AU2021201165A1 - Controlled release compositions and their methods of use - Google Patents

Abstract

James & Wells 133072AU/76 ABSTRACT The present invention relates to a composition, the composition including a therapeutically effective amount of at least one active agent, and a base including, an amount of colloidal silica; at least one oil; and at least one surfactant, wherein the viscosity of the composition is below 1000 mPas at a shear rate of 100 1/s and at a temperature of 20°C. 40

Description

AUSTRALIA

PATENTS ACT 1990

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARDPATENT

Applicant(s): Bayer New Zealand Limited, a New Zealand company of 3 Argus Place, Glenfield, Auckland, New Zealand

Address for Service: James and Wells Intellectual Property GPO Box 130, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia

CONTROLLED RELEASE COMPOSITIONS AND Invention Title: THEIR METHODS OF USE

The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method for performing it known to us.

This application is a divisional application of AU 2017276311 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

CONTROLLED RELEASE COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR METHODS OF USE TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to controlled release compositions and their method of use,

and preferably, but not specifically, to low viscosity controlled release compositions

for the treatment of mastitis in lactating animals.

BACKGROUND ART

In order to treat lactating animals with mastitis or another microbial infection,

antibiotic compositions are most often utilised. There are a number of

commercially available antibiotic compositions used for intramammary mastitis

treatment during the lactation period.

However, one of the major problems encountered with antibiotic treatments is a

poor controlled release of the active agent over the treatment period. This can

lead to problems with maintaining the active agent concentrations above the

minimum inhibitory concentration wherein 90% of the microbes are killed (termed

the MIC90). For instance, if the antibiotic is released too quickly, the antibiotic can

come out with the first milking after administration. Then, the concentration of the

antibiotic can be too low for the remaining period before receiving the subsequent

administration, often 12 hours later. This can lead to failures in effectively treating

the infection, longer treatment periods, and/or ultimately increased resistance

against antibiotics.

To counter these problems, compositions such as NitroCloxTM (Long Acting) LA

and OrbeninTMLA are often designed to have a higher viscosity, a known

technique to slow the release profile of an active agent from a composition.

Indeed, this is the approach taken for lactation and dry cow mastitis therapy known

as long acting formulations, where the active is slowly released from a generally thick paste over an extended period of time. For instance, if the antibiotic gets administered 48 hourly during the lactation period, the antibiotic is released slowly with concentrations above MIC90 for about 36 hours after treatment. Then, the concentrations of the antibiotic are too low for the remaining period before receiving the subsequent administration, often 12 hours later. Again, this can lead to failures in effectively treating the infection.

Further reasons why chemists develop high viscosity compositions are because it

can enhance the physical stability of the composition.

However, in the treatment of many conditions such as mastitis during the lactation

period, a higher viscosity can lead to other problems. For example, high viscosity

can lead to prolonged low levels of antibiotics in the milk and such milk must be

withheld from the market. A long with-holding period (WHP) leads to lost revenue.

Also, a higher viscosity composition requires more force for infusion or injection of

a formulation. This can lead to problems associated with increased difficulty with

infusion (herein referred to as injectability) through a syringe to the udder.

For mastitis treatment, a higher viscosity of the composition can also lead to poorer

distribution in the udder.

The need for thickeners or other excipients to increase viscosity of the

compositions can also make the manufacturing process more time consuming and

costly. Also, it is generally understood in the industry that the higher the viscosity of

the composition, the more difficult it can be to handle during the manufacturing

process.

A further problem that can be encountered with many suspensions used for

mastitis treatment compositions is sedimentation of the suspension during storage.

Of course, a higher viscosity of a composition can help to stabilise physically the suspension but a higher viscosity can not usually prevent sedimentation, it only slows the sedimentation. Consequently, even viscous suspensions will eventually sediment and the sediment may then cake, often proving difficult to re-disperse prior to administration. A high viscosity composition can hinder the re-dispersability of the sediments.

Therefore, there is a long felt need in the industry to develop improved

compositions for the treatment of conditions such as mastitis during the lactating

period of an animal. In the case of mastitis treatment, desired traits of such a

composition may include:

- controllable release profile of the active agent;

- a short with-holding period (WHP)- for example, for treatment of conditions

such as mastitis during the lactation period of the animal;

- good re-dispersability after storage, or before administration;

- ease of injectability or other mode of administration;

- good distribution of the composition into the region to be treated;

- the composition's base being adaptable to use with different active agents

for treating or preventing any disease or condition, yet controlled and/or

sustained release of the active;

- the composition's base being adaptable to account for different treatment

regimes (i.e. different controlled release profiles); and / or

- easy to manufacture, and using pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

It is an object of the present invention to address the foregoing problems or at least

to provide the public with a useful choice.

All references, including any patents or patent applications cited in this

specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any

reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their

authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and

pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a

number of prior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does not

constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common

general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any other country.

Throughout this specification, the word "comprise", or variations thereof such as

"comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated

element, integer or step, or group of elements integers or steps, but not the

exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or

steps.

Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent

from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition,

the composition including a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent or

active agents, and

a base including,

an amount of colloidal silica

at least one oil; and

at least one surfactant, wherein the viscosity of the composition is below 1000 mPas at a shear rate of

100 1/s and at a temperature of 200C.

The inventors surprisingly found that the composition was particularly effective in

the case of mastitis treatment as it may help to provide:

- a controllable release profile of the active agent, for instance which may be

used to maintain active agent concentrations above MIC90 during the

treatment period;

- a low viscosity to help with injectability, re-dispersability and/or good

distribution in the udder, and/or

- a shorter WHP compared to other currently available mastitis compositions.

As will be discussed further, the inventors have recognised the particular

importance of this invention to antibiotic treatment of mastitis. However, it would

be reasonably expected by someone skilled in the art that the same inventive

concept of the disclosed composition would apply to a controllable release profile

of substantially any active agent or compound in need thereof for treatment of

other conditions.

Without wishing to being limited to a mode of action, it is believed that this

controllable release may be due to the surfactant interacting with the colloidal

silica, with the result being a change in the release profile of the active agent from

the composition.

Importantly this control of the release profile of the active agent may be achieved

without overly altering the viscosity of the composition, and in particular without a

substantial increase in the composition's viscosity.

By example in Figure 2, in vitro studies showed the inventors were able to

decrease drug recovery (equating to a decreased release profile in vivo) in

dissolution media from approximately 50% to 5% w/w over a 180 minute time

period. This beneficial effect was obtainable while the viscosity of the composition

only increased marginally from 90 mPas to 118 mPas (at a shear rate of 100 1/s at

a temperature of 200C). As shown in Figure 2, this recovery rate of 5% w/w was

similar to that obtained by a competing product, OrbeninTM LA. However,

Orbenin T M LA has a viscosity of 1080 mPas, approximately 10 fold of that seen in

this example in the present invention.

Obviously, if the need arises for a higher viscosity composition, this can be

achieved by using thickeners as well known in the art.

For example, when treating mastitis during the lactation period, a lower viscosity

composition may be achieved which helps to provide numerous advantageous

features such as easy re-dispersability, injectability, manufacturing and/or a shorter

WHP. Such features may be provided whilst altering the release profile of the

composition's active agent to suit the requirements desired. In the treatment of

mastitis for example, this controlled release may be used to ensure the active

agent is kept above the MIC90 during the entire treatment period.

The inventors have conducted preliminary trials as exemplified herein which

illustrates the significant advantages.

Preferred embodiments of the composition

Active agent

Preferably, the active agent is an antibiotic, a combination of antibiotics or an

antibiotic combined with a non-antibiotic active agent. The inventors acknowledge

a preferred antibiotic is cloxacillin due to its effectiveness in treating mastitis.

Preferably, the cloxacillin is given as cloxacillin sodium. Of course, other forms of

cloxacillin, such as cloxacillin benzathine, may also be used.

Other preferred active agents include beta-lactams, penicillins, cephalosporins,

aminoglycosides, quinolones, fosfomycin, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and

macrolide antibiotics.

Preferred combinations of active agents include amoxicillin and clavulanic acid;

penicillin active agent and aminoglycoside; cloxacillin and tylosin; and an antibiotic

and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

However, substantially any antibiotic, non-antibiotic active agent, or functional

derivatives thereof may be utilised in the present invention.

For example, the inventors have exemplified that the invention also works in a

similar fashion when the active agent is a tylosin base, cephapirin sodium or

cephapirin benzathine antibiotic.

It was also surprising to find that the release rate can be affected depending on the

type of active agent used. When the type/amount of silica and surfactant is kept

constant, altering the active agent from cephapirin and cloxacillin (both kept at a

concentration of approximately 4.5% w/w) resulted in a very different release rate.

Cephapirin was released much slower than cloxacillin. This illustrates that by

adjusting the type and possibly the concentration of active agent (and if appropriate

the silica and surfactant), a desired release of substantially any active agent may

be achieved.

Preferably, the active agent is micronised. The term micronised should be taken

as meaning a particle with a mass mean diameter d50 between to 1 - 20 pm

Micronisation helps to reduce sedimentation velocity. Furthermore, larger particles

may form bridges in front of the syringe nozzle which may affect syringeability.

Throughout this specification, the term injectability or syringeability should be taken

as meaning the ease of administering the medicament to the animal through a

syringe. This is typically affected by viscosity, as well as the particle size of the

drugs or formulation excipients, which can sometimes partially or fully block the tip

of the syringe path during administration of the medicament.

Colloidal silica

Throughout this specification the term colloidal silica should be taken as meaning

particles of fumed amorphous silica with a greatest diameter of a single silica

particle between approximately 1 nm and 1000 nm (1 pm).

A further discussion on the known traits and uses of colloidal silica is provided later

in this specification. This helps to illustrate that the present use of colloidal silica is

very different to the previously known uses as a thickening and/or anti-caking

agent.

Preferably, the colloidal silica is fumed colloidal silicon dioxide.

Many different types of fumed colloidal silica are currently available. A person

skilled in the art would appreciate that all currently available and future types of

fumed colloidal silica would provide the same advantages as discussed herein. As

exemplified in this specification, fumed colloidal silicon dioxide was found to be

particularly effective.

Preferably, the fumed colloidal silica has hydrophobic properties.

The inventors identified hydrophobic colloidal silica may be significantly more

effective than hydrophilic colloidal silica at altering the release profile of the active

agent, whilst keeping the viscosity relatively low and/or substantially unchanged.

This was a surprising result as formulations using hydrophobic colloidal silica have

a lower viscosity than those using its hydrophilic counter-part. Hydrophilic colloidal

silica is known to be used as a thickening agent, which imparts a slower release

profile as result of the thickened composition.

Instead, when the inventors used hydrophilic silica, inclusion of a surfactant tended

to increase the viscosity of the composition more than when compared to using

hydrophobic silica. This was a particularly surprising result, as the use of

hydrophobic silica instead of hydrophilic silica in the present invention tended to

provide a greater control of the active agent's release.

A preferred commercially available hydrophobic colloidal silicon dioxide is Aerosil*

R972 (supplied by Aerosil).

Preferably, the concentration of colloidal silica is between 0.1-5% w/w. This

amount was found to be particularly effective when used in a treatment of mastitis

during the lactation period, as per the preferred dosage regimes discussed herein.

More preferably, the concentration of colloidal silica is between 1-3% w/w. A

particularly preferred amount of colloidal silica was in the order of 1.75% w/w. For

example, this was found to allow suitable release of the active over the treatment

period (typically 24 hours) to maintain the cloxacillin above the MIC90, yet

simultaneously provided a beneficially shorter WHP than competing reference

products. This is just one example of how the controlled release mechanism of the

present invention may be effectively utilised.

As discussed above, the amount of colloidal silica used may be governed partially

by the type of active used, and the desired release rate. For example, cephapirin

is shown to release considerably slower from the base of the composition than

cloxacillin.

For this reason, one may decide to lower the amount of colloidal silica to achieve a

similar release rate to that provided when using cloxacillin if so desired.

In-vivo protocols are well known in the industry and provide a straightforward test

to determine the resulting active agent concentration in milk from a given

composition. From such studies, a person skilled in the art would be able to easily

adjust the amount of colloidal silica (or for that matter the active, or amount/type of

surfactant) to achieve the desired release rate of substantially any composition.

Overall, it was found by the inventors that the higher the concentration of colloidal

silica in the base of the composition, the slower the release rate of the active

agent. Importantly, this slowed release rate may be achieved without overly

affecting the viscosity of the compositions. In competing compositions, such as

NitroCloxTMLA or OrbeninTMLA, a similar release rate can only be achieved

through a much higher viscosity, which has numerous disadvantages as discussed.

Surfactant

Throughout this specification the term surfactant should be taken as meaning any

compound that lowers the surface tension of a liquid, any compound that lowers

the interfacial tension between two liquids, or any compound that lowers the

interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may also act as

emulsifiers, detergents, wetting agents and so forth.

Preferably, the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.

However, the inventors consider amphoteric, anionic or cationic surfactants should

work as well.

Preferably, the non-ionic surfactant has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)

range between 0.5 and 30.

More preferably, the non-ionic surfactant has a HLB range between 4 and 16.

More preferably, the surfactant is chosen from the group selected from sorbitan

esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene castor oil

derivatives, polyoxyethylene stearates, and polyethylene oxide monooleate, and

combinations thereof.

Surprisingly, some surfactants appeared to work better than others at controlling a

chosen active agent's release rate.

For example, 0.1% w/w PEG12-oleate had a greater effect at slowing the release

rate of cloxacillin than 0.1% w/w Span 80, while all other variables were kept

constant.

Preferably, the surfactant is at a concentration between 0.01 to 10% w/w.

The inventors found that the more surfactant in the base of the composition, the

slower the release rate of the active agent.

For this reason, the amount/type of the surfactant and/or the ratio of surfactant to

colloidal silica may provide a means to control the release rate of the active agent.

Preferably, the ratio of colloidal silica to surfactant is between 1:100 and 500:1.

Most preferably, the ratio of colloidal silica to surfactant is between 1:5 and 6:1.

Optionally, the base may include more than one type of surfactant. It would be

reasonable to expect that the resulting composition's release profile (and other

characteristics such as WHP) may be more finely controlled by using a

combination of surfactants in a single composition, and/or in different compositions

administered during the course of treatment.

Oil

In many compositions, oils are needed as a vehicle. For example, antibiotic

compositions including actives such as cloxacillin or cephapirin are typically based

on an oily vehicle. For example, this helps the composition to be administered as

an infusion through the teat canal or an injection and/or achieving sufficient

chemical stability during its shelf life.

Preferably, the oil has a low viscosity.

The use of a low viscosity oil helps to ensure the resulting composition retains a

low viscosity. This may help ensure the composition has good distribution within

the udder, is easy to re-disperse after storage, and is easy to administer through a

syringe.

Preferably, the viscosity of the oil is between 1 and 100 mPas at 20°C.

More preferably, the viscosity of the oil is less than 40mPas at 20°C.

More preferably, the oil is selected from the group consisting of medium chain

triglycerides (eg Miglyol 812 or Miglyol 840), ethyl oleate, light liquid paraffin,

sesame oil and peanut oil. However, it should be appreciated that other similar low

viscosity oils may be utilised for the present invention.

3 Preferably, the oil has a low density between 0.80 and 0.99 g/cm

As exemplified in Figure 6, the inventors found that different oils used altered the

recovery rate of the active agent. The effect was not as pronounced when

compared to alterations in the type/amount of surfactant, colloidal silica or active

agent used. Therefore, it is possible such changes may be due simply to the

viscosity of the oil, and that of the resulting composition. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, a lower viscosity oil is used to maintain a lower viscosity of the composition.

Yet, the inventors also consider that the oil may be interacting with one or more of

the components in the base of the composition to affect the recovery rate of the

active agent in a separate manner to just viscosity-related controlled release.

Viscosity of the final composition

Obviously, the viscosity of the composition may be tailored to the specific

requirements needed. For some compositions, a relatively high viscosity may be

used. In others, a low viscosity may be maintained by not adding excipients such

as thickeners or high viscosity oils. Such viscosity modifiers may also contribute, if

necessary, to the release profile of the active.

The preferred viscosity ranges and values discussed below are those which the

inventors have found to be particularly beneficial for the intramammary treatment of

mastitis during the lactation period.

Unless specified otherwise, viscosities of the composition referred to within this

specification are based on measurements using a concentric cylinder method at a

shear rate of 100 1/s and at a temperature of 200 C. The viscosity of the

compositions according to the present invention are below 1000 mPas when

measured at these conditions.

More preferably, the final composition has a viscosity below 300 mPas.

Most preferably, the composition has a viscosity below 150 mPas.

LA have a viscosity above 1000 mPas at a shear NitroCloxTMLA and OrbeninTM

rate of 100 1/s and a temperature of 20C. Similarly, dry cow mastitis treatments or other compositions which include colloidal silica typically have a viscosity well above this upper limit.

The inventors identified that a composition for the treatment of mastitis during the

lactation period preferably has a viscosity below 1000 mPas (and more preferably

below 300 mPas) may provide better characteristics in terms of good syringeability,

re-dispersability, udder distribution and/or short WHP when compared to

competing compositions such as NitroCloxTM LA and OrbeninTM LA. These

beneficial features may be retained whilst ensuring the release profile of the active

is suitably controlled to allow the active to maintain substantially above the MIC90

during the entire treatment period.

Preferred method of treatment

Preferably, the composition described herein is used to treat mastitis as an

intramammary infusion during the lactation period.

In the case of mastitis arising during the lactation period, the composition may be

used in bovine, ovine or other animals typically used for commercial milk

production.

This helps to differentiate the preferred use of the present invention from dry period

mastitis treatment (i.e. treatment outside the lactation period).

Yet, it is clear that the present invention may be used to treat substantially any

condition or disease depending on the active agent selected. The underlying

inventive concept of the composition should not be limited to compositions for

intramammary treatment of mastitis.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of

treating a microbial infection in an animal in need thereof with a composition as substantially described herein wherein the method includes the step of administering the composition by intramammary infusion.

The method of administering the composition may typically be through infusion

through the teat canal.

Preferably, the method includes a dosage regime of between 1 - 12 doses of 1-10

g composition with a treatment regime of administration every 12, 24 or 48 hours.

More preferably, the method includes a dosage regime of 3 or 6 doses of 5 g

composition with a treatment regime of 24 hours over a treatment period of 48

hours (3 doses) to 120 hours (6 doses).

This dosage regime may be sufficient to successfully treat an animal with pre

clinical or clinical mastitis during the lactation period.

After the calculated WHP, normal milking production can resume again. Again, the

inventors found the WHP of the present invention may be substantially lower than

other currently available formulations, such as NitroCloxTM LA when the same

treatment periods were compared.

Figure 14 exemplifies one composition of the present invention having a WHP of

72 hours compared to NitroCloxTM LA with a WHP of 108 hours (treatment regime

three doses at 24h intervals). Based on the assumptions in the paragraph below,

this would equate to an increased profit of $24 per cow due to a 36 hour shorter

WHP. When this is multiplied over a large dairy farm, or indeed an entire nation,

one can easily see the importance of this invention.

The increased profit of $24 per cow assumes what is generally understood in the

New Zealand dairy industry, as outlined below. Each milking typically provides

approximately 10 L of milk (equalling 1kg of milk solids), and a farmer sells 1 kg of milk solids for $8 to a company such as Fonterra. Furthermore, each cow will typically be milked every 12 hours.

A particularly advantageous use of the present invention may be the combination

treatments of different compositions having different release profiles during the

treatment period.

To illustrate this, a mastitis treatment may encompass the initial use of a relatively

slow active-releasing composition over the first part of the treatment period, yet the

latter treatment(s) may use a faster active-releasing composition.

This may help in the sense that fewer treatments may be required towards the

beginning of the treatment period. It may also help to ensure the active is kept

above the MIC90. Towards the end of the treatment period, a faster releasing

composition may be used essentially to top up the active agent levels. Yet,

because the active is released faster, the WHP period may still be kept shorter.

Preferred method of manufacture

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of

manufacturing the composition as substantially described above including the

steps of:

a) mixing the oil and surfactant in a container to form a homogenous oil

mixture;

b) dispersing the active agent in the oil mixture; and

c) subsequently adding the colloidal silica to the oil mixture.

Optionally, at least one preservative is mixed in with the oil and surfactant in step

a). For example, methyl paraben and propyl paraben may be used as

preservatives.

Preferably, the oil mixture formed from step a) is heat sterilised. For example, the

inventors utilise a three hour incubation at 140°C, and then subsequently allow the

mixture to cool.

Preferably, step b) and step c) utilise high shear dispersion equipment.

Preferably, the colloidal silica in step c) is also heat sterilised before being added to

the oil mixture.

Preferably, the oil mixture formed after step c) is homogenously mixed.

The inventors identified that the composition's preferred low viscosity also helps

with the manufacturing process. Unlike other compositions, there is no extra

heating step required to mix in a thickener (e.g. hydroxystearin).

Also, the lower viscosity may help when syringes need to be filled after

manufacturing the composition and prior to administration.

The preferred use of micronised active agents also helps to prevent quick settling

of the composition. Additionally, the inventors consider it possible that the release

of a micronised active is easier to control than non-micronised equivalents,

potentially because the particle size distribution is likely more consistent. Also, it is

possible that any interaction with other components from within the composition is

likely to be enhanced with the larger surface area of the smaller micronised

particles.

Additional background of colloidal silica

Fumed colloidal silica, such as colloidal silicon dioxide, is typically used as viscosity

modifiers, and more particularly, thickening agents in liquid formulations. Some

examples of how colloidal silica has been used follows. In line with what was

commonly understood in the art, colloidal silica was known to aid in altering the release of actives from a composition, but only in the sense of it acting as a thickener. As discussed before, generally the thicker a composition becomes, the slower the release profile of the active is, and vice versa. This is an entirely different concept from the present invention.

NZ523128 discloses a veterinary drench product including an active dissolved in a

solvent then adsorbed on a sorbing medium such as Aerosil R972 fumed silica,

then dispersing the solvent into another liquid that contains another active

dissolved or suspended therein.

WO 03070155 discloses a formulation for oral administration including an active

agent suspended in an oily matrix, with surfactant and colloidal silicon dioxide. The

composition is made into a viscous solution with the addition of hydrogenated

vegetable oil, including yellow beeswax as a suspending agent, lecithin. Silicon

dioxide is used as a dispersion aid and pseudoephedrine HCI, for use in a gelatin

capsule.

W00160409 discloses a paste formulation including an active agent, fumed silica,

a viscosity modifier, an absorbent, a colourant, and a carrier. The viscosity modifier

includes PEG 200-600, monoethylamine, glycerol, and propylene glycol.

W09824436 discloses a gel formulation including colloidal silicon dioxide and

triacetin.

JP 3153623 (based on English translation of Abstract) discloses a semisolid

pharmaceutical composition for oral administration. The composition includes a

drug, a physiologically permissible liquid, an edible oil, a colloidal silicon dioxide,

aluminum stearate or a high-molecular weight polyethylene glycol.

US 4980175 discloses a liquid compositions for oral administration, including

antacid ingredient (aluminium hydroxide etc.) and colloidal silicon dioxide suspended in medium chain triglycerides. An emulsifier (hexaglycerol monoleate) is included to reduce the taste of the oil.

US 4781920 discloses an anthelmintic paste including mineral oil, polysorbate 20

surfactant, fumed silica and tetramisole resinate.

These documents do not disclose that the combination of the components (and in

particular the surfactant and the colloidal silica) would interact to provide a

controlled release mechanism of the active agent. Furthermore, those that do

include both surfactant and a colloidal silica are described as viscous liquid

compositions or pastes which would not fall within the scope of the present

invention (a composition with a viscosity below 1000 mPas). The colloidal silica

used in such compositions are typically used as viscosity modifiers (thickeners) to

directly impart a controlled release.

In other instances, fumed colloidal silica is used for tablet or powder formulations

as a free-flow agent. AEROSIL discusses other typical applications of colloidal

silica on their website, such as anti-caking and a stabiliser (www.aerosil.com).

Fumed colloidal silica exists in particles (termed primary, secondary or tertiary

particles depending on their level of aggregation and/or agglomeration).

Under mechanical stress, the silica tertiary structure is broken down to primary or

secondary aggregates, the system becomes more fluid, and the viscosity drops.

Once returning to rest, the tertiary structure of agglomerated silica particles builds

up again, and the viscosity returns to its original value.

As stated in the Technical Information 1279, Aerosil, Degussa, hydrophobic

AEROSIL* ("R") grades have been treated during manufacture to obtain a

hydrophobic surface. During this process, silanol groups are reacted. Interestingly, hydrophobic AEROSIL@ types often exhibit lower thickening efficiency compared to hydrophilic types.

Therefore for liquid dosage forms, hydrophilic fumed silica is recommended for

viscosity control and therefore slower active agent release and hydrophobic fumed

silica is recommended for stabilisation to prevent hard sediments (i.e. caking) from

forming, particularly during storage (www.aerosil.com).

The general principle as employed in formulation chemistry is: an increase of

thickening agent concentration in a formulation, the greater the viscosity, and the

slower the active agent release from the resulting formulation.

Therefore it was surprising to find that altering the components of the present

composition substantially influences the release profile of the active agent without

overly affecting the viscosity. This is clearly exemplified the examples provided in

this specification.

As exemplified in FigurelO, cloxacillin release from a preferred composition can be

finely controlled and extended with concentrations in milk above MIC90=0.5mg/L

(for Cloxacillin in New Zealand, number taken from Salomon et al, 1998 J Dairy Sci

81:570-578) for more than 48 hours after treatment (example 17). This can not be

achieved with current products in the market with a treatment regime of 48 hours,

such as NitroClox TM LA (Figure 13) and Orbenin T M LA (Figure 15) even though the

viscosity is much higher in comparison.

Colloidal silica has been employed in the Orbenin TM LA formulation manufactured

by Pfizer, yet only for conventional uses, such as a thickener and/or anti-caking

agent. A further thickener, hydroxystearin, is added with the colloidal silica to

increase the formulation's viscosity which is used to achieve a slow release of the

active agent. There is no inclusion of a surfactant in the Orbenin TM LA formulation,

unlike the present invention.

As a result of the thickener used in the OrbeninTM LA composition, it has a much

higher viscosity than that achieved by the present invention (as outlined in the

examples). As previously discussed, this can lead to problems with injectability.

Therefore, the inventors consider the present invention, which is able to achieve a

lower viscosity whilst being able to control active agent release effectively, has

significant advantages over OrbeninTM LA.

WO 87/03876 also discloses a treatment/prevention formulation for mastitis during

the dry period. WO 87/03876 discusses the use of colloidal silica together with the

addition of further thickeners in order to provide a viscous formulation. Again, the

result of this highly viscous formulation is to provide a controlled release of the

active over a longer treatment period (during the dry period opposed to lactating

period). This is different to the use of colloidal silica in the present invention.

WO 03/063877 also discloses the use of colloidal silica for mastitis treatment

during the dry period. Again, the aim is to provide a high viscosity formulation

using colloidal silica as a thickener for slow release of the antibiotic.

US 4,401,674 discloses an intramammary formulation containing penicillin and a

molecular sieve. Colloidal silica is different to molecular sieves. Molecular sieves

are typically a few microns (pm) in diameter making them considerably larger than

colloidal silica particles. Unlike colloidal silica, molecular sieves do not have

thickening properties and, as such, are not typically used as thickening agents.

Column 1, line 54 to 58 of US 4,401,674 discusses that if the formulation is to be

used for lactating cows, an emulsifying agent (or alternatively a coconut oil) may be

added into the composition to "hasten the mixing of the composition with the

aqueous secretions in the udder." This is quite different to the concept of the

present invention, where the surfactant appears to be chemically interacting with

the silica structure to impart a change in the release rate. For example, the release rate of the active agent is slowed down with increasing surfactant concentration.

Depending on the type/amount of surfactant, silica and/or active agent, the release

rate of the active agent from the composition may be altered, and importantly

without overly affecting viscosity.

Also, US 4,401,674 does not disclose or teach that an emulsifying agent would

alter the release rate of the active agent. It merely is provided to hasten the mixing

of the composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing

description which is given by way of example only and with reference to the

accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 Comparison of dynamic viscosities between mastitis treatment

compositions (lactation period treatment)

Figure 2 Influence of surfactant on active agent recovery rate (in vitro)

Figure 3 Influence of surfactant on active agent recovery rate (in vitro)

Figure 4 Influence of colloidal silica concentration on active agent recover

rate (in vitro)

Figure 5 Influence of colloidal silica type (hydrophobic vs hydrophilic) on

active agent recovery rate (in vitro)

Figure 6 Influence of oil on active agent recovery rate (in vitro)

Figure 7 Exemplification of cloxacillin bioavailability in tissues 2 hours after

treatment (in vivo)

Figure 8 Influence of active agent type on active agent concentration in milk

(in vivo)

Figure 9 Influence of active agent type on active agent concentration in milk

(in vivo)

Figure 10 Influence on composition characteristics on WHP (in vivo)

Figure 11 Influence on the number of treatments of example composition 1 on

WHP (in vivo)

Figure 12 WHP determination of Example 1 composition based on ACVM

guidelines (in vivo)

Figure 13 Comparison of treatment between Example 1 composition and

NitroCloxT M LA (in vivo)

Figure 14 Comparison of WHP between Example 1 composition and

NitroCloxT M LA (in vivo)

Figure 15 Comparison of treatment between Example 1 composition and

Orbenin T M LA (in vivo)

Figure 16 Comparison of WHP between Example 1 composition and

Orbenin T M LA (in vivo)

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

PART 1: Example Compositions

Example 1 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 231 4.62% Methyl paraben 3.75 0.075% Propyl paraben 1.25 0.025% Aerosil R972 Pharma 87.5 1.75% Span 80 25 0.50% Miglyol 812 4651.5 93.03% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 2 mg w/w-% Cephapirin sodium 220.9 4.42% Methyl paraben 3.75 0.075% Propyl paraben 1.25 0.025% Aerosil R972 Pharma 87.5 1.75% Span 80 25 0.50% Miglyol 812 4651.5 93.03% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 3 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 231 4.62% Aerosil R972 Pharma 100 2.00% Span 80 25 0.50% Miglyol 812 4644 92.88% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 4 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 231 4.62% Aerosil R972 Pharma 150 3.00% Span 80 100 2.00% Miglyol 812 4519 90.38% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 5 mg wlw-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 87.5 1.75% Span 80 100 2.00% Miglyol 812 4354 87.07% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 6 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 112.5 2.25% PEG12Oleate 5 0.10% Miglyol 812 4423.5 88.47% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 7 _

mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 112.5 2.25% PEG12Oleate 2.5 0.05% Miglyol 812 4426 88.52% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 8 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 112.5 2.25% Span 80 2.5 0.05% Miglyol 812 4426 88.52% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 9 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 112.5 2.25% Span 80 5 0.10% Miglyol 812 4423.5 88.47% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 10 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 112.5 2.25% Span 80 25 0.50% Miglyol 812 4403.5 88.07% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 11 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 112.5 2.25% Span 80 50 1.00% Miglyol 812 4378.5 87.57% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 12 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 112.5 2.25% Span 80 100 2.00% Miglyol 812 4328.5 86.57% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 13 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 150 3.00% Span 80 100 2.00% Miglyol 812 4291 85.82% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 14 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil 200 Pharma 150 3.00% Span 80 100 2.00% Miglyol 812 4291 85.82% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 15 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 459 9.18% Aerosil R972 Pharma 150 3.00% Span 80 100 2.00% Peanut Oil 4291 85.82% Total 5000 100.00%

Example 16 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 200 2.00% Tylosin base 250 2.50% Aerosil R972 Pharma 400 4.00% Span 80 200 2.00% Methyl paraben 0.4 0.004% Propyl paraben 0.2 0.002% Miglyol 812 8949.4 89.49% Total 10000 100.00%

Example 17 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 437 8.74% Aerosil R972 Pharma 150 3.00% Span 80 100 2.00% Methyl paraben 0.4 0.008% Propyl paraben 0.2 0.004% Miglyol 812 4312.4 86.25% Total 5000 100.00%

Note that the cloxacillin sodium used in Examples 1-17 (and also Example 18 shown below)

are in a micronised form.

PART 2: Exemplification of controlled release rate of active agent

Figure 1 illustrates the comparatively low viscosity of the preferred composition of

the present invention compared to reference products currently on the market.

Recovery rates in dissolution media (shown in Figures 2-6) are considered by the

inventors to be indicative of in vivo release rates.

Figure 2 clearly illustrates one of the major advantages of the present invention.

Compared to OrbeninTM LA, the two test compositions in Figure 2 have very low

viscosity (90-150 mPas vs 1080 mPas). Orbenin TM LA is able to maintain a

relatively slow cloxacillin release (approximately 5%) by using a thickener

(hydroxystearin). This viscosity of Orbenin TM LA compared to the current

compositions can be visualised in Figure 1.

The two test compositions depicted in Figure 2 do not include a thickener to impart

a slow recovery profile. Instead, careful selection of the surfactant (Span80 vs.

PEG12-oleate) can be used to significantly alter the recovery profile of the

cloxacillin without a significant rise in the viscosity. The test composition containing

PEG12-oleate has a recovery profile substantially identical (if not slower) than

OrbeninTM LA, yet the viscosity beneficially remains relatively low (180 mPas).

Figure 3 illustrates that the recovery rate of the active agent can be affected not

only by the choice of the surfactant type, but also the concentration thereof. This is

exemplified by the increase of the concentration of Span80 (HLB=4.3) from 0.05%

to 1% (Examples 8 to 11). Only a small rise in the viscosity is seen, yet a

disproportionate decrease in the active recovery is provided.

Similarly, alteration of the concentration of PEG12-Oleate (HLB=13.7) (Examples 6

and 7) is shown, with corresponding changes in the recovery profile. Therefore,

this illustrates that different types and concentrations of surfactants may be used to

control the release profile of compositions in vivo.

Figure 4 illustrates that the concentration of colloidal silica also affected recovery

rates of the active agent. It was found that as the concentration of colloidal silica

(in this case Aerosil R972) increased from 1.75% to 3% w/w, the recovery rate was

lowered.

Again, although the recovery profile slowed dramatically as the silica concentration

increased from 1.75 to 3%, the viscosity only increased slightly from 90 mPas to

127 mPas.

Figure 5 illustrates that the type of colloidal silica may also affect the recovery rate

of the active agent. Here, hydrophobic colloidal silica (Aerosil R972) is shown to

significantly lower the recovery rate compared to hydrophilic colloidal silica (Aerosil

200). This is despite the hydrophobic silica imparting a lower viscosity on the

composition compared to the same composition using hydrophilic silica. This is

contrary to the common understanding in the art.

Figure 6 illustrates that the type of oil used may also affect the recovery rate of the

active agent.

Figure 7 illustrates the distribution of cloxacillin in different tissues two hours after

treatment. In this case tissue is defined as remaining udder directly after milking,

which includes extracellular liquid, blood vessels, and potentially some remaining

milk which is not milked out.

Figures 8 and 9 illustrates how different active agents can also have an affect on

the release profile of the active agent itself, all else being substantially equal. In

Figure 8, when cloxacillin in the example composition 1 is replaced with cephapirin

(as shown in example composition 2), the release profile is substantially slowed. In

Figure 9, differences were also seen between cloxacillin and tylosin. This was

indeed a surprising result and suggests that the active's release may be influenced

by an interaction with a possible structural network formed with some or all of the

excipients in the composition's base.

Figures 10 - 14 illustrate how the WHP of the composition may be affected by the

characteristics of the composition.

Figure 10 illustrates how an increase in the amount of colloidal silica from 1.75% to

3.00% w/w can alter the WHP significantly.

Figure 11 illustrates that the number of treatments does not affect WHP. The

WHP is approximately equal regardless of whether the animal is treated with a 6 X

24 hour or 3 X 24 hour regime.

Figure 12 illustrates the calculated WHP of example 1 composition according to

ACVM (Agricultural Compounds & Veterinary Medicines) guidelines.

Figure 13 illustrates the effectiveness of example 1 composition versus NitroCloxTM

LA. Of particular interest is that after each treatment, the amount of active agent is M T higher when administered with the example 1 composition than NitroClox LA,

suggesting a higher bioavailability of example 1, 24h after treatment. Similar to

NitroCloxTMLA, the example 1 composition does not decrease below the MIC90

(solid line) 24h after treatment, yet is more rapidly removed from the milk after the

final treatment at 0 hrs.

Figure 14 reflects the results shown in Figure 13. The example 1 composition is

calculated to have a WHP of only 72 hours compared to 108 hours for NitroCloxTM

LA.

Figure 15 compares the example 1 composition to Orbenin TM LA, albeit with a

different treatment regime (6 X 24 hours vs. 3 X 48 hours, respectively). It can be

seen that although the treatment regime using example 1 composition provides a

much longer and consistent level of active agent in the milk than the treatment

regime using OrbeninTMLA, the active agent is released from the milk much

quicker after the final treatment. As can be seen, the final treatment of OrbeninTM

LA is at 96 hours, whereas the final treatment with example 1 composition is at 120

hours; providing a longer treatment period. Figure 16 illustrates that the calculated

WHP is 12 hours and 24 hours shorter in the example 1 composition's 6 x 24 hour

treatment regime compared to Orbenin's 3 x 48 hour and 5 x 24 hour treatment

regimes, respectively.

PART 3: Manufacturinq method

a) Mix Miglyol 812, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and Span 80 well to form

homogeneous oil mixture.

b) Sterilise the mixture at 1400C for 3 hours and then cool to room temperature.

c) In a separate container, load the required amount of Aerosil R972 Pharma.

d) Sterilise at 1400C for 3 hours and then cool to room temperature.

e) Disperse and homogenise the cloxacillin sodium into the sterilised oil mixture.

f) Disperse the sterilised Aerosil R972 Pharma into the sterilised oil suspension.

g) Homogenise the mixture.

PART 3: Animal Study

As part of a study commenced in November 2011, the Example 18 formulation, as

detailed below, was investigated for efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis.

Example 18 mg w/w-% Cloxacillin sodium 229.2 4.584* Methyl paraben 3.75 0.075 Propyl paraben 1.25 0.025 Sorbitan mono-oleate (Span 80) 25 0.5 Hydrophobic silica (Aerosil R972 87.5 1.75 Pharma) Fractionated coconut oil (Miglyol 4653.3 93.066 812N) Total 5000 100

*5% overages added

The animals used in the study were dairy cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis. On

day 0, milk samples were obtained for bacteriological analysis and the animals were treated with intramammary infusions of Example 18 three times, with each

treatment 24 hours apart. The dose for each treatment was 200 mg of cloxacillin as the sodium salt.

On days 28 and 35, further milk samples were obtained for bacteriological analysis

to determine the cure rate. A successful bacteriological cure required the animal to

be clinically cured of mastitis, and for the pathogen identified in the day 0 sample to

be absent in the day 28 and day 35 samples.

Interim results available as of 1 November 2012, provided a bacteriological cure

proportion of 69.6% when treated with Example 18, from -100 cows enrolled with

clinical mastitis, and with gram positive bacteria identified at the time of enrolment.

A comparable study is that reported by MD Wraight, New Zealand Veterinary

Journal 51(1), 26-32, 2003 " A comparative efficacy trial between cefuroxime and cloxacillin as intramammary treatments for clinical mastitis in lactating cows on

commercial dairy farms". In this study, 200 mg of cloxacillin in a long-acting formulation was administered as an intramammary every 48 hours for three treatments, which resulted in a bacteriological cure proportion of 64.3%.

The interim study results on Example 18 demonstrate high efficacy of compositions

of the invention, even when compared to more intensive long-acting treatments

using the same active. This indicates that obtaining an advantageous, shorter

withhold period by using compositions of the invention, does not reduce or

compromise the efficacy of the treatment.

PART 4: Formulation Stability

A stability study was conducted on three batches of Example 18. These batches

were packed into 5mL polyethylene syringes and stored at designated storage

temperatures and humidity conditions of 25°C/60%RH, 30°C/65%RH and

40°C/75%RH. The physical and chemical characteristics of the batches were

recorded at regular intervals as recommended by ACVM. Based on the stability

data, at a storage temperature of 25°C a shelf life of at least 18 months is

expected.

Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and

it should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto

without departing from the scope thereof as defined in the appended claims.

WHAT /WE CLAIM IS:

1. A composition,

the composition including a therapeutically effective amount of at least

one active agent, and

a base including,

an amount of colloidal silica;

at least one oil; and

at least one surfactant,

wherein the viscosity of the composition is below 1000 mPas at a shear

rate of 100 1/s and at a temperature of 20°C.

2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active agent is an

antibiotic.

3. The composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the antibiotic is selected

from the group consisting of a beta-lactam, penicillin, cephalosporin,

aminoglycoside, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and macrolide

antibiotic.

4. The composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the antibiotic is selected

from the group consisting of cloxacillin or a functional derivative thereof,

tylosin or a functional derivative thereof, cephapirin or a functional

derivative thereof, and combinations thereof.

5. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the composition includes

at least two active agents, wherein the active agents are antibiotics or at

least one antibiotic and at least one non-antibiotic active agent.

6. The composition in claim 5 wherein the active agent combination is:

- amoxicillin and clavulanic acid;

- penicillin active agent and aminoglycoside;

- cloxacillin and tylosin;

- an antibiotic and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

7. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the active

agent is micronised.

8. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the

colloidal silica is fumed colloidal silicon dioxide.

9. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the

colloidal silica is a hydrophobic type.

10. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the

concentration of colloidal silica is between 0.1-5% w/w.

11. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the

concentration of colloidal silica is between 1-3% w/w.

12. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein the

surfactant has an HLB between 0.5 and 30.

13. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein the

surfactant has an HLB between 4 and 16.

14. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein the

surfactant is an anionic, cationic, amphoteric or non-ionic surfactant.

15. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein the

surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant and is selected from the group

consisting of sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters,

polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, polyoxyethylene stearates,

polyethylene oxide monooleate and combinations thereof.

16. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein the

concentration of surfactant is between 0.01 to 10 % w/w.

17. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein the ratio

of colloidal silica to surfactant in the base is between 1:100 and 500:1.

18. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein the ratio

of colloidal silica to surfactant in the base is between 1:5 and 6:1.

19. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18 wherein the base

includes more than one surfactant.

20. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein the

viscosity of the oil is between 1 to 100 mPas at 20°C.

21. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 20 wherein the

viscosity of the oil is less than 40 mPas at 20°C.

22. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 21 wherein the oil

is selected from the group consisting of medium chain triglycerides, light

liquid paraffin, ethyl oleate and sesame oil.

23. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 22 wherein the 3 density of the oil is between 0.80 and 0.99 g/cm .

Claims (1)

1. 24. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 23 wherein the

   composition has a viscosity below 300 mPas at a shear rate of 100 1/s

   and temperature of 20°C.

   25. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 24 wherein the

   composition has a viscosity below 150 mPas at a shear rate of 100 1/s

   and temperature of 20°C.

   26. A method of manufacturing a composition as claimed in any one of claims

   1 to 25 including the steps of:

   a) mixing the oil and surfactant in a container to form a homogenous oil

   mixture;

   b) dispersing the active agent in the oil mixture; and

   c) subsequently adding the colloidal silica to the oil mixture.

   27. A method of treating a non-human animal in need thereof with a

   composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 25 wherein the method

   includes the step of administering the composition to the animal by

   intramammary infusion.

   28. The method as claimed in claim 27 including a dosage regime of between

   1 - 6 doses of 5 g formulation composition over a period of 0 to 120 hours

   administered 3 x 24 hours or 6 x 24 hours.

   29. The method as claimed in either of claims 27 or 28 for the treatment or

   prevention of mastitis during the lactation period of a non-human animal.

   30. A use in the manufacture of a composition as claimed in any of claims 1

   to 25 for the treatment or prevention of a pre-clinical or clinical mastitis in

   an animal in need thereof.

   31. A composition substantially as herein described with reference to

   example compositions 1-17 in Part 1 of the Best Modes section of the

   specification.

   32. A method of manufacturing a composition substantially as herein

   described with reference to Part 3 of the Best Modes section of the

   specification.

   33. A method of treating an animal with a composition as claimed in any one

   of claims 1 to 25 substantially as herein described in the specification.

   34. A use in the manufacture of a composition as claimed in any one of

   claims 1 to 25 for the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition

   substantially as herein described in the specification.

   James & Wells 133072AU/76 23 Feb 2021

   FIGURE 1 2021201165

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   FIGURE 10 2021201165

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   FIGURE 11 2021201165

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   FIGURE 12 2021201165

   MRL 3 treatments / 24h 6 treatments / 24h

   Clox. WHP WHP

   mg/L h h

   NZ (EU) 0.03 72 72

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   FIGURE 13 2021201165

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   FIGURE 14 2021201165

   Treatment Treatment WHP period

   NitroClox 3x24h 48h 108h

   Example 1 3x24h 48h 72h

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   FIGURE 16 2021201165

   Treatment Treatment WHP period

   Orbenin LA 3x48h 96h 84h

   Orbenin LA 5x24h 96h 96h

   Example 1 6x24h 120h 72h

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