AU2021215743B2 - Inhibitors of malarial and Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter and uses thereof - Google Patents
Inhibitors of malarial and Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter and uses thereof Download PDFInfo
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- AU2021215743B2 AU2021215743B2 AU2021215743A AU2021215743A AU2021215743B2 AU 2021215743 B2 AU2021215743 B2 AU 2021215743B2 AU 2021215743 A AU2021215743 A AU 2021215743A AU 2021215743 A AU2021215743 A AU 2021215743A AU 2021215743 B2 AU2021215743 B2 AU 2021215743B2
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- oxy
- pyran
- tetrahydro
- hydroxymethyl
- triol
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- 102000005455 Monosaccharide Transport Proteins Human genes 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
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- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
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- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 241000224016 Plasmodium Species 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
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- 235000010482 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000244 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FYRHIOVKTDQVFC-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium phthalimide Chemical compound [K+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)[N-]C(=O)C2=C1 FYRHIOVKTDQVFC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229960004919 procaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000159 protein binding assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940121649 protein inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012268 protein inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002797 proteolythic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001042 pteridinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=NC=CN=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000561 purinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=C2N=CNC2=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 229950010131 puromycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NGVDGCNFYWLIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(COP(O)(O)=O)C(C=O)=C1O NGVDGCNFYWLIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940107700 pyruvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011158 quantitative evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- ZHNFLHYOFXQIOW-LPYZJUEESA-N quinine sulfate dihydrate Chemical compound [H+].[H+].O.O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.C([C@H]([C@H](C1)C=C)C2)C[N@@]1[C@@H]2[C@H](O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OC)C=C21.C([C@H]([C@H](C1)C=C)C2)C[N@@]1[C@@H]2[C@H](O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OC)C=C21 ZHNFLHYOFXQIOW-LPYZJUEESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N saccharin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003607 serino group Chemical group [H]N([H])[C@]([H])(C(=O)[*])C(O[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000008159 sesame oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001467 sodium calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000011083 sodium citrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PRWXGRGLHYDWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium malonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])=O PRWXGRGLHYDWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940074404 sodium succinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZDQYSKICYIVCPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium succinate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O ZDQYSKICYIVCPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- SFVFIFLLYFPGHH-UHFFFAOYSA-M stearalkonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 SFVFIFLLYFPGHH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005322 streptomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005346 substituted cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WPLOVIFNBMNBPD-ATHMIXSHSA-N subtilin Chemical compound CC1SCC(NC2=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C(C)CC)C(=O)NC(=C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(O)=O)CSC(C)C2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C1NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C1NC(=O)C(=C/C)/NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C2NC(=O)CNC(=O)C3CCCN3C(=O)C(NC(=O)C3NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(=C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(N)CC=4C5=CC=CC=C5NC=4)CSC3)C(C)SC2)C(C)C)C(C)SC1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WPLOVIFNBMNBPD-ATHMIXSHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylamine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)N YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001712 tetrahydronaphthyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001089 thermophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001113 thiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000341 threoninyl group Chemical group [H]OC([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 210000003813 thumb Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003106 tissue adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JBWKIWSBJXDJDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethyl chloride Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 JBWKIWSBJXDJDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000430 tryptophan group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(C(=O)O*)C([H])([H])C1=C([H])N([H])C2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C12 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
- A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
- A61P33/06—Antimalarials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
- C07H15/18—Acyclic radicals, substituted by carbocyclic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
- C07H15/26—Acyclic or carbocyclic radicals, substituted by hetero rings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
Provided are molecules capable of binding to binding pockets of Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter (PfHT) or analogs thereof and complexes comprising the same. Also provided herein are inhibitors of PfHT, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inhibitors, and methods of using the inhibitors or the pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of diseases associated with Plasmodium or PfHT or the killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium. Provided are a set of structure coordinates of such binding pockets and method of using the set of structure coordinates to screen for and design compounds that are capable of binding to PfHT or analogs thereof.
Description
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to molecules capable of binding to binding pocket (s) of Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter (PfHT) or analogs thereof and complexes comprising the same. The present disclosure also relates to inhibitors of PfHT or analogs thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inhibitors, and methods of using the inhibitors or the pharmaceutical compositions in treating diseases associated with Plasmodium or PfHT such as malaria or killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that caused by Plasmodium parasites. Glucose is the primary source of energy for blood-stage parasites. The malarial glucose transporter, Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter (PfHT) , shown to be essential for parasite survival, has been chemically validated as an antimalarial drug target.
As a glucose analog, Compound 3361 (i.e., 3-O- (undec-10-en) -1-yl-D-glucose) , has been identified as an effective inhibitor of PfHT with a high degree of selectivity for PfHT over the human orthologue glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) (see Thierry
et al., PNAS 2003, Vol. 100, no. 13, 7476-7479) . However, Compound 3361 is not itself considered drug-like, and is therefore not a valid candidate for lead development.
Accordingly, there is a need to develop novel therapeutics targeting PfHT or analogs thereof with improved potency and selectivity.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure addresses this need by providing the crystal structure of complex of PfHT and Compound 3361. Solving the crystal structure has allowed the determination of the key structural features of PfHT, in particular its binding pockets and the architecture, shape, and moieties of molecules binding to it.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a molecule capable of binding to both an R1 binding pocket and an R2 binding pocket of a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1,
wherein the R1 binding pocket comprises at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q169, Q305, Q306, N311, N341, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof, and the R2 binding pocket comprises at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F85, W436, and V443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof;
wherein the molecule is not Compound 3361 having the formula below:
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I172, I176, I310, F403, and A404 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L81, V312, A439, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the molecule is capable of further binding to the R3 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof, wherein the R3 binding pocket comprises at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N311, N316, N318, E319, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F85, V312, S315, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the molecule is capable of binding to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof with a Kd value of no more than 20 μM as determined by microscale thermophoresis method.
In some embodiments, the PfHT analog is selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium vivax hexose transporter (PvHT) , Plasmodium ovale hexose transporter (PoHT) , Plasmodium malariae hexose transporter (PmHT) , and Plasmodium knowlesi hexose transporter (PkHT) .
In some embodiments, the PfHT analog has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a complex comprising a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 bound to the molecule of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the complex is crystallized.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates of at least one allosteric binding pocket of a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the allosteric binding pocket is inducible upon complexing of Compound 3361 with the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the at least one allosteric binding pocket comprises:
a) R1 binding pocket comprising at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, Q169, I172, I176, Q305, Q306, I310, N311, N341, F403, A404, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof,
b) R2 binding pocket comprising at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, L81, F85, V312, W436, A439, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof;
c) R3 binding pocket comprising at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, F85, N311, V312, S315, N316, N318, E319, V443, F444, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof; or
d) any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates is as set forth in Figure 2.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates provided herein.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing or predicting binding characteristics of a compound to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1, comprising the steps of:
a) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates provided herein,
b) generating on a computer a representation of the compound, and
c) fitting the representation of the compound according to step b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to determine the probability of the compound binding to the at least one allosteric binding pocket.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of identifying a compound which is a potential PfHT inhibitor comprising the steps of:
a) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates provided herein,
b) generating on a computer a representation of the compound,
c) fitting the representation of the compound according to step b) to the computer representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; and
d) evaluating results of the step c) to quantify the binding between the compound and the at least one allosteric binding pocket,
wherein the compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor when it binds with the at least one allosteric binding pocket to yield a low energy, stable complex.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a virtual screening method to identify potential PfHT inhibitors comprising the steps of:
a) generating or accessing on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates provided herein,
b) generating or accessing on a computer a representation of a candidate compound from a compound library,
c) fitting the representation of the candidate compound according to step b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the candidate compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; and
d) evaluating results of step c) to quantify the binding between the candidate compound and the at least one allosteric binding pocket,
e) comparing the quantified binding to a predetermined threshold,
wherein the candidate compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor based on the comparison result of step e) .
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of designing a compound which is capable of binding to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1, comprising
a) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates provided herein,
b) generating on a computer a representation of a candidate compound,
c) fitting the representation of the candidate compound according to step b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the candidate compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; and
d) optionally, modifying the candidate compound based on the result obtained in step c) ;
e) optionally, repeating steps b) to c) with the modified candidate compound obtained in step d) ,
wherein the compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor when it binds to the at least one allosteric binding pocket to yield a low energy, stable complex.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound having a Formula (I) :
A-B-L-D-E (I)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
A is hexose moiety which is connected to B via an atom selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur;
B is selected from the group consisting of null, -CH
2C (O) O-, -CH
2-C (O) NH-, and -C (O) -;
L is - (CH
2)
m-, - (CH
2OCH
2)
q, or - (CH
2)
n-W- (CH
2)
p-, wherein -W-is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, -O-, -S-, -NH-, -C=C-, -C (O) O-and -C (O) NH-, m is an integer from 1 to 12, n, p and q each is an integer from 1 to 3;
D is selected from the group consisting of null, -O-, -S-and -NH-;
E is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R groups;
R is selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, alkyl, haloalkyl, -OR
1 and -NR
2R
3;
R
1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and alkylalkoxyl;
R
2 and R
3 is each selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with one or more alkoxyl groups.
In some embodiments, the compound provided herein has a Formula (II) of
In some embodiments, the compound provided herein has a formula selected from the group consisting of:
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more molecules or compounds provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating diseases associated with Plasmodium or PfHT in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more molecules, one or more compounds, or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium by administering an effective amount of one or more molecules, one or more compounds, or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 illustrates the sequence alignment of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5.
Figure 2 illustrates the atomic structure coordinates for the PfHT polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 complexed with Compound 3361 as derived by X-ray diffraction from the crystalized complex. “DRG” in the fourth column refers to Compound 3361.
Figure 3 shows the statistics for data collection and structure refinement of complex of PfHT polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 with Compound 3361.
Figure 4 shows (a) a cut-open view of the semi-transparent electrostatic potential for the complex of PfHT polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 with Compound 3361; (b) coordination of D-glucose moiety in Compound 3361 with representative amino acid residues in R1 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide; (c) the aliphatic moiety in compound 3361 surrounded by representative amino acid residues in R2 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide; and (d) representative amino acid residues in induced new R3 binding pocket.
Figure 5 illustrates the uptake of D-glucose mediated by PfHT and GLUT1 in the presence of the exemplary Compounds 16, 30 and 31 at a concentration of 100 μM.
Figure 6 illustrated the inhibition of glycolytic activity by the exemplary Compound 29 observed by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer.
Figure 7 shows that the exemplary Compounds 29 and 76 inhibited glycolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner in the early (Rings) and late stages (Trophozoites/Schizonts) of the parasites in RBCs as well as freed late stages from RBCs.
Figure 8 illustrates a negative correlation of the glucose concentration in the assay media and the potency of the exemplary Compound 29 against the glycolysis activity.
Figure 9 shows the EC
50 of the exemplary Compound 29 at different blood substages of parasites.
Figure 10 shows a schematic representative of the substage assay. Tightly synchronized parasites (Pf3D7) were exposed to the exemplary Compound 29 or DHA for various periods at the substages indicated.
Figure 11 shows representative images of compound treated parasites. Solid outline: Compound 29 treated parasites; dotted outline: DHA treated parasites.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying structures and formulas. While the present disclosure will be described in conjunction with the enumerated embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the present disclosure to those embodiments. On the contrary, the present disclosure is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is in no way limited to the methods and materials described. In the event that one or more of the incorporated references and similar materials differs from or contradicts this application, including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, described techniques, or the like, the present disclosure controls. All references, patents, patent applications cited in the present disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
It is appreciated that certain features of the present disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the present disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural forms of the same unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a compound” includes a plurality of compounds.
Definitions
As used herein, the term “amino acid” in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain, e.g., through formation of one or more peptide bonds. In some embodiments, an amino acid has the general structure H
2N–C (H) (R) –COOH. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a naturally-occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a synthetic amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a D-amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is an L-amino acid; in some embodiments, wherein R in H
2N–C (H) (R) –COOH is not equal to hydrogen, the stereogenic center of the amino acid is of the (R) -configuration; in some embodiments, wherein R in H
2N–C (H) (R) –COOH is not equal to hydrogen, the stereogenic center of the amino acid is of the (S) -configuration; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a standard amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a nonstandard amino acid. “Standard amino acid” refers to any of the twenty standard L-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring peptides. “Nonstandard amino acid” refers to any amino acid, other than the standard amino acids, regardless of whether it is prepared synthetically or obtained from a natural source. As will be clear from context, in some embodiments, the term “amino acid” is used to refer to a free amino acid; in some embodiments it is used to refer to an amino acid residue of a polypeptide. The names of amino acids are also represented as standard single letter or three-letter codes in the present disclosure, which are summarized as follows.
A = Ala = Alanine | T = Thr = Threonine |
V = Val = Valine | C = Cys = Cysteine |
L = Leu = Leucine | Y = Tyr = Tyrosine |
I = Ile = Isoleucine | N = Asn = Asparagine |
P = Pro = Proline | Q = Gln = Glutamine |
F = Phe = Phenylalanine | D = Asp = Aspartic Acid |
W = Trp = Tryptophan | E = Glu = Glutamic Acid |
M = Met = Methionine | K = Lys = Lysine |
G = Gly = Glycine | R = Arg = Arginine |
S = Ser = Serine | H= His = Histidine |
The terms “protein” , “peptide” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein and refer a polymer of amino acid residues linked by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds. The proteins, peptides or polypeptides as provided herein may comprise natural amino acids, non-natural amino acids, analogs or mimetics of amino acids, or any combination thereof, either in optically pure forms or as mixtures of the optical antipodes. The proteins, peptides, or polypeptides described herein may be obtained by any known method in the art, such as, but not limited to, by natural isolation, recombinant expression, chemical synthesis, etc.
As used herein, the term “conservative substitutions” refers to amino acid residues that are physically or functionally similar to the corresponding reference residues. That is, a conservative substitution and its reference residue have similar size, shape, electric charge, chemical properties including the ability to form covalent or hydrogen bonds, or the like. Preferred conservative substitutions are those fulfilling the criteria defined for an accepted point mutation in Dayhoff et al., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, 5, pp. 345-352 (1978 &Supp. ) , which is incorporated herein by reference. Conservative substitutions can be made among amino acid residues with hydrophobic side chains (e.g. Met, Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile) , among residues with neutral hydrophilic side chains (e.g. Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn and Gln) , among residues with acidic side chains (e.g. Asp, Glu) , among amino acids with basic side chains (e.g. His, Lys, and Arg) , or among residues with aromatic side chains (e.g. Trp, Tyr, and Phe) . As known in the art, conservative substitution usually does not cause significant change in the protein conformational structure, and therefore could retain the biological activity of a protein.
As used herein, the term “analog” refers to a candidate amino acid sequence that is analogous to a reference sequence, but retains the activity of the reference sequence.
As used herein, the term “percent (%) sequence identity” is defined as the percentage of amino acid (or nucleic acid) residues in a candidate sequence that are identical to the amino acid (or nucleic acid) residues in a reference sequence, after aligning the sequences and, if necessary, introducing gaps, to achieve the maximum number of identical amino acids (or nucleic acids) . In other words, percent (%) sequence identity of an amino acid sequence (or nucleic acid sequence) can be calculated by dividing the number of amino acid residues (or bases) that are identical relative to the reference sequence to which it is being compared by the total number of the amino acid residues (or bases) in the candidate sequence or in the reference sequence, whichever is shorter. Conservative substitution of the amino acid residues may or may not be considered as identical residues. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid (or nucleic acid) sequence identity can be achieved, for example, using publicly available tools such as BLASTN, BLASTp (available on the website of U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) , see also, Altschul S.F. et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403–410 (1990) ; Stephen F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25: 3389–3402 (1997) ) , ClustalW2 (available on the website of European Bioinformatics Institute, see also, Higgins D.G. et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266: 383-402 (1996) ; Larkin M.A. et al., Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) , 23 (21) : 2947-8 (2007) ) , and ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art may use the default parameters provided by the tool, or may customize the parameters as appropriate for the alignment, such as for example, by selecting a suitable algorithm.
As used herein, the term “chemical entity” refers to chemical molecules, chemical compounds and fragments of such molecules or compounds. The chemical entity can be, for example, a ligand, a substrate, a nucleotide, an agonist, an antagonist, an inhibitor, an antibody, a peptide, a protein or a drug.
As used herein, the term “complex” refers to a polypeptide associated with a chemical entity. For example, a “PfHT complex” refers to a complex comprising the PfHT or analogs thereof in association with a chemical entity either by covalent or non-covalent binding forces at the binding sites in the binding pockets disclosed herein. A non-limiting example of a PfHT complex includes the PfHT or analogs thereof bound to any one of the compounds listed herein.
As used herein, the term “PfHT” or “PfHT polypeptide” refers to the wild-type Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter ( “PfHT1” ) , the amino acid sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 (NCBI accession number: XP_001349558.1) below:
As used herein, the term “wild-type PfHT” or “wild-type PfHT polypeptide” refers to the natural sequence of a full-length PfHT or fragments thereof expressed in a subject, for example, Plasmodium falciparum.
As used herein, the term “structure coordinates” refers to Cartesian coordinates derived from mathematical equations related to the patterns obtained on diffraction of a monochromatic beam of X-rays by the atoms (scattering centers) of a protein or protein complex in crystal form. The diffraction data are used to calculate an electron density map of the repeating unit of the crystal. The electron density maps are then used to establish the positions of the individual atoms of the enzyme or enzyme complex.
Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75
th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, 2
nd Edition, University Science Books, Sausalito, 2006; Smith and March March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6
th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2007; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 3
rd Edition, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 2018; Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 4
th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
At various places in the present disclosure, linking substituents are described. Where the structure clearly requires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that group are understood to be linking groups. For example, if the structure requires a linking group and the Markush group definition for that variable lists “alkyl” , then it is understood that the “alkyl” represents a linking alkylene group.
When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such formula. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
When any variable (e.g., R
i) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 R
i moieties, then the group may optionally be substituted with up to two R
i moieties and R
i at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R
i. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
As used herein, the term “C
i-j” indicates a range of the carbon atoms numbers, wherein i and j are integers and the range of the carbon atoms numbers includes the endpoints (i.e. i and j) and each integer point in between, and wherein j is greater than i. For examples, C
1-6 indicates a range of one to six carbon atoms, including one carbon atom, two carbon atoms, three carbon atoms, four carbon atoms, five carbon atoms and six carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the term “C
1-12” indicates 1 to 12, particularly 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 8, particularly 1 to 6, particularly 1 to 5, particularly 1 to 4, particularly 1 to 3 or particularly 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
As used herein, the term “alkyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a saturated linear or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical, which may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described below. The term “C
i-j alkyl” refers to an alkyl having i to j carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of “C
1-10 alkyl” include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Examples of “C
1-6 alkyl” are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2, 3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3, 3-dimethyl-2-butyl, and the like.
As used herein, the term “alkoxyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecule through an oxygen atom. The term “C
i-j alkoxy” means that the alkyl moiety of the alkoxy group has i to j carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxy groups contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxy groups contain 1 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxy groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of “C
1-6 alkoxyl” include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g. n-propoxy and isopropoxy) , t-butoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy, and the like.
As used herein, the term “alkylalkoxyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with one or more alkoxyl moiety.
As used herein, the term “aryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to monocyclic and polycyclic ring systems having a total of 5 to 20 ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 12 ring members. Examples of “aryl” include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl” , as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more additional rings. In the case of polycyclic ring system, only one of the rings needs to be aromatic (e.g., 2, 3-dihydroindole) , although all of the rings may be aromatic (e.g., quinoline) . The second ring can also be fused or bridged. Examples of polycyclic aryl include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like. Aryl groups can be substituted at one or more ring positions with substituents as described above.
As used herein, the term “alkylaryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, means an alkyl moiety substituted with one or more aryl moiety. Examples of alkylaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, ethylphenyl, and the like.
As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refer to a monovalent non-aromatic, saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic and polycyclic ring system, in which all the ring atoms are carbon and which contains at least three ring forming carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl may contain 3 to 12 ring forming carbon atoms, 3 to 10 ring forming carbon atoms, 3 to 9 ring forming carbon atoms, 3 to 8 ring forming carbon atoms, 3 to 7 ring forming carbon atoms, 3 to 6 ring forming carbon atoms, 3 to 5 ring forming carbon atoms, 4 to 12 ring forming carbon atoms, 4 to 10 ring forming carbon atoms, 4 to 9 ring forming carbon atoms, 4 to 8 ring forming carbon atoms, 4 to 7 ring forming carbon atoms, 4 to 6 ring forming carbon atoms, 4 to 5 ring forming carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups may be saturated or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyl groups may be substituted. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group may be a saturated cyclic alkyl group. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group may be a partially unsaturated cyclic alkyl group that contains at least one double bond or triple bond in its ring system. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group may be monocyclic or polycyclic. Examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl group include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl and cyclododecyl. Examples of polycyclic cycloalkyl group include, but are not limited to, adamantyl, norbornyl, fluorenyl, spiro-pentadienyl, spiro [3.6] -decanyl, bicyclo [1, 1, 1] pentenyl, bicyclo [2, 2, 1] heptenyl, and the like.
As used herein, the term “halogen” refers to an atom selected from fluorine (or fluoro) , chlorine (or chloro) , bromine (or bromo) and iodine (or iodo) .
As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents. Examples of haloalkyl group include, but are not limited to, -CF
3, -C
2F
5, -CHF
2, -CCl
3, -CHCl
2, -C
2Cl
5, and the like.
As used herein, the term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen (including N-oxides) .
As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl, at least one of the carbon atoms of which is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, O, or S. The heteroalkyl may be a carbon radical or heteroatom radical (i.e., the heteroatom may appear in the middle or at the end of the radical) , and may be optionally substituted.
As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an aryl group having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more heteroatoms. The heteroaryl group can be monocyclic. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzofuranyl and pteridinyl. The heteroaryl group also includes polycyclic groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Examples of polycyclic heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, benzo [1, 3] dioxolyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl” refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclyl group in which one or more ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the like, the remaining ring atoms being carbon, wherein one or more ring atoms may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a saturated heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a partially unsaturated heterocyclyl having one or more double bonds in its ring system. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl may contains any oxidized form of carbon, nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. “Heterocyclyl” also includes radicals wherein the heterocyclyl radicals are fused with a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated (i.e., aromatic) carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. The heterocyclyl radical may be carbon linked or nitrogen linked where such is possible. In some embodiments, the heterocycle is carbon linked. In some embodiments, the heterocycle is nitrogen linked. For example, a group derived from pyrrole may be pyrrol-1-yl (nitrogen linked) or pyrrol-3-yl (carbon linked) . Further, a group derived from imidazole may be imidazol-1-yl (nitrogen linked) or imidazol-3-yl (carbon linked) .
As used herein, the term “hexose” refers to a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms. The hexose may be in pyranose form or furanose form. For example, glucose may in the pyranose form (glucopyranose) or the furanose form (glucofuranose) . The hexose may be a D-enantiomer or a L-enantiomer. Also, the hexose includes its alpha (α) and beta (β) isomers. The hexose also includes hexose derivatives such as deoxyhexoses, halogen-substituted hexoses and the like. Examples of hexose may include D-glucose L-glucose, D-galactose, L-galactose, D-mannose, L-mannose, D-xylose, L-xylose, D-fructose, L-fructose, D-fucose, L-fucose, D-lyxose, D-altrose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-halo-D-glucose and the like.
As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a radical that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic (i.e., fully unsaturated) moieties.
As used herein, the term “substituted” , whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and that the substitution results in a stable or chemically feasible compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that substituents can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. Unless specifically stated as “unsubstituted” , references to chemical moieties herein are understood to include substituted variants. For example, reference to an “aryl” group or moiety implicitly includes both substituted and unsubstituted variants.
PfHT polypeptide and analogs thereof
Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter, abbreviated as PfHT in the present disclosure, is an essential glucose transporter for intraerythrocytic parasites. Several PfHT subtypes have been identified in species Plasmodium falciparum, which may be obtained by a person skilled in the art from an open source, for example, can be obtained from NCBI Accession Nos: EWC90955.1, ETW46233.1, ETW32528.1, KNG76686.1, etc. Various hexose transporters have also been identified in different species of generic Plasmodium, which share high percentage (e.g. 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) of sequence identity among different species, especially within the regions of binding pockets. Examples of the hexose transporters include but not limited to, Plasmodium vivax hexose transporter (PvHT) , Plasmodium ovale hexose transporter (PoHT) , Plasmodium malariae hexose transporter (PmHT) , Plasmodium knowlesi hexose transporter (PkHT) , the amino acid sequences of which are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2-5 below, respectively. Figure 1 shows the sequence alignment of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5. The different PfHT polypeptide subtypes within the species Plasmodium falciparum, and different hexose transporters among different species of generic Plasmodium, are collectively named as “PfHT analog” in the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term “PfHT analog” refers to a polypeptide having a functional or structural characteristic that is substantially similar to all or part of the wild-type PfHT polypeptide (i.e. SEQ ID NO: 1) provided herein, however, the amino acid sequence of the analog differs from the amino acid sequence of the wild-type PfHT polypeptide by at least one amino acid. The PfHT analog may be a partial fragment, derivative or variant of the wild-type PfHT polypeptide, and may comprise chemical or biological modifications. The PfHT analog may have conservative substitutions, additions, deletions, insertions, truncations, modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, labeling, etc. ) or any combination thereof on one or more amino acids of the wild-type PfHT polypeptide. The PfHT analog may include naturally-occurring variants and artificially-produced variants of the wild-type PfHT polypeptide, such as artificial polypeptide sequences obtained by recombinant methods or chemical synthesis. The PfHT analog may comprise non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. A person skilled in the art will comprehend that the PfHT analog described herein still retains substantially similar functions as the wild-type PfHT polypeptide, for example, the PfHT analog may still have the capability of mediating glucose uptake.
In certain embodiments, the PfHT analog as described herein includes a truncated mutant of the full length of wild-type PfHT polypeptide (i.e., a truncated fragment of the wild-type PfHT polypeptide) or a mutant having mutation, addition or deletion of one or more amino acids compared to the wild-type PfHT polypeptide or the truncated mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the PfHT analog as described herein may include the full length of wild-type PvHT, PoHT, PmHT, PkHT polypeptide (i.e. SEQ ID NOs: 2-5) , a truncated mutant thereof, or a mutant having mutation, addition or deletion of one or more amino acids compared to the wild-type PvHT, PoHT, PmHT, or PkHT, polypeptide or the truncated mutant thereof.
In certain embodiments, a PfHT analog is capable of transporting glucose at a level comparable to, or not less than 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%of, that of the wild-type PfHT polypeptide.
In certain embodiments, the PfHT analog provided herein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 while retaining substantial (e.g. at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) biological activity of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In certain embodiments, the PfHT analog comprises no more than 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 while retaining substantial biological activity of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the PfHT analog comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 while retaining substantial (e.g. at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) biological activity of SEQ ID NO: 1.
Binding pockets of PfHT polypeptide and PfHT analog
Binding pockets are of significant utility in fields such as drug discovery. Many drugs exert their biological effects through the binding to the binding pockets of a biological macromolecule such as a receptor or an enzyme. Such binding can involve all or part of the amino acid residues that constitute the binding pockets, and therefore could be helpful in the design of drugs having improved biological effects.
The present disclosure is based at least partially on the elucidation of crystal structure of PfHT complex, which permits identification of binding pockets therein for PfHT-binding molecules. The inventors of the present invention discovered that Compound 3361, which was previously disclosed as a PfHT inhibitor (see Thierry
et al., Acta Tropica 89 (2004) 371-374) , can bind to PfHT and induce a conformational change in PfHT which results in formation of the binding pockets as described herein.
In particular, the inventors have successfully identified at least three binding pockets of PfHT polypeptide and analogs thereof, which are named as “R1 binding pocket” , “R2 binding pocket” and “R3 binding pocket” in the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term “binding pocket” refers to a three-dimensional configuration composed by a group of amino acid residues in a macromolecule, that is typically in the form of a cavity capable of accommodating and interacting with one or more functional groups of a chemical entity (e.g., a molecule) . A binding pocket of PfHT or analogs thereof can be defined by the coordinates of a set of amino acid residues present in PfHT or equivalent residues in a PfHT analog, which residues constitute at least part of the binding pocket. The coordinates of the amino acid residues as provided herein are expressed in the form of single-letter code of the amino acid residue followed by the position of the amino acid residue in the specific amino acid sequence. For example, F40 of SEQ ID NO: 1 refers to phenylalanine residue at position 40 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
It is contemplated that the set of amino acid residues constituting the R1, R2 and/or R3 binding pockets of PfHT are highly conserved among PfHT and its various analogs. Therefore, when the coordinates of the amino acids of the R1, R2, or R3 binding pocket are expressed with reference to SEQ ID NO: 1, a skilled person can readily know the equivalent residues or coordinates of the R1, R2, or R3 binding pocket in an analog of PfHT.
At least one or more of the R1, R2, and R3 binding pockets of PfHT or analogs thereof are allosteric binding pockets. An allosteric binding pocket, as used herein, refers to a binding pocket that does not exist in the three dimensional conformation of the isolated polypeptide, but can be induced as a result of the polypeptide changing its conformation as it binds to a molecule. That is to say, these binding pockets are not naturally-existing, but are induced upon binding to a molecule (e.g. Compound 3361 etc. ) with the PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof. The molecules can be inhibitors of PfHT activity, including but not limited to the molecules and compounds of the present disclosure and Compound 3361.
In some embodiments, a binding pocket of PfHT or analogs thereof can be defined by amino acid residues of PfHT or analogs thereof comprising atoms that are within
(e.g.,
) of any atom of a molecule when the molecule binds to PfHT or analogs thereof. In some embodiments, a binding pocket of PfHT or analogs thereof can be further defined by amino acid residues of PfHT or analogs thereof that are in proximity of the bound molecule and comprises atoms that are more than
but less than
from the atoms of the molecule.
In one aspect, it is discovered that a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a R1 binding pocket.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q169, Q305, Q306, N311, N341, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in an analog thereof. As used herein the term “equivalent residue” refers to that, when an amino acid sequence of a PfHT analog is aligned with SEQ ID NO: 1 (if necessary, gaps are introduced to achieve the maximum number of identical amino acids) , the amino acid residue in the PfHT analog that corresponds to the amino acid residue of a certain binding pocket of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the position number of the equivalent residue is its actual position in the amino acid sequence of the PfHT analog. For example, SEQ ID NO: 2 is the full length amino acid sequence of wild-type PvHT which has 502 amino acids. When the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 is aligned with SEQ ID NO: 1 which has 504 amino acids, two gaps shall be introduced into the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 so as to maximize the number of identical amino acids. As a result, Q167 of SEQ ID NO: 2 corresponds to Q169 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and thus Q167 of SEQ ID NO: 2 is an equivalent residue of Q169 of SEQ ID NO: 1. A person skilled in the art can readily identify the equivalent residues of other PfHT analogs once the amino acid sequences of the other PfHT analogs are known and aligned with SEQ ID NO: 1.
In this context, in some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q167, Q303, Q304, N309, N339, W410, and N433 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q168, Q304, Q305, N310, N340, W411, and N434 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q126, Q262, Q263, N268, N298, H369 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q166, Q301, Q302, N307, N337, W408, and N431 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I172, I176, I310, F403, and A404 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in an analog thereof. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I170, I174, I308, F401, and A402 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I171, I175, I309, F402, and A403 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F39, I129, I133, I267, Q360, and K361 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F39, I169, I173, I306, F399, and A400 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in an analog thereof. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T143, T171, V312, and I398 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T144, T172, V313, and I399 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T102, T130, V271, and L357 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T142, T170, V310, and I396 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
In a further aspect, it is discovered that the PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 further comprises a R2 binding pocket.
In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F85, W436, and V443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in an analog thereof. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F83, W434, and V441 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F84, W435, and V442 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V43, L46, and F83 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V43, L46, F82, W432, and V439 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L81, V312, A439, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in an analog thereof. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L79, V310, A437, and F442 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L80, V311, A438, and F443 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises at least one or two amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L79 and V269 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L78, V308, A435, and F440 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
In a further aspect, it is discovered that the PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 further comprises a R3 binding pocket.
In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N311, N316, N318, E319, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in an analog thereof. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N309, N314, N316, E317, and D445 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N310, N315, N317, E318, and D446 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N47, K50, N51, N268, N273, N275, and E276 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket may comprise at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N47, K50, D51, N307, N312, N314, A315, and D443 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F85, V312, S315, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in an analog thereof. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F83, V310, S313, V441, and F442 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F84, V311, A314, V442, and F443 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F83, V269, and S272 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F82, V308, S311, V439, and F440 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
The sets of amino acids listed above represent the residues defining the allosteric binding pockets induced upon the binding of Compound 3361 to the PfHT polypeptide, or equivalents thereof in a PfHT analog. The residues that constitute the binding pocket or a part thereof may be specific for defining the chemical environment of the binding pocket, or useful in designing a molecule that may interact with those residues. For example, such residues may be key residues that play a role in ligand binding, or may be residues that are spatially related and define a three-dimensional compartment of the binding pocket. The residues may be contiguous or noncontiguous in primary sequence of PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof.
Molecules capable of binding to binding pockets of PfHT polypeptide or PfHT
analogs
The identified binding pockets of PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof are useful in designing molecules that are capable of binding to the binding pocket or a part thereof. The molecules may be potential inhibitors of PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof.
As used herein, the term “binding to” , “binds to” or “bind to” with respect to a binding pocket refers to a condition of proximity between a chemical entity or portions thereof, and a binding pocket or binding site of a protein. The chemical entity or portions thereof may be bound to the binding pocket or binding site of the protein covalently (e.g. they share at least one pair of electrons) or non-covalently (e.g. energetically favored by hydrogen bonding or van der Waals or electrostatic interactions) , or the chemical entity or portions thereof may be surrounded by the binding pocket or binding site of the protein. In some embodiments, a covalent binding is reversible. In some embodiments, a covalent binding is irreversible. In the present disclosure, the terms “bind to” , “interact with” , “association with” and “associated to” are used interchangeably.
It can be appreciated by a skilled person in the art that a molecule binding to a binding pocket does not need to bind to each and every residue as defined in the binding pocket. For example, binding interactions between the molecule and some of the identified amino acid residues may or may not occur depending on the size and the functional group of the molecule. The computational length of the allowable van der Waals interactions is also a factor when determining whether an amino acid residue in the binding pocket binds to the molecule. It is therefore understood that the molecule of the present disclosure may bind to the set (or a subset thereof) of amino acid residues identified for each binding pocket. It would be sufficient for the molecule to be considered as binding to the binding pocket, if the molecule binds to at least some of the identified residues in the binding pocket in a way that allows for sufficient interaction or binding between the molecule and the binding pocket. Sufficient interaction or binding can be measured by methods well-known in the art, such as by measuring the Kd value, EC
50 for binding, IC
50 for competitive binding and the like.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a molecule capable of binding to both R1 binding pocket and R2 binding pocket of a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1,
wherein the R1 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q169, Q305, Q306, N311, N341, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof, and the R2 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F85, W436, and V443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof;
wherein the molecule is not Compound 3361 having the formula below:
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I172, I176, I310, F403, and A404 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L81, V312, A439, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the molecule is capable of further binding to R3 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof, wherein the R3 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N311, N316, N318, E319, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F85, V312, S315, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the binding of the molecules of the present disclosure to the PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof can induce the formation of the R1, R2, and/or R3 binding pockets, and the molecules bind to these binding pockets.
Binding of a molecule to PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof can be measured by any methods known in the art. In some embodiments, said method is semi-quantitative or quantitative.
In certain embodiments, binding of a molecule to PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof may be measured directly, e.g., by NMR or surface plasmon resonance.
In some embodiments, if the molecule also serves as a substrate of an enzymatic activity of the PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof, an enzymatic reaction product may be measured (e.g., the amount of substrate transported by the PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof can be measured via transport/uptake assays; the amount of small molecule substrates can be measured by measuring the amount of cleaved substrate by analytic tools; the amount of biomolecule substrates can be measured by measuring the amount of cleaved substrate on a Western Blot) . Alternatively, the molecule may exhibit enzymatic properties itself and the molecule which was bound by the peptide, may be contacted with a suitable substrate allowing detection by the generation of an intensity signal. For measurement of enzymatic reaction products, in some embodiments, the amount of substrate is saturating. The substrate may also be labeled with a detectable label prior to the reaction. In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with the substrate for an adequate period of time. An adequate period of time refers to the time necessary for a detectable or measurable, amount of product to be produced. Instead of measuring the amount of product, the time necessary for appearance of a given (e.g., detectable) amount of product can be measured.
In certain embodiments, binding of a molecule to PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof may be measured by using a labeled version of the molecule. The molecule may be covalently or non-covalently attached to a label allowing detection and measurement of the molecule. Labeling may be done by direct or indirect methods. Direct labeling involves coupling of the label directly (covalently or non-covalently) to the reagent. Indirect labeling involves binding (covalently or non-covalently) of a secondary reagent to the first reagent. The secondary reagent should specifically bind to the first reagent. Said secondary reagent may be coupled with a suitable label and/or be the target (receptor) of tertiary reagent binding to the secondary reagent. The use of secondary, tertiary or even higher order reagents is often to increase the signal intensity. Suitable secondary and higher order reagents may include antibodies, secondary antibodies, and the well-known streptavidin-biotin system (Vector Laboratories, Inc. ) . The reagent or substrate may also be “tagged” with one or more tags as known in the art. Such tags may then be targets for higher order reagents. Suitable tags include biotin, digoxygenin, His-Tag, Glutathion-S-Transferase, FLAG, GFP, myc-tag, influenza A virus haemagglutinin (HA) , maltose binding protein, and the like. In the case of a peptide or polypeptide, the tag can be at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus.
In certain embodiments, binding of a molecule to PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof may be measured by microscale thermophoresis ( “MST” ) , which is based on the detection of a temperature-induced change in fluorescence of a target as a function of the concentration of a non-fluorescent ligand. The observed change in fluorescence is based on two distinct effects. On one hand it is based on a temperature related intensity change (TRIC) of the fluorescent probe, which can be affected by binding events. On the other hand it is based on thermophoresis, the directed movement of particles in a microscopic temperature gradient. Any change of the chemical microenvironment of the fluorescent probe, as well as changes in the hydration shell of biomolecules result in a relative change of the fluorescence detected when a temperature gradient is applied and can be used to determine binding affinities. MST allows measurement of interactions directly in solution without the need of immobilization to a surface (immobilization-free technology) (see Maximilian G. Plach et al., Bio-protocol 7 (23) : e2632; Moran Jerabek-Willemsen et al., Journal of Molecular Structure, 1077, p101-113) .
In some embodiments, the binding of the molecule of the present disclosure to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof is measured by MST method. In certain embodiments, the binding of the molecule of the present disclosure to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof is measured by MST method as described in Example 13.
In some embodiments, the molecule of the present disclosure is capable of binding to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof with a Kd value of no more than 20 μM, no more than 15μM, no more than 10μM, no more than 5μM, no more than 4μM, no more than 3μM, no more than 2μM, no more than 1μM, no more than 900nM, no more than 800nM, no more than 700nM, no more than 600nM, no more than 500nM, no more than 400nM, no more than 300nM, no more than 200nM, no more than 100nM, no more than 90nM, or no more than 80nM as determined by MST method as described in Example 13.
In some embodiments, the molecule capable of binding to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof is a peptide, a polypeptide, or a small molecule compound.
In some embodiments, the molecule capable of binding to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof comprises an M1 moiety, an M2 moiety and an M3 moiety that are covalently linked together.
In some embodiments, the molecule provided herein binds to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof with its M1 moiety binding to the R1 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein binds to one or more amino acid residues of the R1 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analogs thereof via polar interactions.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety binds to one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues of the R1 binding pocket selected from the group consisting of Q169, Q305, Q306, N311, N341, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analogs thereof via polar interactions.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein binds to one or more amino acid residues of the R1 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analogs thereof via hydrophobic interactions.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety binds to one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six) amino acid residues of the R1 binding pocket selected from the group consisting of F40, I172, I176, I310, F403, and A404 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analogs thereof via hydrophobic interactions.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein is surrounded by one or more amino acid residues of the R1 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein is surrounded by one or more (e.g., two, three, four) amino acid residues of the R1 binding pocket selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a hexose moiety. In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a hexose moiety in cyclic form. In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a D-enantiomer of a hexose moiety. In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a L-enantiomer of a hexose moiety.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a glucose moiety. In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a glucose moiety in cyclic form. In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a glucopyranose moiety. In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises a glucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety of the molecule provided herein includes a D-glucose, L-glucose, D-galactose, L-galactose, D-mannose, D-xylose, D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 2-deoxy-2-halo-D-glucose moiety.
In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom. In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom. In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its nitrogen atom. In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its sulfur atom. In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its carbon atom.
In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 2-position, 3-position, 4-position and 6-position. In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom. In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 2-position. In some embodiments, the hexose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 3-position. In some embodiments, the D-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 6-position.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety is a D-glucose moiety. In some embodiments, the D-glucose moiety is D-glucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, the D-glucose moiety is D-glucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, the D-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom. In some embodiments, the D-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 2-position. In some embodiments, the D-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 3-position. In some embodiments, the D-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 6-position.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety is a L-glucose moiety. In some embodiments, the L-glucose moiety is L-glucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, the L-glucose moiety is L-glucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, the L-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom. In some embodiments, the L-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 2-position, 3-position, 4-position and 6-position. In some embodiments, the L-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 3-position.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety is a deoxy-D-glucose moiety. In some embodiments, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is deoxy-D-glucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is deoxy-D-glucofuranose moiety. In some embodiments, the M1 moiety is a 2-deoxy-D-glucose moiety. In some embodiments, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is 2-deoxy-D-glucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom. In some embodiments, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 3-position, 4-position and 6-position. In some embodiments, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is 2-deoxy-D-glucose moiety covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 3-position.
In some embodiments, the M1 moiety is a D-fructose moiety. In some embodiments, the D-fructose moiety is D-frucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, the D-fructose moiety is D-frucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, the D-fructose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom. In some embodiments, the D-fructose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 2-position, 3-position, 4-position and 5-position. In some embodiments, the D-fructose moiety is covalently linked to the M2 moiety via its oxygen atom at the 1-position.
In some embodiments, the molecule provided herein binds to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof with its M2 moiety binds to the R2 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the M2 moiety of the molecule provided herein binds to one or more amino acid residues of the R2 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analogs thereof via hydrophobic interactions.
In some embodiments, the M2 moiety interacts with or binds to one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five) amino acid residues of the R2 binding pocket selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F85, W436, and V443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analogs thereof via hydrophobic interactions.
In some embodiments, the M2 moiety of the molecule provided herein is surrounded by one or more amino acid residues of the R2 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the M2 moiety of the molecule provided herein is surrounded by one or more (e.g., two, three, four) amino acid residues of the R2 binding pocket selected from the group consisting of L81, V312, A439, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the M2 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted linear hydrocarbon moiety having a length of 6 to 12 atoms.
In some embodiments, the M2 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises optionally substituted linear alkyl or heteroalkyl moiety having a length of 6 to 12 atoms.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein binds to one or more amino acid residues of the R3 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof via polar interactions.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety interacts with one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) amino acid residues of the R3 binding pocket selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N311, N316, N318, E319, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analogs thereof via polar interactions.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein is surrounded by one or more amino acid residues of the R3 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein is surrounded by one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five) amino acid residues of the R3 binding pocket selected from the group consisting of F85, V312, S315, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted aromatic moiety or non-aromatic cyclic moiety.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted aromatic moiety.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl moiety.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted 5-to 12-membered aryl or heteroaryl moiety.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted non-aromatic cyclic moiety.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl moiety.
In some embodiments, the M3 moiety of the molecule provided herein comprises an optionally substituted 5-to 12-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl moiety.
In some embodiments, the molecules provided herein are capable of inhibiting the activity of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof upon binding to the binding pockets of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the PfHT analog used herein is selected from the group consisting of PvHT, PoHT, PmHT, and PkHT. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the PfHT analog is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5.
PfHT complex
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a complex comprising a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 bound to the molecule as provided herein.
In some embodiments, the PfHT analog used herein is selected from the group consisting of PvHT, PoHT, PmHT, and PkHT. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the PfHT analog is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some embodiments, the complex provided herein comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-5 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NOs: 2-5 bound to the molecule as provide herein.
In some embodiments, in the complex, the molecule as provided herein binds to a R1 binding pocket and a R2 binding pocket of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof, wherein the R1 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q169, Q305, Q306, N311, N341, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof, and the R2 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F85, W436, and V443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I172, I176, I310, F403, and A404 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L81, V312, A439, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, in the PfHT complex, the molecule as provided herein further binds to a R3 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof, wherein the R3 binding pocket comprises at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N311, N316, N318, E319, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F85, V312, S315, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, complexes of the present disclosure are formed between a PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof, and another compound, for example, the compounds as provided herein and Compound 3361. For example, a complex of the present disclosure is formed between a PfHT polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and Compound 3361.
In some embodiments, the PfHT complex is crystallized. The crystallized PfHT complex may provide means to obtain atomic modeling information of the specific amino acids and their atoms that form the binding pockets and that interact with the molecule fitting in the binding pockets. The crystallized PfHT complex may also provide modeling information regarding the protein-molecule interaction, as well as the structure of the molecule interacting with the protein.
In some embodiments, the crystallized PfHT complex of the present disclosure is capable of diffracting X-rays to a resolution of better than
or
and are useful for determining the three-dimensional structure of the molecules.
The crystallized PfHT complex can be prepared by any method known to the person skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the crystallized PfHT complex is prepared by lipidic cubic phase ( “LCP” ) method, comprising the steps of:
(a) pre-incubating a purified PfHT polypeptide or an analog thereof with a compound to form a first mixture;
(b) mixing the first mixture obtained in step (a) with a lipid to form a mesophase;
(c) mixing the mesophase obtained in step (b) with a crystallization screen solution to form a second mixture; and
(d) crystallizing the PfHT complex from the second mixture obtained in step (c) under a condition suitable for crystallization, thereby obtaining the crystallized PfHT complex.
The lipid used in step (b) can be any known LCP host lipids in the art, including, but not limited to monoolein (MO) , monopalmitolein (MP) , monovaccenin (MV) , and monoeicosenoin (ME) . In some embodiments, the lipid used in step (b) is monoolein.
In some embodiments, the first mixture is mixed with the lipid in a protein to lipid ratio (w/w) from 1: 4 to 1: 1, from 1: 3 to 1: 1, or from 1: 2 to 1: 1, e.g. in a protein to lipid ratio (w/w) of 2: 3.
In some embodiments, step (c) is carried out using an LCP crystallization robot. The crystallization screen solution used in step (c) may be any known crystallization screen solutions in the art suitable for producing crystals of macromolecules. In some embodiments, the crystallization screen solution may comprise a buffer, a salt and a precipitant.
In some embodiments, the buffer used in the crystallization screen solution may include sodium malonate, potassium malonate sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate or sodium succinate. In some embodiments, the buffer used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise sodium citrate. In some embodiments, the buffer used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise sodium citrate at a pH less than about 7.0. In some embodiments, the buffer used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.05 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.06 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.07 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.08 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.09 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.19 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.18 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.17 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.16 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.14 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.13 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.12 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.11 M, or about 0.05 M to about 0.1 M. In some embodiments, the buffer used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise sodium citrate at a concentration of about 0.1 M.
In some embodiments, the buffer used in the crystallization screen solution may have a pH of about 3.0 to about 6.6, about 3.0 to about 6.4, about 3.0 to about 6.2, about 3.0 to about 6.0, about 3.0 to about 5.8, about 3.0 to about 5.6, about 3.0 to about 5.4, about 3.0 to about 5.2, about 3.0 to about 5.0, about 3.0 to about 4.8, about 3.0 to about 4.6, about 3.0 to about 4.4, about 3.0 to about 4.2, about 3.0 to about 4.0, about 3.0 to about 3.8, about 3.0 to about 3.6, about 3.0 to about 3.4, about 3.0 to about 3.2. In some embodiments, the buffer used in the crystallization screen solution may have a pH of about 5.2.
In some embodiments, the salt used in the crystallization screen solution may include, but is not limited to, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and the like. In some embodiments, the precipitant used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise ammonium chloride. In some embodiments, the precipitant used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise ammonium chloride at a concentration of about 0.05 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.06 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.07 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.08 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.09 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.19 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.18 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.17 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.16 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.15 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.14 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.13 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.12 M, about 0.05 M to about 0.11 M, or about 0.05 M to about 0.1 M. In some embodiments, the precipitant used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise ammonium chloride at a concentration of about 0.1M.
In some embodiments, the precipitant used in the crystallization screen solution may include, but is not limited to, PEG200, PEG300, PEG400, PEG500, PEG500MME (monomethyl ether polyethylene glycol 500) , PEG550, PEG600, PEG600MME, PEG1000, PEG2000, PEG3000. In some embodiments, the precipitant used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise PEG500MME. In some embodiments, the precipitant used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise PEG500MME. In some embodiments, the crystallization screen solution may further comprise PEG500MME at a concentration of about 20%to about 50%, about 25%to about 50%, about 30%to about 50%, about 35%to about 50%, about 40%to about 50%, about 20%to about 45%, about 20%to about 40%, about 20%to about 35%, about 20%to about 30%. In some embodiments, the crystallization screen solution may further comprise PEG500MME at a concentration of 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 40%, etc. In some embodiments, the precipitant used in the crystallization screen solution may comprise PEG500MME at a concentration of about 28%.
In some embodiments, the crystallization screen solution may comprise sodium citrate, ammonium chloride and PEG500MME. In some embodiments, the crystallization screen solution comprises about 0.1 M sodium citrate at pH of about 5.2, 0.1 M ammonium chloride and PEG500MME at a concentration of about 28%.
In some embodiments, the crystallization in step (d) is conducted under standard conditions of crystallization. For example, the crystallization is carried out at a temperature of between about 0℃ and about 30℃. In some embodiments, the crystallization is carried out at a temperature of between about 10℃ and about 25℃, for example, at a temperature of about 20℃.
In some embodiments, the crystallization in step (d) is conducted under a condition at 20℃ with a crystallization screen solution comprising about 0.1 M sodium citrate at pH 5.2, 0.1 M ammonium chloride and PEG500MME at a concentration of about 28%.
X-ray crystal structure coordinates
The three dimensional structure of the binding pockets of PfHT polypeptide or PfHT analogs thereof permits design and identification of compounds that bind to the binding pockets and modulate PfHT related activities. The three dimensional structure of the binding pockets of PfHT or analogs thereof also provides means for investigating the mechanism of action of PfHT and tools for identifying inhibitors of its function. For example, the knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the binding pockets of PfHT or analogs thereof allows one to design molecules, preferably pharmaceutical agents, capable of binding thereto, including molecules which are thereby capable of inhibiting the interaction of PfHT or analogs thereof with its native binding partners, thereby preventing glucose transport in Plasmodium.
The structural coordinates of the present disclosure enable one to use various molecular design and analysis techniques in order to (i) solve the three dimensional structures of related molecules, preferably molecular complexes; as well as (ii) design, select, and synthesize chemical entities capable of favorably associating or interacting with the binding pockets of PfHT or analogs thereof, wherein the chemical entity would preferably inhibit PfHT function including preventing glucose transport in Plasmodium.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates of at least one allosteric binding pocket of a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%(e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1,
wherein the allosteric binding pocket is inducible upon complexing of Compound 3361 with the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof, and
wherein the Compound 3361 has the formula below:
In some embodiments, the PfHT analog used herein is selected from the group consisting of PvHT, PoHT, PmHT, and PkHT. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the PfHT analog is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some embodiments, the at least one allosteric binding pocket comprises:
a) R1 binding pocket comprising at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q169, Q305, Q306, N311, N341, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof,
b) R2 binding pocket comprising at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F85, W436, and V443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof;
c) R3 binding pocket comprising at least one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen) amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N311, N316, N318, E319, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof; or
d) any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I172, I176, I310, F403, and A404 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R2 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L81, V312, A439, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the R3 binding pocket further comprises one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five) additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F85, V312, S315, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residues in the analog thereof.
In some embodiments, the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates is set forth in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the X-ray crystal structure coordinates of a PfHT complex comprising the PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and Compound 3361. In the present disclosure, when referring to Figure 1, it may refer to a portion of Figure 1 (e.g. the structure coordinates of the amino acid residue portion of Figure 1, or the structure coordinates of the compound portion of Figure 1) or the whole Figure 1.
A person skilled in the art will understand that, a set of structure coordinates for a protein or protein-inhibitor complex or a portion thereof, is a relative set of points that define a shape in three dimensions. Thus, it is possible that an entirely different set of coordinates could define a similar or identical shape, and thus be within the scope of the present invention. Moreover, slight variations in the individual coordinates will have little effect on overall shape. In terms of binding pockets, these variations would not be expected to significantly alter the nature of compounds that could associate with those binding pockets.
It is also noteworthy that modifications in the crystal structure due to mutations, additions, substitutions, and/or deletions of amino acids, or other changes in any of the components that make up the crystal could also account for variations in structure coordinates. If such variations are within an acceptable standard of error such as a root mean square deviation (rmsd) not more than about
from the conserved backbone atoms that comprise the binding pockets, as compared to the original coordinates, the resulting three dimensional shape is considered to be the same. In some embodiments, the root mean square deviation is not more than about
In some embodiments, the root mean square deviation is not more than about
In some embodiments, the root mean square deviation is not more than about
Thus, for example, a compound that bound to the binding pockets of PfHT or analogs thereof described herein would also be expected to bind to other binding pockets whose structure coordinates defined a shape that fell within the acceptable error. The term “root mean square deviation” as used herein refers to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the square of the deviations from the mean. In the context of atomic objects, the numbers are given in angstroms
The modifications discussed above may be generated because of mathematical manipulations of the PfHT structure coordinates. For example, the structure coordinates set forth in Figure 2 could be manipulated by crystallographic permutations of the raw structure coordinates, fractionalization of the raw structure coordinates, integer additions or subtractions to sets of the raw structure coordinates, inversion of the raw structure coordinates or any combination of the above. For example, the PfHT polypeptide and PfHT analogs of the present disclosure preferably comprise a binding pocket characterized by the amino acid residues as set forth in Figure 2 ± a root mean square deviation from the conserved backbone atoms of said amino acids of not more than
(or more preferably, not more than
or more preferably, not more than
and most preferably, not more than
) .
Therefore, the present disclosure further provides the X-ray crystal structure coordinates comprising at least one allosteric binding pocket as provided herein±a root mean square deviation from the backbone atoms of the amino acids making up the binding pocket of not more than about
not more than about
not more than about
or not more than about
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates comprising at least one allosteric binding pocket as set forth in Figure 2±a root mean square deviation from the conserved backbone atoms of the amino acids making up the binding pocket of not more than about
not more than about
not more than about
or not more than about
Computer-readable storage medium
It is noted that in order to use the structural coordinates generated from the PfHT complex described herein, it may be necessary to display the relevant coordinates as, or convert them to, a three-dimensional shape or graphical representation, or to otherwise manipulate them. In general, such a three-dimensional representation of the structural coordinates will find use in rational drug design, molecular replacement analysis, homology modeling, and mutation analysis. This is typically accomplished using any of a wide variety of commercially available software programs capable of generating three-dimensional graphical representations of molecules or portions thereof from a set of structural coordinates. The scientific art is replete with conventional software programs, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Refer to, for example, GRID (Oxford University, Oxford, UK) ; AUTODOCK (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif. ) ; Flo99 (Thistlesoft, Morris Township, NJ. ) etc.
Therefore, in another aspect, the present disclosure provides a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon the crystal structure coordinates in accordance with the present disclosure, such as that set out in Figure 2.
For storing, transferring and using such programs, a machine, such as a computer, is also contemplated, which produces a three-dimensional representation of the bind pockets of the PfHT and analogs thereof. The machine would comprise a machine-readable data storage medium having stored thereon the crystal structure coordinates in accordance with the present disclosure. Computer-readable storage mediums are well-known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, hard-disk, CD-ROM, diskette, DVD, thumb drive, etc. and other magnetic, magneto-optical, optical, floptical and other media which may be adapted for use with a computer. The machine further comprises a working memory for storing instructions for processing the machine-readable data, as well as a central processing unit (CPU) coupled to the working memory and to the machine-readable data storage medium for the purpose of processing the machine-readable data into the desired three-dimensional representation. As well, the machine of the present invention further comprises a display connected to the CPU so that the three-dimensional representation may be visualized by the user. Accordingly, when used with a machine programmed with instructions for using said data, e.g., a computer loaded with one or more programs of the sort identified above, the machine provided for herein is capable of displaying a graphical three-dimensional representation of the PfHT complex described herein.
Method of assessing or predicting binding characteristics of a compound to a PfHT
polypeptide or analogs thereof
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of assessing or predicting binding characteristics of a compound to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1, comprising the steps of:
(a) generating on a computer a representation of the three-dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to the present disclosure;
(b) generating on a computer a representation of the compound; and
(c) fitting the representation of the compound according to step (b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step (a) , to determine the probability of the compound binding to the at least one allosteric binding pocket.
In some embodiments, the PfHT analog used herein is selected from the group consisting of PvHT, PoHT, PmHT, and PkHT. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the PfHT analog is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5.
The three dimensional structures of the at least one allosteric binding pocket of the present disclosure and the compounds (i.e. step (a) and step (b) above) can be determined using X-ray crystallography and various computer modeling techniques.
In the step (a) as provided herein, the representation of the three-dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket can be a graphical representation, or a plot of the amino acid residue coordinates in a three dimensional space. This can be achieved through commercially available software. The three dimensional structure can be used to perform computer modeling, fitting operations, or displayed as a three dimensional graphic representation.
Software for generating the three-dimensional graphical representations of at least one allosteric binding pocket of the present disclosure and the compounds are known and commercially available. Examples include Quanta and WebLite Viewer,
Suite, AUTODOCK, DOCK, and the like.
The fitting in step (c) above is a process to assess the complementarity between the representation of the compound according to step (b) and the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step (a) . The fitting (or docking) can be performed by well-known methods in the art, for example, by various computational techniques that evaluate the “fit” between the binding pockets and the candidate compound, such as the extra-precision glide docking (Glide XP) .
The probability of the compound binding to the at least one allosteric binding pocket may be expressed as the degree of association between the candidate compound and the at least one allosteric binding pocket. In some embodiments, the degree of association may be determined experimentally using standard binding assays. In some embodiments, the degree of association may be determined and ranked computationally by any number of commercially available software programs, such as Glide XP score, Emodel score and the like. Without being bound by any theory, it is contemplated that a higher degree of association may represent a higher probability of the compound binding to the at least one allosteric binding pocket. Compounds determined to “fit” into the binding pockets defined herein via some type of association or bonding may also impede the biological activity of the PfHT or analogs thereof and, thus, represent a potential drug candidate.
Method of identifying, virtual screening and designing potential PfHT inhibitors
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method to identify a compound which is a potential PfHT inhibitor comprising the steps of:
(a) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to the present disclosure;
(b) generating on a computer a representation of the compound;
(c) fitting the representation of the compound according to step (b) to the computer representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step (a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; and
(d) evaluating results of the step (c) to quantify the binding between the compound and the at least one allosteric binding pocket,
wherein the compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor when it binds with the at least one allosteric binding pocket to yield a low energy, stable complex.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a virtual screening method to identify a potential PfHT inhibitor comprising the steps of:
(a) generating or accessing on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to the present disclosure;
(b) generating or accessing on a computer a representation of a candidate compound from a compound library;
(c) fitting the representation of the candidate compound according to step (b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step (a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the candidate compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; and
(d) evaluating results of step (c) to quantify the binding between the candidate compound and the at least one allosteric binding pocket;
(e) comparing the quantified binding to a predetermined threshold,
wherein the candidate compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor based on the comparison result of step (e) .
The comparing step in step (e) above refers to comparing the quantified binding of step (d) with a predetermined threshold. The comparison may be carried out manually or computer assisted. For a computer assisted comparison, the value of the quantified binding may be compared to the predetermined threshold which is stored in a database by a computer program, and the computer program may further evaluate the result of the comparison, and automatically provide the desired assessment in a suitable output format. Based on the assessment (e.g. comparing the value of the quantified binding to the predetermined threshold) , a person skilled in the art can readily identify a potential PfHT inhibitor. Depending on the computer program used for the comparison, a higher or a lower value of the quantified binding than the predetermined threshold may indicate a potential PfHT inhibitor. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold is a Glide XP score, which is dependent on the hydrophobic enclosure, the hydrogen bond interaction, the internal energy (such as van de Waals interaction) , the electrostatic interaction and two XP penalties (i.e., the desolvation penalty and the ligand-strain penalty) . In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold is a Glide XP score of -10 with a reference Glide XP score of -12.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of designing a compound which is capable of binding to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1, comprising
(a) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to the present disclosure;
(b) generating on a computer a representation of a candidate compound;
(c) fitting the representation of the candidate compound according to step (b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step (a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the candidate compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket, wherein the compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor when it binds to the at least one allosteric binding pocket to yield a low energy, stable complex.
Optionally, in some embodiments, the method further comprises step (d) modifying the candidate compound based on the result obtained in step (c) . Optionally, in some embodiments, the method further comprises step (e) repeating steps (b) to (c) with the modified candidate compound obtained in step (d) .
Assays may be performed and the results analyzed to determine whether the compound is an inhibitor (i.e., the compound may reduce or prevent binding affinity between PfHT and its native binding partner) , or has no effect on the interaction between PfHT and its native binding partner. Compounds identified using the foregoing methods, and preferably PfHT inhibitors, may then be tested as therapeutics in the treatment and/or prevention of malaria.
The efficiency with which a selected compound binds to the binding pockets of the present disclosure may be tested and optimized by computational evaluation. The quality of the fit of a given compound within the PfHT binding pockets may be evaluated, for example, by shape, size and electrostatic complementarity as determined qualitatively by visual inspection or as determined quantitatively by the use of scoring functions such as LUDI, PLP, PMF, SCORE, GOLD, FlexX, Emodel score and Glide XP score. These methods of qualitative and quantitative evaluation may be employed individually or in combination, for example, as in a consensus scoring manner.
Alternatively, binding efficiency can be determined based on the interaction energy of a complex formed by the binding or association of a compound with the PfHT or analogs thereof. For example, a compound determined to form a “low energy, stable complex” with PfHT or analogs thereof, in the manner described herein, warrants further analysis as a potential PfHT inhibitor. The term “low energy, stable complex” as used herein refers to a PfHT complex in which the energy of interactions including the hydrophobic enclosure, the hydrogen bond interaction, the internal energy (such as van de Waals interaction) , between the compound and PfHT or analogs thereof, is less than a predetermined value, which can be set by a computer program. The energy of interactions can be determined using known softwares in the art, for example, the extra-precision glide docking (Glide XP) by Glide program.
The effect of a compound identified by the fitting step (c) on PfHT activity may be further evaluated computationally, or experimentally by competitive binding experiments or by contacting the identified compound with PfHT or analogs thereof and measuring the effect of the compound on the target’s biological activity. Standard enzymatic assays may be performed and the results analyzed to determine whether the agent is an inhibitor of PfHT activity (e.g. preventing glucose transport) .
Once a PfHT inhibitor has been optimally identified, screened or designed, as described above, substitutions may then be made in some of its atoms or side groups in order to improve or modify its selectivity and binding properties -that is its affinity for the binding pockets disclosed herein. Generally, initial substitutions are conservative, i.e., the replacement group will have approximately the same size, shape, hydrophobicity and charge as the original group. Such substituted chemical compounds may then be analyzed for efficiency of fitting the binding pockets of PfHT by the same computer methods described in detail above.
Various molecular analysis and rational drug design techniques are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,834,228, 5,939,528 and 5,865,116, as well as in PCT Application No. PCT/US98/16879, published as WO 99/09148, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Compounds
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound having a Formula (I) :
A-B-L-D-E (I)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
A is a hexose moiety which is connected to B via its atom selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur;
B is selected from the group consisting of null, -CH
2C (O) O-, -CH
2-C (O) NH-, and -C (O) -;
L is - (CH
2)
m-, - (CH
2OCH
2)
q, or - (CH
2)
n-W- (CH
2)
p-, wherein -W-is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, -O-, -S-, -NH-, -C=C-, -C (O) O-and -C (O) NH-, m is an integer from 1 to 12, n, p and q each is an integer from 1 to 3;
D is selected from the group consisting of null, -O-, -S-and -NH-;
E is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R groups;
R is selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, alkyl, haloalkyl, -OR
1 and –NR
2R
3;
R
1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and alkylalkoxyl;
R
2 and R
3 is each selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with one or more alkoxyl groups.
In some embodiments, A is selected from the group consisting of D-glucose, L-glucose, D-galactose, L-galactose, D-mannose, D-xylose, D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-halo-D-glucose.
In some embodiments, A is D-glucopyranose moiety.
In some embodiment, A is D-glucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its nitrogen atom.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its sulfur atom.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its carbon atom.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 2-position, 3-position, 4-position and 6-position.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at 2-position.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at 3-position.
In some embodiments, A is a D-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at 6-position.
In some embodiments, A is a L-glucose moiety. In some embodiments, A is a L-glucopyranose moiety.
In some embodiments, A is a L-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 2-position, 3-position, 4-position and 6-position.
In some embodiments, A is a L-glucose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at the 3-position.
In some embodiments, A is a deoxy-D-glucose moiety. In some embodiments, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is deoxy-D-glucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, the deoxy-D-glucose moiety is deoxy-D-glucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, A is a 2-deoxy-D-glucose moiety. In some embodiments, A is 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, A is 2-deoxy-D-glucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, A is 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 3-position, 4-position and 6-position.
In some embodiments, A is 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose moiety which is connected to B via its oxygen atom at 3-position.
In some embodiments, A is a D-fructose moiety. In some embodiments, A is D-frucopyranose moiety. In some embodiment, A is D-frucofuranose moiety.
In some embodiments, A is D-frucopyranose moiety which is covalently linked to B via its oxygen atom at a position selected from the group consisting of 1-position, 2-position, 3-position, 4-position and 5-position. In some embodiments, A is D-frucopyranose moiety which is covalently linked to B via its oxygen atom at the 1-position.
In some embodiments, B is -CH
2C (O) O-.
In some embodiments, B is null.
In some embodiments, B is -CH
2-C (O) NH-or -C (O) -.
In some embodiments, L is - (CH
2)
m-.
In some embodiments, L is - (CH
2)
nO (CH
2)
p-.
In some embodiments, B is -CH
2C (O) O-, and L is - (CH
2)
m-or - (CH
2)
nO (CH
2)
p-.
In some embodiments, B is null, and L is – (CH
2)
m-.
In some embodiments, B is -CH
2-C (O) NH-or -C (O) -, and L is - (CH
2)
m-.
In some embodiments, D is -O-.
In some embodiments, D is null.
In some embodiments, D is –NH-.
In some embodiments, B is null, -CH
2C (O) O-or -CH
2-C (O) NH-, and D is –O-.
In some embodiments, B is null, -CH
2C (O) O-or -C (O) -, and D is null.
In some embodiment, B is -CH
2C (O) O-, and D is null or -O-.
In some embodiments, B is null, and D is null, -O-or –NH-.
In some embodiments, B is -C (O) -, and D is null.
In some embodiments, B is -CH
2-C (O) NH-, and D is –O-.
In some embodiments, B is -CH
2C (O) O-, L is - (CH
2)
m-, and D is null or -O-.
In some embodiments, B is null, L is - (CH
2)
m-, and D is null, -O-or -NH-.
In some embodiments, B is null, L is - (CH
2)
m-, and D is -O-.
In some embodiments, E is aryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
In some embodiments, E is aryl selected from the group consisting of:
each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1 or -NR
2R
3.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is alkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is C
1-C
6 alkyl, C
1-C
5 alkyl, C
1-C
4 alkyl, or C
1-C
3 alkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is methyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, wherein R
2 and R
3 is each hydrogen.
In some embodiments, E is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
In some embodiments, E is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
In certain embodiments, the R group is halogen, oxo, alkyl, haloalkyl, -OR
1 and –NR
2R
3.
In certain embodiments, the R group is halogen.
In certain embodiments, the R group is Cl or Br.
In certain embodiments, the R group is oxo.
In certain embodiments, E is
and R is oxo and/or halogen.
In some embodiments, the R group is alkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is C
1-C
6 alkyl, C
1-C
5 alkyl, C
1-C
4 alkyl, or C
1-C
3 alkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is methyl.
In some embodiments, the R group is haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is C
1-C
6 haloalkyl, C
1-C
5 haloalkyl, C
1-C
4 haloalkyl, or C
1-C
3 haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -CF
3.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylalkoxyl, or alkylaryl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is alkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is C
1-C
6 alkyl, C
1-C
5 alkyl, C
1-C
4 alkyl, or C
1-C
3 alkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is aryl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is C
3-C
8 aryl, C
3-C
7 aryl, C
3-C
6 aryl or C
3-C
5 aryl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is phenyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is alkylalkoxyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is (C
1-C
6 alkyl) (C
1-C
6 alkoxyl) , (C
1-C
5 alkyl) (C
1-C
5 alkoxyl) , (C
1-C
4 alkyl) (C
1-C
4 alkoxyl) , or (C
1-C
3 alkyl) (C
1-C
3 alkoxyl) .
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is ethylethoxyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is alkylaryl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is (C
1-C
6 alkyl) (C
3-C
8 aryl) , (C
1-C
5 alkyl) (C
3-C
7 aryl) , (C
1-C
4 alkyl) (C
3-C
6 aryl) , or (C
1-C
3 alkyl) (C
3-C
5 aryl) .
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is benzyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3 and R
2 and R
3 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl, wherein the aryl and cycloalkyl are optionally substituted by one or more alkoxyl groups.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, one of R
2 and R
3 is hydrogen, and the other is C
3-C
8 aryl, C
3-C
7 aryl, C
3-C
6 aryl or C
3-C
5 aryl, which is optionally substituted by one or more C
1-C
6 alkoxyl, C
1-C
5 alkoxyl, C
1-C
4 alkoxyl or C
1-C
3 alkoxyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, one of R
2 and R
3 is hydrogen, and the other is phenyl optionally substituted by one or more methoxyl groups.
In certain embodiments, R group is -NR
2R
3, one of R
2 and R
3 is hydrogen, and the other is C
3-C
8 cycloalkyl, C
3-C
7 cycloalkyl, C
3-C
6 cycloalkyl or C
3-C
5 cycloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, one of R
2 and R
3 is hydrogen, and the other is cyclohexyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, and both of R
2 and R
3 are hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, and both of R
2 and R
3 are alkyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, and both of R
2 and R
3 are C
1-C
6 alkyl, C
1-C
5 alkyl, C
1-C
4 alkyl, or C
1-C
3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is –NR
2R
3, and both of R
2 and R
3 are methyl.
In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure have a Formula (II) of:
wherein L and E are as defined as supra.
In some embodiments, L is - (CH
2)
m-, and m is an integer from 1 to 12, from 2 to 10, or from 3 to 8.
In some embodiments, E is aryl or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
In some embodiments, E is aryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is -OR
1.
In certain embodiments, E is
each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is -OR
1. In certain embodiments, R
1 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, R
1 is methyl.
In some embodiments, E is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is halogen or -OR
1.
In certain embodiments, E is selected from the group consisting of:
each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is halogen or -OR
1.
In certain embodiments, the R group is halogen. In certain embodiments, the R group is Cl or Br.
In certain embodiments the R group is -OR
1. In certain embodiments, R
1 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, R
1 is methyl.
In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure have a formula selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen, L and E are as defined as supra.
In some embodiments, L is - (CH
2)
m-, and m is an integer from 1 to 12, from 4 to 12, from 6 to 12, or from 8 to 12.
In some embodiments, E is aryl or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
In some embodiments, E is aryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is -OR
1 or -NR
2R
3.
In certain embodiments, E is aryl selected from the group consisting of:
each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is -OR
1 or -NR
2R
3.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1 and R
1 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1 and R
1 is methyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, and R
2 and R
3 are hydrogen.
In some embodiments, E is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is halogen, alkyl, -OR
1 or -NR
2R
3.
In certain embodiments, E is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R groups, wherein the R group is halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, -OR
1 or -NR
2R
3.
In certain embodiments, the R group is halogen. In certain embodiment, the R group is Cl or Br.
In certain embodiments, the R group is alkyl. In certain embodiment, the R group is C
1-C
3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is methyl.
In some embodiments, the R group is haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is C
1-C
6 haloalkyl, C
1-C
5 haloalkyl, C
1-C
4 haloalkyl, or C
1-C
3 haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -CF
3.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1 and R
1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylalkoxyl, or alkylaryl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1 and R
1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is phenyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is alkylalkoxyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is ethylethoxyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is alkylaryl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -OR
1, wherein R
1 is benzyl.
In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3 and R
2 and R
3 is each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl are optionally substituted by one or more alkoxyl groups. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, one of R
2 and R
3 is hydrogen, and the other is phenyl optionally substituted by one or more methoxyl groups. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, one of R
2 and R
3 is hydrogen, and the other is phenyl substituted by three methoxyl groups. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, one of R
2 and R
3 is hydrogen, and the other is cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, and both of R
2 and R
3 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, and both of R
2 and R
3 are alkyl. In certain embodiments, the R group is -NR
2R
3, and both of R
2 and R
3 are methyl.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof selected from the group consisting of:
3- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) propyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
7- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) heptyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
2- (2- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) ethoxy) ethyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
N- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) -2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetamide;
5- (quinolin-6-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (naphthalen-1-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5-phenoxypentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (pyridin-4-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (benzo [d] [1, 3] dioxol-5-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenoxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenoxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl 2- (naphthalen-2-yl) acetate;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
5- (isoquinolin-6-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (isoquinolin-7-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (quinolin-7-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (quinolin-3-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (quinolin-8-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (quinolin-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (isoquinolin-3-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- ( (7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) oxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (7-chloro-4-oxoquinolin-1 (4H) -yl) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- ( (7-methoxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
5- (7-methoxy-4-oxoquinolin-1 (4H) -yl) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8-phenoxyoctyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-bromoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-methylquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-methoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-ethoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-isopropoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-phenoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (phenylamino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2- ( (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) amino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (cyclohexylamino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-4-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
1- (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) quinolin-4 (1H) -one;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
7-chloro-1- (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) quinolin-4 (1H) -one;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7-bromoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
7-bromo-1- (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) quinolin-4 (1H) -one;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7-methoxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7- (benzyloxy) quinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7-aminoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7-hydroxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-ylamino) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (5-aminonaphthalen-2-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-3-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (6- (quinolin-6-yloxy) hexyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (10- (quinolin-6-yloxy) decyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (12- (quinolin-6-yloxy) dodecyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3S, 4R, 5S, 6S) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7- (trifluoromethyl) quinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7-iodoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (6-bromoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (8-bromoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (6, 7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-hydroxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (3-bromoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (7- (quinolin-6-yloxy) heptyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (9- (quinolin-6-yloxy) nonyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -3- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol;
(2R, 3S, 4R, 5R) -2- ( ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-iodoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (benzo [d] [1, 3] dioxol-5-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( [1, 1'-biphenyl] -3-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (naphthalen-1-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (benzofuran-5-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (benzo [b] thiophen-5-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-7-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
6- ( (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -2H-chromen-2-one;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (anthracen-2-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (phenanthren-9-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (9H-carbazol-3-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (pyren-1-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (11- (quinolin-6-yloxy) undecyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-aminoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (dimethylamino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;
(2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl) -6- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4, 5-triol;
(3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -5- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol;
(4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 5-diol,
(3S, 4R, 5S, 6S) -4- ( (9- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) nonyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol,
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -3- ( (8- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol, and
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -3- ( (9- (quinolin-6-yloxy) nonyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol.
Exemplary compounds of the present disclosure are set forth in Table 1 below.
Table 1
Compounds provided herein are described with reference to both generic formulae and specific compounds. In addition, the compounds of the present disclosure may exist in a number of different forms or derivatives, including but not limited to prodrugs, soft drugs, active metabolic derivatives (active metabolites) , and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, all within the scope of the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term “prodrugs” refers to compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which, when metabolized under physiological conditions or when converted by solvolysis, yield the desired active compound. Prodrugs include, without limitation, esters, amides, carbamates, carbonates, ureides, solvates, or hydrates of the active compound. Typically, the prodrug is inactive, or less active than the active compound, but may provide one or more advantageous handling, administration, and/or metabolic properties. For example, some prodrugs are esters of the active compound; during metabolysis, the ester group is cleaved to yield the active drug. Also, some prodrugs are activated enzymatically to yield the active compound, or a compound which, upon further chemical reaction, yields the active compound. Prodrugs may proceed from prodrug form to active form in a single step or may have one or more intermediate forms which may themselves have activity or may be inactive. Preparation and use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems” , Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987; in Prodrugs: Challenges and Rewards, ed. V. Stella, R. Borchardt, M. Hageman, R. Oliyai, H. Maag, J. Tilley, Springer-Verlag New York, 2007, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
As used herein, the term “soft drug” refers to compounds that exert a pharmacological effect but break down to inactive metabolites degradants so that the activity is of limited time. See, for example, “Soft drugs: Principles and methods for the design of safe drugs” , Nicholas Bodor, Medicinal Research Reviews, Vol. 4, No. 4, 449-469, 1984, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
As used herein, the term “metabolite” , e.g., active metabolite overlaps with prodrug as described above. Thus, such metabolites are pharmacologically active compounds or compounds that further metabolize to pharmacologically active compounds that are derivatives resulting from metabolic process in the body of a subject. For example, such metabolites may result from oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, deamidation, esterification, deesterification, enzymatic cleavage, and the like, of the administered compound or salt or prodrug. Of these, active metabolites are such pharmacologically active derivative compounds. For prodrugs, the prodrug compound is generally inactive or of lower activity than the metabolic product. For active metabolites, the parent compound may be either an active compound or may be an inactive prodrug.
Prodrugs and active metabolites may be identified using routine techniques known in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini et al, 1997, J Med Chem 40: 2011-2016; Shan et al., J Pharm Sci 86: 756-757; Bagshawe, 1995, Drug Dev Res 34: 220-230; Wermuth, supra.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition is compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the subjects being treated therewith.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” , unless otherwise indicated, includes salts that retain the biological effectiveness of the free acids and bases of the specified compound and that are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Contemplated pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include, but are not limited to, mono, bis, tris, tetrakis, and so on. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic in the amounts and concentrations at which they are administered. The preparation of such salts can facilitate the pharmacological use by altering the physical characteristics of a compound without preventing it from exerting its physiological effect. Useful alterations in physical properties include lowering the melting point to facilitate transmucosal administration and increasing the solubility to facilitate administering higher concentrations of the drug.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts such as those containing sulfate, chloride, hydrochloride, fumarate, maleate, phosphate, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, lactate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be obtained from acids such as hydrochloric acid, maleic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, fumaric acid, and quinic acid.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include basic addition salts such as those containing benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, t-butylamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, ammonium, alkylamine, and zinc, when acidic functional groups, such as carboxylic acid or phenol are present. For example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19
thed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, Vol. 2, p. 1457, 1995; “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use” by Stahl and Wermuth, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002. Such salts can be prepared using the appropriate corresponding bases.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared by standard techniques. For example, the free-base form of a compound can be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as an aqueous or aqueous-alcohol solution containing the appropriate acid and then isolated by evaporating the solution. Thus, if the particular compound is a base, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, an amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, an aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid, or the like.
Similarly, if the particular compound is an acid, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary) , an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like. Illustrative examples of suitable salts include organic salts derived from amino acids, such as L-glycine, L-lysine, and L-arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as hydroxyethylpyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine or piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and lithium.
It is also to be understood that the compounds of present disclosure can exist in unsolvated forms, solvated forms (e.g., hydrated forms) , and solid forms (e.g., crystal or polymorphic forms) , and the present disclosure is intended to encompass all such forms.
As used herein, the term “solvate” or “solvated form” refers to solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H
2O. Examples of solvents that form solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.
As used herein, the terms “crystal form” , “crystalline form” , “polymorphic forms” and “polymorphs” can be used interchangeably, and mean crystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof) can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which have the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.
The present disclosure is also intended to include all isotopes of atoms in the compounds. Isotopes of an atom include atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. For example, unless otherwise specified, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromide or iodine in the compounds of present disclosure are meant to also include their isotopes, such as but not limited to
1H,
2H,
3H,
11C,
12C,
13C,
14C,
14N,
15N,
16O,
17O,
18O,
31P,
32P,
32S,
33S,
34S,
36S,
17F,
18F,
19F,
35Cl,
37Cl,
79Br,
81Br,
124I,
127I and
131I. In some embodiments, hydrogen includes protium, deuterium and tritium. In some embodiments, carbon includes
12C and
13C.
Those of skill in the art will appreciate that compounds of the present disclosure may exist in different tautomeric forms, and all such forms are embraced within the scope of the present disclosure. The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier. The presence and concentrations of the isomeric forms will depend on the environment the compound is found in and may be different depending upon, for example, whether the compound is a solid or is in an organic or aqueous solution. By way of examples, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers) include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enol, amide-imidic acid, lactam-lactim, imine-enamine isomerizations and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system. Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons. Tautomers can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. Compounds of the present disclosure identified by name or structure as one particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomeric forms unless otherwise specified.
Synthesis of compounds
Synthesis of the compounds provided herein, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are illustrated in the synthetic schemes in the examples. The compounds provided herein can be prepared using any known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes, and thus these schemes are illustrative only and are not meant to limit other possible methods that can be used to prepare the compounds provided herein. Additionally, the steps in the Schemes are for better illustration and can be changed as appropriate. The embodiments of the compounds in examples were synthesized for the purposes of research and potentially submission to regulatory agencies.
The reactions for preparing compounds of the present disclosure can be carried out in suitable solvents, which can be readily selected by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants) , the intermediates, or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g. temperatures that can range from the solvent’s freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by one skilled in the art.
Preparation of compounds of the present disclosure can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York (1999) , in P. Kocienski, Protecting Groups, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2003, and in Peter G.M. Wuts, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 5
th Edition, Wiley, 2014, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g.
1H or
13C) , infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g. UV-visible) , mass spectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS) , or thin layer chromatography (TLC) . Compounds can be purified by one skilled in the art by a variety of methods, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ( “Preparative LC-MS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization” Karl F. Blom, Brian Glass, Richard Sparks, Andrew P. Combs J. Combi. Chem. 2004, 6 (6) , 874-883, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) , and normal phase silica chromatography.
The structures of the compounds in the examples are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) . NMR spectra were acquired on Bruker AVANCE III HD 400 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, running at 400 MHz for
1H and 101 MHz for
13C respectively.
1H NMR spectra were recorded at 400 MHz in CHCl
3-d, (CH
3)
2SO-d
6 and (CH
3)
2CO-d
6 using residual CHCl
3 (7.26 ppm) , DMSO (2.50 ppm) and (CH
3)
2CO (2.05 ppm) as the internal standard.
13C NMR spectra were recorded at 101 MHz in CHCl
3-d, (CH
3)
2SO-d
6 and (CH
3)
2CO-d
6 using residual CHCl
3 (77.16 ppm) , DMSO (39.52 ppm) and (CH
3)
2CO (29.84 ppm and 206.26 ppm) , as internal reference.
Mass spectrometry was performed at the mass spectrometry facility of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Tsinghua University on a Thermo Scientific QExactive mass spectrometer (ESI) .
Thin layer chromatography was performed on Merck Kieselgel
F254 plates eluting with the solvent indicated, visualized by a 254 nm UV lamp, and stained with an ethanolic solution of 12-molybdophosphoric acid. Compounds were purified using flash chromatography (Silica gel
230-400 mesh, Silicycle Inc. ) .
The known starting materials of the present disclosure can be synthesized by using or according to the known methods in the art, or can be purchased from commercial suppliers. Unless otherwise noted, analytical grade solvents and commercially available reagents were used without further purification.
Unless otherwise specified, the reactions of the present disclosure were all done under a positive pressure of nitrogen or argon or with a drying tube in anhydrous solvents, and the reaction flasks were typically fitted with rubber septa for the introduction of substrates and reagents via syringe. Glassware was oven dried and/or heat dried.
For illustrative purposes, the following shows general synthetic route for preparing the compounds of the present disclosure as well as key intermediates. For a more detailed description of the individual reaction steps, see the Examples section below. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other synthetic routes may be used to synthesize the inventive compounds. Although specific starting materials and reagents are depicted in the Schemes and discussed below, other starting materials and reagents can be easily substituted to provide a variety of derivatives and/or reaction conditions. In addition, many of the compounds prepared by the methods described below can be further modified in light of this disclosure using conventional chemistry well known to those skilled in the art.
GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 1, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 1
Reagents and conditions: (i) tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) 1M NaOH, reflux, 2 h, then acidification by 1M HCl; (iii) 5-bromopentan-1-ol, K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (iv) DMAP, EDCI, dichloromethane (DCM) , R.T., overnight; (v) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 2, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 2
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1, 5-dibromopentane, Bu
4N
+Br
-, ACN, reflux, 20 h; (ii) naphthalene-2-ol, K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, 24 h; (iii) hydrazine hydrate, EtOH, reflux, 4 h; (iv) tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) 1M NaOH, reflux, 2 h, then acidification by 1M HCl; (vi) DMAP, EDCI, DCM, R.T., overnight; (vii) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 3, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 3
Reagents and conditions: (i) DMAP, EDCI, DCM, R.T., overnight; (ii) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
In some embodiments, the compound provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 4, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 4
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (iii) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 5, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 5
Reagents and conditions: (i) Ph
3CCl, pyridine, 75 ℃, overnight; (ii) BnBr, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (iii) HBr (48%in water) , AcOH, ice-water bath, 5 min; (iv) 1,8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (vi) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 6, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 6
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h; (iii) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 7, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 7
Reagents and conditions: (i) BnBr, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) water, TFA, DCM, R.T., 40 min; (iii) a. dibutyl-tin (IV) oxide, MeOH, 80 ℃, 1.5 h, b. BnBr, K
2CO
3, DMF, 40 ℃, 16 h; (iv) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h; (vi) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 8, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 8
Reagents and conditions: (i) BnOH, BF
3-diethyl ether, DCM, R.T., overnight; (ii) NaOMe, MeOH, R.T., 3 h; (iii) PhCH (OMe)
2, TsOH, DMF, 80 ℃., 4 h; (iv) BnBr, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) Et
3SiH, TFA, DCM, R.T., 24 h; (vi) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (vii) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h; (viii) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein may be prepared according to Scheme 9, wherein L, D and E are defined as supra.
Scheme 9
Reagents and conditions: (i) Ac
2O, pyridine, R.T., overnight; (ii) BnOH, BF
3-diethyl ether, DCM, R.T., overnight; (iii) NaOMe, MeOH, R.T., 3 h; (iv) PhCH (OMe)
2, TsOH, DMF, 80 ℃., 4 h; (v) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (vi) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (vii) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h.
Use of Compounds
In an aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which are capable of binding to a PfHT polypeptide.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are capable of binding to PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are capable of binding to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a Kd value of no more than 20 μM, no more than 19 μM, no more than 18 μM, no more than 17 μM, no more than 16 μM, no more than 15 μM, no more than 14 μM, no more than 13 μM, no more than 12 μM, no more than 11 μM, no more than 10 μM, no more than 9 μM, no more than 8 μM, no more than 7 μM, no more than 6 μM, no more than 5 μM, no more than 4 μM, no more than 3 μM, no more than 2 μM, no more than 1 μM, no more than 0.9 μM, no more than 0.8 μM, no more than 0.7 μM, no more than 0.6 μM, no more than 0.5 μM, as determined by microscale thermophoresis (MST) analysis as described herein.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof show inhibitory activity against PfHT polypeptide or analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof show inhibitory activity against a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1.
As used herein, the term “inhibitory activity against a PfHT polypeptide” refers to a decrease in the activity of the PfHT polypeptide as a direct or indirect response to the presence of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, relative to the activity of the PfHT polypeptide in the absence of compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
In some embodiments, such a decrease in activity may be due to the interaction of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts with the PfHT polypeptide.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts may decrease activity of the PfHT polypeptide by binding to the PfHT polypeptide.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts may decrease activity of the PfHT polypeptide by binding to the R1 binding pocket and R2 binding pocket as stated above.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts may decrease activity of the PfHT polypeptide by binding to the R1 binding pocket, R2 binding pocket and R3 binding pocket as stated above.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are capable of inhibiting a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a half maximal effective concentration (EC
50) value no more than 1000 μM, no more than 900 μM, no more than 800 μM, no more than 700 μM, no more than 600 μM, no more than 500 μM, no more than 400 μM, no more than 300 μM, no more than 200 μM, no more than 100 μM, no more than 90 μM, no more than 80 μM, no more than 70 μM, no more than 60 μM, no more than 50 μM, no more than 40 μM, no more than 30 μM, no more than 20 μM, no more than 10 μM, no more than 5 μM, no more than 4 μM, no more than 3 μM, no more than 2 μM, no more than 1 μM, no more than 900 nM, no more than 800 nM, no more than 700 nM, no more than 600 nM, no more than 500 nM, no more than 400 nM, or no more than 300 nM.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are capable of inhibiting a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50) value no more than no more than 100 μM, no more than 90 μM, no more than 80 μM, no more than 70 μM, no more than 60 μM, no more than 50 μM, no more than 40 μM, no more than 30 μM, no more than 20 μM, no more than 15 μM, no more than 10 μM, no more than 5 μM, no more than 4 μM, no more than 3 μM, no more than 2 μM, no more than 1 μM, no more than 900 nM, no more than 800 nM, no more than 700 nM, no more than 600 nM, no more than 500 nM, no more than 400 nM, or no more than 300 nM.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts show better inhibitory activity against a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 over Compound 3361.
In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are capable of inhibiting a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 with an EC
50 value not more than that of Compound 3361.
In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are capable of inhibiting a PfHT polypeptide with an EC
50 value less than that of Compound 3361 by at least 5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 3-fold, or at least 2-fold.
In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are capable of inhibiting a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 with an IC
50 value not more than that of Compound 3361.
In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are capable of inhibiting a PfHT polypeptide with an IC
50 value less than that of Compound 3361 by at least 65-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 4-fold, or at least 2-fold.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts demonstrate a selective inhibitory activity against a PfHT polypeptide over Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) .
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts demonstrate a selective inhibitory activity against a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70% (e.g. at least 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%) sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 over GLUT1.
As used herein, the term “selective inhibitor of PfHT” or “selectively inhibits PfHT” means that a provided compound inhibits PfHT over GLUT1, as determined by counterflow assay as described herein. In some embodiments, the term “selective inhibitor of PfHT over GLUT1” or “selectively inhibits PfHT over GLUT1” means that a provided compound inhibits D-glucose uptake mediated by PfHT at a higher degree with respect to D-glucose uptake mediated by GLUT1. In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts reduce the percentage of D-glucose uptake mediated by PfHT to a value less than the value of percentage of D-glucose uptake mediated by GLUT1 by at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 35-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 45-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 90-fold, or at least 95-fold, as determined by assays described herein.
Accordingly, there is provided compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts which are highly potent PfHT inhibitors and are highly selective for PfHT relative to GLUT1. Such compounds would allow treatment of diseases or conditions which can be treated by inhibiting PfHT in a relatively selective manner, thereby minimizing potential side effects associated with the inhibition of GLUT1.
In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts demonstrate a low cellular toxicity, for example, in human kidney epithelial cell line and human liver epithelial cell line with a the half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC
50) value of greater than 1 μM, greater than 2 μM, greater than 3 μM, greater than 4 μM, greater than 5 μM, greater than 6 μM, greater than 7 μM, greater than 8 μM, greater than 9 μM, greater than 10 μM, greater than 15 μM, greater than 20 μM, greater than 25 μM, greater than 30 μM, greater than 35 μM, greater than 40 μM, greater than 45 μM, or greater than 50 μM.
As a result of their inhibitory activity against PfHT polypeptide, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in therapy, for example in the treatment of diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide, such as malaria.
As used herein, the term “therapy” is intended to have its normal meaning of dealing with a disease in order to entirely or partially relieve one, some or all of its symptoms, or to correct or compensate for the underlying pathology, thereby achieving beneficial or desired clinical results. For purposes of this disclosure, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable. “Therapy” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving it. Those in need of therapy include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented. The term “therapy” also encompasses prophylaxis unless there are specific indications to the contrary. The terms “therapeutic” and “therapeutically” should be interpreted in a corresponding manner.
As used herein, the term “prophylaxis” is intended to have its normal meaning and includes primary prophylaxis to prevent the development of the disease and secondary prophylaxis whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is temporarily or permanently protected against exacerbation or worsening of the disease or the development of new symptoms associated with the disease.
The term “treatment” is used synonymously with “therapy” . Similarly the term “treat” can be regarded as “applying therapy” where “therapy” is as defined herein.
According, in a further aspect, there is provided compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for use in therapy, for example, for use in therapy associated with PfHT polypeptide.
In some embodiments, there is provided compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts for use in therapy of treating malaria.
In some embodiments, there is provided compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for use as a medicament, such as antimalarial drug.
In some embodiments, there is provided compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for use in the treatment of diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide, such as malaria.
In some embodiments, there is provided compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide, such as malaria.
Also, owing to their inhibitory activity against PfHT polypeptide, compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium.
Accordingly, in a further aspect, there is provided compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts for use in killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
In a further aspect, there is provided pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more molecules or compounds of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In another aspect, there is provided pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more molecules or compounds of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutical acceptable excipient.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation containing the molecules or compounds of the present disclosure in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used herein includes both one and more than one such excipient. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” also encompasses “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” and “pharmaceutically acceptable diluent” .
The particular excipient used will depend upon the means and purpose for which the compounds of the present disclosure is being applied. Solvents are generally selected based on solvents recognized by persons skilled in the art as safe to be administered to a mammal including humans. In general, safe solvents are non-toxic aqueous solvents such as water and other non-toxic solvents that are soluble or miscible in water. Suitable aqueous solvents include water, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols (e.g., PEG 400, PEG 300) , etc. and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, suitable excipients may include buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol) ; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes) ; and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN
TM, PLURONICS
TM or polyethylene glycol (PEG) .
In some embodiments, suitable excipients may include one or more stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present disclosure or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament) . The active pharmaceutical ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly- (methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980) . A “liposome” is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as the compounds disclosed herein and, optionally, a chemotherapeutic agent) to a mammal including humans. The components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.
The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be in any form that allows for the composition to be administered to a subject, including, but not limited to a human, and formulated to be compatible with an intended route of administration.
A variety of routes are contemplated for the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein, and accordingly the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be supplied in bulk or in unit dosage form depending on the intended administration route. For example, for oral, buccal, and sublingual administration, powders, suspensions, granules, tablets, pills, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets may be acceptable as solid dosage forms, and emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and solutions may be acceptable as liquid dosage forms. For injection administration, emulsions and suspensions may be acceptable as liquid dosage forms, and a powder suitable for reconstitution with an appropriate solution as solid dosage forms. For inhalation administration, solutions, sprays, dry powders, and aerosols may be acceptable dosage form. For topical (including buccal and sublingual) or transdermal administration, powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, and patches may be acceptable dosage form. For vaginal administration, pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams and spray may be acceptable dosage form.
The quantity of active ingredient in a unit dosage form of composition is a therapeutically effective amount and is varied according to the particular treatment involved. As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a molecule, compound, or composition comprising the molecule or compound to treat, ameliorate, or prevent an identified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by any assay method known in the art. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject’s body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; the rate of administration; the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration; and the discretion of the prescribing physician. Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in a form of formulation for oral administration.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in the form of tablet formulations. Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients for a tablet formulation include, for example, inert diluents such as lactose, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch or algenic acid; binding agents such as starch; lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc; preservative agents such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and anti-oxidants, such as ascorbic acid. Tablet formulations may be uncoated or coated either to modify their disintegration and the subsequent absorption of the active ingredient within the gastrointestinal tract, or to improve their stability and/or appearance, in either case using conventional coating agents and procedures well known in the art.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in a form of hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in the form of aqueous suspensions, which generally contain the active ingredient in finely powdered form together with one or more suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids (for example polyoxethylene stearate) , or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives (such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid) , coloring agents, flavoring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharine or aspartame) .
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in the form of oily suspensions, which generally contain suspended active ingredient in a vegetable oil (such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil (such as liquid paraffin) . The oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set out above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, such as for example liquid paraffin or a mixture of any of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be, for example, naturally-occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soya bean, lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides (for example sorbitan monooleate) and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavoring and preservative agents.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be in the form of syrups and elixirs, which may contain sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose, a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring and/or coloring agent.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in a form of formulation for injection administration.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol or prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in a form of formulation for inhalation administration.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in the form of aqueous and nonaqueous (e.g., in a fluorocarbon propellant) aerosols containing any appropriate solvents and optionally other compounds such as, but not limited to, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these. The carriers and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular compound, but typically include nonionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol) , innocuous proteins like serum albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as glycine, buffers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be in a form of formulation for topical or transdermal administration.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be in the form of creams, ointments, gels and aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions, which may generally be obtained by formulating an active ingredient with a conventional, topically acceptable excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated in the form of transdermal skin patches that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Besides those representative dosage forms described above, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and carriers are generally known to those skilled in the art and are thus included in the present disclosure. Such excipients and carriers are described, for example, in “Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences” Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey (1991) , in “Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy” , Ed. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 21
st Edition, LWW (2005) , which are incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated as a single dosage form. The amount of the compounds provided herein in the single dosage form will vary depending on the subject treated and particular mode of administration.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.001-500 mg/kg body weight/day, for example, 0.01-400 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.01-300 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.1-200 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.1-150 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.1-100 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.5-100 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.5-80 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.5-60 mg/kg body weight/day, 0.5-50 mg/kg body weight/day, 1-50 mg/kg body weight/day, 1-45 mg/kg body weight/day, 1-40 mg/kg body weight/day, 1-35 mg/kg body weight/day, 1-30 mg/kg body weight/day, 1-25 mg/kg body weight/day of the compounds provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be administered. In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effect, provided that such larger doses are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day. For further information on routes of administration and dosage regimes, see Chapter 25.3 in Volume 5 of Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry (Corwin Hansch; Chairman of Editorial Board) , Pergamon Press 1990, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated as short-acting, fast-releasing, long-acting, and sustained-releasing. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical formulations of the present disclosure may also be formulated for controlled release or for slow release.
In a further aspect, there is also provided veterinary compositions comprising one or more molecules or compounds of the present disclosure or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and a veterinary carrier. Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials which are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ingredient. These veterinary compositions may be administered parenterally, orally or by any other desired route.
The pharmaceutical compositions or veterinary compositions may be packaged in a variety of ways depending upon the method used for administering the drug. For example, an article for distribution can include a container having deposited therein the compositions in an appropriate form. Suitable containers are well known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as bottles (plastic and glass) , sachets, ampoules, plastic bags, metal cylinders, and the like. The container may also include a tamper-proof assemblage to prevent indiscreet access to the contents of the package. In addition, the container has deposited thereon a label that describes the contents of the container. The label may also include appropriate warnings. The compositions may also be packaged in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water, for injection immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
In a further aspect, there is also provided pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more compounds of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a first active ingredient, and a second active ingredient.
In some embodiments, the second active ingredient has complementary activities to the compound provided herein such that they do not adversely affect each other. Such ingredients are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.
In some embodiments, the second active ingredient is antimalarial agent. Exemplary antimalarial agents include but are not limited to Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem
TM) , Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone
TM) , mefloquine, Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen
TM and generics) , Hydroxychloroquine (PlaquenilTM and generics) , chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine, primaquine phosphate, Tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , quinine sulfate-doxycycline, quinine sulfate-tetracycline, quinine sulfate-clindamycin, chloroquine phosphate-primaquine phosphate, chloroquine phosphate-Tafenoquine, hydroxychloroquine-primaquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine-tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , Atovaquone-proguanil-primaquine phosphate, Atovaquone-proguanil-tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , mefloquine-primaquine phosphate, mefloquine-tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , and the like.
Method of treatment of disease
In another aspect, there is provided a method of treating diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more molecules, one or more compounds, or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
As used herein, the term “subject in need thereof” is a subject suffering from diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide, such as malaria. A “subject” includes a warm-blooded animal. In some embodiments, the warm-blooded animal is a human.
In this context, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound provided herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which is effective to provide “therapy” in a subject, or to “treat” diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide, such as malaria, in a subject.
In some embodiments, the method of treating diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide of the present disclosure may be used as a monotherapy. As used herein, the term “monotherapy” refers to the administration of a single active or therapeutic compound to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, monotherapy will involve administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need of such treatment.
In some embodiments, the method of treating diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide of the present disclosure may involve, in addition to administration of the compounds of the present disclosure, one or more additional therapies, for example, additional active agents. As used herein, the term “combination therapy” refers to the administration of a combination of multiple active compounds.
The additional therapies may be administered separately from the compounds of the present disclosure, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, these additional therapies may be part of a single dosage form, mixed with the compounds of the present disclosure in a single composition.
In some embodiments, the additional therapy is additional antimalaria agent. The additional antimalaria agent can include but is not limited to Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem
TM) , Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone
TM) , mefloquine, Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen
TM and generics) , Hydroxychloroquine (PlaquenilTM and generics) , chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine, primaquine phosphate, Tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , quinine sulfate-doxycycline, quinine sulfate-tetracycline, quinine sulfate-clindamycin, chloroquine phosphate-primaquine phosphate, chloroquine phosphate-Tafenoquine, hydroxychloroquine-primaquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine-tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , Atovaquone-proguanil-primaquine phosphate, Atovaquone-proguanil-tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , mefloquine-primaquine phosphate, mefloquine-tafenoquine (Krintafel
TM) , and the like.
In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately with the additional antimalaria agents.
In a further aspect, there is provided a method of treating diseases or conditions associated with PfHT polypeptide in a subject in need thereof, wherein compounds of the present disclosure or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially with one or more additional antimalaria agents.
Method of killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium
In a further aspect, there is provided a method of killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium by administering an effective amount of molecules, compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments, the method of killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium is performed in vivo.
In some embodiments, the method of killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium is performed in vitro.
EXAMPLES
For the purpose of illustration, the following examples are included. However, it is to be understood that these examples do not limit the present disclosure and are only meant to suggest a method of practicing the present disclosure. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the chemical reactions described may be readily adapted to prepare a number of other compounds of the present disclosure, and alternative methods for preparing the compounds of the present disclosure are deemed to be within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the synthesis of non-exemplified compounds according to the present disclosure may be successfully performed by modifications apparent to those skilled in the art, e.g., by appropriately protecting interfering groups, by utilizing other suitable reagents and building blocks known in the art other than those described, and/or by making routine modifications of reaction conditions. Alternatively, other reactions disclosed herein or known in the art will be recognized as having applicability for preparing other compounds of the present disclosure.
Example 1
5- (Naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate (Cpd. 3)
Reagents and conditions: (i) tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) 1M NaOH, reflux, 2 h, then acidification by 1M HCl; (iii) 5-bromopentan-1-ol, K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (iv) DMAP, EDCI, DCM, R.T., overnight; (v) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
Step 1: Tert-butyl 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetate
Diacetone-D-glucose (1.0 g, 3.8 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (25 mL) in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask, and sodium hydride in mineral oil (60%) (230 mg, 5.8 mmol) , tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (500 g, 1.9 mmol) were added under argon in small portions over 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in ice-water bath. Tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (2.235 g, 11.5 mmol) was then added slowly. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and stirred for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 1.4 g (97%) tert-butyl 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetate as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.90 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.72 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.34 (dt, J = 7.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.20 –4.05 (m, 4H) , 4.00 (dd, J = 8.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.95 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H) , 1.49 (s, 12H) , 1.43 (s, 3H) , 1.36 (s, 3H) , 1.32 (s, 3H) ppm.
Step 2: 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydro furo [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetic acid
Tert-butyl 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetate (1.4 g, 3.7 mmol) was dissolved in 1M aqueous sodium hydroxide (20 mL) in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. Then the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and neutralized by 1M hydrochloric acid. The resulting residue was extracted with DCM, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to give the crude product, which was used in the next step without further purification.
Step 3: 5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentan-1-ol
The 2-naphthalene (500 mg, 3.5 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask, and 5-bromopentan-1-ol (868 mg, 5.2 mmol) , potassium carbonate (960 mg, 6.9 mmol) were then added into the solution. The mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (25 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 842 mg (100%) 5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentan-1-ol as faint yellow solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.93 –7.63 (m, 3H) , 7.41 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.30 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.20 –7.05 (m, 2H) , 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.63 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.01 (s, 1H) , 1.90 –1.78 (m, 2H) , 1.68 –1.58 (m, 2H) , 1.54 (dddd, J = 12.1, 7.3, 5.1, 1.6 Hz, 2H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 157.04, 134.65, 129.39, 128.95, 127.68, 126.75, 126.37, 123.56, 119.00, 106.62, 67.85, 62.71, 32.46, 29.06, 22.48 ppm.
Step 4: 5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetate
5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentan-1-ol (165 mg, 0.7 mmol) , 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2- dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetic acid (250 mg, 0.8 mmol) , DMAP (20 mg, 0.2 mmol) and EDCI (165 mg, 0.9 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous DCM (5 mL) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (20 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 329 mg (87%) 5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetate as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.71 (td, J =8.9, 8.2, 6.2 Hz, 3H) , 7.41 (ddd, J = 8.2, 6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.30 (td, J = 7.4, 6.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.20 –7.03 (m, 2H) , 5.90 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.72 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.34 (dt, J = 7.7, 5.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.24 (s, 2H) , 4.22 –3.94 (m, 8H) , 1.84 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.73 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.56 (qd, J = 10.1, 9.3, 6.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 (s, 3H) , 1.42 (s, 3H) , 1.34 (s, 3H) , 1.29 (s, 3H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 170.32, 156.94, 134.60, 129.38, 128.94, 127.65, 126.70, 126.36, 123.56, 118.93, 111.83, 109.00, 106.53, 105.25, 83.66, 83.32, 81.10, 72.68, 68.37, 67.53, 67.22, 64.94, 28.86, 28.38, 26.85, 26.27, 25.41, 22.66 ppm.
Step 5: 5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxyl methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate (Cpd. 3)
2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetate (308 mg, 0.6 mmol) was placed in 50-mL round-bottomed flask, and trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) , water (0.2 mL) were then added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the solvent was directly evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %methanol in DCM) to yield 102 mg (38%) Cpd. 3 as colorless solid. Yield: 38%. ESI-MS m/z: 473.1783 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.72 (dd, J = 12.5, 8.6 Hz, 3H) , 7.42 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.31 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.24 –7.02 (m, 2H) , 6.59 –3.20 (m, 17H) , 1.88 –1.75 (m, 2H) , 1.69 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.51 (dh, J = 14.2, 8.1, 6.3 Hz, 2H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 173.85, 173.74, 156.89, 134.57, 129.36, 128.90, 127.63, 126.71, 126.33, 123.54, 118.91, 106.56, 92.36, 86.33, 84.29, 76.07, 74.83, 72.26, 70.00, 69.37, 69.20, 69.13, 67.53, 65.65, 62.14, 61.65, 28.81, 28.24, 22.53 ppm.
Example 2
2- (2- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) ethoxy) ethyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate (Cpd. 5)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner that described in Example 1. Yield: 23%. ESI-MS m/z: 475.1573 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.90 –7.76 (m, 3H) , 7.46 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.39 –7.30 (m, 2H) , 7.18 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.73 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H) , 5.14 –4.28 (m, 6H) , 4.26 (dt, J = 6.6, 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.24 –4.17 (m, 2H) , 3.88 –3.79 (m, 2H) , 3.73 (dd, J = 5.7, 3.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.68 –3.36 (m, 3H) , 3.31 –2.99 (m, 3H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 172.37, 172.18, 156.76, 134.71, 129.78, 128.94, 127.97, 127.16, 126.85, 124.05, 119.17, 107.16, 97.15, 92.56, 86.57, 83.53, 76.92, 74.82, 72.43, 72.39, 69.87, 69.78, 69.33, 69.29, 68.74, 67.55, 64.14, 61.24 ppm.
Example 3
5- (quinolin-6-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate (Cpd. 7)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner that described in Example 1. Yield: 26%. ESI-MS m/z: 452.1916 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.73 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.25 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J =9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.44 –7.35 (m, 2H) , 6.60 (dd, J = 111.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 5.23 –4.46 (m, 3H) , 4.40 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.13 (tdd, J = 10.5, 6.5, 3.3 Hz, 4H) , 3.79 –2.88 (m, 7H) , 1.83 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.69 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.56 –1.47 (m, 2H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 172.55, 172.34, 156.99, 148.24, 144.04, 135.36, 130.68, 129.54, 122.75, 122.10, 106.82, 97.16, 92.56, 86.57, 83.55, 76.92, 74.83, 72.44, 72.40, 69.86, 69.79, 69.31, 69.25, 68.17, 64.77, 61.24, 28.63, 28.28, 28.27, 22.50 ppm.
The following compounds were prepared using similar procedure as in Example 1 but with different starting materials.
Example 4
N- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) -2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetamide (Cpd. 6)
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1, 5-dibromopentane, Bu
4N
+Br
-, ACN, reflux, 20 h; (ii) naphthalene-2-ol, K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, 24 h; (iii) hydrazine hydrate, EtOH, reflux, 4 h; (iv) tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) 1M NaOH, reflux, 2 h, then acidification by 1M HCl; (vi) DMAP, EDCI, DCM, R.T., overnight; (vii) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
Step 1: 2- (5-bromopentyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione
A mixture of potassium phthalimide (500 mg, 2.7 mmol) with 2.5-fold excess of suitable 1, 5-dibromopentane (1.551 g, 6.7 mmol) and catalytic amount of TBAB (174 mg, 0.5 mmol) were stirred in 20 mL acetonitrile under reflux for 20 h. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (50 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 524 mg (65%) 2- (5-bromopentyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.85 (dt, J = 7.0, 3.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.73 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.71 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.41 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.92 (p, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 1.78 –1.66 (m, 2H) , 1.51 (tt, J = 9.8, 6.1 Hz, 2H) ppm.
Step 2: 2- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione
2- (5-bromopentyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione (500 mg, 1.7 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (10 mL) in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask, and naphthalen-2-ol (200 mg, 1.4 mmol) , potassium carbonate (383 mg, 2.8 mmol) were then added into the solution. The mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 10 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (50 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 486 mg (80%) 2- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.84 (dt, J = 7.6, 3.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 –7.65 (m, 5H) , 7.42 (ddd, J = 8.2, 6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.31 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.11 (s, 2H) , 4.07 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.74 (t, J =7.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.98 –1.85 (m, 2H) , 1.81 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.59 (td, J = 8.7, 4.2 Hz, 2H) ppm.
Step 3: 5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentan-1-amine
A solution of 2- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione (486 mg, 1.4 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (80%, 1.6 mL, 25 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was reflux for 4 h, and then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the solid was washed with 95%ethanol. The whole filtrate was concentrated and the solid was dissolved in DCM. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the crude product, which was used in the next step without further purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.89 –7.70 (m, 3H) , 7.45 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.37 –7.25 (m, 2H) , 7.15 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.07 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.56 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.21 (d, J = 97.3 Hz, 0H) , 1.78 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.46 (qd, J = 13.5, 11.8, 6.6 Hz, 4H) ppm.
Steps 4-5: tert-butyl 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetate and 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetic acid
Steps 4 and 5 were carried out in the same way as steps 1 and 2 of Example 1 to give 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetic acid.
Step 6: 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetra hydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) -N- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) acetamide
5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentan-1-amine (303 mg, 1.3 mmol) , 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) acetic acid (465 mg, 1.5 mmol) , DMAP (33 mg, 0.3 mmol) and EDCI (315 mg, 1.6 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous DCM (15 mL) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (25 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 238 mg (35%) 2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) -N- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) acetamide as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.85 –7.63 (m, 3H) , 7.48 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.32 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.11 (s, 2H) , 5.90 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 5.29 (s, 1H) , 4.54 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.35 (ddd, J = 9.8, 6.1, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.27 –3.91 (m, 8H) , 3.37 (dt, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.26 (dq, J = 13.5, 6.7 Hz, 1H) , 1.88 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.73 –1.51 (m, 4H) , 1.49 (s, 3H) , 1.43 (s, 3H) , 1.37 (s, 3H) , 1.32 (s, 3H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 169.09, 156.95, 134.58, 129.34, 128.91, 127.63, 126.68, 126.32, 123.53, 118.91, 112.13, 109.58, 106.53, 105.35, 82.79, 82.03, 80.87, 72.51, 68.40, 67.90, 67.57, 38.93, 29.75, 28.94, 27.10, 26.79, 26.18, 25.40, 23.66 ppm.
Step 7: N- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) -2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetamide
2- ( ( (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetra hydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl) oxy) -N- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) acetamide (238 mg, 0.4 mmol) was placed in 50-mL round-bottomed flask, and trifluoroacetic acid (3.6 mL) , water (0.4 mL) were then added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the solvent was directly evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %methanol in DCM) to yield 202 mg (100%) Cpd. 6 as faint yellow solid. Yield: 100%. ESI-MS m/z: 450.2131 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d
6) δ 7.79 (dd, J = 8.4, 3.8 Hz, 3H) , 7.47 –7.38 (m, 1H) , 7.35 –7.29 (m, 1H) , 7.27 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.15 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.61 –2.80 (m, 16H) , 2.10 –2.04 (m, 2H) , 1.85 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.66 –1.47 (m, 4H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone) δ 171.23, 157.15, 134.89, 129.22, 128.97, 127.51, 126.75, 126.22, 123.38, 118.92, 106.52, 97.12, 85.73, 83.60, 83.58, 76.30, 75.04, 74.96, 72.75, 72.68, 71.84, 71.13, 70.96, 70.51, 67.61, 61.62, 38.49, 38.37, 23.34 ppm.
Example 5
(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl 2- (naphthalen-2-yl) acetate (Cpd. 15)
Reagents and conditions: (i) DMAP, EDCI, DCM, R.T., overnight; (ii) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
Step 1: (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl 2- (naphthalen-2-yl) acetate
Diacetone-D-glucose (500 mg, 1.9 mmol) , 2- (napthalen-2-yl) acetic acid (357 mg, 1.9 mmol) , DMAP (50 mg, 0.4 mmol) and EDCI (420 mg, 2.2 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous DCM (15 mL) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (25 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 694 mg (85%) (3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl 2- (naphthalen-2-yl) acetate as faint yellow oil.
Step 2: (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl 2- (naphthalen-2-yl) acetate
(3aR, 5R, 6S, 6aR) -5- ( (R) -2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -2, 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro [2, 3-d] [1, 3] dioxol-6-yl 2- (naphthalen-2-yl) acetate was placed in 50-mL round-bottomed flask, and trifluoroacetic acid (3.6 mL) , water (0.4 mL) were then added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the solvent was directly evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (10%methanol in DCM) to yield 355 mg (63%) Cpd. 15 as faint yellow solid. Total yield: 54%. ESI-MS m/z: 371.1093 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d
6) δ 7.87 (td, J = 8.2, 7.5, 4.0 Hz, 4H) , 7.50 (dtd, J = 14.6, 7.9, 7.4, 3.3 Hz, 3H) , 6.75 –6.11 (m, 1H) , 5.32 –3.96 (m, 5H) , 3.91 (s, 2H) , 3.76 –2.90 (m, 5H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone) δ 171.14, 170.80, 133.54, 132.81, 132.42, 128.11, 127.98, 127.71, 127.70, 127.68, 127.59, 126.01, 125.64, 97.43, 92.71, 78.68, 76.71, 73.42, 72.11, 71.16, 68.80, 68.74, 61.51, 41.03, 40.99 ppm.
Example 6
3-O- (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) -D-glucose (Cpd. 16)
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (iii) water, TFA, R.T., 40 min.
Step 1: 3-O- (8-bromooctyl) -1, 2: 5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose
Diacetone-D-glucose (5.0 g, 19.2 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (25 mL) in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask, and sodium hydride in mineral oil (60%) (1.2 g, 28.7 mmol) , tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (1.0 g, 2.7 mmol) were added under argon in small portions over 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in ice-water bath. 1, 8-dibromooctane (5.3 mL, 28.7 mmol) was then added slowly. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and stirred for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (8 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 4.2 g (48.4%) 3-O- (8- bromooctyl) -1, 2: 5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose as faint yellow oil. The product was of sufficient purity to be used directly in the next step. ESI-MS m/z: 451.43, 453.46 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.80 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.46 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.24 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 –3.97 (m, 2H) , 3.91 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.79 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.55 (dt, J = 9.4, 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.45 (dt, J = 9.3, 6.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.34 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.79 (p, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 1.56 –1.46 (m, 2H) , 1.43 (s, 3H) , 1.37 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 5H) , 1.35 –1.22 (m, 12H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 111.69, 108.85, 105.26, 82.55, 82.10, 81.19, 72.52, 70.61, 67.22, 33.91, 32.76, 29.67, 29.18, 28.68, 28.09, 26.84, 26.77, 26.26, 25.95, 25.42 ppm.
Step 2: 3-O- (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) -1, 2: 5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose
3-O- (8-bromooctyl) -1, 2: 5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose (964 mg, 2.1 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (10 mL) in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask, and 6-hydroxyquinoline (295 mg, 2.0 mmol) , potassium carbonate (420 mg, 3.0 mmol) were then added into the solution. The mixture was stirred at 70℃ for 10 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and the portion of solvent was removed under vacuum and precipitated in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 887 mg (84.6%) 3-O- (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) -1, 2: 5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose as faint yellow oil. ESI-MS m/z: 516.82 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.77 (dd, J = 4.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.05 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.01 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 –7.32 (m, 2H) , 7.07 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.89 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.55 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.33 (dt, J = 7.5, 6.1 Hz, 1H) , 4.16 –4.08 (m, 4H) , 4.00 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.87 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.62 (dt, J = 9.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.53 (dt, J = 9.3, 6.5 Hz, 1H) , 1.91 –1.83 (m, 2H) , 1.59 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.55 –1.47 (m, 5H) , 1.44 (s, 3H) , 1.42 –1.35 (m, 9H) , 1.33 (s, 3H) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 157.22, 147.83, 144.31, 134.75, 130.76, 129.34, 122.57, 121.32, 111.72, 108.88, 105.77, 105.26, 82.51, 82.09, 81.16, 72.54, 70.64, 68.23, 67.21, 29.72, 29.36, 29.17, 26.85, 26.78, 26.26, 26.07, 26.03, 25.43 ppm.
Step 3: 3-O- (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) -D-glucose (Cpd. 16)
3-O- (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) -1, 2: 5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose (887 mg, 1.7 mmol) was placed in 50-mL round-bottomed flask, and trifluoroacetic acid (7.2 mL) , water (0.8 mL) were then added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction, the solvent was directly evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %methanol in DCM) to yield 725 mg (98%) 3-O- (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) -D-glucose (Cpd. 16) as yellow solid. ESI-MS m/z: 436.2328 [M+H]
+ and 458.2145 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.72 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.23 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.45 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.42 –7.30 (m, 2H) , 6.83 –6.14 (m, 1H) , 5.03 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.62 –4.45 (m, 1H) , 4.44 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.75 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.77 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 (dp, J = 22.2, 6.8 Hz, 4H) , 1.31 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.58, 147.83, 143.72, 134.78, 130.32, 129.10, 122.24, 121.62, 106.33, 96.97, 92.37, 85.20, 81.94, 76.76, 74.61, 72.13, 71.98, 71.93, 69.94, 69.77, 67.89, 61.12, 29.99, 29.96, 29.03, 28.86, 28.63, 25.58 ppm.
Example 7
3-O- (8-phenoxyoctyl) -D-glucose (Cpd. 30)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner that described in Example 6. Yield: 92.6%. ESI-MS m/z: 407.2037 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.38 –7.21 (m, 2H) , 6.91 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H) , 6.64 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 4.93 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.52 –4.43 (m, 1H) , 4.37 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 3.94 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.72 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.70 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.49 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.40 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.31 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.64, 129.42, 120.29, 114.37, 96.91, 92.32, 85.17, 81.89, 76.71, 74.57, 72.07, 71.90, 69.92, 69.75, 67.24, 61.10, 29.91, 28.97, 28.81, 28.71, 25.52 ppm.
Example 8
3-O- (8- (naphthalene-2-yloxy) octyl) -D-glucose (Cpd. 31)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner that described in Example 6. Yield: 83.2%. ESI-MS m/z: 457.2202 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.80 (dt, J = 8.4, 3.9 Hz, 3H) , 7.44 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.39 –7.27 (m, 2H) , 7.15 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.64 –6.24 (m, 1H) , 4.93 –4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.56 –4.41 (m, 1H) , 4.40 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.07 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.70 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.77 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.48 (dp, J = 22.6, 6.9 Hz, 4H) , 1.32 (q, J = 7.3, 6.3 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.57, 134.31, 129.19, 128.37, 127.45, 126.62, 126.29, 123.41, 118.73, 106.59, 96.91, 92.32, 85.17, 81.89, 76.71, 74.58, 72.07, 71.90, 71.87, 69.92, 69.75, 67.50, 61.10, 29.95, 29.91, 28.99, 28.83, 28.67, 25.57, 25.54 ppm.
The following compounds were prepared using similar procedure as in Example 6 but with different starting materials.
Cpd. 29: Yield: 81.6%; ESI-MS m/z: 470.1950 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.31 (dd, J = 8.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 –7.80 (m, 1H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 –7.37 (m, 2H) , 6.74 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 5.01 –4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.61 –4.46 (m, 1H) , 4.45 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.77 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.46 (dq, J = 26.6, 6.6 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.22 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 157.08, 147.02, 142.99, 138.75, 129.23, 128.05, 123.36, 122.48, 106.69, 96.95, 92.36, 85.20, 81.93, 76.75, 74.61, 72.12, 71.99, 71.94, 69.93, 69.76, 68.04, 61.11, 29.99, 29.96, 29.03, 28.85, 28.58, 25.61, 25.58, 25.55.
Cpd. 32: Yield: 93.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 536.1258 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.20 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 –7.80 (m, 1H) , 7.62 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.44 (dd, J = 7.0, 2.9 Hz, 2H) , 6.73 –6.24 (m, 1H) , 4.93 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.56 –4.43 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.09 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.72 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.78 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 (dp, J = 22.6, 6.8 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.27 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 157.10, 143.79, 138.26, 138.24, 129.26, 128.19, 125.81, 123.29, 106.79, 96.92, 92.32, 85.17, 81.89, 76.71, 74.57, 72.08, 71.91, 71.87, 69.91, 69.74, 68.04, 61.09, 29.94, 29.91, 28.98, 28.79, 28.53, 25.56, 25.53, 25.50.
Cpd. 33: Yield: 91.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 450.2491 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.11 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.80 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.32 (ddd, J = 15.0, 7.2, 3.4 Hz, 3H) , 6.79 –6.23 (m, 1H) , 5.00 –4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.59 –4.44 (m, 1H) , 4.42 –4.19 (m, 1H) , 4.07 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.77 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 2.60 (s, 3H) , 1.77 (p, J =6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 (dp, J = 22.8, 7.5, 6.8 Hz, 4H) , 1.40 –1.25 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 155.96, 155.79, 143.16, 134.96, 129.54, 127.13, 122.21, 121.77, 106.33, 96.94, 92.33, 85.17, 81.90, 76.72, 74.57, 72.09, 71.92, 71.88, 69.91, 69.74, 67.78, 61.09, 29.96, 29.92, 28.99, 28.83, 28.64, 25.56, 24.51.
Cpd. 34: Yield: 88.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 466.2432 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.12 (dd, J = 9.0, 0.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.67 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.32 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.29 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.97 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.66 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 4.93 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.54 –4.44 (m, 1H) , 4.39 –4.24 (m, 1H) , 4.04 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.94 (s, 3H) , 3.73 –2.88 (m, 8H) , 1.84 –1.70 (m, 2H) , 1.50 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 –1.39 (m, 2H) , 1.39 –1.25 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.48, 155.02, 141.04, 138.32, 127.94, 125.54, 121.28, 112.90, 107.49, 96.92, 92.33, 85.17, 81.90, 76.72, 74.58, 72.08, 71.92, 71.88, 69.91, 69.75, 67.77, 61.09, 52.92, 29.95, 29.92, 28.99, 28.83, 28.68, 25.56, 25.54.
Cpd. 35: Yield: 84.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 480.2594 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.11 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.64 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.37 –7.21 (m, 2H) , 6.94 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 –6.28 (m, 1H) , 4.91 –4.79 (m, 2H) , 4.56 –4.25 (m, 4H) , 4.03 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.67 –2.93 (m, 8H) , 1.75 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.55 –1.39 (m, 4H) , 1.38 –1.26 (m, 9H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.18, 154.98, 141.13, 138.30, 127.96, 125.48, 121.27, 113.06, 107.44, 96.95, 92.36, 85.19, 81.92, 76.75, 74.61, 72.12, 71.98, 71.93, 69.93, 69.76, 67.78, 61.11, 61.01, 29.99, 29.96, 29.04, 28.88, 28.72, 25.60, 14.52.
Cpd. 37: Yield: 65.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 494.2742 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.09 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.34 –7.21 (m, 2H) , 6.88 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 –6.28 (m, 1H) , 5.50 –5.34 (m, 1H) , 4.96 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.57 –4.44 (m, 1H) , 4.42 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.03 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.71 –2.91 (m, 9H) , 1.75 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.54 –1.38 (m, 4H) , 1.38 –1.26 (m, 12H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 159.69, 154.92, 141.17, 138.28, 127.93, 125.32, 121.22, 113.51, 107.42, 96.94, 92.36, 85.19, 81.92, 76.75, 74.60, 72.11, 71.97, 71.93, 69.93, 69.76, 67.77, 67.14, 61.11, 29.99, 29.95, 29.03, 28.87, 28.72, 25.59, 21.92.
Cpd. 38: Yield: 60.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 528.2602 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.29 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.54 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 –7.41 (m, 2H) , 7.38 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.28 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.26 –7.16 (m, 4H) , 6.70 – 6.25 (m, 1H) , 4.98 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.57 –4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.43 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.05 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.70 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.76 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.55 –1.39 (m, 4H) , 1.37 –1.25 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 159.79, 155.61, 153.72, 140.91, 139.43, 129.66, 128.32, 126.42, 124.57, 121.95, 121.36, 113.05, 107.19, 96.94, 92.35, 85.19, 81.92, 76.75, 74.60, 72.11, 71.97, 71.92, 69.92, 69.76, 67.85, 61.10, 29.98, 29.95, 29.03, 28.86, 28.66, 25.59, 25.57.
Cpd. 39: Yield: 78.6%; ESI-MS m/z: 527.2756 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 9.23 (s, 1H) , 8.07 –7.87 (m, 3H) , 7.60 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.38 –7.26 (m, 2H) , 7.26 –7.15 (m, 2H) , 7.03 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.91 (tt, J = 7.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.72 –6.26 (m, 1H) , 4.97 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.55 –4.43 (m, 1H) , 4.39 –4.25 (m, 1H) , 4.03 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.75 –2.88 (m, 8H) , 1.76 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.51 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 –1.39 (m, 2H) , 1.39 –1.24 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 154.19, 152.76, 142.06, 141.73, 136.05, 128.57, 127.61, 124.04, 120.82, 120.48, 117.91, 114.21, 107.56, 96.92, 92.33, 85.18, 81.90, 76.72, 74.58, 72.09, 71.93, 71.89, 69.92, 69.75, 67.72, 61.11, 29.96, 29.93, 29.01, 28.85, 28.75, 25.58, 25.55.
Cpd. 40: Yield: 69.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 617.3066 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 9.22 (s, 1H) , 7.95 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.59 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.42 (s, 2H) , 7.22 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.18 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.98 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.78 –6.22 (m, 1H) , 4.99 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.50 (dd, J = 6.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.41 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.02 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.82 (s, 6H) , 3.73 –2.87 (m, 11H) , 1.82 –1.69 (m, 2H) , 1.57 –1.48 (m, 2H) , 1.48 –1.39 (m, 2H) , 1.39 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 154.20, 152.81, 152.77, 152.66, 141.91, 137.94, 135.96, 131.41, 127.72, 123.94, 120.89, 114.22, 107.47, 96.95, 95.62, 92.33, 85.17, 81.90, 76.72, 74.57, 72.09, 71.92, 71.88, 69.91, 69.74, 67.72, 61.09, 60.13, 55.55, 29.96, 29.93, 29.02, 29.01, 28.86, 28.75, 25.59, 25.55.
Cpd. 42: Yield: 78.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 436.2327 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.71 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.14 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.94 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.74 (ddd, J = 8.5, 6.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.57 (dd, J = 8.2, 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.02 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.77 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 5.06 –4.20 (m, 6H) , 3.81 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.86 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.50 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H) , 1.42 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 161.34, 151.98, 148.90, 130.24, 128.89, 126.20, 121.96, 121.23, 119.24, 116.26, 102.01, 97.38, 92.79, 85.59, 82.34, 77.17, 75.03, 72.54, 72.40, 72.36, 70.34, 70.19, 68.85, 63.23, 61.51, 30.42, 30.38, 29.43, 29.25, 28.77, 26.01.
Cpd. 44: Yield: 71.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 470.1939 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.74 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.15 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.98 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.59 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.05 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.72 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 4.95 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.52 –4.34 (m, 1H) , 4.26 (dt, J = 9.7, 6.5 Hz, 3H) , 3.73 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.90 –1.77 (m, 2H) , 1.55 –1.42 (m, 4H) , 1.42 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.86, 153.11, 149.16, 134.34, 127.27, 126.24, 123.75, 119.43, 102.10, 96.93, 85.18, 81.90, 76.72, 74.57, 72.08, 71.92, 71.87, 69.92, 69.75, 68.60, 61.09, 29.94, 29.90, 28.94, 28.76, 28.26, 25.55, 25.52, 25.50.
Cpd. 46: Yield: 69.6%; ESI-MS m/z: 514.1440 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.73 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.14 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 8.07 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.70 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.74 –6.24 (m, 1H) , 4.98 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.58 –4.16 (m, 4H) , 3.75 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.92 –1.78 (m, 2H) , 1.49 (qt, J = 7.5, 4.7 Hz, 4H) , 1.43 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.92, 153.02, 149.41, 130.50, 128.77, 123.77, 123.06, 119.67, 102.17, 96.92, 92.32, 85.18, 81.90, 76.71, 74.57, 72.08, 71.91, 71.87, 69.92, 69.75, 68.61, 61.09, 29.94, 29.90, 28.94, 28.76, 28.25, 25.55, 25.52, 25.50.
Cpd. 48: Yield: 89.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 466.2442 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.62 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 8.02 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.31 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.18 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.87 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.72 –6.21 (m, 1H) , 4.97 –4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.57 –4.12 (m, 4H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.74 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.85 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.57 –1.42 (m, 4H) , 1.41 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.81, 160.31, 151.97, 150.63, 122.77, 117.82, 115.30, 107.31, 100.08, 96.94, 92.33, 85.18, 81.91, 76.72, 74.57, 72.09, 71.92, 71.88, 69.91, 69.75, 68.18, 61.09, 55.36, 29.95, 29.91, 28.96, 28.78, 28.35, 25.56, 25.53.
Cpd. 52: Yield: 46.8%; ESI-MS m/z: 452.2287 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 10.07 (s, 1H) , 8.54 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.97 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.16 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.08 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.78 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.73 –6.17 (m, 1H) , 5.05 –4.70 (m, 2H) , 4.63 –4.08 (m, 4H) , 3.72 –2.88 (m, 8H) , 1.83 (h, J = 8.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.49 (h, J = 7.3 Hz, 4H) , 1.41 –1.27 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.83, 158.61, 151.76, 150.70, 122.85, 117.81, 114.48, 110.03, 99.27, 96.92, 92.33, 85.18, 81.90, 76.72, 74.58, 72.08, 71.92, 71.88, 69.92, 69.75, 68.04, 61.10, 29.96, 29.92, 28.98, 28.79, 28.38, 25.55.
Cpd. 53: Yield: 78.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 435.2489 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.45 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.97 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.68 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.27 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.19 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.80 –6.23 (m, 2H) , 6.10 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.97 –4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.50 (dd, J = 6.7, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.41 –4.24 (m, 1H) , 3.69 –2.92 (m, 10H) , 1.66 –1.56 (m, 2H) , 1.50 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.40 (dq, J = 11.6, 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.31 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 146.99, 144.79, 142.16, 133.03, 130.09, 129.30, 121.64, 121.24, 100.77, 96.94, 92.33, 85.17, 81.90, 76.72, 74.57, 72.09, 71.93, 71.89, 69.91, 69.74, 61.09, 42.92, 29.98, 29.95, 29.07, 28.96, 28.41, 26.80, 25.60, 25.57.
Cpd. 54: Yield: 64.8%; ESI-MS m/z: 472.2299 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.95 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.16 –7.06 (m, 2H) , 7.01 –6.91 (m, 2H) , 6.68 –6.29 (m, 2H) , 5.61 (s, 2H) , 4.95 –4.78 (m, 2H) , 4.55 –4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.43 – 4.24 (m, 1H) , 4.03 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.75 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.56 –1.39 (m, 4H) , 1.39 –1.23 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.79, 145.23, 136.12, 127.77, 124.48, 118.35, 116.39, 114.97, 107.22, 106.12, 97.38, 92.79, 85.64, 82.36, 77.19, 75.04, 72.57, 72.54, 72.43, 72.39, 70.36, 70.19, 67.75, 61.55, 30.44, 30.41, 29.50, 29.36, 29.23, 26.09, 26.06, 26.03.
Cpd. 55: Yield: 86.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 436.2323 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.62 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H) , 8.00 –7.91 (m, 1H) , 7.91 –7.84 (m, 1H) , 7.75 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.60 –7.52 (m, 2H) , 6.71 –6.21 (m, 1H) , 4.95 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.55 –4.43 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.13 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.74 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.80 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.59 –1.40 (m, 4H) , 1.40 –1.28 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 152.17, 144.26, 142.80, 128.69, 128.57, 127.00, 126.97, 126.49, 113.20, 96.92, 92.33, 85.17, 81.90, 76.72, 74.58, 72.08, 71.92, 71.88, 69.91, 69.75, 67.99, 61.10, 29.95, 29.92, 28.98, 28.80, 28.47, 25.56, 25.54, 25.48.
Cpd. 60: Yield: 87.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 504.2193 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.35 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.27 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.83 (dd, J = 8.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.18 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.72 –6.28 (m, 1H) , 4.98 –4.76 (m, 2H) , 4.56 –4.19 (m, 4H) , 3.73 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.94 –1.81 (m, 2H) , 1.50 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H) , 1.43 –1.24 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.69, 153.54, 147.58, 129.87 (
2J = 32.3 Hz) , 126.09 (
3J = 5.1 Hz) , 124.03 (
1J = 273.7 Hz) , 123.75, 122.85, 121.02, 120.99, 103.47, 96.93, 92.34, 85.19, 81.92, 76.73, 74.58, 72.10, 71.95, 71.90, 69.92, 69.75, 68.82, 61.09, 39.52, 29.96, 29.92, 28.97, 28.78, 28.25, 25.57, 25.54, 25.51.
Cpd. 62: Yield: 29.4%; ESI-MS m/z: 562.1308 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.70 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.34 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.84 (dd, J = 8.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.05 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.71 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 4.96 –4.76 (m, 2H) , 4.58 –4.16 (m, 4H) , 3.73 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.85 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.48 (p, J = 7.0 Hz, 4H) , 1.40 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.94, 152.63, 149.51, 136.95, 134.04, 123.35, 119.95, 102.19, 96.93, 96.72, 92.33, 85.18, 81.91, 76.73, 74.58, 72.10, 71.95, 71.90, 69.91, 69.74, 68.57, 61.09, 29.96, 29.92, 28.97, 28.78, 28.28, 25.57, 25.54, 25.52.
Cpd. 64: Yield: 82.4%; ESI-MS m/z: 514.1441 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.74 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.24 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.92 –7.81 (m, 2H) , 7.07 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.79 –6.23 (m, 1H) , 5.01 –4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.60 –4.14 (m, 4H) , 3.75 –2.84 (m, 8H) , 1.86 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.48 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 4H) , 1.42 –1.24 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 159.83, 152.32, 147.27, 132.77, 131.06, 123.58, 122.05, 118.67, 102.41, 96.94, 92.34, 85.18, 81.91, 76.74, 74.58, 72.10, 71.95, 71.90, 69.91, 69.74, 68.73, 61.10, 29.98, 29.94, 28.97, 28.80, 28.19, 25.60, 25.57, 25.53.
Cpd. 66: Yield: 78.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 514.1446 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.82 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.17 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 8.12 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (dd, J = 8.3, 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.13 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.69 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 4.94 –4.76 (m, 2H) , 4.55 –4.17 (m, 4H) , 3.72 –2.87 (m, 8H) , 1.93 –1.78 (m, 2H) , 1.50 (p, J = 8.5, 7.5 Hz, 4H) , 1.42 –1.24 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 161.06, 152.54, 145.34, 133.43, 126.39, 123.96, 122.20, 121.66, 102.46, 96.93, 92.34, 85.18, 81.91, 76.73, 74.58, 72.10, 71.94, 71.90, 69.91, 69.74, 68.85, 61.09, 29.96, 29.93, 28.97, 28.78, 28.28, 25.58, 25.54, 25.53.
Cpd. 68: Yield: 89.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 496.2547 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.86 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.54 (s, 1H) , 7.02 (s, 1H) , 6.76 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 5.96 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 5.00 –4.76 (m, 2H) , 4.58 –4.17 (m, 4H) , 3.93 (s, 3H) , 3.83 (s, 3H) , 3.70 –2.88 (m, 8H) , 1.73 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.45 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.35 –1.16 (m, 8H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 175.07, 152.85, 146.35, 143.03, 135.16, 120.80, 107.84, 105.23, 98.31, 96.95, 92.34, 85.17, 81.90, 76.73, 74.58, 72.10, 71.91, 71.86, 69.90, 69.74, 61.08, 56.00, 55.48, 51.93, 29.91, 29.88, 28.92, 28.59, 28.39, 25.93, 25.48, 25.45.
Cpd. 69: Yield: 43.6%; ESI-MS m/z: 452.2281 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 11.62 (s, 1H) , 7.83 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.28 –7.17 (m, 2H) , 7.13 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.69 –6.26 (m, 2H) , 4.95 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.57 –4.45 (m, 1H) , 4.33 (dt, J = 44.4, 6.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.96 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 –2.86 (m, 8H) , 1.71 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.49 (q, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.44 –1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.36 –1.23 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 161.50, 153.47, 139.81, 133.24, 122.24, 119.90, 119.69, 116.33, 110.04, 96.93, 92.34, 85.18, 81.91, 76.73, 74.59, 72.10, 71.95, 71.91, 69.91, 69.75, 67.86, 61.10, 29.97, 29.93, 29.02, 28.84, 28.72, 25.58, 25.55.
Cpd. 72: Yield: 76.4%; ESI-MS m/z: 514.1438 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.75 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 8.55 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.35 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.72 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 5.00 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.54 –4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.33 (dt, J = 43.3, 6.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.74 –2.86 (m, 8H) , 1.78 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.54 –1.47 (m, 2H) , 1.47 – 1.39 (m, 2H) , 1.38 –1.27 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 157.43, 148.11, 141.83, 136.01, 130.33, 130.31, 122.86, 117.18, 105.74, 96.93, 92.34, 85.18, 81.91, 76.73, 74.59, 72.10, 71.94, 71.90, 69.92, 69.75, 68.03, 61.10, 29.96, 29.93, 29.00, 28.84, 28.53, 25.58, 25.55, 25.53.
Cpd. 73: Yield: 89.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 422.2166 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.72 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.41 –7.33 (m, 2H) , 6.78 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 5.02 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.61 –4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.43 –4.24 (m, 1H) , 4.09 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.75 –2.88 (m, 8H) , 1.86 –1.70 (m, 2H) , 1.58 –1.48 (m, 2H) , 1.44 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 1.40 –1.26 (m, 4H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.57, 147.82, 143.71, 134.76, 130.32, 129.08, 122.22, 121.61, 106.32, 96.96, 92.35, 85.19, 81.92, 76.74, 74.59, 72.11, 71.92, 71.88, 69.92, 69.75, 67.89, 61.10, 29.94, 29.90, 28.77, 28.59, 25.60, 25.57.
Cpd. 74: Yield: 86.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 450.2483 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.72 (dd, J = 4.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.42 –7.31 (m, 2H) , 6.71 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 4.97 –4.77 (m, 2H) , 4.58 –4.44 (m, 1H) , 4.43 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.09 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.71 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.78 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 (dt, J = 18.8, 7.1 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.25 (m, 8H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.56, 147.82, 143.71, 134.75, 130.32, 129.08, 122.22, 121.61, 106.33, 96.96, 92.35, 85.18, 81.91, 76.74, 74.58, 72.11, 71.96, 71.92, 69.91, 69.74, 67.86, 61.09, 29.99, 29.95, 29.07, 29.02, 28.81, 28.61, 25.58.
Cpd. 78: Yield: 87.5%; ESI-MS m/z: 466.2429 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.85 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.76 (s, 1H) , 7.98 (dd, J = 9.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.49 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 (s, 1H) , 6.66 –6.23 (m, 1H) , 4.93 –4.71 (m, 2H) , 4.51 –4.09 (m, 4H) , 3.74 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 2.50 (s, 3H) , 1.80 (p, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.48 (dt, J = 16.3, 7.2 Hz, 4H) , 1.40 –1.28 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 159.65, 145.55, 143.98, 142.90, 138.25, 130.20, 123.26, 107.41, 96.93, 92.34, 85.18, 81.91, 76.73, 74.59, 72.10, 71.95, 71.91, 69.91, 69.75, 68.28, 61.10, 29.97, 29.93, 29.00, 28.82, 28.50, 25.58, 25.54.
Cpd. 79: Yield: 93.6%; ESI-MS m/z: 483.2362 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.65 –7.55 (m, 4H) , 7.42 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.35 –7.26 (m, 1H) , 7.06 –6.96 (m, 2H) , 6.68 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 4.97 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.56 –4.45 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 3.99 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.74 –2.87 (m, 8H) , 1.78 –1.64 (m, 2H) , 1.50 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.45 –1.37 (m, 2H) , 1.36 –1.25 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.79, 140.32, 132.82, 129.31, 128.19, 127.12, 126.60, 115.32, 97.39, 92.80, 85.65, 82.37, 77.20, 75.05, 72.56, 72.42, 72.37, 70.38, 70.21, 67.96, 61.56, 30.43, 30.40, 29.47, 29.31, 29.18, 26.04, 26.01.
Cpd. 82: Yield: 84.7%; ESI-MS m/z: 562.1279 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.97 –7.92 (m, 1H) , 7.84 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 –7.35 (m, 2H) , 6.69 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 4.98 –4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.58 –4.22 (m, 2H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.77 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.56 –1.47 (m, 2H) , 1.43 (q, J = 7.3, 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.39 –1.24 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 157.03, 145.02, 136.79, 131.90, 129.43, 128.26, 123.02, 116.19, 106.74, 96.92, 92.34, 85.18, 81.90, 76.73, 74.58, 72.09, 71.94, 71.90, 69.91, 69.74, 68.02, 61.09, 29.96, 29.92, 28.99, 28.82, 28.56, 25.57, 25.54, 25.53.
Cpd. 83: Yield: 91.8%; ESI-MS m/z: 451.1942 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 6.78 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.70 –6.38 (m, 2H) , 6.33 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 5.94 (s, 2H) , 4.95 –4.79 (m, 2H) , 4.57 –4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.42 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 3.85 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.72 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.71 –1.59 (m, 2H) , 1.55 –1.43 (m, 2H) , 1.42 –1.24 (m, 8H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 154.15, 147.91, 140.94, 108.04, 105.61, 100.93, 97.74, 96.94, 85.20, 76.75, 74.60, 71.99, 69.76, 68.19, 61.11, 29.95, 29.03, 28.87, 28.77, 25.57, 25.56.
Cpd. 84: Yield: 82.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 483.2349 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.70 –7.61 (m, 2H) , 7.50 –7.41 (m, 2H) , 7.40 –7.31 (m, 2H) , 7.20 (dt, J = 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.16 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.92 (ddd, J = 8.2, 2.6, 0.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.71 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 4.95 –4.79 (m, 2H) , 4.56 –4.49 (m, 1H) , 4.44 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.02 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.70 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.73 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.45 (dq, J = 30.8, 6.6 Hz, 4H) , 1.37 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 159.20, 141.69, 140.11, 129.99, 128.89, 127.55, 126.80, 118.89, 113.55, 112.67, 96.95, 92.35, 85.15, 81.89, 76.75, 74.60, 72.12, 71.97, 71.93, 69.89, 69.73, 67.46, 61.07, 30.00, 29.96, 29.05, 28.88, 28.79, 25.59.
Cpd. 85: Yield: 94.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 457.2205 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.20 –8.11 (m, 1H) , 7.90 –7.81 (m, 1H) , 7.55 –7.36 (m, 4H) , 6.94 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.71 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 5.00 –4.77 (m, 2H) , 4.57 –4.46 (m, 1H) , 4.43 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.13 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.74 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.93 – 1.77 (m, 2H) , 1.51 (h, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H) , 1.43 –1.27 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 154.13, 134.03, 127.47, 126.42, 126.30, 125.26, 124.98, 121.48, 119.73, 105.08, 96.95, 92.36, 85.21, 81.94, 76.76, 74.61, 72.13, 72.12, 72.00, 71.96, 69.93, 69.76, 67.74, 61.12, 30.02, 29.98, 29.06, 28.91, 28.75, 25.79, 25.63, 25.60.
Cpd. 86: Yield: 45.8%; ESI-MS m/z: 447.1988 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.92 (t, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.18 –7.11 (m, 1H) , 6.91 –6.83 (m, 2H) , 6.66 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 4.92 –4.76 (m, 2H) , 4.53 –4.45 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.24 (m, 1H) , 3.96 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.69 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.72 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.50 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.41 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.36 –1.27 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 154.95, 149.11, 146.56, 127.82, 113.35, 111.64, 106.87, 104.40, 96.92, 92.33, 85.17, 81.90, 76.72, 74.58, 72.09, 71.93, 71.89, 69.92, 69.76, 68.05, 61.11, 29.96, 29.92, 29.00, 28.84, 28.80, 25.58, 25.54.
Cpd. 87: Yield: 52.6%; ESI-MS m/z: 463.1766 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.83 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.72 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.40 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.35 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.98 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.66 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 4.95 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.54 –4.44 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.00 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.73 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.45 (dq, J = 31.3, 6.8 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.46, 140.66, 131.21, 128.31, 123.80, 123.16, 114.81, 106.51, 96.93, 92.34, 85.18, 81.90, 76.73, 74.59, 72.09, 71.93, 71.90, 69.92, 69.76, 67.69, 61.11, 29.97, 29.93, 29.01, 28.85, 28.74, 25.57, 25.55.
Cpd. 88: Yield: 87.6%; ESI-MS m/z: 436.2331 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.80 (dd, J = 4.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.26 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.87 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.41 –7.32 (m, 2H) , 7.24 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 –6.28 (m, 1H) , 5.01 –4.78 (m, 2H) , 4.57 –4.46 (m, 1H) , 4.43 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.12 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.72 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.78 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.48 (dp, J = 22.2, 7.2, 6.7 Hz, 4H) , 1.40 –1.28 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 159.54, 150.61, 149.46, 135.64, 129.21, 123.00, 119.53, 119.17, 107.78, 96.94, 85.19, 76.75, 74.60, 71.98, 69.75, 67.79, 61.10, 29.95, 29.02, 28.86, 28.59, 25.58, 25.57.
Cpd. 89: Yield: 89.4%; ESI-MS m/z: 475.1937 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.00 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.32 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.27 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.18 (dd, J = 9.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.71 –6.28 (m, 2H) , 4.93 –4.78 (m, 2H) , 4.55 –4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.25 (m, 1H) , 3.98 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.69 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.72 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.48 (q, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.45 –1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.36 –1.25 (m, 7H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 160.21, 155.04, 147.76, 144.17, 119.88, 119.24, 117.36, 116.55, 111.32, 96.95, 92.37, 85.20, 81.93, 76.75, 74.62, 72.13, 71.99, 71.94, 69.93, 69.77, 68.16, 61.11, 29.99, 29.96, 29.03, 28.84, 28.65, 25.60, 25.57, 25.52.
Cpd. 90: Yield: 85.3%; ESI-MS m/z: 507.2361 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.48 (s, 1H) , 8.37 (s, 1H) , 8.09 –7.92 (m, 3H) , 7.45 (dddd, J = 18.8, 8.0, 6.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.36 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.18 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.70 –6.28 (m, 1H) , 4.99 –4.77 (m, 2H) , 4.51 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.44 –4.23 (m, 1H) , 4.32 (s, 1H) , 4.11 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.75 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.80 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.58 –1.41 (m, 4H) , 1.33 (q, J = 10.4, 6.5 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.18, 132.47, 131.69, 129.77, 128.13, 127.75, 127.45, 126.02, 125.66, 124.51, 123.90, 120.72, 104.33, 96.95, 85.21, 76.76, 74.61, 71.99, 69.77, 67.54, 61.11, 29.97, 29.05, 28.91, 28.68, 25.66, 25.59.
Cpd. 92: Yield: 42.5%; ESI-MS m/z: 496.2317 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 11.24 (s, 1H) , 8.14 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 –7.41 (m, 1H) , 7.37 –7.25 (m, 2H) , 7.18 –7.11 (m, 1H) , 7.05 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.65 –6.29 (m, 1H) , 4.91 –4.78 (m, 2H) , 4.51 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.42 –4.25 (m, 1H) , 4.19 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.70 –2.92 (m, 9H) , 1.90 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.64 –1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.45 –1.30 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 155.03, 141.09, 138.91, 126.54, 124.52, 122.10, 121.77, 118.63, 111.44, 110.43, 103.72, 100.40, 96.94, 85.21, 81.93, 76.76, 74.60, 72.13, 72.00, 69.76, 67.35, 61.11, 29.98, 29.08, 28.94, 28.88, 25.79, 25.58.
Cpd. 93: Yield: 54.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 531.2360 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.37 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.24 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 8.19 (ddd, J = 7.6, 6.2, 1.1 Hz, 2H) , 8.13 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.09 –7.93 (m, 3H) , 7.75 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.71 –6.27 (m, 1H) , 5.00 –4.77 (m, 2H) , 4.55 –4.48 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.25 (m, 3H) , 3.74 –2.92 (m, 8H) , 1.93 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.62 –1.47 (m, 4H) , 1.45 –1.30 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.17, 131.71, 131.58, 127.78, 126.87, 126.77, 126.50, 125.42, 125.11, 124.93, 124.80, 124.63, 124.59, 121.29, 119.81, 110.27, 97.39, 92.81, 85.66, 82.39, 77.21, 75.05, 72.57, 72.45, 72.40, 70.38, 70.22, 68.98, 61.56, 30.46, 30.42, 29.51, 29.36, 26.22, 26.08, 26.05.
Cpd. 94: Yield: 92.4%; ESI-MS m/z: 478.2798 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.72 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.23 (ddd, J = 8.5, 1.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 –7.31 (m, 2H) , 6.76 –6.26 (m, 1H) , 5.00 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.58 –4.45 (m, 1H) , 4.43 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.72 –2.89 (m, 8H) , 1.83 –1.69 (m, 2H) , 1.55 –1.39 (m, 4H) , 1.36 – 1.21 (m, 12H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.57, 147.84, 143.72, 134.78, 130.33, 129.10, 122.24, 121.64, 106.33, 96.94, 92.36, 85.20, 76.75, 74.60, 72.12, 72.01, 69.92, 69.76, 67.86, 61.11, 29.98, 29.13, 29.10, 29.08, 29.06, 28.83, 28.62, 25.62, 25.59.
Cpd. 95: Yield: 68.7%; ESI-MS m/z: 504.2196 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.54 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.05 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.71 –6.21 (m, 1H) , 4.95 –4.75 (m, 2H) , 4.55 – 4.44 (m, 1H) , 4.41 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.14 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 –2.91 (m, 8H) , 1.80 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 (dq, J = 21.4, 7.0 Hz, 4H) , 1.40 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.33, 144.02, 143.69, 142.39, 137.47, 130.74, 130.38, 124.41, 123.19, 117.17, 117.16, 106.18, 96.93, 92.34, 85.18, 81.91, 76.72, 74.59, 72.09, 71.93, 71.89, 69.92, 69.76, 68.20, 61.10, 29.96, 29.92, 28.99, 28.81, 28.49, 25.57, 25.54, 25.51.
Cpd. 97: Yield: 34.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 475.1935 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.92 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.15 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.04 (dd, J = 9.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.67 –6.26 (m, 1H) , 4.95 –4.74 (m, 2H) , 4.55 –4.43 (m, 1H) , 4.42 –4.21 (m, 1H) , 3.99 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.72 –2.91 (m, 14H) , 1.74 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 (dh, J = 29.9, 6.6 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.24 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.27, 153.27, 142.86, 136.22, 127.13, 122.48, 120.95, 109.68, 107.21, 96.92, 92.33, 85.17, 81.90, 76.72, 74.58, 72.09, 71.93, 71.89, 69.92, 69.75, 67.64, 61.10, 37.76, 29.97, 29.93, 29.01, 28.86, 28.78, 25.60, 25.55.
Cpd. 101: Yield: 78.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 506.1917 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.31 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 –7.79 (m, 1H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 –7.37 (m, 2H) , 6.77 –6.25 (m, 1H) , 4.98 –4.77 (m, 2H) , 4.56 –4.46 (m, 1H) , 4.38 –4.25 (m, 1H) , 4.13 –4.04 (m, 2H) , 3.67 –2.90 (m, 8H) , 1.77 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.46 (dp, J = 22.6, 6.9 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.19 (m, 8H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 157.08, 147.01, 142.99, 138.74, 129.23, 128.04, 123.35, 122.48, 106.69, 96.94, 85.20, 76.75, 74.60, 71.99, 69.76, 68.03, 61.11, 29.97, 29.09, 29.03, 28.82, 28.58, 25.60, 25.57.
Example 9
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol (Cpd. 61)
Reagents and conditions: (i) Ph
3CCl, pyridine, 75 ℃, overnight; (ii) BnBr, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (iii) HBr (48%in water) , AcOH, ice-water bath, 5 min; (iv) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (vi) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h.
Step 1: (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( (trityloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol
D-glucose (5.0 g, 27.75 mmol) was dissolved in 30 ml anhydrous pyridine in a 100-ml round-bottomed flask, and triphenylmethyl chloride (8.5 g, 30.49 mmol) was then added into the solution. The mixture was stirred at 75℃ overnight. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature. Pyridine was removed under reduced pressure to afford a yellow gurn. The resulting precipitant was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with sodium bicarbonate aqueous for three times. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %methanol in dichloromethane) to yield 9.56 g (81.5%) (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( (trityloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.37 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H) , 7.22 –6.91 (m, 9H) , 5.52 –4.27 (m, 4H) , 3.86 –3.53 (m, 2H) , 3.48 –2.94 (m, 5H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 143.75, 143.56, 128.72, 127.93, 127.90, 127.15, 127.07, 96.36, 92.31, 87.17, 86.78, 76.20, 74.45, 73.40, 71.96, 71.41, 71.21, 70.30, 64.09, 63.54.
Step 2: (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4, 5-tetrakis (benzyloxy) -6- ( (trityloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran
Compound (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( (trityloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol (1.03 g, 2.44 mmol) was dissolved in 10 ml anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in a 50-ml round-bottomed flask. Sodium hydride (426 mg, 10.65 mmol) in mineral oil (60%) and tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) were then added under argon in small portions over a period of 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in ice-water bath. Then benzyl bromide (2 ml, 16.84 mmol) was added slowly. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, organic solvents were removed under vacuum generating precipitants in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 1.69 g (88.7%) (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4, 5-tetrakis (benzyloxy) -6- ( (trityloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.64 –7.40 (m, 8H) , 7.40 –7.18 (m, 25H) , 6.87 (dd, J = 7.4, 1.8 Hz, 2H) , 5.13 –4.49 (m, 8H) , 4.34 (dd, J = 27.3, 10.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.07 –3.54 (m, 4H) , 3.52 –3.37 (m, 1H) , 3.23 (ddd, J = 31.6, 10.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 144.03, 138.83, 138.61, 138.60, 138.35, 137.97, 137.91, 137.44, 137.08, 128.91, 128.88, 128.77, 128.57, 128.48, 128.46, 128.43, 128.27, 128.22, 128.19, 128.12, 127.93, 127.88, 127.85, 127.79, 127.72, 127.66, 127.04, 127.02, 102.32, 94.69, 86.45, 86.37, 84.82, 82.65, 82.43, 80.29, 78.21, 77.97, 76.07, 76.03, 75.15, 75.10, 75.04, 74.71, 73.03, 70.76, 70.62, 68.67, 62.49.
Step 3: ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methanol
Compound (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4, 5-tetrakis (benzyloxy) -6- ( (trityloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran (659 mg, 0.84 mmol) was dissolved in 3 ml acetic acid in a 25-ml round-bottomed flask in ice-water bath, and hydrobromic acid (48%aqueous solution, 3 ml) was then added into the solution. The mixture was stirred for 4 min in ice-water bath. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and washed with dichloromethane three times. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography on silica gel (20 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 324 mg (71.2%) ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methanol as faint yellow oil (α-form/β-form : 35%/65%) . α-form:
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.41 –7.26 (m, 20H) , 5.01 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.89 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.84 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.80 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.71 –4.61 (m, 3H) , 4.55 (dd, J = 12.1, 4.2 Hz, 2H) , 4.07 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.75 –3.62 (m, 3H) , 3.58 –3.46 (m, 2H) , 1.58 (s, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 138.81, 138.13, 137.09, 128.52, 128.43, 128.13, 127.96, 127.83, 127.63, 95.60, 81.98, 80.04, 75.75, 75.13, 73.10, 71.00, 69.29, 61.82. β-form:
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.39 –7.26 (m, 20H) , 4.98 –4.89 (m, 3H) , 4.83 (dd, J = 22.8, 10.9 Hz, 2H) , 4.76 –4.61 (m, 3H) , 4.57 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.87 (ddd, J = 12.0, 5.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.74 –3.64 (m, 2H) , 3.57 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.49 (dd, J = 9.1, 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.36 (ddd, J = 9.6, 4.7, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 1.84 (dd, J = 7.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 138.51, 138.31, 137.97, 137.28, 128.52, 128.43, 128.40, 128.17, 128.10, 127.97, 127.91, 127.74, 127.69, 102.86, 84.56, 82.37, 77.58, 75.76, 75.10, 75.07, 75.03, 71.70, 62.10.
Step 4: (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4, 5-tetrakis (benzyloxy) -6- ( ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran
Compound ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methanol (910 mg, 1.68 mmol) was dissolved in 15 ml anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in a 50-ml round-bottomed flask. Sodium hydride (150 mg, 3.75 mmol) in mineral oil (60%) and tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (310 mg, 0.84 mmol) were then added under argon in small portions over a period of 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in ice-water bath. Then 1, 8-dibromooctane (645 μl, 3.49 mmol) was added slowly. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, organic solvents were removed under vacuum generating precipitants in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 455 mg (36.9%) (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4, 5-tetrakis (benzyloxy) -6- ( ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.65 –7.01 (m, 20H) , 5.07 –4.43 (m, 9H) , 4.08 –3.39 (m, 8H) , 3.34 (td, J = 6.8, 2.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.80 (pd, J = 6.9, 4.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.58 (ddt, J = 14.2, 10.3, 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 1.47 –1.25 (m, 8H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 138.97, 138.70, 138.54, 138.51, 138.39, 138.27, 137.56, 137.29, 128.48, 128.42, 128.38, 128.22, 128.01, 127.95, 127.92, 127.87, 127.80, 127.68, 127.65, 127.62, 102.66, 95.69, 84.82, 82.39, 82.22, 80.00, 78.08, 77.87, 75.80, 75.76, 75.15, 75.02, 74.92, 73.07, 71.84, 71.73, 71.15, 70.44, 69.72, 69.25, 69.15, 34.00, 32.85, 29.75, 29.68, 29.36, 28.79, 28.75, 28.18, 26.19.
Step 5: 6- ( (8- ( ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methoxy) octyl) oxy) quinoline
Compound (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4, 5-tetrakis (benzyloxy) -6- ( ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran (455 mg, 0.62 mmol) was dissolved in 10 ml anhydrous DMF in a 50-ml round-bottomed flask, and quinolin-6-ol (136 mg, 0.94 mmol) , potassium carbonate (172 mg, 1.24 mmol) were then added into the solution. The mixture was stirred at 70℃ for 10 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and organic solvents were removed under vacuum. The resulting precipitant was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography on silica gel (30 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 368 mg (74.4%) 6- ( (8- ( ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methoxy) octyl) oxy) quinoline as orange oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.78 (dd, J = 4.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.06 –8.00 (m, 2H) , 7.64 –7.09 (m, 22H) , 7.06 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.09 –4.43 (m, 9H) , 4.07 (td, J = 6.4, 2.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.86 –3.32 (m, 8H) , 1.99 –1.74 (m, 2H) , 1.72 –1.56 (m, 2H) , 1.51 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.39 (d, J = 16.3 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 157.26, 147.80, 144.34, 138.90, 138.62, 138.48, 138.43, 138.32, 138.20, 137.49, 137.22, 134.74, 130.76, 129.36, 128.45, 128.43, 128.39, 128.37, 128.33, 128.17, 127.98, 127.96, 127.90, 127.88, 127.83, 127.75, 127.73, 127.64, 127.61, 127.57, 122.59, 121.29, 105.84, 102.60, 95.63, 84.76, 82.34, 82.16, 79.94, 78.03, 77.81, 75.76, 75.72, 75.11, 74.98, 74.97, 74.88, 73.01, 71.84, 71.73, 71.11, 70.38, 69.67, 69.19, 69.10, 68.28, 29.74, 29.67, 29.46, 29.38, 29.34, 29.18, 26.19, 26.07.
Step 6: (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H- pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol (Cpd. 61)
Compound 6- ( (8- ( ( (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R) -3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methoxy) octyl) oxy) quinoline (368 mg, 0.46 mmol) was dissolved in 5 ml methanol in a 25-ml round bottomed flask. Palladium (10%) on carbon (100 mg, 0.09 mmol) was then added, and the flask was evacuated carefully and flushed with hydrogen gas for three times using a balloon. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h under a hydrogen atmosphere (using a balloon) . Upon completion of the reaction, the Pd/C was filtered off using a pad of celite and the filtrate was concentrated. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (8%methanol in dichloromethane) to yield 123 mg (51.6%) (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol (Cpd. 61) as white solid. ESI-MS m/z: 436.2330 [M+H]
+.
Example 10
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -3- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol (Cpd. 76)
Reagents and conditions: (i) BnBr, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) water, TFA, DCM, R.T., 40 min; (iii) a. dibutyl-tin (IV) oxide, MeOH, 80 ℃, 1.5 h, b. BnBr, K
2CO
3, DMF, 40 ℃, 16 h; (iv) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h; (vi) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight.
Step 1-3: (2S, 3R, 4R, 5R) -2, 4-bis (benzyloxy) -5- ( (R) -1, 2-bis (benzyloxy) ethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3-ol
The title compound was synthesized starting from 1, 2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose following a modified procedure of previously established method, and the characterization data matched well to those reported previously (see Patra M, Awuah S G, Lippard S J, et al., Chemical Approach to Positional Isomers of Glucose–Platinum Conjugates Reveals Specific Cancer Targeting through Glucose-Transporter-Mediated Uptake in Vitro and in Vivo [J] . Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016, 138 (38) : 12541-12551) . Yield: 56.2 %.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.43 –7.18 (m, 20H) , 5.22 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.79 (dd, J = 13.0, 11.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.70 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.62 –4.46 (m, 5H) , 4.36 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.25 (ddd, J = 6.2, 4.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.09 –3.99 (m, 2H) , 3.84 (dd, J = 10.6, 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.68 (dd, J = 10.6, 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.96 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 138.90, 138.62, 137.92, 137.09, 128.58, 128.52, 128.37, 128.33, 128.25, 128.17, 128.04, 127.66, 127.63, 127.57, 127.56, 127.46, 127.39, 100.28, 83.99, 77.86, 76.39, 76.12, 73.46, 72.65, 71.66, 71.16, 70.13.
Step 4-6: (2R, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -3- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol (Cpd. 76)
The title compound (Cpd. 76) was synthesized from (2S, 3R, 4R, 5R) -2, 4-bis (benzyloxy) -5- ( (R) -1, 2-bis (benzyloxy) ethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3-ol following a similar procedure as described in Example 12. Yield: 51.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 436.2328 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.72 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.38 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.35 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.75 –6.15 (m, 1H) , 5.14 –4.79 (m, 2H) , 4.77 –4.44 (m, 1H) , 4.44 –4.30 (m, 1H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.74 –3.37 (m, 5H) , 3.19 –2.69 (m, 3H) , 1.78 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.53 –1.40 (m, 4H) , 1.38 – 1.25 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.57, 147.84, 143.72, 134.77, 130.33, 129.09, 122.24, 121.63, 106.33, 96.66, 89.98, 83.23, 80.41, 76.59, 76.11, 72.04, 71.79, 71.71, 70.74, 70.53, 69.68, 67.88, 61.19, 61.18, 29.84, 29.76, 28.98, 28.96, 28.84, 28.62, 25.56.
Example 11
(2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl) -6- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4, 5-triol (Cpd. 98)
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (ii) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h; (iii) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight.
Step 1-3: (2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl) -6- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4, 5-triol (Cpd. 98)
The title compound was synthesized from (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (benzyloxy) -6- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-ol (Cpd. 98) following a similar procedure as described in Example 12.
Example 12
(3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -5- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol (Cpd. 99)
Reagents and conditions: (i) BnOH, BF
3-diethyl ether, DCM, R.T., overnight; (ii) NaOMe, MeOH, R.T., 3 h; (iii) PhCH (OMe)
2, TsOH, DMF, 80 ℃., 4 h; (iv) BnBr, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (v) Et
3SiH, TFA, DCM, R.T., 24 h; (vi) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (vii) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h; (viii) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight.
Step 1-5: (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4, 5, 6-tris (benzyloxy) -2- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol
This compound was synthesized starting from β-D-glucose-penta-acetate following a modified procedure of previously established method (see Patra M, Awuah S G, Lippard S J, et al. Chemical Approach to Positional Isomers of Glucose–Platinum Conjugates Reveals Specific Cancer Targeting through Glucose-Transporter-Mediated Uptake in Vitro and in Vivo [J] . Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016, 138 (38) : 12541-12551) . Yield: 44.2 %.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.44-7.27 (m, 20H) , 4.95 (t, J = 11.4 Hz, 3H) , 4.80-4.59 (m, 5H) , 4.53 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.80 (dd, J = 10.5, 3.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.73 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.65-3.58 (m, 1H) , 3.53-3.42 (m, 3H) , 2.44 (s, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 138.61, 138.35, 137.96, 137.35, 128.56, 128.44, 128.43, 128.36, 128.18, 127.99, 127.97, 127.85, 127.81, 127.74, 127.70, 102.61, 84.08, 81.77, 75.30, 74.81, 74.10, 73.69, 71.58, 71.19, 70.28.
Step 6: (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -6- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) -5- ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran
Compound (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4, 5, 6-tris (benzyloxy) -2- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol (720 mg, 1.33 mmol) was dissolved in 10 ml anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in a 50-ml round-bottomed flask. Sodium hydride (80 mg, 2 mmol) in mineral oil (60%) and tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (246 mg, 0.67 mmol) were then added under argon in small portions over a period of 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in ice-water bath. Then 1, 8-dibromooctane (490 μl, 2.66 mmol) was added slowly. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, organic solvents were removed under vacuum generating precipitants in water. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (8%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 509 mg (52.2%) (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -6- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) -5- ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.79 –6.99 (m, 20H) , 5.03 –4.53 (m, 8H) , 4.49 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.81 –3.61 (m, 3H) , 3.57 –3.33 (m, 7H) , 1.48 –1.17 (m, 12H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 139.04, 138.75, 138.50, 138.33, 137.54, 128.39, 128.34, 128.31, 128.16, 127.95, 127.78, 127.73, 127.69, 127.59, 127.58, 127.54, 102.59, 84.70, 82.23, 78.20, 75.61, 75.16, 74.89, 73.53, 73.13, 71.12, 69.11, 33.94, 32.78, 30.33, 29.31, 28.68, 28.11, 26.03.
Step 7: (2R, 3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -5- ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol
Compound (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -6- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) -5- ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran (509 mg, 0.70 mmol) was dissolved in 5 ml methanol in a 25-ml round bottomed flask. Palladium (10%) on carbon (172 mg, 0.16 mmol) was then added, and the flask was evacuated carefully and flushed with hydrogen gas for three times using a balloon. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h under a hydrogen atmosphere (using a balloon) . Upon completion of the reaction, the Pd/C was filtered off using a pad of celite and the filtrate was concentrated. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (8%methanol in dichloromethane) to yield 230 mg (89.0%) (2R, 3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -5- ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 6.74 –6.14 (m, 1H) , 5.01 –4.19 (m, 4H) , 3.76 (dt, J = 9.3, 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.67 –3.38 (m, 6H) , 3.29 –2.84 (m, 3H) , 1.85 –1.73 and 0.92 –0.81 (m, 2H) , 1.45 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.42 –1.31 (m, 2H) , 1.26 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 97.24, 92.59, 78.83, 78.58, 77.16, 76.01, 75.56, 73.51, 73.07, 72.04, 72.01, 71.27, 61.17, 35.66, 32.71, 31.73, 30.36, 30.32, 30.30, 29.37, 29.24, 29.23, 29.18, 28.58, 27.97, 26.11, 26.09, 26.00, 25.98, 22.56, 14.42.
Step 8: (2R, 3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -5- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol (Cpd. 99)
Compound (2R, 3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -5- ( (8-bromooctyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol (216 mg, 0.58 mmol) was dissolved in 10 ml anhydrous DMF in a 50-ml round-bottomed flask, and quinolin-6-ol (488 mg, 3.36 mmol) , potassium carbonate (512 mg, 3.70 mmol) were then added into the solution. The mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 10 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and organic solvents were removed under vacuum. The resulting precipitant was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography on silica gel (10%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield (2R, 3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -5- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol (Cpd. 99) as white solid. Yield: 46.8%; ESI-MS m/z: 436.2331 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.72 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.42 – 7.32 (m, 2H) , 6.72 –6.18 (m, 1H) , 5.02 –4.67 (m, 2H) , 4.65 –4.52 (m, 1H) , 4.52 –4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.82 –3.40 (m, 5H) , 3.27 –2.86 (m, 3H) , 1.77 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.44 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 4H) , 1.39 –1.24 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.58, 147.85, 143.73, 134.79, 130.33, 129.11, 122.25, 121.64, 106.33, 96.80, 92.17, 78.38, 78.13, 76.71, 75.57, 75.10, 73.07, 72.62, 71.64, 70.84, 67.88, 60.72, 29.93, 29.92, 28.95, 28.84, 28.62, 25.64, 25.63, 25.57.
Example 13
(2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl) -6- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4, 5-triol (Cpd. 98)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner that described in Example 12. Yield: 52.4%; ESI-MS m/z: 436.2326 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d
4) δ 8.66 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H) , 8.26 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.41 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.28 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.25 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.94 –3.84 (m, 2H) , 3.67 (dd, J = 12.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.54 (dt, J = 9.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.35 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.27 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H) , 3.17 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 1.86 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.63 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 1.53 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.42 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.3 Hz, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 158.97, 148.39, 144.66, 137.17, 131.22, 130.31, 124.23, 122.68, 107.19, 104.37, 78.14, 77.92, 75.13, 71.68, 70.86, 69.46, 62.79, 30.77, 30.52, 30.46, 30.27, 27.15, 27.05.
Example 14
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -3- ( (8- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol (Cpd. 102)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner that described in Example 10. Yield: 68.2%; ESI-MS m/z: 492.1754 [M+Na]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.31 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.93 –7.78 (m, 1H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 –7.36 (m, 2H) , 6.69 –6.15 (m, 1H) , 5.13 –4.78 (m, 2H) , 4.75 –4.34 (m, 2H) , 4.08 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 –3.38 (m, 6H) , 3.15 –2.90 (m, 2H) , 1.77 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.52 –1.39 (m, 4H) , 1.37 –1.26 (m, 6H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 157.07, 147.01, 142.99, 138.74, 129.23, 128.04, 123.34, 122.47, 106.69, 96.66, 89.97, 83.23, 80.40, 76.59, 76.11, 72.04, 71.79, 71.70, 70.74, 70.53, 69.68, 68.03, 61.19, 29.75, 28.96, 28.82, 28.57, 25.56, 25.53.
Example 15
(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -3- ( (9- (quinolin-6-yloxy) nonyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol (Cpd. 103)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner that described in Example 10. Yield: 56.0%; ESI-MS m/z: 450.2510 [M+H]
+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 8.72 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.23 (ddd, J = 8.4, 1.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.42 –7.33 (m, 2H) , 6.71 –6.13 (m, 1H) , 5.11 –4.77 (m, 2H) , 4.73 –4.26 (m, 2H) , 4.09 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.74 – 3.38 (m, 5H) , 3.20 –2.67 (m, 3H) , 1.78 (p, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H) , 1.51 –1.40 (m, 4H) , 1.38 –1.26 (m, 8H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.56, 147.83, 143.71, 134.76, 130.32, 129.08, 122.22, 121.62, 106.33, 96.64, 89.96, 83.22, 80.40, 76.58, 76.10, 72.02, 71.77, 71.70, 70.72, 70.52, 69.68, 67.87, 61.17, 29.84, 29.76, 29.06, 28.98, 28.95, 28.80, 28.62, 25.58.
Example 16
(4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 5-diol (Cpd. 100)
Reagents and conditions: (i) Ac
2O, pyridine, R.T., overnight; (ii) BnOH, BF
3-diethyl ether, DCM, R.T., overnight; (iii) NaOMe, MeOH, R.T., 3 h; (iv) PhCH (OMe)
2, TsOH, DMF, 80 ℃., 4 h; (v) 1, 8-dibromooctane, NaH, Bu
4N
+I
-, DMF, R.T., 24 h; (vi) K
2CO
3, DMF, 70 ℃, overnight; (vii) H
2, Pb/C, methanol, R.T., 24 h.
Step 1: (4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (acetoxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triyl triacetate
2-deoxy-D-glucose (2.10 g, 12.79 mmol) was dissolved in 20 ml pyridine in a 100-ml round bottomed flask. Acetic anhydride (11.52 ml, 121.85 mmol) was then added gradually, and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, the pyridine was evaporated under vacuum. The resulting precipitant was diluted with dichloromethane, neutralized with sodium hydrogen carbonate, washed with water and aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (33 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 4.154 g (97.7%) (4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (acetoxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triyl triacetate as faint yellow oil (α-form/β-form : 25%/75%) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.26 (dd, J = 3.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H for α) , 5.79 (dd, J = 9.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H for β) , 5.32 (ddd, J = 11.6, 9.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H for α) , 5.15 –4.98 (m, 1H for α and 2H for β) , 4.31 (dt, J = 12.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H for αand 1H for β) , 4.17 –4.00 (m, 3H for α and 2H for β) , 3.75 (ddd, J = 9.4, 4.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H for β) , 2.35 (ddd, J = 12.6, 4.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H for β) , 2.27 (ddd, J = 13.8, 5.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H for α) , 2.13 (s, 3H for α) , 2.12 (s, 3H for β) , 2.09 (s, 3H for α and 3H for β) , 2.05 –2.03 (m, 6H for α and 6H for β) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 171.10, 170.68, 170.24, 170.07, 169.72, 169.67, 168.91, 168.77, 91.07, 90.89, 72.87, 70.22, 70.14, 68.71, 68.47, 68.29, 61.98, 61.95, 34.72, 33.87, 21.01, 20.93, 20.91, 20.84, 20.75, 20.71, 20.68.
Step 2: (2R, 3S, 4R, 6R) -2- (acetoxymethyl) -6- (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4-diyl diacetate
(4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (acetoxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triyl triacetate (4.154 g, 12.50 mmol) was dissolved in 50 ml dichloromethane in a 250-ml round bottomed flask. Benzyl alcohol (3.0 ml, 28.85 mmol) , BF
3-Et
2O (2.5 ml, 20.25 mmol) were then added. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by 5%aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate. The organic layer was separated, washed with aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (20 %ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 4.342 g (91.3%) (2R, 3S, 4R, 6R) -2- (acetoxymethyl) -6- (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4-diyl diacetate as faint yellow oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.40 –7.30 (m, 5H) , 5.36 (ddd, J = 11.5, 9.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 5.07 –4.98 (m, 2H) , 4.68 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.51 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.36 –4.25 (m, 1H) , 4.06 –3.93 (m, 2H) , 2.29 (ddd, J = 12.9, 5.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.11 (s, 3H) , 2.04 (s, 3H) , 2.01 (s, 3H) , 1.85 (ddd, J = 13.1, 11.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 170.73, 170.17, 169.90, 137.09, 128.49, 127.97, 127.95, 96.21, 69.42, 69.31, 69.13, 68.06, 62.35, 35.01, 20.97, 20.78, 20.73.
Step 3: (2R, 3S, 4R, 6R) -6- (benzyloxy) -2- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4-diol
(2R, 3S, 4R, 6R) -2- (acetoxymethyl) -6- (benzyloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4-diyl diacetate (4.280 g, 11.25 mmol) was dissolved in 100 ml methanol in a 250-ml round bottomed flask. Sodium methoxide (120 mg, 2.22 mmol) was then added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The organic solvent was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting precipitant was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (10 %methanol in dichloromethane) to yield 2.686 g (93.9%) (2R, 3S, 4R, 6R) -6- (benzyloxy) -2- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4-diol as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6) δ 7.39 –7.26 (m, 5H) , 4.97 –4.89 (m, 1H) , 4.87 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.76 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.64 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.49 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.38 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.67 (dddd, J = 17.3, 13.7, 8.0, 3.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.50 (dt, J = 11.7, 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.42 (ddd, J = 9.8, 5.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.07 (td, J = 9.2, 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 1.94 (ddd, J = 13.1, 5.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 1.50 (ddd, J = 13.0, 11.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 138.59, 128.71, 128.12, 127.87, 96.40, 73.91, 72.22, 68.54, 68.01, 61.55, 38.31.
Step 4: (4aR, 6R, 8R, 8aS) -6- (benzyloxy) -2-phenylhexahydropyrano [3, 2- d] [1, 3] dioxin-8-ol
Compound (2R, 3S, 4R, 6R) -6- (benzyloxy) -2- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4-diol (2.604 g, 10.24 mmol) was dissolved in 25 ml DMF in a 100-ml round bottomed flask. Benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (2.1 ml, 13.07 mmol) , p-toluenesulfonic acid (500 mg, 2.63 mmol) were then added. The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 4 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to the room temperature and subsequently concentrated under vacuum. The resulting precipitant was diluted in dichloromethane, washed with aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel (20%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to yield 1.263 g (36.0%) (4aR, 6R, 8R, 8aS) -6- (benzyloxy) -2-phenylhexahydropyrano [3, 2-d] [1, 3] dioxin-8-ol as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.54 –7.27 (m, 10H) , 5.57 (s, 1H) , 5.01 (dd, J = 3.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H) , 4.70 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.48 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.24 (tdd, J = 7.9, 6.5, 4.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.87 (td, J = 9.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.75 (t, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.49 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.27 (ddd, J = 13.3, 5.2, 1.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.81 (ddd, J = 13.3, 11.3, 3.9 Hz, 1H) .
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 137.42, 137.30, 129.24, 128.49, 128.36, 127.89, 127.87, 126.25, 102.05, 97.27, 83.92, 69.21, 69.06, 65.96, 62.88, 37.36.
Step 5-7: (4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 5-diol (Cpd. 100)
The title compound (Cpd. 100) was synthesized from (4aR, 6R, 8R, 8aS) -6- (benzyloxy) -2-phenylhexahydropyrano [3, 2-d] [1, 3] dioxin-8-ol following a similar procedure described in Example 9.
Example 17
Protein expression and purification
The codon-optimized cDNA of full-length wild-type PfHT from Plasmodium falciparum was synthesized and subcloned into modified pFastBac1 vector (Invitrogen) with an N-terminal His
10 tag. The recombinant PfHT and mutants were expressed using the pFastBac baculovirus system (Invitrogen) . Bacmids were generated in DH10Bac cells, followed by the transfection of Sf9 insect cells to generate and amplify baculoviruses.
After 72 h viral infection, the Sf9 insect cells were harvested and resuspended in the buffer containing 25 mM MES pH 6.0, 150 mM NaCl and protease inhibitors cocktail (aprotinin at 5 μg mL
-1, pepstatin at 1 μg mL
-1, and leupeptin at 5 μg mL
-1; Amresco) . The overexpressed PfHT and mutants were extracted by 2% (w/v) n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DDM, Anatrace) at 4 ℃ for 2 h. The debris of cell membrane was precipitated by high-speed centrifugation (18, 700 g) at 4 ℃ for 30 min and the supernatant was incubated with Ni
2+-nitrilotriacetate affinity resin (Ni-NTA, Qiagen) at 4 ℃ for 30 min. The resin was rinsed with the buffer containing 25 mM MES pH 6.0, 150 mM NaCl, 30 mM imidazole, and 0.02% (w/v) DDM. The protein was eluted with wash buffer plus 270 mM imidazole. For crystallization, the wild-type PfHT was concentrated to 15 mg mL
-1 and digested by 10 mg mL
-1 protease K (Sigma) with a 32: 1 protein to protease K ratio (v/v) at 18 ℃ for 30 min to remove the flexible segment on the N terminus. The proteolytic reaction was terminated by addition of 1 mM PMSF before size-exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL column, GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with the buffer containing 25 mM MES pH 6.0, 150 mM NaCl, and selected detergent. Peak fractions were collected and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen for further experiments. For biochemical analysis, both wild-type PfHT and mutants were directly applied to gel filtration without protease K digestion.
Example 18
Crystallization of PfHT-Compound 3361 complex
The purified wild-type PfHT was pre-incubated with 50 mM Compound 3361 at 4 ℃ for 1 hour before mixing with monoolein (Sigma) in 2: 3 protein to lipid ratio (w/w) . Then 45 nL mesophase was mixed with 400 nL well buffer for each condition on glass sandwich plates using an LCP crystallization robot (Gryphon, Art Robbins Instruments) . Crystals suitable for X-ray data collection were obtained in the condition with 0.1 M NH
4Cl, 0.1 M Na
3Citrate pH 5.2 and 28%PEG500MME at 20 ℃. Crystals were collected using MicroMesh (M3-L18SP-50; MiTeGen) and immediately flash frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Example 19
Data collection and structural determination
Crystals were tested at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility beamline BL18U and diffraction data were collected at SPring-8 beamline BL32XU. All data sets were integrated and scaled using XDS, followed by anisotropy analysis through UCLA Diffraction Anisotropy Server to generate anisotropy-truncated datasets. Further processing was carried out using the CCP4 suite. Phase was solved by molecular replacement using PHASER using a modified GLUT3 structure (PDB code: 4ZW9) , whose residues were modified by CHAINSAW in CCP4 suite the corresponding sequence of PfHT, as search model. The structural model was rebuilt in COOT and refined with PHENIX. The atomic structure coordinates for the PfHT polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 complexed with Compound 3361 as derived by X-ray diffraction from the crystalized PfHT-Compound 3361 complex is shown in Figure 2. Statistics for data collection and structure refinement are shown in Figure 3. An overall view of the structure of the complex of the PfHT-Compound 3361 complex is shown in Figure 4.
Example 20
Computational aided structure-based rational design of molecules
All the compounds designed by the allosteric binding pockets were docked against PfHT by
Suite 2018-1. All the compounds were constructed using Maestro and conversion of the compounds from 2D to 3D structures was performed using the LigPrep program with OPLS3 force field. Processing of the protein structure was performed in Protein Preparation Wizard using the coordinates of PfHT-glucose complex as input, including addition of hydrogen atoms, restained energy-minimizations of the protein structure with the Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations-All Atom (OPLS-AA) force field. Molecular docking was performed using the extra-precision glide docking (Glide XP) by Glide program.
For the results, the Emodel score is used to rank poses of a given ligand. For Glide XP score, it includes all of the hydrophobic enclosure, the hydrogen bond interaction, the internal energy (such as van de Waals interaction) , the electrostatic interaction and two XP penalties (i.e., the desolvation penalty and the ligand-strain penalty) .
Example 21
Binding affinity
Method
Microscale thermophoresis (MST) analysis was performed using Nano Temper Monolith NT. LabelFree instrument (Nano Temper Technologies GmbH) . PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 was purified in the buffer containing 25 mM MES pH 6.0, 150 mM NaCl and 0.06% (w/v) Cymal-6. Then a test compound at different concentrations was incubated with the PfHT polypeptide for 2 min at room temperature before being loaded to MO-Z002 capillaries. MST measurement was performed at 10%LED power and 60%MST power. The datasets were analyzed using MO. Affinity Analysis v2.2.4 (Nano Temper Technologies GmbH) .
Example 22
Inhibition of
3H-D-Glucose Uptake mediated by PfHT and GLUT1
Method
I. Preparation of liposomes and proteoliposomes.
E. coli polar lipid extract (Avanti) was dissolved to 20 mg mL
-1 in KPM 6.5 buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate pH 6.5, 2 mM MgSO
4) and 50 mM D-glucose. After incubation with 1%n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (β-OG, Anatrace) at 4 ℃ for 30 min, liposomes were mixed with 200 μg mL
-1 an indicated protein (PfHT or GLUT1) and incubated for another 1 h at 4 ℃. β-OG was removed by incubation with 400 mg/mL Bio-Beads SM2 (Bio-Rad) overnight. Proteoliposomes were frozen and thawed in liquid nitrogen for 5 times and extruded through 0.4 μm membrane filter (Millipore) . To remove remaining glucose, the homogenized proteoliposomes were ultracentrifugated at 100,000 g for 1 h and the precipitant was rinsed with ice-cold KPM 6.5 buffer twice. Finally, the proteoliposomes were resuspended to 100 mg mL
-1 with ice-cold KPM 6.5 buffer for counterflow assay.
II. Counterflow assay
Counterflow assays were performed at 25 ℃. For each assay, 2 μl of 100 mg mL
-1 the proteoliposomes preloaded with 50 mM D-glucose were mixed with 100 μL KPM 6.5 buffer containing 1 μCi D- [2-
3H] -glucose (PerkinElmer) , equivalent of 0.427 μM D- [2-
3H] -glucose with the specific radioactivity of 23.4 Ci mmol
-1. After 30 s, the mixed solution was filtered with 0.22 μm membrane filters (Millipore) . The filter was rinsed with ice-cold KPM 6.5 buffer. The membrane filter was placed into a vial filled with Optiphase HISAFE 3 (PerkinElmer) and incubated overnight, and radioactivity was quantified with liquid scintillation counting using MicroBeta JET (PerkinElmer) .
Time-course experiments showed that accumulation of D- [2-
3H] -glucose was roughly linear within the first 30 s. To determine the K
m and V
max of D-glucose transport by PfHT, the initial velocities were measured at 15 s. The glucose concentration in external solution was adjusted using non-radiolabelled substrate. The data were fitted to the Michaelis–Menten equation, V = (V
max [D-glucose] ) / (K
m + [D-glucose] ) , in GraphPad Prism 8.0.
To conduct transport assay wherein a test compound is used, proteoliposomes were pre-incubated with test compound at varied concentration (25 μM and 100 μM, respectively) for 30 min on ice. Then 2 μL proteoliposomes was added to 98 μL KPM buffer containing 1 μCi D- [2-
3H] glucose and test compound at varied concentration (25 μM and 100 μM, respectively) . The rest of the protocol is identical to that described above. To determine IC
50 of a test compound, the concentration of the test inhibitor was varied as indicated.
All experiments were repeated for three times. All data were processed in GraphPad Prism 8.0. Data is presented as relative activity normalized to radioactivity of no test compound added as 100%and empty liposomes as 0%. Error bars represent s.d.
Result
The compounds synthesized in Examples 1-16 were tested at a concentration of 100 μM. As shown in Figure 5, at a concentration of 100 μM, exemplary Compounds 16, 30 and 31 significantly inhibit the D-glucose uptake mediated by PfHT, whereas the GLUT1 mediated D-glucose uptake was reduced by less than 10%by Compounds 16, 30 and 31. This suggests that Compounds 16, 30 and 31 are highly selective inhibitors of PfHT over its human orthologue GLUT1.
The D-glucose uptake results for other compounds of the present disclosure for which the results are not shown are comparable or even better than those of the exemplary Compounds 30 and 31.
Table 2 shows the IC
50 values of the exemplary compounds of the present disclosure, MMV009085 (the only reported PfHT1 inhibitor in the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) database, see Kraft, T. E., et al., “A novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based screen in high-throughput format to identify inhibitors of malarial and human glucose transporters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother” , 2016, 60, 7407-7414) , and Compound 3361.
Table 2
Cpd | IC 50, μM |
16 | 0.513 ± 0.026 |
29 | 0.615 ± 0.046 |
30 | 15.5 ± 1.3 |
31 | 2.37 ± 0.20 |
56 | 13.7 ± 1.0 |
57 | 0.473 ± 0.034 |
58 | 4.16 ± 0.42 |
59 | 334 ± 43 |
74 | 0.329 ± 0.028 |
76 | 1.22 ± 0.09 |
77 | 128 ± 17 |
MMV009085 | 212 ± 39 |
Compound 3361 | 33.1 ± 2.2 |
From Table 2, it can be found that the exemplary compounds of the present disclosure showed inhibitory activity against PfHT.
Other compounds of the present disclosure for which the results are not shown demonstrate an inhibitory activity against PfHT comparable or even better than that of the exemplary compounds.
Example 23
In vitro Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage culture and inhibition assay
Method
Strains of Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 (which is a multi-drug resistant strain, e.g., resistant to chloroquine) and 3D7 (which is a drug sensitive strain) were gift from the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science. Parasites were cultured with human blood in an atmosphere of 1%O
2, 5%CO
2, at 37 ℃ in complete culturing medium (10.4 g/L RPMI 1640, 5.94 g/L HEPES, 5 g/L albumax II, 50 mg/L hypoxanthine, 2.1 g/L sodium bicarbonate, and 25 mg/L gentamicin) .
For the in vitro potency assay, the test compounds in DMSO were printed into 384-well black, clear-bottom plates by Tecan D300e Digital Dispenser along with the control compound (Quinine and DHA) . The parasite suspension in medium at 1.0%parasitaemia and 0.8%haematocrit was dispensed into the assay plates. The assay plates were incubated for 72 h at 37 ℃. 10 μL of detection reagent consisting of 10× SYBR Green I (Invitrogen; supplied in 10,000× concentration) in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, 0.16% (w/v) Saponin, 1.6% (v/v) Triton X-100) was dispensed into the assay plates. For optimal staining, the assay plates were left at room temperature for 24 h in the dark. The assay plates were read with 485 nm excitation and 530 nm emission settings in an Envision (PerkinElmer) . EC
50 values were determined using a nonlinear regression curve fit in Prism Software version 8 (GraphPad) . The reported values were the results of two technical and at least three biological replicates.
Result
Results of the potency assay for exemplary compounds of the present disclosure, MMV009085, Reference Compound 1 (oct-7-en-1-yl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate) , and Compound 3361 as the positive control are shown in Table 3.
Example 24
Mammalian cell cytotoxicity assay
Method
Mammalian cells (human kidney epithelial cell line HEK293T/17 and human liver epithelial cell line HepG2) were obtained from the ATCC and cultured routinely in an atmosphere of 5%O2 at 37 ℃ in DMEM with 10%FBS (Gibco) and 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher) .
For cytotoxicity assays, the test compounds in DMSO were printed into 384-well white, solid-bottom plates by Tecan D300e Digital Dispenser along with the control compound (puromycin) .
HEK293T/17 cells or HepG2 cells were seeded into the assay plates at 2,000 cells/well and 2,500 cells/well respectively and incubated for 72 h. The viability was measured using Cell-Titer Glo (Promega) in an Envision (PerkinElmer) with US LUM 384. CC
50 values were fitted to a nonlinear regression curve using Prism Software version 8 (GraphPad) . The reported values were the results of two technical and at least three biological replicates.
Results
Results of the cytotoxicity assay for exemplary compounds of the present disclosure, MMV009085, Reference Compound 1 and Compound 3361 are shown in Table 3. From Table 3, it can be found that the compounds of the present disclosure show high potency with mild toxicity, presenting a wide therapeutic window.
Table 3
Example 25
Extracellular Flux analysis of P. falciparum using XFp Analyzer
Method
All assays were conducted according to the manufacturer's manual with some modifications. A sensor cartridge was hydrated overnight in XF Calibrant Solution at 37 ℃. Two assay media were employed for the analysis of parasites: RPMI 1640 medium ( (Thermo Fisher Scientific, containing glucose 11 mM) and Seahorse XF RPMI Medium (Agilent Technologies) . Injection solutions containing test compounds were prepared in assay medium at 10× of final concentration and loaded in the reagent delivery chambers of the sensor (20, 22, 24.5 and 27 μL for the first, second, third and fourth injections, respectively) . Late-stage Dd2 parasites in RBCs were magnetically purified from 5%sorbitol-synchronized cultures using MACS LD columns (Miltenyi Biotec) and seeded at 0.8-million RBCs/well in a Seahorse miniplate which was precoated with Cell-Tak cell and tissue adhesive (Corning) . Ring-stage Dd2 parasites in RBCs were obtained at roughly 20%parasitemia by culturing MACS-purified schizonts with a small amount of fresh blood overnight and seeded at 0.8-million RBCs/well. Freed-schizonts were prepared by saponin lysis (see, Sakata-Kato, T. &Wirth, D.F.A Novel Methodology for Bioenergetic Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Reveals a Glucose-Regulated Metabolic Shift and Enables Mode of Action Analyses of Mitochondrial Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2, 903-916 (2016) ) and seeded at 2.5-million RBCs/well. After centrifugation at 500 rpm for 5 min with slow acceleration and no braking, assay medium was added to all wells (180 μL as final volume) , and the miniplate was loaded into the flux analyzer to start measurements (mix time: 30 sec; wait time: 1 min 30 sec; measure time: 3 min) . In an assay plate, two wells were used for background correction.
Result
To assess whether the compounds provided herein disrupt the glycolysis activity of the blood-stage P. falciparum, seahorse extracellular flux analyzer was used to simultaneously monitor glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in live cells through extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) , respectively. Dd2 schizont stage parasites in red blood cells (RBCs) were seeded in medium without glucose and exposed to glucose (11 mM as final concentration) or fructose (40 mM as final concentration) at 15 min (the first vertical dotted line) , resulting robust increases of ECAR (Figure 6) . This increased ECAR was abolished by the addition of an exemplary Compound 29 and 2-deoxyglucose, a well-known glycolysis inhibitor at 61 min (the second vertical line) , clearly demonstrating Compound 29’s inhibitory activity of glycolysis. It should be noted that 2-DG required a higher concentration (50 mM) than Compound 29 (20 μM) to diminish the increased ECAR.
Extracellular flux analysis showed that the exemplary Compound 29 and Compound 76 inhibit glycolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner in the early (Rings) and late stages (Trophozoites/Schizonts) of the parasites in RBCs as well as freed late stages from RBCs (Figure 7) . The PfDd2 parasites were seeded in assay medium containing glucose (11 mM) , and Compound 29 or Compound 76 was sequentially added to four times with the final concentrations of 0.4, 1, 2.5, and 6.75 μM or 0.2, 0.5, 1.25 and 3.13 μM, respectively. Glycolysis inhibitor, 2-DG, was added at 50 mM once. ECAR values were normalized with the values before the first compound addition as 100%and the values of background as 0%.
Furthermore, ECAR reduction by the exemplary Compound 29 in media containing three different glucose concentrations was measured (Figure 8) . It was observed that ECAR reduction was negatively correlated with glucose concentration.
All of these findings indicated that the compounds provided herein disrupts the glycolytic activity of the blood-stage parasites.
Example 26
Substage selectivity and time course assay
Method
Tightly synchronized 3D7 culture was obtained by a combination of sorbitol synchronization and heparin treatment. After sorbitol synchronization, the obtained ring-stage parasites were cultured with the presence of heparin sodium salt from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa (230 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) until majority of parasites developed to the late schizont stage. Then heparin was removed from culture to allow merozoites to invade erythrocytes. After 6 hours, the culture was sorbitol-synchronized, resulting in early ring-stage parasites (0~6 hpi) , and resuspended in culture medium at 1.0%parasitemia and 0.8%hematocrit. The test compounds were prepared in the same way described above, and the obtained tightly synchronized culture was exposed to the tested compounds. After incubation with test compounds, the culture was freeze-thawed, and drug susceptibility was determined by LDH assay (see, Gamo, F.J. et al. Thousands of chemical starting points for antimalarial lead identification. Nature 465, 305-310 (2010) ) .
Result
The blood-stage P. falciparum has a 2-day life cycle comprising merozoite invasion, proliferation from ring stage to trophozoite and then multicellular schizont, and egress from red blood cells (see, White, N.J. et al. Malaria. Lancet 383, 723-735 (2014) ) . The ring-stage parasites (P. falciparum 3D7) was first treated with the exemplary Compound 29 or DHA (control) for 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours. It was found that the EC
50 values were very similar to the 72-hours growth inhibition assay as described in Example 23 (see (i) in Figures 9 and 10) . Next, the early-ring, late-ring, trophozoite, or schizont stage were treated with Compound 29 for 12 hours. Then, the parasites were washed with growth media and further incubated for an additional 36 hours without the compound. It was observed that the ring-stage parasites were less sensitive to Compound 29 than the late-stage parasites (trophozoite and schizont) (see (ii) in Figures 9 and 10) . On the contrary, DHA was found to be less potent against the late stages. Lastly, parasites were treated with the test compounds for 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours from the early-ring stage and then incubated them without the test compounds for an additional 36 hours (see (iii) in Figures 9 and 10) . The obtained EC
50 values also showed the ring-stage parasites were less sensitive to the PfHT1 inhibitor than late-stage parasites (24 hours treatment) , but longer than 36 hours of treatment showed similar potency as 72 hours assay. Light microscopic observations of the compound treated parasites suggested that exposer to Compound 29 induced the ring-stage parasites to arrest its development but regain the growth after removal of Compound 29 (Figure 11) .
The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the present disclosure. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and process shown as described above. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be considered to fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims that follow.
Claims (66)
- A molecule capable of binding to both R1 binding pocket and R2 binding pocket of a Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter (PfHT) polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1,wherein the R1 binding pocket comprises at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of Q169, Q305, Q306, N311, N341, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof, and the R2 binding pocket comprises at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, F85, W436, and V443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof;wherein the molecule is not Compound 3361 having the formula below:
- The molecule according to claim 1, wherein the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, I172, I176, I310, F403, and A404 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
- The molecule according to any one of preceding claims, wherein the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
- The molecule according to any one of preceding claims, wherein the R2 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L81, V312, A439, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
- The molecule according to any one of preceding claims, wherein the molecule is capable of further binding to R3 binding pocket of the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof, wherein the R3 binding pocket comprises at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, N311, N316, N318, E319, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
- The molecule according to claim 5, wherein the R3 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F85, V312, S315, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
- The molecule according to claim 1, wherein the molecule is capable of binding to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof with a Kd value of no more than 20 μM as determined by MST method.
- The molecule according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the molecule comprises an M1 moiety, an M2 moiety and an M3 moiety that are covalently linked together, wherein the molecule is capable of binding to the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof, in such a way that upon binding, the M1 moiety fits into the R1 binding pocket, the M2 moiety fits into the R2 binding pocket, and the M3 moiety fits into the R3 binding pocket.
- The molecule according to claim 8, wherein the M1 moiety comprises a hexose moiety.
- The molecule according to claim 9, wherein the M1 moiety comprises a D-glucose L-glucose, D-galactose, L-galactose, D-mannose, D-xylose, D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 2-deoxy-2-halo-D-glucose moiety.
- The molecule according to claim 8, wherein the M2 moiety comprises an optionally substituted linear hydrocarbon moiety having a length of 6 to 12 atoms.
- The molecule according to claim 8, wherein the M3 moiety comprises an optionally substituted aromatic moiety or non-aromatic cyclic moiety.
- The molecule according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the PfHT analog is selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium vivax hexose transporter (PvHT) , Plasmodium ovale hexose transporter (PoHT) , Plasmodium malariae hexose transporter (PmHT) , and Plasmodium knowlesi hexose transporter (PkHT) .
- The molecule according to claim 13, wherein the PfHT analog has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 5.
- A complex comprising a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 bound to the molecule of any one of claims 1-14.
- The complex according to claim 15, which is crystallized.
- A set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates of at least one allosteric binding pocket of a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1,wherein the allosteric binding pocket is inducible upon complexing of Compound 3361 with the PfHT polypeptide or the analog thereof, andwherein the Compound 3361 has the formula below:
- The set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to claim 17, wherein the at least one allosteric binding pocket comprises:a) R1 binding pocket comprising at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of F40, Q169, I172, I176, Q305, Q306, I310, N311, N341, F403, A404, W412, and N435 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof,b) R2 binding pocket comprising at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of V44, L47, L81, F85, V312, W436, A439, V443, and F444 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof;c) R3 binding pocket comprising at least one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of N48, K51, N52, F85, N311, V312, S315, N316, N318, E319, V443, F444, and D447 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof; ord) any combination thereof.
- The set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to claim 18, wherein the R1 binding pocket further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of T145, T173, V314, and I400 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or equivalent residue (s) in the analog thereof.
- The set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to any one of claims 17-19 as set forth in Figure 2.
- A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates of any one of claims 17-20.
- A method of assessing or predicting binding characteristics of a compound to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1, comprising the steps of:a) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to any one of claims 17-20,b) generating on a computer a representation of the compound, andc) fitting the representation of the compound according to step b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to determine the probability of the compound binding to the at least one allosteric binding pocket.
- A method of identifying a compound which is a potential PfHT inhibitor comprising the steps of:a) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to any one of claims 17-20,b) generating on a computer a representation of the compound,c) fitting the representation of the compound according to step b) to the computer representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; andd) evaluating results of the step c) to quantify the binding between the compound and the at least one allosteric binding pocket,wherein the compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor when it binds with the at least one allosteric binding pocket to yield a low energy, stable complex.
- A virtual screening method to identify potential PfHT inhibitors comprising the steps of:a) generating or accessing on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to any one of claims 17-20,b) generating or accessing on a computer a representation of a candidate compound from a compound library,c) fitting the representation of the candidate compound according to step b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the candidate compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; andd) evaluating results of step c) to quantify the binding between the candidate compound and the at least one allosteric binding pocket,e) comparing the quantified binding to a predetermined threshold,wherein the candidate compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor based on the comparison result of step e) .
- A method of designing a compound which is capable of binding to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1, comprisinga) generating on a computer a representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket based on the set of X-ray crystal structure coordinates according to any one of claims 17-20,b) generating on a computer a representation of a candidate compound,c) fitting the representation of the candidate compound according to step b) to the representation of the three dimensional structure of the at least one allosteric binding pocket according to step a) , to provide an energy-minimized configuration of the candidate compound in the at least one allosteric binding pocket; andd) optionally, modifying the candidate compound based on the result obtained in step c) ;e) optionally, repeating steps b) to c) with the modified candidate compound obtained in step d) ,wherein the compound is identified as a potential PfHT inhibitor when it binds to the at least one allosteric binding pocket to yield a low energy, stable complex.
- A compound having a Formula (I) :A-B-L-D-E (I)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, whereinA is hexose moiety which is connected to B via an atom selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur;B is selected from the group consisting of null, -CH 2C (O) O-, -CH 2-C (O) NH-, and -C (O) -;L is - (CH 2) m-, - (CH 2OCH 2) q-, or - (CH 2) n-W- (CH 2) p-, wherein –W-is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, -O-, -S-, -NH-, -C=C-, -C (O) O-and -C (O) NH-, m is an integer from 1 to 12, n, p and q each is an integer from 1 to 3;D is selected from the group consisting of null, -O-, -S-and -NH-;E is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R groups;R is selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, alkyl, haloalkyl, -OR 1 and -NR 2R 3;R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and alkylalkoxyl;R 2 and R 3 is each selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with one or more alkoxyl groups.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of D-glucose, L-glucose, D-galactose, L-galactose, D-mannose, D-xylose, D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-halo-D-glucose moiety.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein B is -CH 2C (O) O-.
- The compound according to claim 28, wherein L is - (CH 2) m-or - (CH 2) nO (CH 2) p-.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein B is null, -CH 2-C (O) NH-, or -C (O) -.
- The compound according to claim 26 or 30, wherein L is - (CH 2) m-.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein D is -O-.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein E is aryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
- The compound according to claim 33, wherein the aryl is selected from the group consisting of:
- The compound according to claim 33 or 34, wherein R is -OR 1 or –NR 2R 3.
- The compound according to claim 35, wherein R is -OR 1 and R 1 is alkyl.
- The compound according to claim 35, wherein R is –NR 2R 3 and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein E is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
- The compound according to claim 38, wherein the heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of:
- The compound according to claim 38 or 39, wherein R is halogen, oxo, alkyl, haloalkyl, -OR 1 or –NR 2R 3.
- The compound according to claim 38 or 39, wherein R is -OR 1 and R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylalkoxyl, or alkylaryl.
- The compound according to claim 38 or 39, wherein R is –NR 2R 3 and R 2 and R 3 is each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein D is null.
- The compound according to claim 43, wherein E is aryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
- The compound according to claim 44, wherein the aryl is
- The compound according to claim 43, wherein E is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
- The compound according to claim 46, wherein the heteroaryl is
- The compound according to claim 46 or 47, wherein R is halogen, oxo, or -OR 1.
- The compound according to claim 46 or 47, wherein R is -OR 1 and R 1 is alkyl.
- The compound according to claim 26, having a Formula (II) ofwherein L and E are as defined in claim 26.
- The compound according to claim 50, wherein L is – (CH 2) m-, and m is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably an integer from 2 to 10, or an integer from 3 to 8.
- The compound according to claim 50 or 51, wherein E is aryl or heteroaryl, and the aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
- The compound according to claim 52, wherein R is halogen or -OR 1.
- The compound according to claim 26, having a formula selected from the group consisting of:wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen, L and E are as defined in claim 26.
- The compound according to claim 54, wherein L is - (CH 2) m-, and m is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably an integer from 4 to 12, an integer from 6 to 12, or an integer from 8 to 12.
- The compound according to claim 54 or 55, wherein E is aryl or heteroaryl, and the aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R groups.
- The compound according to claim 56, wherein R is halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, -OR 1 or –NR 2R 3.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein the compound is capable of binding to a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a Kd value of no more than 20 μM as determined by MST method.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein the compound is capable of inhibiting a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 with an EC 50 value no more than that of Compound 3361 by at least 5-fold.
- The compound according to claim 26, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:3- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) propyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;7- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) heptyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;2- (2- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) ethoxy) ethyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;N- (5- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) pentyl) -2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetamide;5- (quinolin-6-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (naphthalen-1-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5-phenoxypentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (pyridin-4-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (benzo [d] [1, 3] dioxol-5-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenoxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (3, 4-dimethoxyphenoxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl 2- (naphthalen-2-yl) acetate;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;5- (isoquinolin-6-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (isoquinolin-7-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (quinolin-7-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (quinolin-3-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (quinolin-8-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (quinolin-2-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (isoquinolin-3-yloxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- ( (7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) oxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (7-chloro-4-oxoquinolin-1 (4H) -yl) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- ( (7-methoxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;5- (7-methoxy-4-oxoquinolin-1 (4H) -yl) pentyl 2- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) acetate;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8-phenoxyoctyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (naphthalen-2-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-bromoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-methylquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-methoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-ethoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-isopropoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-phenoxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (phenylamino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2- ( (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) amino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (cyclohexylamino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-4-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;1- (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) quinolin-4 (1H) -one;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;7-chloro-1- (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) quinolin-4 (1H) -one;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7-bromoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;7-bromo-1- (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) quinolin-4 (1H) -one;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7-methoxyquinolin-4- yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7- (benzyloxy) quinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (7-aminoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7-hydroxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-ylamino) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (5-aminonaphthalen-2-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-3-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (6- (quinolin-6-yloxy) hexyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (10- (quinolin-6-yloxy) decyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (12- (quinolin-6-yloxy) dodecyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3S, 4R, 5S, 6S) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7- (trifluoromethyl) quinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- ( ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (7-iodoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (6-bromoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (8-bromoquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (6, 7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-hydroxyquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (3-bromoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (7- (quinolin-6-yloxy) heptyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (9- (quinolin-6-yloxy) nonyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -3- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol;(2R, 3S, 4R, 5R) -2- ( ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2-iodoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (benzo [d] [1, 3] dioxol-5-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( [1, 1'-biphenyl] -3-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (naphthalen-1-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (benzofuran-5-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (benzo [b] thiophen-5-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-7-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;6- ( (8- ( ( (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2, 3, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -2H-chromen-2-one;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- (anthracen-2-yloxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (phenanthren-9-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (9H-carbazol-3-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (pyren-1-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (11- (quinolin-6-yloxy) undecyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2-aminoquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -4- ( (8- ( (2- (dimethylamino) quinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol;(2R, 3S, 4S, 5R) -2- (hydroxymethyl) -6- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3, 4, 5-triol;(3R, 4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -5- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4-triol;(4R, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -4- ( (8- (quinolin-6-yloxy) octyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 5-diol,(3S, 4R, 5S, 6S) -4- ( (9- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) nonyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol,(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -3- ( (8- ( (2-chloroquinolin-6-yl) oxy) octyl) oxy) -6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol, and(3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- (hydroxymethyl) -3- ( (9- (quinolin-6-yloxy) nonyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 4, 5-triol.
- A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more molecules according to any one of claims 1-14, or one or more compounds according to any one of claims 26-60 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- A method of treating a disease associated with Plasmodium infection or a PfHT polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an analog thereof having at least 70%sequence identity of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more molecules according to any one of claims 1-14, one or more compounds according to any one of claims 26-60, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 61.
- The method according to claim 62, wherein the disease is malaria.
- The method according to claim 62, wherein the subject is human.
- A method of killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium by administering an effective amount of one or more molecules according to any one of claims 1-14, one or more compounds according to any one of claims 26-60, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 61.
- The method of claim 65, wherein the killing or inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium is performed in vivo or in vitro.
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