AU2021200886B2 - Method and apparatus for sorting items - Google Patents

Abstract

Documen6-1l/02/2021 ABSTRACT Disclosed is a material handling system for sorting or retrieving a plurality of items, comprising: a plurality of vehicles for delivering and retrieving items, wherein each vehicle delivers an item to a destination and wherein each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for driving the vehicle; a track for guiding the vehicles, wherein the track comprises: a plurality of horizontal track sections vertically spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally horizontal direction; a plurality of vertical track sections spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally vertical direction, wherein the vertical track sections intersect the horizontal track sections to form a loop; and an intersection where one of the horizontal track sections intersects one of the vertical track sections, wherein the intersection provides a first path in a generally horizontal direction and a second path in a generally vertical direction; wherein at least one of the vehicles comprises a drive element that interacts with an engagement surface of one of the vertical track sections to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of the horizontal track sections and the one vertical track sections.

Description

Method and Apparatus for Sorting Items

Priority Claims

[1] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent

Application No. 60/884,766 filed on January 12, 2007, which is hereby

incorporated herein by reference.

Field of the Invention

[2] The present invention relates to a system for automating sorting of items,

such as mail pieces, documents or other items.

Background of the Invention

[3] Sorting documents and mail pieces manually is laborious and time

consuming. For example, thousands of large organizations employ numerous

people full-time to manually sort and deliver incoming and interoffice mail and

documents. For instance, a large company may receive 5,000 mail pieces that

need to be sorted and delivered each day to different departments and/or

individuals. Such volumes require a significant number of employees dedicated

to sorting and delivering the mail. Nonetheless, such volume is not typically

sufficient to justify the expense of traditional automated sorting equipment, which is quite expensive. Additionally, the mail for such organizations is typically quite diverse, which makes it more difficult, and therefore more expensive, to automate the sorting procedures.

[4] Various systems for sorting have been developed to address the needs

of mail rooms for large organizations. However, the known systems suffer from

several problems; the most significant are cost and size. Accordingly, there is a

need for a compact and affordable automated sorting system that is able to

meet the needs of mid- to large-sized organization that handle several thousand

mail pieces each day.

[5] Similarly, may large organizations have extensive storage areas in which

numerous items are stored. Sorting and retrieving items from the hundreds or

thousands of storage areas requires significant labor to perform manually, and

the known systems of automatically handling the materials are either very

expensive or have limitations that hamper their effectiveness. Accordingly, there

is a need in a variety of material handling applications for automatically storing

and/or retrieving items.

Summary of the Invention

[6] In light of the foregoing, a system provides a method and apparatus for sorting items. The system includes a plurality of storage locations, such as bins, and a plurality of delivery vehicles for delivering items to the storage locations. A track guides the delivery vehicles to the storage locations.

[6A] In one aspect there is provided a material handling system for sorting or

retrieving a plurality of items, comprising: a plurality of vehicles for delivering and

retrieving items, wherein each vehicle delivers an item to a destination and wherein

each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for driving the vehicle; a track for guiding

the vehicles, wherein the track comprises: a plurality of horizontal track sections

vertically spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally horizontal

direction; a plurality of vertical track sections spaced apart from one another and

extending in a generally vertical direction, wherein the vertical track sections intersect

the horizontal track sections to form a loop; and an intersection where one of the

horizontal track sections intersects one of the vertical track sections, wherein the

intersection provides a first path in a generally horizontal direction and a second path

in a generally vertical direction; wherein at least one of the vehicles comprises a drive

element that interacts with an engagement surface of one of the vertical track sections

to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves

between one of the horizontal track sections and the one vertical track sections.

[6B] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system, comprising: a

plurality of delivery vehicles, wherein each vehicle is operable to deliver an item to or

retrieve an item from a destination area and wherein each vehicle comprises: a

generally horizontal platform for receiving an item to be stored or retrieved; a drive

mechanism comprising a pair of forward drive elements spaced apart from one

another and a pair of reward drive elements spaced apart from one another; a motor for driving the forward drive elements and the rear drive elements; a track for guiding the delivery vehicles, wherein the track comprises: a forward track forming a loop for guiding the forward drive elements of the vehicles; and a rearward track forming a loop for guiding the rearward drive elements of the vehicles; wherein each of the forward track and the rearward track comprises: an upper leg extending generally horizontally; a lower leg spaced apart from the upper leg and extending generally horizontally; a first connecting leg extending generally vertically and connecting the upper leg with the lower leg; and a second connecting leg spaced apart from the first connecting leg and connecting the upper leg with the lower leg; wherein the drive mechanism of each vehicle interacts with the track to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between the upper or lower leg and the first or second connecting leg.

[6C] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system, comprising: a

plurality of delivery vehicles for transporting items, wherein each vehicle has a

forward end and a rearward end, and wherein each vehicle comprises: a generally

horizontal platform for receiving an item to be stored or retrieved; a drive mechanism;

a motor for driving the drive mechanism; a track for guiding the delivery vehicles,

wherein the drive mechanism of each vehicle engages the track so that the track

guides the movement of the vehicles, wherein the track comprises: a forward track

forming a loop for guiding the forward end of the vehicles; and a rearward track

forming a loop for guiding the rearward end of the vehicles; wherein each of the

forward track and the rearward track are substantially parallel loops having upper and

lower horizontal portions connected by connecting tracks having substantially vertical

portions; wherein the drive mechanism of each vehicle interacts with the track to

- 3A - maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between the upper portion and one of the substantially vertical portions.

[6D] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system for sorting or

retrieving a plurality of items, comprising: a plurality of vehicles for delivering and

retrieving items, wherein each vehicle delivers an item to a destination and wherein

each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for driving the vehicle; a track for guiding

the vehicles, wherein the track comprises: a plurality of horizontal track sections spaced

apart from one another and extending in a generally horizontal direction, wherein the

horizontal track sections include an upper leg and a lower leg spaced apart from the

upper leg; a plurality of vertical track sections spaced apart from one another and

extending in a generally vertical direction, wherein the vertical track sections intersect

the horizontal track sections to form a loop so that the vehicles can travel along the

upper leg, then down one of the vertical track segments to the lower leg; and an

intersection where one of the horizontal track sections intersects one of the vertical

track sections, wherein the intersection provides a first path in a generally horizontal

direction and a second path in a generally vertical direction; wherein at least one of the

vehicles comprises a drive element that interacts with the track to maintain the

orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of

the horizontal track sections and the one vertical track sections.

[6E] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system for sorting or

retrieving a plurality of items, comprising: a plurality of vehicles for delivering and

retrieving items, wherein each vehicle delivers an item to a destination and wherein

each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for driving the vehicle; a track for guiding

the vehicles, wherein the track comprises: a plurality of horizontal track sections spaced

- 3B - apart from one another and extending in a generally horizontal direction; a plurality of vertical track sections spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally vertical direction, wherein the vertical track sections intersect the horizontal track sections to form a loop; and an intersection where one of the horizontal track sections intersects one of the vertical track sections, wherein the intersection provides a first path in a generally horizontal direction and a second path in a generally vertical direction; a gate at an intersection of one of the horizontal tracks and one of the vertical tracks, wherein in a first position the gate allows the vehicle to travel through the intersection and remain on the horizontal track and wherein in a second position the gate allows the vehicle to change direction and travel on the vertical track; wherein at least one of the vehicles comprises a drive element that interacts with the track to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of the horizontal track sections and one of the vertical track sections.

[7] In one embodiment, a controller controls the operation of the delivery vehicles

based on information determined for each item to be sorted. Additionally, the track may

include a plurality of interconnected vertical and horizontal sections so that the vehicles

may travel along a continuous path changing from a horizontal direction to a vertical

direction. Further, the vehicles may be driven such that the orientation of an item on

the vehicle stays constant as the vehicles changes from a horizontal direction of travel

to a vertical direction of travel.

[7A] In another aspect there is provided a sorter for sorting a plurality of items,

comprising: an input station for loading a plurality of items; a plurality of separate sort

locations for receiving the items; a plurality of delivery vehicles for receiving and

delivering the items to the sort locations, wherein each delivery vehicle comprises a

- 3C - receiving area for receiving an item, wherein the receiving area has an orientation relative to the horizon; a track system for guiding the delivery vehicles from the input station to the sort locations, comprising: a first section for guiding the delivery vehicles, wherein the first section comprises a plurality of horizontal tracks extending substantially horizontally and being vertically spaced apart from one another; a second section for guiding the delivery vehicles, wherein the second section comprises a plurality of vertical tracks extending substantially vertically and being horizontally spaced apart from one another and wherein the vertical tracks intersect the horizontal tracks at intersections; a plurality of gates selectively operable to provide continuous paths for the vehicles as the vehicles travel from one of the

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horizontal tracks to one of the vertical tracks; wherein the sort locations are positioned

along the first or second section of the track system; and a controller for directing the

delivery vehicles to the appropriate sort location; wherein each delivery vehicle

comprises a drive system that interacts with the track system to drive the vehicle

along the track, wherein the drive system for a vehicle is operable to drive the delivery

vehicles substantially vertically and is configured to interact with the track to maintain

the orientation of the receiving area of the vehicle as the vehicle passes from a

horizontal track to a vertical track.

[7B] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system for sorting a

plurality of items, comprising: an plurality of bins for receiving items; a plurality of

delivery vehicles for delivering item to the bins, wherein each vehicle comprises: a

power source for driving the vehicle; and an ejector for ejecting an item forwardly or

rearwardly to eject an item into one of the bins; a track for guiding the delivery

vehicles to the bins, wherein the track comprises a plurality of horizontal sections

intersecting a plurality of vertical sections to provide a plurality of interconnected

vertical and horizontal paths, and wherein the delivery vehicles interact with the track

system to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle

moves from a horizontal section to a vertical section; a destination module operable

to identify the bin to which one item is to be delivered by one of the delivery vehicles,

wherein the destination module identifies the bin based on a marking on the item; and

a controller for controlling the operation of the one vehicle as the vehicle delivers the

item to the identified bin.

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[7C] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system for sorting a

plurality of items, comprising: a plurality of sort destinations for receiving the items; a

plurality of delivery vehicles for delivering the items, wherein each vehicle comprises

an on-board motor for driving the vehicle; and track for guiding the delivery vehicles,

wherein the track comprises a vertical portion and a horizontal portion providing a

continuous path from horizontal to vertical direction, wherein the delivery vehicles

engage the track to maintain the orientation of the delivery vehicles relative to the

horizon as the delivery vehicles move from a vertical portion to a horizontal portion.

[7D] In another aspect there is provided a delivery vehicle operable with a material

handling system having a plurality of sort locations and a guide system, wherein the

delivery vehicle comprises: a platform for receiving an item to be conveyed to one of

the sort locations; a motor for driving the vehicle to one of the sort locations; a drive

system cooperable with the guide system to guide the vehicle to one of the sort

locations, wherein the drive system is configured to maintain the orientation of the

vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle changes from a first direction of travel to

a second direction of travel, wherein the first direction is at an angle to the second

direction; and a transfer mechanism operable to transfer an item forwardly toward a

first destination area or in an opposite direction toward a second destination area.

[7E] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system for sorting a

plurality of items, comprising: a plurality of sort destinations for receiving the items; a

plurality of delivery vehicles for delivering the items, wherein each vehicle comprises

an on-board motor for driving the vehicle; an input station for loading items onto the

delivery vehicles; a track system for guiding the delivery vehicles from the input

- 3F -

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station to the sort locations, comprising: a plurality of generally horizontal rail

sections; a plurality of generally vertical rail sections spaced apart from one another;

wherein the horizontal sections intersect the vertical sections to provide an array that

correlates with the array of sort locations; a plurality of intersections where the

horizontal sections intersect the vertical sections, wherein the intersections provide a

continuous path between generally horizontal path of travel along a horizontal rail,

and a generally vertical path of travel along a vertical rail; wherein the delivery

vehicles comprise means for engaging the track system to maintain the orientation of

the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of the first rail

sections and one of the second rail sections.

[7F] In another aspect there is provided an apparatus for sorting a plurality of items,

comprising: a plurality of sort destinations; a plurality of delivery vehicles for delivering

items to the sort destinations, wherein each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for

driving the vehicle; a loading station for loading items onto the delivery vehicles; a

track system for guiding the delivery vehicles to the sort destinations, comprising: a

plurality of first rail sections extending in a first direction, wherein the first direction is

generally horizontal; a plurality of second rail sections extending in a second

direction, generally orthogonal to the first direction, wherein the second direction is

generally vertical; a plurality of intersections where one of the first sections intersects

with one of the second sections, wherein the intersections provide a continuous path

between a path of travel in the first direction along one of the first rail sections to a

path of travel in the second direction along one of the second rail sections; and

means for directing the delivery vehicles, wherein the means is operable to separately

- 3G -

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direct each delivery vehicle to one of the sort destinations; wherein the delivery

vehicles comprise means for engaging the track system to maintain the orientation of

the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of the first rail

sections and one of the second rail sections.

[7G] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system for delivering a

plurality of items to or from a plurality of destination areas, comprising: a plurality of

delivery vehicles for delivering item to the destination areas, wherein the destination

areas are arranged into a first series of columns extending generally vertically and a

second series of columns extending generally vertically, wherein each vehicle

comprises: a power source for driving the vehicle; and a transfer mechanism for

transferring an item forwardly or rearwardly to transfer an item between the delivery

vehicle and one of the destination areas; a track for guiding the delivery vehicles to

the destination areas, wherein the track is positioned between the first series of

columns and the second series of columns so that a delivery vehicle can move

vertically between the first series of columns and the second series of columns, and

wherein when a delivery vehicle is stopped at a point along the track, the transfer

mechanism can transfer an item forwardly between the vehicle and a destination area

in the first series of columns and the transfer mechanism can transfer an item

rearwardly between the vehicle and a destination in the second series of columns; a

destination module operable to identify the destination area to which one item is to be

delivered to or retrieved by one of the delivery vehicles, wherein the destination

module identifies the destination area based on a marking on the item; and a

controller for controlling the operation of the one vehicle as the vehicle delivers the

item to the identified destination area.

- 3H -

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[7H] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system for delivering a

plurality of items to or from a plurality of destination areas, wherein the system

comprises: a plurality of destination areas for receiving the items; a plurality of

delivery vehicles for delivering the items, wherein each vehicle comprises an on

board motor for driving the vehicle and a rechargeable power source for powering the

motor; and track for guiding the delivery vehicles, wherein the track comprises a

substantially vertical portion and a horizontal portion providing a continuous path from

horizontal to vertical direction, wherein the track comprises a charging strip along a

track section and the charging strip terminates along the track section, wherein the

charging strip is operable to recharge the rechargeable power source as the vehicle

travels along the charging strip.

[71] In another aspect there is provided a delivery vehicle operable with a material

handling system having a plurality of destination areas and a guide system, wherein

the delivery vehicle comprises: a platform for receiving an item to be conveyed to one

of the destination areas; a motor for driving the vehicle to one of the destination

areas; a drive system cooperable with the guide system to guide the vehicle to one of

the destination areas, wherein the drive system is configured to maintain the

orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle changes from a

horizontal direction of travel to a vertical direction of travel, wherein the drive system

comprises a plurality of driven gears that interact with the guide system to control the

position of the vehicle along the guide system; and a transfer mechanism for

transferring an item between the vehicle and a destination area.

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[7J] In another aspect there is provided a delivery vehicle operable with a material

handling system having a plurality of destination areas and a guide system, wherein

the delivery vehicle comprises: a platform for receiving an item to be conveyed to one

of the destination areas; a motor for driving the vehicle to one of the destination

areas; a drive system cooperable with the guide system to guide the vehicle to one of

the destination areas, wherein the drive system is configured to maintain the

orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle changes from a

horizontal direction of travel to a vertical direction of travel, wherein the delivery

vehicle comprises a rechargeable power source for powering the motor and an

electrical contact for contacting a charging rail along the guide system to recharge the

rechargeable power source as the vehicle travels along the guide system to deliver

an item.

[7K] In another aspect there is provided a material handling system, comprising: a

plurality of destination areas; a plurality of delivery vehicles for delivering items,

wherein each vehicle comprises: a plurality of rotatable drive elements; a motor

operable to drive the drive elements; and a sensor operable to detect rotation of the

motor; a pathway along which the delivery vehicles travel vertically and horizontally,

wherein the destination areas are positioned along the pathway so that items can be

transferred between the delivery vehicles and the destination areas, wherein during

operation, one or more of the delivery vehicles are located on the pathway; a traffic

controller for controlling the operation of the vehicles as the vehicles deliver items to

the bins, wherein the traffic controller receives signals from each vehicle indicative of

- 3J -

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the rotation detected by the sensor for the respective vehicle and wherein the traffic

controller monitors the vehicles based on the received signals from the sensors and

calculates a safe distance for each vehicle and communicates the safe distance to

the vehicles, wherein the safe distance for a vehicle corresponds to the amount that

the motor can advance without interfering with another vehicle on the pathway;

wherein the delivery vehicles receive the safe distance signals from the traffic

controller and advance along the pathway an amount corresponding to the safe

distance; and wherein the traffic controller iteratively calculates safe distances for

each vehicle as the vehicles move along the pathway and the vehicles advance along

the pathway no further than a distance correlating to the safe distance until receiving

a subsequent safe distance signal from the traffic controller.

[7L] In another aspect there is provided a method for transferring items between

delivery vehicles and a plurality of destination areas positioned along a pathway

having horizontal and vertical sections, comprising the steps of: calculating a route for

the one of the vehicles to travel along the pathway to one of the destination areas;

driving the one vehicle along the route to the one destination area, wherein the step

of driving the one vehicle comprises the steps of: monitoring the vehicles on the

pathway; determining a safe distance for the one vehicle based on the positions of

the vehicles on the pathway, wherein the safe distance is the amount that a motor of

the one vehicle can rotate to drive the one vehicle along the calculated route without

interfering with another vehicle on the pathway; communicating the safe distance with

the vehicle; rotating the motor of the vehicle the safe distance to advance the vehicle

along the route no further than a distance corresponding to the safe distance; and as

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the vehicles move along the pathway, iteratively performing the steps of determining

the safe distance, communicating the safe distance, and rotating the motor of the

vehicle to advance the vehicle; and transferring an item between the one vehicle and

the one destination area.

[7M] In another aspect there is provided a vehicle operable in a material handling

system having a plurality of destination areas, a pathway along which the delivery

vehicles travel vertically and horizontally to the destination areas and a traffic

controllerfor controlling the operation of a plurality of the vehicles to prevent collisions

between the vehicles, wherein the vehicle comprises: a plurality of rotatable drive

elements; a motor operable to drive the drive elements; a sensor operable to detect

rotation of the motor; a transfer mechanism for transferring an item between the

delivery vehicle and one of the destination areas; and a wireless communication

assembly for communicating signals to the traffic controller regarding the rotation of

the motor detected by the sensor and for receiving signals from the traffic controller

regarding the amount that the motor may rotate without interfering with another

vehicle; wherein the motor is controlled in response to the signals received by the

traffic controller so that the motor only rotates the amount specified by the signals

received from the traffic controller; wherein the vehicle is configured to continuously

communicate signals with the traffic controller regarding the detected rotation of the

motor and to continuously receive signals from the traffic controller which iteratively

calculates safe distances for the vehicle as the vehicle move along the pathway.

- 3L -

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Brief Description of the Drawings

[8] The foregoing summary and the following detailed description of the preferred

embodiments of the present invention will be best understood when read in

conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:

[9] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a sorting apparatus;

[10] Figure 2 is a plan view of the sorting apparatus illustrated in Figure 1;

[11] Figure 3 is a fragmentary perspective view of the sorting apparatus illustrated

in Figure 1, shown without an input station;

- 3M -

[12] Figure 4 is a right side view of the sorting apparatus illustrated in Figure

3;

[13] Figure 5 is a front elevational view of the sorting apparatus illustrated in

Figure 3, shown without discharge bins;

[14] Figure 6 is a fragmentary sectional view of a loading station of the

sorting apparatus illustrated in Figure 1;

[15] Figure 7 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of a portion of the

loading station of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 3;

[16] Figure 8 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of track of the

apparatus illustrated in Figure 1, showing details of a gate in an open position;

[17] Figure 9 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of track of the

apparatus illustrated in Figure 1, showing details of a gate in a closed position;

[18] Figure 10 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of a portion of

the track illustrated in Figure 1, showing details of a gate;

[19] Figure 11 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of a portion of

the track illustrated in Figure 1, showing details of a gate, with the gate shown in

an open position in phantom;

[20] Figure 12 is a top perspective view of a delivery vehicle of the apparatus

illustrated in Figure 1;

[21] Figure 13 is a plan view of the delivery vehicle illustrated in Figure 12;

[22] Figure 14 is a right side view of the delivery vehicle illustrated in Figure

12;

[23] Figure 15 is a front elevational view of the delivery vehicle illustrated in

Figure 12;

[24] Figure 16 is a bottom perspective view of the delivery vehicle illustrated

in Figure 12;

[25] Figure 17 is a bottom view of the delivery vehicle illustrated in Figure 12; and

[26] Figure 18 is an enlarged view of a wheel of the delivery vehicle

illustrated in Figure 12, shown in relation to the track of the sorting apparatus

illustrated in Figure 1.

Detailed Description of the Invention

[28] Referring now to Figs. 1-18, an apparatus for sorting items such as

documents or mail pieces is designated generally 10. The apparatus 10 includes a

plurality of delivery vehicles or cars 200 to deliver items to a plurality of sort

locations, such as output bins 190. At a loading station 310, each car 200 receives

an item from an input station 50 and delivers it to the appropriate bin.

[29] The cars 200 travel along a track 110 to the sort locations. The track

has a horizontal upper rail 135 and a horizontal lower rail 140, which operates

as a return leg. A number of parallel vertical track legs 130 extend between the

upper rail and the lower return leg. In the present instance, the bins 190 are

arranged in columns between the vertical track legs 130.

[30] After a piece is loaded onto a car, the car travels upwardly along two

pairs of vertical tracks legs and then horizontally along two upper tracks 135.

The car 200 travels along the upper rail until it reaches the appropriate column

containing the bin for the piece that the car is carrying. The track 110 includes

gates 180 that fire to direct the car 200 down the vertical legs and the car stops

at the appropriate bin. The car 200 then discharges the piece into the bin.

[31] After discharging the piece, the car 200 continues down the vertical legs

130 of the column until it reaches the lower rail 140. Gates fire to direct the car

along the lower rail, and the car follows the lower rail to return to the loading

station 310 to receive another piece.

[32] The cars 200 are semi-autonomous vehicles that each have an onboard power source and an onboard motor to drive the cars along the track 110. The cars also include a loading/unloading mechanism 210, such as a conveyor, for loading pieces onto the cars and discharging the pieces from the cars.

[33] Since the system 10 includes a number of cars 200, the positioning of

the cars is controlled to ensure that the different cars do not crash into each

other. In one embodiment, the system 10 uses a central controller 350 that

tracks the position of each car 200 and provides control signals to each car to

control the progress of the cars along the track. The central controller 350 may

also control operation of the various elements along the track, such as the gates

180.

INPUT STATION

[34] At the input station 50, the mail pieces are separated from one another

so that the pieces can be conveyed serially to the loading station 310 to be

loaded onto the cars 200. Additionally, at the input station information is

determined for each piece so that the piece can be sorted to the appropriate bin.

[35] A variety of configurations may be used for the input station, including

manual or automatic configurations or a combination of manual and automated features. In a manual system, the operator enters information for each piece and the system sorts the mail piece accordingly. In an automatic system, the input system includes elements that scan each mail piece and detect information regarding each piece. The system then sorts the mail piece according to the scanned information.

[36] In an exemplary manual configuration, the input system includes a work

station having a conveyor, an input device, such as a keyboard, and a monitor.

The operator reads information from a mail piece and then drops in onto a

conveyor that conveys the piece to the loading station 310. Sensors positioned

along the conveyor track the piece as the conveyor transports the mail piece

toward the loading station. An example of a work station having a conveyor for

receiving dropped pieces and tracking the pieces is provided in pending U.S.

Application No. 10/862,021, filed June 4, 2004, which was published January

27, 2005 under Publication No. US 2005-0018214 Al and which is incorporated

herein by reference. The conveyor receives mail pieces dropped by an operator

and tracks the mail pieces as they are transported along the conveyor.

[37] In an exemplary automatic configuration, the system includes an

imaging station, having an imaging device such as a high speed line scanning

camera. The imaging station scans each mail piece to detect information

regarding the destination for each piece. The system analyzes the image data to determine the destination information and then electronically tags the mail piece with the destination and sorts the piece accordingly. An example of a system having an automated imaging station for scanning pieces as they are conveyed is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/904,471, filed July 13,

2001, which was published January 16, 2003 under Publication No. US 2003

0014376 Al, and which is incorporated herein by reference.

[38] Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate such an automated system. The input station

includes an input bin 55 for receiving a stack of mail. A feeder 60 in the input

bin serially feeds mail pieces from the input bin to a conveyor 65. An imaging

station 70 positioned along the conveyor scans the mails pieces as the pieces

are conveyed to the loading station 310. The system 10 analyzes the image

data to read information for the mail piece, such as the recipient's address.

[39] The conveyor 65 conveys the mail piece to the loading station 310. At

the loading station the conveyor 65 conveys the mail piece onto a car 200. As

discussed further below, after the mail piece is loaded onto the car, the car

moves away from the loading station and another car moves into position at the

loading station to receive the next piece of mail.

[40] In certain instances, the system may not be able to automatically identify the relevant information for a mail piece. To process such pieces, the system may include an operator to input the relevant information so that the mail piece can be sorted. For instance, the system may include an operator station having an input device and a display, such as a monitor. If the system cannot automatically determine the address within a pre-determined time period, the system displays the scanned images for the mail piece to the monitor so that the operator at the work station can view the images and manually enter the information using the input device.

[41] In addition to the automated and manual systems described above, the

system may be configured in a hybrid or semi-automated configuration having

some operations performed manually and others automated. For instance, the

system may include a manual input station that also has an imaging station.

Since the system can handle a wide variety of items, it may be desirable to have

an operator input the pieces manually so that the pieces are properly oriented

and separated. The imaging station then scans the items and processes the

imaging data to determine the address information for the pieces. Additionally,

the operator station may include an input device and a display for inputting

information if the address for a piece cannot be automatically determined, as

discussed above. The operator can input the information as soon as the system

indicates to the operator that it cannot determine the information for a piece.

Alternatively, as discussed below, the car may be directed to a buffer if the information for a piece cannot be determined. In such an instance, the cars having such pieces will remain in the buffer while the system continues to process pieces for which the system can determine the relevant information.

The operator can continue to manually drop pieces and wait until a number of

pieces need manual keying of information. The operator can then switch from

the operation of dropping pieces to the operation of manually keying the pieces,

sometimes referred to as local video encoding (LVE). The operator can

continue keying until some or all of the pieces in the buffer have been

successfully coded, and then the operator can go back to the operation of

manually dropping pieces. As yet another alternative, it may be desirable to

incorporate a separate operator station having the input device and display so

that one operator can input the mail at the input station and a separate operator

can input the information for pieces having addresses that cannot be

automatically determined.

[42] As can be seen from the foregoing, the input station 50 may be

configured in a wide range of options. The options are not limited to those

configurations described above, and may include additional features, such as an

automated scale for weighing each piece, a labeler for selectively applying

labels to the mail pieces and a printer for printing information on the mail pieces

or on the labels.

[43] Additionally, in the foregoing description, the system is described as

having a single input station 50. However, it may be desirable to incorporate a

plurality of input stations positioned along the system 10. By using a plurality of

input stations, the feed rate of pieces may be increased. In addition, the input

stations may be configured to process different types of items. In this way, each

input station could be configured to efficiently process a particular category of

items. For instance, if the system is configured to process documents, such as

mail, one input station may be configured to process standard envelopes, while

another input station may be configured to process larger mails, such as flats.

Similarly, one input station may be configured to automatically process mail by

scanning it and automatically determining the recipient. The second input

station may be configured to process rejects, such as by manually keying in

information regarding the recipient.

SORTING STATION

[44] Referring to Figs. 1-6, the system includes a sorting station 100, such as

an array of bins 190 for receiving the pieces. In the present instance, the sorting

station includes a number of bins arranged in columns. Additionally, the sorting

station 100 includes a track 110 for guiding the cars 200 to the bins 190.

[45] The track 110 includes a horizontal upper rail 135 and a horizontal lower rail 140. A plurality of vertical legs 130 extend between the upper horizontal leg and the lower horizontal leg 140. During transport, the cars travel up a pair of vertical legs from the loading station 310 to the upper rail 135 (as described below, the cars actually travel up two pairs of rails because the track includes a forward track and a parallel opposing track). The car then travels along the upper rail until reaching the column having the appropriate bin. The car then travels downwardly along two front vertical posts and two parallel rear posts until reaching the appropriate bin, and then discharges the mail piece into the bin.

The car then continues down the vertical legs until reaching the lower horizontal

leg 140. The car then follows the lower rail back toward the loading station.

[46] As can be seen in Fig. 2, the track 110 includes a front track 115 and a

rear track 120. The front and rear tracks 115, 120 are parallel tracks that

cooperate to guide the cars around the track. As shown in Fig. 13, each of the

cars includes four wheels 220: two forward wheel and two rearward wheels.

The forward wheels 220 ride in the front track, while the rearward wheel ride in

the rear track. It should be understood that in the discussion of the track the

front and rear tracks 115, 120 are similarly configured opposing tracks that

support the forward and rearward wheels 220 of the cars. Accordingly, a

description of a portion of either the front or rear track also applies to the

opposing front or rear track.

[47] Referring to Fig. 18 the details of the track will be described in greater

detail. The track 110 includes an outer wall 152 and an inner wall 154 that is

spaced apart from the outer wall and parallel to the outer wall. The track also

has a back wall 160 extending between the inner and outer walls. As can be

seen in Fig. 18, the outer and inner walls 152, 154 and the back wall form a

channel. The wheels 220 of the car ride in this channel.

[48] Referring to Fig. 11, the track includes both a drive surface 156 and a

guide surface 158. The drive surface positively engages the cars to enable the

car to travel along the track. The guide surface 158 guides the car, maintaining

the car in operative engagement with the drive surface 156. In the present

instance, the drive surface is formed of a series of teeth, forming a rack that

engages the wheels of the cars as described further below. The guide surface

158 is a generally flat surface adjacent the rack 156. The rack 156 extends

approximately halfway across the track and the guide surface 158 extends

across the other half of the track. As shown in Figs. 11 and 18, the rack 156 is

formed on the inner wall 154 of the track. The opposing outer wall 152 is a

generally flat surface parallel to the guide surface 158 of the inner wall.

[49] As described above, the track includes a plurality of vertical legs

extending between the horizontal upper and lower rails 135, 140. An

intersection 170 is formed at each section of the track at which one of the vertical legs intersects one of the horizontal legs. Each intersection includes an inner branch 172 that is curved and an outer branch 176 that is generally straight.

Fig. 10 illustrates both a right-hand intersection 170c and a left-hand intersection

170, which are mirrors of one another. In Fig. 10, the intersections 170c, 170d

illustrate the portion of the track in which two vertical legs 130 intersect the upper

horizontal leg 135. The intersections of the vertical legs with the lower rail

incorporate similar intersections, except the intersections are reversed.

Specifically, the point at which vertical leg 130c intersects the lower rail

incorporates an intersection configured similar to intersection 170d, and the point

at which vertical leg 130d intersects the lower rail incorporates an intersection

configured similar to intersection 170c.

[50] Each intersection 170 includes a pivotable gate 180 that has a smooth

curved inner race and a flat outer race that has teeth that correspond to the teeth

of the drive surface 156 for the track. The gate 180 pivots between a first position

and a second position. In the first position, the gate 180 is closed so that the

straight outer race 184 of the gate is aligned with the straight outer branch 176 of

the intersection. In the second position, the gate is open so that the curved inner

race 182 of the gate is aligned with the curved branch 172 of the intersection.

[51] Accordingly, in the closed position, the gate is pivoted downwardly so that the outer race 184 of the gate aligns with the drive surface 156. In this position, the gate blocks the car from turning down the curved portion, so that the car continues straight through the intersection. In contrast, as illustrated n

Fig. 10, when the gate is pivoted into the open position, the gate blocks the car

from going straight through the intersection. Instead, the curved inner race 182

of the gate aligns with the curved surface of the inner branch 172 and the car

turns through the intersection. In other words, when the gate is closed, a car

goes straight through the intersection along either the upper rail 130 or the lower

rail, depending on the location of the intersection. When the gate is opened, the

gate directs the car from either a vertical rail to a horizontal rail or from a

horizontal rail to a vertical rail, depending on the location of the intersection.

[52] As can be seen in Fig. 11, the end of the gate remote from the pivot

point of the gate flares outwardly so that the curved inner race matches the

curved profile of the inner branch when the gate is open. As a result, the gate

has a generally L-shaped configuration. To accommodate the flared end of the

gate 180, the drive surface 156 of the inner branch has a notch or recessed

portion. When the gate is closed, the notch provides clearance so that the outer

race 184 of the gate lies flat, parallel with the drive surface of the outer branch

176. Further, in the example shown in Fig. 11, the gate is positioned along the

upper rail 135 of the track 110. When the gate is closed, the recess in the inner

branch of the intersection 170 allows the gate to lie flat so that it is aligned with the drive surface of the upper rail.

[53] In the foregoing description, the gates allow one of the cars to either

continue in the same direction (e.g. horizontally) or turn in one direction (e.g.

vertically). However, in some applications, the system may include more than

two horizontal rails that intersect the vertical columns. In such a configuration, it

may be desirable to include a different rail that allows the cars to turn in more

than one direction. For instance, if a car is traveling down a column, the gate

may allow the car to turn either left or right down a horizontal rail, or travel

straight through along the vertical column. Additionally, in some applications it

may be desirable to allow the cars to travel upwardly, whereas in the system

described above, the cars only travel downwardly through the sorting station. If

the cars also travel upwardly in the sorting station, then the gates should be

configured to accommodate and guide the cars when the cars travel upwardly

through an intersection.

[54] The gates 180 are controlled by signals received from the central

controller 350. Specifically, each gate is connected with an actuator 186 that

displaces the gate from the opened position to the closed position and back.

There may be any of a variety of controllable elements operable to displace the

gate. In the present instance, the actuator 186 is a solenoid having a linearly

displaceable piston.

[55] In the foregoing description, the sorting station 100 is described as a

plurality of output bins 190. However, it should be understood that the system

may include a variety of types of destinations, not simply output bins. For

instance, in certain applications it may be desirable to sort items to a storage

area, such as an area on a storage shelf. Alternatively, the destination may be

an output device that conveys items to other locations. According to one

example of an output device, the system may include one or more output

conveyors that convey pieces away from the sorting system toward a different

material handling or processing system. For instance, an output conveyor

designated A may convey pieces to a processing center designated A.

Therefore, if a piece is to be delivered to processing center A, the car will travel

along the track to output conveyor A. Once the car reaches output conveyor A,

the car will stop and transfer the piece onto output conveyor A. Output conveyor

A will then convey the piece to processing center A. Further, it should be

understood that the system may be configured to include a plurality of output

devices, such as output conveyors.

[56] In some embodiments, the system may include a plurality of output

conveyors in addition to the output bins. In other embodiments, the system may

only include a plurality of output devices, such as conveyors, and the system is

configured to sort the pieces to the various output devices. Further still, the

system may be configured to retrieve pieces from storage locations. In such

embodiments, the cars may sort pieces to a storage location, such as a bin.

Subsequently, one of the cars may travel to the storage location and retrieve the

item from the storage location and transport it to one of the output devices.

[57] One manner that the cars may retrieve items from the storage locations

is by including a conveyor at the storage locations. In this way, an item at a

storage location can be conveyed by the conveyor toward the track. When a car

arrives at the storage location, the conveyor at the storage location conveys the

item onto the car, similar to the manner in which a piece is loaded onto the car

at the loading column. Accordingly, the system can sort pieces to a plurality of

output devices, in addition to sorting pieces to a plurality of storage locations

before subsequently retrieving the pieces and conveying the pieces to the output

devices.

[58] As discussed above, the system is operable to sort a variety of items to

a plurality of destinations. One type of destination is a bin; a second type is a

shelf or other location on which the item is to be stored; and a third type of

destination is an output device that may be used to convey the item to a different

location. The system may include one or more of each of these types or other

types of destinations.

Delivery Vehicles

[59] Referring now to Figs. 12-17, the details of the delivery vehicles 200 will

be described in greater detail. Each delivery vehicle is a semi-autonomous car

having an onboard drive system, including an onboard power supply. Each car

includes a mechanism for loading and unloading items for delivery.

[60] The car 200 may incorporate any of a variety of mechanisms for loading

an item onto the car and discharging the item from the car into one of the bins.

Additionally, the loading/unloading mechanism 210 may be specifically tailored

for a particular application. However, in the present instance, the

loading/unloading mechanism 210 is a conveyor belt. Specifically, referring to

Fig. 12, the loading/unloading mechanism includes a plurality of narrow belts

212 that extend along the top surface of the car. The conveyor belts are

reversible. Driving the belts in a first direction displaces the item toward the

rearward end of the car; driving the belt in a second direction displaces the item

toward the forward end of the car.

[61] A conveyor motor 255 mounted on the underside of the car drives the

conveyor belts 212. Specifically, the conveyor belts 212 are entrained around a

forward roller 213 at the forward edge of the car, and a rearward roller at the

rearward edge of the car. The conveyor motor 255 is connected with the

forward roller 213 to drive the forward roller, thereby operating the conveyor belts.

[62] The car includes four wheels 220 that are used to transport the car

along the track 110. The wheels 220 are mounted onto two parallel spaced

apart axles 215, so that two or the wheels are disposed along the forward edge

of the car and two of the wheels are disposed along the rearward edge of the

car.

[63] Referring to Fig. 18, each wheel comprises an inner idler roller 224 and

an outer gear 222 that cooperates with the drive surface 156 of the track. The

idler roller 224 rotates freely relative to the axles, while the outer gear is fixed

relative to the axle onto which it is mounted. In this way, rotating the axle

operates to rotate the gear 222. Additionally, the idler roller is sized to have a

diameter slightly smaller than the distance between the upper wall 152 and the

lower wall 154 of the track. In this way, the idler roller may rotate freely within

the track, while ensuring that the gear 222 of each wheel remains in operative

engagement with the drive surface (i.e. the teeth) 156 of the track. Accordingly,

when the vehicle is moving horizontally, the rollers carry the weight of the cart,

while the gears 222 cooperate with the drive surface 156 of the track to drive the

vehicle along the track.

[64] The car includes an onboard motor 250 for driving the wheels 220.

More specifically, the drive motor 250 is operatively connected with the axles to

rotate the axles 215, which in turn rotates the gears 222 of the wheels. As

shown in Fig. 16, the drive motor 250 is interconnected to the axles 215 via a

pair of drive belts 254 that are driven by the drive motor.

[65] The drive system for the car may be configured to synchronously drive

the car along the track. In the present instance, the drive system is configured

so that each gear is driven in a synchronous manner. Specifically, each gear

222 is connected to an end of one of the axles in a manner that substantially

impedes rotation of the gear relative to the axle. In this way each axle drives the

attached two gears in a synchronous manner. Additionally, in the present

instance, both axles are driven in a synchronous manner so that all four gears

are driven in a synchronous manner. There are various mechanisms that can

be used to synchronously drive the axles. For instance, a pair of drive motors

can be used to drive the axles, and the drive motors can be synchronized.

However, in the present instance, a single drive motor 250 is used to drive both

axles. Each axle includes a timing pulley 226 that is rigidly connected to the

axle to prevent rotation of the pulley relative to the axle. Similarly, a timing

pulley 228 is connected to the motor shaft. The drive belt 254 connecting the

timing pulley 226 on the axle with the motor is a timing belt so that the rotation of

the drive motor is precisely linked to the rotation of the axle. Although a single

timing belt can be used to drive both axles synchronously, in the present instance, a pair of timing pulleys is connected to the motor shaft, and each timing pulley is connected to a corresponding timing pulley on one of the axles, as shown in Fig. 16.

[66] The drive motor 250 includes a sensor that is operable to detect the

rotation of the motor to thereby determine the distance the car has traveled.

Since the gears 222 are rigidly connected with the axles, which are in turn

synchronously connected with the drive motor, the forward distance that the car

moves corresponds can be exactly controlled to correlate to the distance that

the drive motor is displaced. Accordingly, the distance that a car has traveled

along the determined path depends on the distance through which the car motor

is rotated.

[67] To detect the rotation of the drive motor 250, the motor includes a

sensor 252 for detecting the amount of rotation of the drive motor. In the

present instance the sensor 252 is a hall sensor. A portion of rotation of the

motor corresponds to what is referred to as a tick. The sensor detects the

number of ticks and sends a signal to the central processor 350, which

determines how far along the designate path the car has traveled based on the

known information regarding the path and the number of ticks that the sensor

detects for the motor.

[68] As the car travels along the track, an item on top of the car may tend to

fall off the car, especially as the car accelerates and decelerates. Therefore, in

the present instance, the car includes a retainer 230 to retain the element on the

car during delivery. As illustrated in Figs. 12-17, the retainer 230 is a hold down

that clamps the item against the top surface of the car.

[69] The retainer includes an elongated pivotable arm 232. A biasing

element, such as a spring, biases the arm downwardly against the top surface of

the retainer 230. The retainer 230 further includes an operator 234 in the form

of a tab. Pushing downwardly on the tab raises the clamp from the top surface

of the conveyor to allow a piece to be loaded onto the car or discharged from the

car.

[70] The car 200 may be powered by an external power supply, such as a

contact along the rail that provides the electric power needed to drive the car.

However, in the present instance, the car includes an onboard power source

240 that provides the requisite power for both the drive motor 250 and the

conveyor motor 255. Additionally, in the present instance, the power supply is

rechargeable. Although the power supply may include a known power source,

such as a rechargeable battery, in the present instance, the power supply 240 is made up of one or more ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitors are extremely high energy density capacitors. Capacitors store electrical energy by physically separating positive and negative charges, in contrast to the chemical means a battery uses. Ultracapacitors rely on an electrostatic effect, which is physical rather than chemical, and highly reversible. The ultracapacitors can accept very high amperage to recharge the ultracapacitors. By using a high current, the ultracapacitors can be recharged in a very short time, such as a few seconds or less.

[71] The car includes one or more contacts for recharging the power source

240. In the present instance, the car includes a plurality of brushes 245, such as

copper brushes that are spring-loaded so that the brushes are biased outwardly.

The brushes 245 cooperate with a charging rail in the loading station to recharge

the power source, as described further below.

[72] Each car includes at least one and preferably two load sensors for

detecting the items as it is loaded onto the car. The sensor(s) ensure that the

mail piece is properly positioned on the car. In the present instance, the car

includes a forward loading sensor 260 and a rearward loading sensor 262. The

forward loading sensor detects the leading edge of the item as it is loaded onto

the car. The forward loading sensor 260 also detects the trailing edge of the item to ensure that the entire length of the item is loaded onto the car. Similarly, the rearward sensor 262 detects the leading edge and in certain instances, may detect the trailing edge of the mail piece. The loading sensors 260, 262 may be simple I/R sensors that detect the presence or absence of a document or mail piece.

[73] Although the car operates in response to signals received from the

central controller 350, which tracks the location of each car, the car may also

include a reader 265 for reading indicia along the track to confirm the position of

the car. For instance, each bin may be assigned a unique bar code, and the

forward reader may scan the track or other area around the bin 190 at which an

item is to be delivered. The data that the central processor has regarding the

path that the car is to follow and the data regarding the distance the car has

traveled based on the data regarding the rotation of the drive motor 250 should

be sufficient to determine whether the car 200 is positioned at the appropriate

bin. Nonetheless, it may be desirable to double check the location of the car

before the item is discharged into the appropriate bin. Therefore, the scanner

may operate to scan and read information regarding the bin at which the car is

stopped. If the scanned data indicates that the bin is the appropriate bin, then

the car discharges its item into the bin. Similarly, the car may have a second

reader 266 for reading indicia adjacent the rearward edge of the car. The

second reader 266 may be used in applications in which the system is set up to utilize a first series of bins 190 along the forward side and a second series of bins along the rearward side of the track 110.

[74] In foregoing description, the cars have drive gears that interact with

teeth in the track to guide the cars around the track. Additionally, as described

further below in the operation section, the location of the car may be controlled

based on information regarding how far the car has traveled. In such

applications it is desirable to synchronize the drive wheels of the car. However,

in some applications alternative control systems may be used. For instance, the

location of the cars can be controlled based on signals from sensors positioned

along the track or indicators positioned along the track. In such instances, the

cars may be configured to use a drive mechanism that is not synchronous as

described above.

[75] As discussed further below, the car further includes a processor for

controlling the operation of the car in response to signals received from the

central processor. Additionally, the car includes a wireless transceiver so that

the car can continuously communicate with the central processor as it travels

along the track. Alternatively, in some applications, it may be desirable to

incorporate a plurality of sensors or indicators positioned along the track. The

car may include a reader for sensing the sensor signals and/or the indicators, as

well as a central processor for controlling the operation of the vehicle in response to the sensors or indicators.

LOADING COLUMN

[76] Referring now to Figs. 6-7 the details of the loading column 300 will be

described in greater detail. The loading column 300 is formed adjacent the

output end of the input station 50. The loading column 300 is formed of a front

pair of vertical rails 305a, 305b and a corresponding rearward set of vertical

rails. The loading station 310 is positioned along the loading column. The

loading station 310 is the position along the track in which the car 200 is aligned

with the discharge end of the conveyor of the input station 50. In this way, a

mail piece from the input station may be loaded onto the car as it is conveyed

toward the car from the input station.

[77] Although the central processor 350 tracks the position of the car, a

home sensor 312 is positioned adjacent the loading station 310. When the

home sensor detects the car, the position for the car is known relative to a fixed

point along the track, and the central processor resets the position of the car to

the home or zero position.

[78] Referring to Fig. 7, a pair of charging rails are disposed along the vertical rails 305a, 305b. The charging rails are conductive strips connected with an electrical supply. The charging contacts 245 of the car 200 engage the conductive strips to recharge the ultracapacitors 240. Specifically, the biasing element of the brushes 245 biases the brushes outwardly toward the charging contacts. The electricity flowing through the charging contact 245 is a high amperage, low voltage source that allows the ultracapacitors to recharge in a few seconds or less. In addition, since the power supply provided by the ultracapacitors last for only a few minutes, the car recharges each time it travels through the loading column.

[79] Additionally, it may be desirable to incorporate a startup charging rail

similar to the charging rails described above, but disposed along either the

return rail or the rails in the column adjacent to the loading column, depending

on where the cars are stored when the cars are shut down. Since the cars use

ultracapacitors, it is possible that the ultracapacitors will discharge while the

system is shut down. Therefore, upon startup the cars will not have any charge

and will not be able to move to the loading column to charge the ultracapacitors.

Accordingly, the system may include a startup charging rail disposed along a rail

that the cars contact when the cars are stored during shutdown. If the cars are

stored in the loading column and the adjacent column during shutdown, then the

startup rail is disposed in the column adjacent the loading column. Alternatively,

if the cars are stored on the return rail and the loading column during shutdown, then the startup rail is disposed along the return rail. In this way, when the system is started, a charging current is supplied to the cars through the startup charging rail and the charging rail in the loading column.

[80] As discussed previously, each car 200 includes a retainer 230 to hold

down items on the car during transport. The retainer should be opened at the

loading station to allow an item to be loaded onto the car. Accordingly, as

shown in Fig. 6, an actuator 316 is positioned along the column. The actuator

316 projects inwardly toward the cars as the cars are conveyed up the loading

column. As a car is conveyed upwardly in the loading column 300, the hold

down actuator 316 contacts the hold down operator or tab 236. The interaction

between the actuator 316 and the tab 236 causes the retainer to open, so that

items can be loaded onto the car. As the car moves upwardly past the actuator

316, the tab 236 on the car disengages the actuator, thereby releasing the

retainer, thereby holding down or clamping the mail piece against the top

surface of the vehicle.

[81] In the foregoing description, the loading station has been described as a

column in which an item is loaded onto the car and the car then travels upwardly

to the horizontal upper rail 135. However, in some applications in may be

desirable to configure the loading station so that the items are loaded onto the

cars at or near the top of the vertical column. In such an application, the load on the cars would be reduced since the car will not have to lift the item loaded on the car. In order to load the items on the cars at the top of the conveyor, a vertical conveyor may be added to the system. For instance, a conveyor angled upwardly may convey the items upwardly to the top of the column to load the items onto the cars. Alternatively, one or more of a variety of conveyor configurations can be used to transport to items toward the top of the loading column to load the items onto the cars.

Operation

[82] The system 10 operates as follows. An item is processed at the input

station 50 to identify a characteristic of the piece that is indicative of where the

piece should be sorted. For instance, the item may be a mail piece that is to be

sorted according to department, box number or recipient. If the mail pieces are

sorted by department, the piece may be processed to identify either an indicator

of the department (such as box number) or the piece may be processed to

identify the recipient. The central controller maintains a database that correlates

various data to identify the destination bin. For instance, the database may

correlate the recipient names with the appropriate department if the mail is being

sorted according to department. In other embodiments, the piece may be a part

that has a product code and the database may correlate the product code with

the sort location.

[83] As discussed previously, the input station may process the items

automatically or manually. In a manual mode, the operator manually enters

information regarding a piece and then drops the piece on a conveyor. The

system electronically tags the piece with the sort information and the conveyor

conveys the piece toward the loading station. Alternatively, if the input system is

an automated system, the piece is automatically scanned to identify the relevant

sort characteristic. For instance, the input station may use a scanner, such as a

bar code scanner to read the postnet code on a piece, or the input station may

include an imaging device, such as a high speed line scan camera in

combination with an OCR engine to read information on the piece.

[84] To prepare to receive an item, a car 200 moves along the track toward

the loading station 310 in the loading column 300. As the car approaches the

loading station, the operator 236 for the hold down 230 engages the actuator

316, which pivots the hold down upwardly to prepare the car to receive an item,

as illustrated in Fig. 6. When the car 200 moves into position at the loading

station 310 the home sensor detects the presence of the car and sends a signal

to the central processor 350 indicating that the car is positioned at the loading

station. In the following description, the item being sorted is described as being

a mail piece. It should be understood that such an item is an exemplary

application of the system. As described above, the system can be configured to sort a variety of items in a variety of material handling applications.

[85] Once the car is positioned at the loading station, the input station

conveys a mail piece onto the car. As the mail piece is being conveyed onto the

car 200, the loading mechanism 210 on the car loads the mail piece onto the

car. Specifically, the input station conveys the mail piece into contact with the

conveyor belts 212 on the car. The conveyor belts 212 rotate toward the

rearward side of the car, thereby driving the mail piece rearwardly on the car.

[86] The operation of the conveyor belts is controlled by the loading sensors

260, 262. The forward loading sensor detects the leading edge of the mail piece

as the mail piece is loaded onto the car. Once the forward loading sensor 260

detects the trailing edge of the mail piece, a controller onboard the car

determines that the mail piece is loaded on the car and stops the conveyor

motor. Additionally, the onboard controller may control the operation of the

conveyor in response to signals received from the rearward sensor 262.

Specifically, if the rearward sensor 262 detects the leading edge of the mail

piece, then the leading edge of the mail piece is adjacent the rearward edge of

the car. To ensure that the mail piece does not overhang from the rearward

edge of the car, the controller may stop the conveyor once the rearward sensor

detects the leading edge of the mail piece. However, if the rearward sensor

detects the leading edge of the mail piece before the forward sensor detects the trailing edge of the mail piece, the controller may determine that there is a problem with the mail piece (i.e. it is too long or two overlapping mail pieces were fed onto the car. In such an instance, the car may communicate an error message with the central controller, which may declare an error and provide an indicator to the operator that the car at the loading station requires attention.

Alternatively, a reject bin 325 may be positioned behind the loading station so

that mail pieces on the car at the loading station can be ejected into the reject

bin 325. In this way, if there is an error loading a mail piece onto a car, the mail

piece can simply be ejected into the reject bin, and a subsequent mail piece can

be loaded onto the car.

[87] After a mail piece is loaded onto the car, the car moves away from the

loading station. Specifically, once the onboard controller detects that a mail

piece is properly loaded onto the car, the onboard controller sends a signal to

start the drive motor 250. The drive motor 250 rotates the axles, which in turn

rotates the gears 222 on the wheels 220. The gears 222 mesh with the drive

surface 156 of the vertical rails 305 in the loading column to drive the car

upwardly. Specifically, the gears and the drive surfaces mesh and operate as a

rack and pinion mechanism, translating the rotational motion of the wheels into

linear motion along the track 110.

[88] Since the cars move up the loading column from the loading station, the destination for the car does not need to be determined until after the car reaches the first gate along the upper rail 135. For instance, if an automated system is used at the input station to scan and determine the characteristic used to sort the mail pieces, it may take some processing time to determine the relevant characteristic. The time that it takes to convey the mail piece onto the car and then convey the car up the loading column will typically be sufficient time to determine the relevant characteristic for the mail piece. However, if the characteristic is not determined by the time the car reaches the upper rail, the car may be directed down the second column, which is the column next to the loading column. The car travels down the second column to the lower rail 140, and then back to the loading column. The car may stop in the second column to provide additional time to determine the characteristic. However, after waiting for a pre-determined period the system may declare that the address cannot be determined and the car may be advanced from the second column and the piece may be discharged to a reject bin. Alternatively, rather than declare an error the car may continue to travel around the loop from the loading column to the second column until the characteristic is determined or until a predetermined time at which the central controller declares an error. Additionally, rather than using the reject bin when the system is unable to determine the characteristic for a mail piece, one of the bins in the second column can also be used as a reject bin. In this way, the cars are ready to receive a mail piece as soon as the car reaches the loading station, without having to eject the problem mail piece into the reject bin 325 at the loading station.

[89] As described above, the system includes a loop that can be utilized as a

buffer track to provide additional processing time to analyze the characteristic for

the mail piece if necessary. Although the first and second columns can be used

as the buffer loop, other columns can be used as a buffer loop if desired.

[90] The foregoing discussion described the process for buffering a car if the

system is unable to determine the characteristic for the mail piece by the time

the car reaches the top rail. However, for most mail pieces, the system should

be able to identify the characteristic without having to buffer the car. The

following discussion describes the operation of the system assuming that the

characteristic for the mail piece is determined before the car reaches the upper

rail 135.

[91] Once the characteristic for the mail piece is determined, the central

controller 350 determines the appropriate bin 190 for the mail piece. Based on

the location of the bin for the mail piece, the route for the car is determined.

Specifically, the central controller determines the route for the car and

communicates information to the car regarding the bin into which the mail piece

is to be delivered. The central controller then controls the gates along the track to direct the car to the appropriate column. Once the car reaches the appropriate column the car moves down the column to the appropriate bin. The car stops at the appropriate bin 190 and the onboard controller sends an appropriate signal to the conveyor motor 255 to drive the conveyor belts 212, which drives the mail piece forwardly to discharge the mail piece into the bin.

Specifically, the top of the car aligns with the gap between the appropriate bin

190 and the bottom edge of the bin that is immediately above the appropriate

bin.

[92] As discussed above, the central controller 350 controls the operation of

the gates 180 in response to the location of the car 200 and the route that the

car is to follow to deliver the mail piece. Additionally, as discussed below, the

central controller controls the gates in response to the position of other cars on

the track.

[93] As the car 200 travels along the upper rail 135 and approaches a

column, the gates for the vertical rails 130 are controlled as follows. If the car is

to pass over the column on the way to the next column, the gates are displaced

into the closed position, as shown in Fig. 9. Specifically, both gates at the top of

the column are closed so that the outer race 184 of the gate aligns with the

straight track, with the outer race aligning with the drive surface 156 of the track

110. In this way, the gates provide a straight drive surface that cooperates with the drive surface 156 to allow the car to travel over the column.

[94] When the car comes to a column that it is to turn down, the gates are

controlled as follows. Referring to Fig. 5, the columns can be seen without the bins

attached. The view in Fig. 5 is from the front of the apparatus 10, so the car will be

traveling along the upper rail from the right to the left in the perspective of Fig. 5. In

the following discussion, the car is to be conveyed to a bin in the column

designated C in Fig. 5. Column C includes two pairs of vertical legs. The first pair

is front and back vertical legs 130c on the left side of column C; the second pair is

front and back vertical legs 130d on the right side of column C.

[95] In order for the car to travel down column C, the wheels on the left side

of the car must travel down legs 130c and the right side wheels must travel down

legs 130d. Therefore, as the car approaches column C, the gates at the top of

130d are displaced to the closed position so that the left side wheels remain on the

upper rail and pass over the right side legs 130d. After the left side wheels of the

car pass over the right legs 130c, the gates 180 at the top of the right legs 130d

are displaced into the open position so that the right side wheels can turn down

legs 130d. Specifically, after the left side wheels pass right legs 130d, the central

controller operates the solenoids 186 of the gates 180 at the top of legs 130 to

displace the gates into the open position, as shown in

Fig. 8 (note that the view in Fig. 8 is taken from the rear side of the apparatus so

that the perspective of the gates is reversed relative to the front side). The gates

180 block the straight path through the intersection 170 and the curved inner race

182 of the gates direct the right side wheels down vertical legs 130d. Similarly, the

gates 180 at the top of the left side legs 130c are displaced into the open position

to direct the left side wheels down vertical legs 130c.

[96] As the car approaches the intersections at the bottom of legs 130c and

130d, the gates are operated similarly to the above description, but in reverse.

Specifically, as the car approaches the intersections 170 at the bottom of legs

130c and 130d, the gates 180 in the intersections are displaced into the opened

position so that the gates direct the forward and leading wheels to turn down the

lower rail. From the perspective of Fig. 5, the car travels from left to right after the

car reaches the lower rail. After the car passes though the intersections at the

bottom of the rails 130c, 130d, the gates at the bottom of right side legs 130d are

displaced into the closed position before the left side wheels of the car reach the

intersection at the bottom of the right side legs 130d. In this way, the left side

wheels of the car pass straight through the intersection at the bottom of legs 130d

along the bottom rail 140.

[97] As discussed above, the central controller 350 controls the operation of

the gates in response to the position of the car and more specifically in response to the position of the left hand and right hand wheels of the car. The gates are fired sequentially to ensure that the different pairs of wheels are directed down the proper vertical legs. Alternatively, the operation of the gates may be controlled by signals received from the cars. Specifically, the cars may include a transmitter that transmits a signal to the central controller indicating that it is in proximity to a gate that is to be fired. Further still, the car may include an indicator that may be scanned as the car approaches the gate. Based on the indicator and the know destination for the car, the gate may fire. Still further, the car may include an mechanical actuator that selectively triggers or actuates a gate to appropriately direct the car.

[98] One of the advantages of the system as described above is that the

orientation of the cars does not substantially change as the cars move from

travelling horizontally (along the upper or lower rails) to vertically (down one of

the columns). Specifically, when a car is travelling horizontally, the two front

geared wheels 220 cooperate with the upper or lower horizontal rail 135 or 140

of the front track 115, and the two rear geared wheels 220 cooperate with the

corresponding upper or lower rail 135 or 140 of the rear track 120. As the car

passes through a gate and then into a column, the two front geared wheels

engage a pair of vertical legs 130 in the front track 115, and the two rear geared

wheels engage the corresponding vertical legs in the rear track 120.

[99] As the car travels from the horizontal rails to the vertical columns or from vertical to horizontal, the tracks allow all four geared wheels to be positioned at the same height. In this way, as the car travels along the track it does not skew or tilt as it changes between moving horizontally and vertically. Additionally, it may be desirable to configure the cars with a single axle. In such a configuration, the car would be oriented generally vertically as opposed to the generally horizontal orientation of the cars described above. In the single axle configuration, the weight of the cars would maintain the orientation of the cars.

However, when using a single axle car, the orientation of the sort locations

would be re-configured to accommodate the vertical orientation of the cars.

Similarly, the loading station would also be re-configured to load the pieces onto

the cars in the vertical orientation.

Traffic Control

[100] Since the system includes a number of cars 200, the system

controls the operation of the different cars to ensure the cars do not collide into

one another. In the following discussion, this is referred to as traffic control.

[101] A variety of methodologies can be used for traffic control. For

instance, the traffic control can be a distributed system in which each car

monitors its position relative to adjacent cars and the onboard controller controls

the car accordingly. One example of such as system utilizes proximity sensors on each car. If the proximity sensor for a car detects a car within a predefined distance ahead of the car, the onboard controller for the trailing car may control the car by slowing down or stopping the trailing car. Similarly, if a car detects a car within a predefined distance behind the car, the lead car may speed up unless the lead car detects a car ahead of it within the predefined distance. In this way, the cars may control the speed of the cars independently based on the feedback from the proximity sensors.

[102] Although the system may use a distributed system for traffic

control, in the present instance, the system uses a centralized system for traffic

control. Specifically, the central controller 350 tracks the position of each car

200 and provides traffic control signals to each car based on the position of each

car relative to adjacent cars and based on the route for each car.

[103] In the present instance, the central controller 350 operates as the

traffic controller, continuously communicating with the cars as the cars travel

along the track 110. For each car, the central controller determines the distance

that each car can travel, and communicates this information with the cars. For

instance, if car B is following car A along the track, and car A is at point A, car B

can safely travel to a point just before point A without crashing into car A. As car

A advances to a subsequent point B along the track, car B can travel safely to a point just before point B without crashing into car A.

[104] The cars continuously communicate with the central controller to

provide information indicative of their positions, so that the central controller can

continuously update the safe distances for each car as the cars advance around

the track.

[105] Although the foregoing discussion is limited to determining safe

zones based on the positions of the various cars on the track, the determination

of safe zones is based on other factors that affect the traffic. For instance, when

calculating the safe distance for a car, the central controller considers the

distance between the car and the next gate, as well as the distance to the

destination bin for the car.

[106] As can be seen from the foregoing, increasing the frequency of

communication between the cars and the central controller increases the

efficiency of the traffic flow along the track. Accordingly, in the present instance,

the traffic control is designed to communicate with a car once for every inch the

car travels along the track. Therefore, if a car travels at 25 inches per second,

the central controller communicates with the car every 40 msec. Further, it is

desirable to have the cars travel at up to 50 inch/sec. Therefore, it is desirable to configure the communications to allow the cars to communicate with the central controller every 20 msec.

[107] In addition, to the foregoing variables used to calculate safe

distances, information regarding the track profile ahead of each car is used to

calculate safe distances. For instance, the central controller determines whether

the path ahead of a car is sideways movement, uphill movement (i.e. movement

vertically upwardly) or downhill movement (i.e. movement vertically

downwardly).

[108] One of the issues in traffic control relates to merging at

intersections 170. The problem arises when a car needs to merge onto the

return rail 140. If two cars will arrive at the intersection close enough to collide,

one of the cars needs to have priority and the other car needs to wait or slow

down to allow the first car to go through.

[109] A first method for controlling merging traffic is based on

determining the next gap large enough for a car to have time to pass through an

intersection without colliding with another car. In other words, if a first car

approaches an intersection and it is determined that the gap between the first

car and a second car is not sufficient for the first car to pass through, the first car waits at the intersection until there is a gap large enough to allow the first car to pass through.

[110] A second method for controlling merging traffic is based on

determining which car is closest to the homing sensor at the loading station 310.

The car with the shortest distance to the homing sensor gets priority at the

intersection.

[111] Another factor that the traffic controller considers when calculating

safe distances relates to the position of cars in adjacent columns. In the present

instance, most of the adjacent columns share a common vertical rail. For instance,

in Fig. 5, the leftmost column uses vertical rails 130a and 130b. The column next

to the leftmost column uses vertical rails 130b and 130c.

[112] However, in the present instance, some of the columns may have

two vertical rails 130 that are independent from the adjacent columns. For

instance, the loading column 300 has two independent rails that are not shared

with the adjacent column. Therefore, cars can travel up the loading column without

regard to the position of cars in the column next to the loading column.

Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 5, it may be desirable to configure the column next

to the loading column so that it also has two independent vertical rails. In this way, cars can more freely travel up the loading column and down the adjacent column to provide a buffer loop as described previously.

[113] Accordingly, when calculating safe distances, the traffic controller

evaluates the position of cars in adjacent columns if the cars share a common

vertical rail to ensure that the two cars do not collide as the car travel down the

adjacent columns.

[114] In the foregoing discussion, the sorting of items was described in

relation to an array of bins disposed on the front of the sorting station 100.

However, as illustrated in Figs. 2 & 4, the number of bins in the system can be

doubled by attaching a rear array of bins on the back side of the sorting station.

In this way, the cars can deliver items to bins on the front side of the sorting

station by traveling to the bin and then rotating the conveyor on the car forwardly

to eject the piece into the front bin. Alternatively, the cars can deliver items to

bins on the rear side of the sorting station by traveling to the bin and then

rotating the conveyor on the car rearwardly to eject the piece into the rear bin.

[115] Additionally, the sorting station 100 is modular and can be readily

expanded as necessary simply by attaching an additional section to the left end

of the sorting station. Further, although the foregoing describes the array of bins as being essentially a two dimensional array in which the cars simply travel in X and Y directions, the sorting station can be expanded to add additional "runs" of track. Specifically, a separate sorting station parallel to or perpendicular to the sorting station illustrated in Fig. 2 may be connected to the sorting station. In this way, the car would travel in a third dimension relative to the X and Y directions of the sorting station illustrated in Fig. 2. For instance, additional sections of track may be connected to the sorting station illustrated in Fig. 2 perpendicular to the illustrated sorting station, so that the additional track forms an L-shape intersecting the loading column. In such a configuration, gates selectively direct the cars either down the upper rail 135 or rearwardly toward the additional track. Similarly, a plurality of parallel rows of sorting stations can be interconnected so that the cars selectively travel along a crossover rail until the car reaches the appropriate row. The car then travels down the row until it reaches the appropriate column as described above.

[116] It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that changes or

modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments without

departing from the broad inventive concepts of the invention. For instance, in

the foregoing description, the operation of the sorting station is described as

being centralized with the central controller. However, it may be desirable to

have the cars control the operation of the gates. According to one alternative,

the cars incorporate one or more mechanical actuators that cooperate with an operator on the gate. The actuators on the cars are operable between first and second positions. In a first position, the actuator engages the gate operator to displace the gate into the closed position. In a second position, the actuator engages the gate to displace the gate into the open position. Alternatively, the gate may be biased toward the opened position, so that when the car actuator is in the second position it does not engage the gate operator. In another alternative, each car includes a mechanism for communicating with each gate.

If the gate needs to be pivoted to direct an approaching car along a particular

path, the car sends a signal to the gate indicating whether the gate should be

opened or closed. In response to the signal from the car, the gate pivots to the

appropriate position.

[117] Further, in the above description, the system uses a wireless

communication between the cars and the central controller. In an alternative

embodiment, a communication line may be installed on the track and the cars

may communicate with the central controller over a hard wired communication

link. Still further, the system has been described as being useful in sorting

incoming mail. However, the system may also be utilized to sort and prepare

outgoing mail. For instance, after determining a characteristic for a mail piece,

the system may print a marking onto the mail piece. For instance, after

determining the recipient's address for a mail piece, the system determines

which bin the mail piece is to be sorted to. As the mail piece is conveyed to the bin, a printer prints the appropriate postnet bar code on the piece before sorting the piece. To provide the printing functionality, the system may include a printer disposed along the track. When the car approaches the printer the car stops and at least partially discharges the mail piece to extend the mail piece toward the printer. The printer then prints the appropriate postnet code. The car then reverses the conveyors to load the piece back onto the car all the way, and then travels to the appropriate bin. Similarly, the system may include a device for selectively applying labels to the pieces. Similar to the above example of printing markings onto the pieces, the labeler may be positioned along the track.

The cars selectively stop at the labeler on route to the appropriate bin and at

least partially discharge the mail piece toward the labeler. The labeler then

applies a label onto the mail piece and the conveyor on the car then reverses to

load the piece back onto the car.

[118] In addition to outgoing mail applications, it may be desirable to

incorporate a printer and/or a labeler in systems configured to process incoming

mail. For instance, when sorting incoming mail pieces, it may be desirable to

print certain information, such as sort codes, a time stamp or audit trail

information onto some or all of the pieces being processed. In some instances

such information may be printed directly onto the mail pieces. In other

instances, a label may be applied to the mail pieces and the information may be

printed on the label.

[119] In addition to a printer and a labeler, the system may include a scale for weighing the mail pieces. The scale may be positioned along the track 110, such as along the loading column. To weigh a piece, the car stops adjacent the scale, and ejects the piece from the car onto the scale by driving the conveyor belts 212. Preferably, the scale includes a conveyor or transfer mechanism for discharging the piece from the scale and back onto the car or onto a subsequent car. When the piece is loaded onto the car from the scale, the car drives the conveyors to load the piece as discussed above in connection with the loading station.

[120] It should therefore be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is intended to include all changes and modifications that are within the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the claims.

[121] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

[122] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgement or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

Claims (35)

The claims defining the invention are as follows:

1. A material handling system for sorting or retrieving a plurality of items, comprising:

a plurality of vehicles for delivering and retrieving items, wherein each vehicle delivers an item to a destination and wherein each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for driving the vehicle;

a track for guiding the vehicles, wherein the track comprises:

a plurality of horizontal track sections vertically spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally horizontal direction;

a plurality of vertical track sections spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally vertical direction, wherein the vertical track sections intersect the horizontal track sections to form a loop; and

an intersection where one of the horizontal track sections intersects one of the vertical track sections, wherein the intersection provides a first path in a generally horizontal direction and a second path in a generally vertical direction;

wherein at least one of the vehicles comprises a drive element that interacts with an engagement surface of one of the vertical track sections to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of the horizontal track sections and the one vertical track sections.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the track comprise an upper leg and a lower leg spaced apart from the lower leg and the vertical track segments connect the upper leg with the lower leg to form a loop so that the vehicles can travel along the upper leg, then down one of the vertical track segments to the lower leg.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein the track comprises a gates at the intersection, wherein in a first position the gates allow the vehicle to travel through the intersection and remain on the upper leg and wherein in a second position the gates allow the vehicle to travel down the vertical leg.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the track comprises a gate at an intersection of one of the horizontal tracks and one of the vertical tracks, wherein in a first position the gate allows the vehicle to travel through the intersection and remain on the horizontal track and wherein in a second position the gate allows the vehicle to change direction and travel on the vertical track.

5. The system of any one of claims 1 to 4 comprising a controller for controlling the movement of the vehicles to direct each vehicle, wherein the controller receives data relating to the position of each vehicle to control the movement of the vehicles to ensure that vehicles do not collide.

6. The system of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the each vehicle comprises a drive system comprising a plurality of engagement elements that mesh with engagement elements on the track.

7. The system of claim 6 wherein the engagement elements of the drive system comprise a plurality of teeth.

8. A material handling system, comprising:

a plurality of delivery vehicles, wherein each vehicle is operable to deliver an item to or retrieve an item from a destination area and wherein each vehicle comprises:

a generally horizontal platform for receiving an item to be stored or retrieved;

a drive mechanism comprising a pair of forward drive elements spaced apart from one another and a pair of reward drive elements spaced apart from one another;

a motor for driving the forward drive elements and the rear drive elements;

a track for guiding the delivery vehicles, wherein the track comprises:

a forward track forming a loop for guiding the forward drive elements of the vehicles; and

a rearward track forming a loop for guiding the rearward drive elements of the vehicles; wherein each of the forward track and the rearward track comprises: an upper leg extending generally horizontally; a lower leg spaced apart from the upper leg and extending generally horizontally; a first connecting leg extending generally vertically and connecting the upper leg with the lower leg; and a second connecting leg spaced apart from the first connecting leg and connecting the upper leg with the lower leg; wherein the drive mechanism of each vehicle interacts with the track to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between the upper or lower leg and the first or second connecting leg.

9. A material handling system, comprising:

a plurality of delivery vehicles for transporting items, wherein each vehicle has a forward end and a rearward end, and wherein each vehicle comprises:

a generally horizontal platform for receiving an item to be stored or retrieved;

a drive mechanism;

a motor for driving the drive mechanism;

a track for guiding the delivery vehicles, wherein the drive mechanism of each vehicle engages the track so that the track guides the movement of the vehicles, wherein the track comprises:

a forward track forming a loop for guiding the forward end of the vehicles; and

a rearward track forming a loop for guiding the rearward end of the vehicles;

wherein each of the forward track and the rearward track are substantially parallel loops having upper and lower horizontal portions connected by connecting tracks having substantially vertical portions; wherein the drive mechanism of each vehicle interacts with the track to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between the upper portion and one of the substantially vertical portions.

10. The system of claim 9 wherein each vehicle comprises a transfer mechanism for transferring an item between the delivery vehicle and a destination area where an item is to be stored or retrieved by the vehicle.

11. The system of claim 9 or 10 comprising a controller configured to calculate a travel route for each vehicle and control the operation of the vehicles so that each vehicle moves along the respective route calculated for the respective vehicle.

12. The system of claim 11 wherein the controller is configured to monitor the positions of the vehicles located on the track and calculate a safe distance for each vehicle and communicate the safe distance to the vehicles, wherein the safe distance for a vehicle corresponds to the distance that the vehicle can advance without interfering with another vehicle on the track.

13. The system of any one of claims 9 to 12 wherein the track comprises a gate at an intersection of the upper horizontal portion of the forward track and one of the vertical portions of the forward track, wherein in a first position the gates allow the vehicle to travel through the intersection and remain on the upper horizontal portion and wherein in a second position the gates allow the vehicle to travel down the vertical portion.

14. The system of claim 9 comprising a controller for controlling the movement of the vehicles to direct each vehicle, wherein the controller receives data relating to the position of each vehicle to control the movement of the vehicles to ensure that vehicles do not collide.

15. The system of any one of claims 9 to 14 wherein the drive mechanism of each vehicle comprises a plurality of engagement elements that mesh with engagement elements on the track.

16. The system of claim 15 wherein the engagement elements of the drive mechanism comprise a plurality of teeth.

17. The delivery vehicle of claim 16 comprising a pair of synchronously drive axles, wherein the drive mechanism comprises gears fixed to the axles so that the gears are synchronously driven to drive the vehicle along the guide system.

18. The delivery vehicle of claim 15 wherein the drive system is operable to engage the forward track on a first side of the vehicle and the rearward track on a second side of the vehicle.

19. The system of claim 8 wherein each vehicle comprises a transfer mechanism for transferring an item between the delivery vehicle and one of the destination areas.

20. The system of claim 8 comprising a controller configured to calculate a travel route for each vehicle and control the operation of the vehicles so that each vehicle moves along the respective route calculated for the respective vehicle.

21. The system of claim 20 wherein the controller is configured to monitor the positions of the vehicles located on the track and calculate a safe distance for each vehicle and communicate the safe distance to the vehicles, wherein the safe distance for a vehicle corresponds to the distance that the vehicle can advance without interfering with another vehicle on the track.

22. The system of claim 8 wherein the track comprises a gates at an intersection of the upper leg of the forward track and the first connecting leg, wherein in a first position the gates allow the vehicle to travel through the intersection and remain on the upper leg and wherein in a second position the gates allow the vehicle to travel down the first connecting leg.

23. The system of claim 8 comprising a controller for controlling the movement of the vehicles to direct each vehicle, wherein the controller receives data relating to the position of each vehicle to control the movement of the vehicles to ensure that vehicles do not collide.

24. The system of claim 8 wherein the forward drive elements comprise a plurality of engagement elements that mesh with engagement elements on the track.

25. The system of claim 24 wherein the engagement elements on the track comprise a plurality of teeth.

26. The delivery vehicle of claim 24 wherein the drive mechanism comprises a pair of synchronously drive axles, wherein the engagement elements comprise gears fixed to the axles so that the gears are synchronously driven to drive the vehicle along the guide system.

27. A material handling system for sorting or retrieving a plurality of items, comprising:

a plurality of vehicles for delivering and retrieving items, wherein each vehicle delivers an item to a destination and wherein each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for driving the vehicle;

a track for guiding the vehicles, wherein the track comprises:

a plurality of horizontal track sections spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally horizontal direction, wherein the horizontal track sections include an upper leg and a lower leg spaced apart from the upper leg;

a plurality of vertical track sections spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally vertical direction, wherein the vertical track sections intersect the horizontal track sections to form a loop so that the vehicles can travel along the upper leg, then down one of the vertical track segments to the lower leg; and

an intersection where one of the horizontal track sections intersects one of the vertical track sections, wherein the intersection provides a first path in a generally horizontal direction and a second path in a generally vertical direction;

wherein at least one of the vehicles comprises a drive element that interacts with the track to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of the horizontal track sections and the one vertical track sections.

28. The system of claim 27 wherein the track comprises a gates at the intersection, wherein in a first position the gates allow the vehicle to travel through the intersection and remain on the upper leg and wherein in a second position the gates allow the vehicle to travel down the vertical leg.

29. The system of claim 27 or 28 comprising a controller for controlling the movement of the vehicles to direct each vehicle, wherein the controller receives data relating to the position of each vehicle to control the movement of the vehicles to ensure that vehicles do not collide.

30. The system of any one of claims 27 to 29 wherein the drive element comprises a plurality of engagement elements that mesh with engagement elements on the track.

31. The system of claim 30 wherein the engagement elements of the drive system comprise a plurality of teeth.

32. A material handling system for sorting or retrieving a plurality of items, comprising:

a plurality of vehicles for delivering and retrieving items, wherein each vehicle delivers an item to a destination and wherein each vehicle comprises an on-board motor for driving the vehicle;

a track for guiding the vehicles, wherein the track comprises:

a plurality of horizontal track sections spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally horizontal direction;

a plurality of vertical track sections spaced apart from one another and extending in a generally vertical direction, wherein the vertical track sections intersect the horizontal track sections to form a loop; and

an intersection where one of the horizontal track sections intersects one of the vertical track sections, wherein the intersection provides a first path in a generally horizontal direction and a second path in a generally vertical direction; a gate at an intersection of one of the horizontal tracks and one of the vertical tracks, wherein in a first position the gate allows the vehicle to travel through the intersection and remain on the horizontal track and wherein in a second position the gate allows the vehicle to change direction and travel on the vertical track; wherein at least one of the vehicles comprises a drive element that interacts with the track to maintain the orientation of the vehicle relative to the horizon as the vehicle moves between one of the horizontal track sections and one of the vertical track sections.

33. The system of claim 32 comprising a controller for controlling the movement of the vehicles to direct each vehicle, wherein the controller receives data relating to the position of each vehicle to control the movement of the vehicles to ensure that vehicles do not collide.

34. The system of claim 32 or 33 wherein each vehicle comprises a drive system comprising a plurality of engagement elements that mesh with engagement elements on the track.

35. The system of any one of claims 32 to 34 wherein the engagement elements of the drive system comprise a plurality of teeth.