221641A1 - Smart Irrigation and Urban Cooling - Google Patents

Smart Irrigation and Urban Cooling Download PDF

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Publication number
AU2021221641A1
AU2021221641A1 AU2021221641A AU2021221641A AU2021221641A1 AU 2021221641 A1 AU2021221641 A1 AU 2021221641A1 AU 2021221641 A AU2021221641 A AU 2021221641A AU 2021221641 A AU2021221641 A AU 2021221641A AU 2021221641 A1 AU2021221641 A1 AU 2021221641A1
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
irrigation
installation area
irrigation water
data
control logic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
AU2021221641A
Inventor
David Bergmann
Ninad DHARMADHIKARI
Greg Hamilton
Kai JAMES
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
South East Water Corp
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South East Water Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by South East Water Corp filed Critical South East Water Corp
Priority to AU2021221641A priority Critical patent/AU2021221641A1/en
Publication of AU2021221641A1 publication Critical patent/AU2021221641A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/16—Control of watering
    • A01G25/167—Control by humidity of the soil itself or of devices simulating soil or of the atmosphere; Soil humidity sensors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/16—Control of watering
    • A01G25/165—Cyclic operations, timing systems, timing valves, impulse operations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/04—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers
    • G05B19/10—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers using selector switches
    • G05B19/106—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers using selector switches for selecting a programme, variable or parameter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q9/00—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems for selectively calling a substation from a main station, in which substation desired apparatus is selected for applying a control signal thereto or for obtaining measured values therefrom
    • H04Q9/02—Automatically-operated arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B15/00—Systems controlled by a computer
    • G05B15/02—Systems controlled by a computer electric
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/26—Pc applications
    • G05B2219/2625—Sprinkler, irrigation, watering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q2209/00—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems
    • H04Q2209/40—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems using a wireless architecture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Testing Or Calibration Of Command Recording Devices (AREA)

Abstract

A system for water irrigation at an installation area, comprising at least one sensor device located on the installation area for monitoring local environmental conditions, 5 control logic arranged to wirelessly receive data from the at least one sensor representing the monitored local environmental conditions and determine an irrigation water volume for the installation area based on an estimate of evapotranspiration calculated using the data, at least one irrigation water valve controllable to discharge an amount of water corresponding to the irrigation water volume determined by the 10 control logic. 1/7 a0 LA) 60 een a17; 0 -pI/ 0a /7C 0 g0

Description

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Smart Irrigation and Urban Cooling
Technical Field Described embodiments generally relate to irrigation systems and methods adapted for residential and/or urban areas.
Background Climate change and urban heating effects can lead to uncomfortable temperatures in residential and urban regions, discouraging people from spending time outside in favour of air-conditioned interiors. Increased vegetation in the local landscape can ameliorate these effects but often require some form of irrigation (i.e. watering) in order to remain healthy. Most passive irrigation systems or methods use a significant volume of water and they require daily manual intervention to ensure the landscape is not over or under irrigated.
There is an opportunity to address the above mentioned issues to provide a system for irrigation that is water efficient and may also lead to additional benefits for local residents by reducing ambient temperatures.
Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.
Summary According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for water irrigation at an installation area, comprising: at least one sensor device located on the installation area for monitoring local environmental conditions; control logic arranged to wirelessly receive data from the at least one sensor representing the monitored local environmental conditions and determine an irrigation water volume for the installation area based on an estimate of evapotranspiration calculated using the data; at least one irrigation water valve controllable to discharge an amount of water corresponding to the irrigation water volume determined by the control logic.
According to the present invention there is also provided a method for water irrigation at an installation area, comprising: deploying at least one sensor device on the installation area for monitoring local environmental conditions; wirelessly communicating data from the at least one sensor representing the monitored local environmental conditions to control logic arranged to and determine an irrigation water volume for the installation area based on an estimate of evapotranspiration calculated using the data; and controlling at least one irrigation water valve to discharge an amount of water corresponding to the determined irrigation water volume.
In embodiments the control logic and the at least one irrigation water valve operate on a daily cycle.
The installation site may be a residential property, for example. The irrigation water is preferably supplied from a rainwater tank associated with the installation area.
In embodiments the at least one sensor device operatively monitors local environmental conditions selected from: ambient air temperature, ambient air pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation (shortwave radiation and longwave radiation), wind speed and soil moisture. A sensor may also be provided to monitor rainfall at the installation area.
In embodiments, the control logic is arranged to receive forecast rainfall data for the installation area, and modify the determined irrigation water volume for a current day based on the rainfall forecast for a future day.
By maintaining moisture in the soil at the installation site that is sufficient to support the natural evapotranspiration potential, the cooling effect driven by the evapotranspiration process can be optimised to achieve improved local environmental conditions.
Brief description of the drawings Embodiments are described in further detail below, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of components used to form an irrigation system according to embodiments of the invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic plan view of an installation site incorporating an irrigation system according to an embodiment of the invention; Figures 3A-3C show a flow chart diagram illustrating operations of an irrigation system according to embodiments of the invention; Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a prototype sensor node Figure 5 shows a prototype sensor node assembled; and Figure 6 shows the prototype sensor node in situ at an installation site.
Detailed description A smart irrigation system is disclosed herein that makes use of locally recorded weather data to decide the timing and volume of irrigation. The system utilises rainwater collected in the rainwater tank as its primary source of water and automatically switches over to recycled water backup if rainwater is exhausted. This is achieved via a rainwater pump and hydraulic changeover device setup. An objective of the smart irrigation system is to optimise water usage for irrigation to achieve cooling outcomes via maintaining necessary amount of soil moisture across the landscape. A well irrigated landscape may reduce ambient temperatures via a mechanism called evapotranspiration.
Figure 1 diagrammatically illustrates an irrigation system 10 according to embodiments of the invention. Low-cost, battery powered sensors 20 are deployed to record ambient temperature, ambient air pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation (shortwave radiation and longwave radiation), wind speed and soil moisture at an installation site. Recorded data is communicated to a water management controller 50 via a LoRa network 30, 35. The water management controller 50 may comprise, for example, a OneBox@+ controller (available from Iota Services Pty Ltd) that is in operative communication with a remote SCADA system via a 4G wireless telecommunications network, and data is sent to SCADA where it is archived. Based on the collected sensor data and optionally additional information the system functions to control operation of solenoid valves 40 to selectively release irrigation water, as described in further detail below. Although the diagram shows the solenoid 40 connected via the LoRa modem, it is also possible for the solenoid to be connected to and controlled directly from the water management controller 50.
The control logic running on the water management controller 50 and/or remote SCADA server (the logic may run outside of SCADA on a server but extract data from SCADA) uses stored sensor data to calculate the evapotranspiration potential (ETo) across the landscape of the installation site. Potential evapotranspiration is the potential evaporation from soils plus transpiration by plants. It only occurs at the potential rate when the water available for this process is non-limiting. The rate of evaporation depends on climatic conditions, specifically the radiative energy of the sun, wind, the vapour deficit of the air, and temperature. Potential evaporation is often calculated from these measurements using the Penman-Monteith equation. It can also be estimated from readily available rainfall and temperature data using simple equations such as that of Thornthwaite. Actual evapo-transpiration is the evaporation that actually takes place and this is strongly influenced by the available soil moisture.
The Penman-Monteith method is one way of computing a value for ETo from meteorological data. One expression of the Penman-Monteith method is represented by the following equation, for example:
0.408A(R, -G)+y 90 u2 -8e.,) ET, = , T+273 A+y (1+0.34u 2 )
where
ETo evapotranspiration potential [mm day-I], R, net radiation at the crop surface [MJ m-2 day-], G soil heat flux density [MJ m-2 day-], T air temperature at 2 m height [°C], u2 wind speed at 2 m height [m s-1], es saturation vapour pressure [kPa], ea actual vapour pressure [kPa], es - ea saturation vapour pressure deficit [kPa], A slope vapour pressure curve [kPa °C-] y psychrometric constant [kPa °C-1].
Reproduced from "Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements - FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56"; FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1998. Various methods for calculating values of ETo from periodically collected meteorological data and site specific characteristics, even when datasets are incomplete, can be found in the abovementioned publication. Other methods for estimating evapotranspiration are also available.
The ETo is a measure of irrigation water lost from the soil due to natural processes and may be calculated every morning using the previous day's environmental data measured by the sensors. Any rainfall that would have occurred in the previous period is also considered while calculating the ETo, to prevent over irrigation. Knowing the ETo and the area of the irrigated landscape, the control logic is able to calculate a volume of water required to top up the water lost on the previous day. Having calculated the required irrigation volume the water management controller 50 activates, via the LoRa network, one or more solenoids feeding water to an irrigation system. Water used by the irrigation system is monitored in real time via a pulse meter connected to the controller 50. When the water consumption matches with the calculated/required irrigation volume, the controller deactivates the solenoid(s).
In addition to these features the logic running in the server may also consider the forecasted rainfall over the next few days by accessing a weather forecast service. If forecasted rainfall is expected to result in surface runoff then it may not be necessary for the irrigation system to be activated. This ensures the soil's moisture holding capacity is not reduced before the rainfall event.
A Tank Talk@ system (available from Iota Services Pty Ltd) may also be integrated into the smart irrigation system. In the absence of the smart irrigation system, Tank Talk@ calculates and discharges water from the rainwater tank into the stormwater system to capture the forecasted rainfall event and reduce hard surface runoffs. The smart irrigation system can utilise this calculated discharge volume to irrigate the landscape a few days ahead of the forecasted rainfall event.
A diagrammatic plan view of an installation site incorporating an irrigation system according to an embodiment of the invention is seen in Figure 2. The installation site in this case is a residential property, defined by property boundary 100, having a house and various outdoor vegetated areas. The system includes a water management controller 50 that has control over solenoid valves which supply water to irrigation sprinklers 130 arranged around the property. In this example, a misting system 140 is also provided, which may be selectively activated on hot summer days to cool the misted area adjacent the house and promote outdoor activity. When water is supplied to the irrigation sprinklers, a flow meter coupled to the controller 50 measures the amount of water discharged. A plurality of sensor nodes 110 (labelled 1-5 in Figure 2) are located around the property. The sensor nodes 110 monitor conditions such as air temperature, relative humidity, ambient light intensity, soil moisture, soil temperature and wirelessly send the data to the water management controller 50. A climate station 120 is also provided in a suitable location. The climate station monitors and records conditions such as air temperature, surface temperature, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature and longwave / shortwave radiation, used for assessing the cooling performance of the landscape. The water management controller 50 receives data from the sensor nodes and climate station and uses it to control water supplied to the irrigation and misting systems. Data is also sent to a remote SCADA system for monitoring.
The climate station 120 (scientific grade, expensive) has been used during testing and evaluation of the system to validate the readings from the prototype low cost sensors (described below). During testing, radiation readings from it were used in ETo calculations because the prototype sensor nodes were not equipped to measure radiation. Ultimately, the capability for radiation measurements may be included in the sensor nodes 100, and as a result the climate station 120 may not be part of the smart irrigation system in the long run.
Figures 3A-3C show a flow chart diagram outlining a procedure 200 of operations that may be carried out, using a system as described above, according to an embodiment of the invention. Beginning at operation 202, the sensor nodes / climate station monitor local conditions at the installation site such as humidity, soil moisture, air temperature, wind speed, radiation, and atmospheric pressure. The measurement data is reported wirelessly to the water management controller (e.g. OneBox@+ controller) at five minute intervals (operation 204) although a different reporting interval may alternatively be used. Meanwhile, an in-situ rain gauge is provided to monitor rainfall, and a mechanical pulse meter monitors irrigation water usage (operation 208). The rainfall and water usage data is reported to the controller, which may be by way of a directly wired connection (210). In turn, the OneBox@+ controller reports the collected data to a remote SCADA server at sixty minute intervals (operation 206). The collected data is archived in the SCADA database (operation 212).
Priming of the system may be required before standard operation commences, which may be initiated by the user or automatically (operation 216). If the system has not been primed (214), the measured soil moisture is compared against a target soil moisture value (operation 218). If the reported soil moisture is above the target value then the system waits until the soil moisture drops to the target (operation 222). On the other hand, if the reported soil moisture is less than the target value the water management controller activates the irrigation solenoid(s) to discharge irrigation water until the target soil moisture is achieved (operation 220).
Once the system is primed and ready, operation 224 commences. In operation 224, on a daily basis the remote server accesses the previous 24 hours of collected data and calculates the ETo and accumulated effective rainfall for the installation site. If the accumulated effective rainfall is non-zero or the calculated ETo is not greater than zero then no action is taken and the procedure returns to operation 202. One the other hand, if the accumulated effective rainfall is zero and the calculated ETo is greater than zero then the server continues to calculate an irrigation volume based on the calculated net water loss from the landscape (operation 230). The server then communicates the irrigation volume and an irrigation time schedule to the water management control via SCADA (operation 232).
In operation 234 the water management controller activates the irrigation solenoid valve(s) at the scheduled time. The irrigation water usage is monitored (operation 236) and when the calculated irrigation volume has been discharged, the controller deactivates the irrigation solenoid valve(s) to shut the flow of irrigation water off (operation 238).
Prototype low-cost sensor nodes have been developed to include the components listed below and connected as per the wiring diagram shown in Figure 4: • "Sparkfun Pro RF" SAMD21 microcontroller - Microcontroller by Sparkfun that uses Arduino IDE and comes with an on-board LoRa modem. • TMP117 (Sparkfun QWIIC) - Temperature sensor chip by Sparkfun. • BME280 (Sparkfun QWIIC) - Environmental sensor chip by Sparkfun which measures temperature, humidity and air pressure. • VEML6030 (Sparkfun QWIIC) - Ambient light intensity sensor by Sparkfun. * ADS1015 (Sparkfun QWIIC) - A 4 channel, 12 bits analogue to digital converter by Sparkfun.
• VH400 (Vegetronix) - A soil moisture sensor by Vegetronix. • THERM200 (Vegetronix) - A soil temperature sensor by Vegetronix. • ER34615M - A 3.6V D-cell primary lithium battery with a capacity of 14,OOOmAh.
These components are connected as per the wiring diagram and enclosed in IP65 rated enclosures (Figure 5). The enclosures are mounted inside a Davis 7714 radiation shield to minimise impact of radiation on ambient temperature measurement and then mounted on a star picket as shown in Figure 6. Microcontroller SAMD21 is wired to the OneBox@+ controller and acts as LoRa network gateway facilitating wireless communication with the sensor nodes. The OneBox@+ is also connected to a bank of 24VDC relay switches that control the power supply to irrigation solenoids supplying water to irrigation sprinklers shown in Figure 2. The low-cost sensor nodes are still in prototype stage and the final product will involve integrating all the individual sensors to a main board to reduce costs, increase reliability and manufacturability.
Advantageously, in embodiments of the invention as described herein: • The evapotranspiration potential (ETo) is estimated using localised feedback from in situ low-cost sensor nodes providing greater accuracy and relevance than using ETo values obtained from a weather service. This enables optimising the cooling effect and water usage for irrigation. • The smart irrigation system is able to factor in the rainfall that has occurred in the previous period and rainfall forecasted to occur in next few days. This minimises over irrigation, surface run offs, water pooling and further optimises water usage. • The smart irrigation system can integrate with a Tank Talk@ smart tank system which is a storm water runoff mitigation technology. This integration allows using rainwater for irrigation in preference to discharging it into the storm water drain. Cost of running the irrigation system is reduced as a result.
Embodiments have been described herein by way of example, with reference to various possible features and functions. Such embodiments are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive. It should be understood that embodiments include various combinations and sub-combinations of features described herein, even if such features are not explicitly described in such a combination or sub-combination.

Claims (3)

  1. CLAIMS: 1. A system for water irrigation at an installation area, comprising: at least one sensor device located on the installation area for monitoring local environmental conditions; control logic arranged to wirelessly receive data from the at least one sensor representing the monitored local environmental conditions and determine an irrigation water volume for the installation area based on an estimate of evapotranspiration calculated using the data; at least one irrigation water valve controllable to discharge an amount of water corresponding to the irrigation water volume determined by the control logic.
  2. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the control logic and the at least one irrigation water valve operate on a daily cycle.
  3. 3. The system of claim 1 or 2 wherein the installation site is a residential property or a public park.
    4. The system of claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the at least one sensor device operatively monitors local environmental conditions selected from: ambient air temperature, ambient air pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and soil moisture.
    5. The system of any preceding claim wherein the at least one sensor operatively monitors rainfall at the installation area.
    6. The system of claim 2 wherein the control logic is arranged to receive forecast rainfall data for the installation area, and modify the determined irrigation water volume for a current day based on the rainfall forecast for a future day.
    7. The system of any preceding claim wherein the irrigation water is supplied from a rainwater tank associated with the installation area.
    8. A method for water irrigation at an installation area, comprising: deploying at least one sensor device on the installation area for monitoring local environmental conditions; wirelessly communicating data from the at least one sensor representing the monitored local environmental conditions to control logic arranged to and determine an irrigation water volume for the installation area based on an estimate of evapotranspiration calculated using the data; controlling at least one irrigation water valve to discharge an amount of water corresponding to the determined irrigation water volume.
    9. The method of claim 8 wherein the irrigation water volume determination and discharge occurs on a daily cycle.
    10. The method of claim 8 or 9 wherein the at least one sensor device operatively monitors local environmental conditions selected from: ambient air temperature, ambient air pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and soil moisture.
    11. The method of claim 8, 9 or 10 wherein the at least one sensor operatively monitors rainfall at the installation area.
    12. The method of claim 9 wherein the control logic is arranged to receive forecast rainfall data for the installation area, and modify the determined irrigation water volume for a current day based on the rainfall forecast for a future day.
    40 1/7
    50 30 35
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    120 2/7
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    Figure 2 10
AU2021221641A 2021-08-25 2021-08-25 Smart Irrigation and Urban Cooling Pending AU2021221641A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2021221641A AU2021221641A1 (en) 2021-08-25 2021-08-25 Smart Irrigation and Urban Cooling

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2021221641A AU2021221641A1 (en) 2021-08-25 2021-08-25 Smart Irrigation and Urban Cooling

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