AU2021103690A4 - A high strength geopolymer concrete composition and a method to produce the high strength geopolymer concrete - Google Patents
A high strength geopolymer concrete composition and a method to produce the high strength geopolymer concrete Download PDFInfo
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- AU2021103690A4 AU2021103690A4 AU2021103690A AU2021103690A AU2021103690A4 AU 2021103690 A4 AU2021103690 A4 AU 2021103690A4 AU 2021103690 A AU2021103690 A AU 2021103690A AU 2021103690 A AU2021103690 A AU 2021103690A AU 2021103690 A4 AU2021103690 A4 AU 2021103690A4
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- 229920003041 geopolymer cement Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 24
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000876 geopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 hence Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000592 inorganic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/021—Ash cements, e.g. fly ash cements ; Cements based on incineration residues, e.g. alkali-activated slags from waste incineration ; Kiln dust cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/24—Cements from oil shales, residues or waste other than slag
- C04B7/243—Mixtures thereof with activators or composition-correcting additives, e.g. mixtures of fly ash and alkali activators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B12/00—Cements not provided for in groups C04B7/00 - C04B11/00
- C04B12/005—Geopolymer cements, e.g. reaction products of aluminosilicates with alkali metal hydroxides or silicates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
- C04B14/06—Quartz; Sand
- C04B14/068—Specific natural sands, e.g. sea -, beach -, dune - or desert sand
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/006—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers of the Davidovits type
- C04B28/008—Mineral polymers other than those of the Davidovits type, e.g. from a reaction mixture containing waterglass
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to a high strength geopolymer concrete composition
and a method to produce the high strength fly ash based geopolymer concrete curing at
ambient temperature. The composition comprises: unprocessed fly ash; fine aggregate,
composed of river sand and treated sea sand; coarse aggregate, composed of crushed basalt
stones; and alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide.
The method comprises: preparing a mixture as per the composition; temperature curing the
mixture; and resting the mixture after curing it. Fly ash based geopolymer concrete with river
sand and treated sea sand as fine aggregate will be the best effective alternative material for
cement concrete, which will minimize the productions of cement, use of river sand, and
increase the use of fly ash. Therefore, the air pollution due to production of cement will be
eliminated, and problem of disposal of fly ash of thermal power plants will be solved. In
addition, it will reduce the use of river sand so that natural resources will be protected.
12
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The present disclosure relates to a high strength fly ash based geopolymer concrete composition and a method to produce the high strength geopolymer concrete at ambient temperature. It further relates to the use of treated sea sand in addition to river sand as fine aggregate for the production of the high strength geopolymer concrete, in order to be more environmentally friendly and reduce the depletion of river sand.
As per the global cement consumption report the production of Portland cement is 4000 Million Metric tons and growing at 5% annually. Five to eight percent of all human generated atmospheric carbon-di-oxide worldwide comes from the concrete industry. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon-di-oxide contributes about 65% of global warming. Many efforts are being taken in order to reduce the use of Portland cement for concrete. On the other hand, huge quantity of fly ash is produced around the world. Most of the fly ash is disposed in landfills, which affects aquifers and surface bodies of fresh water. Fly ash has good characteristics as construction material.
On the other hand, the sea sand (Creek sand) is available in abundant quantity but due to presence of salts, chlorides, and contents of more percentage of fine particles (more fineness) it provides less strength to concrete. As per the particle packing theory, the zone-II sand is more efficient for giving bettor density as well as higher strength to concrete. For providing finer particle in river sand the treated sea sand is best suitable. For removing the chloride and salt from sea sand, it needs to be washed by normal water and then treated sea sand will be obtained. This treated sea sand will fulfill the deficiency offiner particle in river sand and become a well graded fine aggregate for any types of concrete.
Further, it is to be noted that fly ash based geopolymer concrete requires the temperature curing for gaining the sufficient strength. But practically it is impossible to provide the temperature curing to the structure at site. In order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and for saving the environment from air and land pollution, there is a need to develop a high strength fly ash based geopolymer concrete composition and a method to produce the high strength fly ash based geopolymer concrete with ambient curing.
The present disclosure relates to a high strength geopolymer concrete composition and a method to produce the high strength geopolymer concrete at ambient curing. Fly ash based geopolymer concrete with river sand and treated sea sand as fine aggregate will be the best effective alternative material for cement concrete, which will minimize the productions of cement, use of river sand and increase the use of fly ash. Therefore, the air pollution due to production of cement will be totally eliminated, and problem of disposal of fly ash of thermal power plants will be solved. In addition, it will reduce the use of river sand so that natural resources will be protected. It is an object of the invention to produce fly ash based geopolymer concrete at ambient temperature at site.
Fly ash based geopolymer concrete requires the temperature curing for gaining the sufficient strength. But practically it is impossible to provide the temperature curing to the structure at site. For gaining the strength at ambient curing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is added in the mix. After several trials it is found that 4% to 15% OPC is an optimum percentage for gaining the maximum strength at ambient temperature.
In an embodiment, a high strength geopolymer concrete composition comprises: a predetermined quantity of unprocessed fly ash; a predetermined quantity of fine aggregate, composed of river sand and treated sea sand; a predetermined quantity of coarse aggregate, composed of crushed basalt stones; and a predetermined quantity of an alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide.
In an embodiment, a method to produce the high strength fly ash based geopolymer concrete with ambient curing, the method 100 comprises the following steps: at step 102, preparing a mixture wherein the mixture comprises: a predetermined quantity of unprocessed fly ash; a predetermined quantity of fine aggregate, composed of river sand and treated sea sand; a predetermined quantity of a coarse aggregate, composed of crushed basalt stones; and a predetermined quantity of an alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and
Sodium Hydroxide; at step 104, curing said mixture with at least one of temperature curing, ambient curing; and at step 106, resting the mixture after said temperature curing.
To further clarify advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which is illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail with the accompanying drawings.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 illustrates the method to produce the high strength geopolymer concrete in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 2 illustrates the reaction of fly ash with an aqueous solution containing Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 3 illustrates parameters and mixture details in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Further, skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the drawings are illustrated for simplicity and may not have been necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the flow charts illustrate the method in terms of the most prominent steps involved to help to improve understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Furthermore, in terms of the construction of the device, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the drawings by conventional symbols, and the drawings may show only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the drawings with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of the description herein.
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be restrictive thereof.
Reference throughout this specification to "an aspect", "another aspect" or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment" and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such process or method. Similarly, one or more devices or sub-systems or elements or structures or components proceeded by "comprises...a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other devices or other sub-systems or other elements or other structures or other components or additional devices or additional sub-systems or additional elements or additional structures or additional components.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to Figure 1 illustrates the method to produce the high strength geopolymer concrete, the method 100 comprises the following steps: at step 102, preparing a mixture wherein the mixture comprises: a predetermined quantity of unprocessed fly ash; a predetermined quantity of fine aggregate, composed of river sand and treated sea sand; a predetermined quantity of a coarse aggregate, composed of crushed basalt stones; and a predetermined quantity of an alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide.
In another embodiment, the method, wherein, the fine aggregate, composed of treated sea sand and river sand are present in the ratio 11:9, and the alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide is present in the ratio 2:1, and wherein, the alkaline activator solution and unprocessed fly ash are present in the ratio 2:5.
For gaining the strength at ambient curing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is added in the mix in step 104. After several trials it is found that 4% OPC is an optimum percentage for gaining the maximum strength at ambient temperature.
Figure 2 illustrates the reaction of fly ash with an aqueous solution containing Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the present invention, geopolymer concrete (GPC) has been chosen as an alternative to concrete cement (CC) as GPC is an inorganic polymer composite, which is a prospective concrete with great potential to be a substantial element in environmentally sustainable construction.
There has been a long-term demand for an alternative of natural sand as fine aggregate. Since, the sources of natural sand are being depleted, the use of treated sea sand as fine aggregate in structural concrete is becoming more and more necessary and hence, it is utilized as a part of the fine aggregate in this disclosure. The replacement of natural sand with sea sand may have economic and environmental benefits.
The properties of geopolymer concrete depends on various factors, such as types of source material, fineness of source material, chemical composition of source material, types of alkaline activator solutions, chemical composition of alkaline activator solution, total solids in alkaline activator solution, concentration of alkaline activator solution, ratio of activator solution to source materials, rest period, types of curing, degree with duration of temperature curing and Surrounding temperature. For geopolymer concrete, fly ash is the most economical and abundantly available by-product material.
The biggest advantage of geopolymer concrete is its production being environmentally friendly when compared to its counterparts. The problems of unavailability of river sand due to government restrictions will be tackled by proposing an alternative supplementary fine aggregate which in this case is chosen to be sea sand. All the above mentioned drawbacks can be solved by utilizing geopolymer concrete with sea sand in fine aggregate.
Alkaline Activator solution Sodium based silicates and hydroxide together form a suitable and economical alkaline activator solution for fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Potassium-based silicates alkaline activator solution is costlier when compared to sodium based alkaline activator solution, hence, sodium based alkaline activator solution, is preferred. The higher the molarity of NaOH (8M to 16M), higher is the compressive strength. The sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio of 1.5 to 2.5 provides good strength. Solution to fly ash ratio of 0.35 to 0.40 is optimum for maximum compressive strength.
Figure 3 illustrates parameters and mixture details in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Material and Methods Conventional method of mixing is used for geopolymer concrete and cement concrete. Before making the final mixture for study of harden properties, number of trials are conducted for finding the optimum suitable values of concentration of NaOH, ratios of Na2 SiO 3 to NaOH, Solution to fly ash ratio, curing temperature, curing 10 duration, rest period and mixture proportions. After finding the optimum parameters the final mixes are prepared.
Based on observations and test results of fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer concrete with temperature curing, geopolymer concrete with ambient curing and cement concrete are studied in detail, it is found that:
1) Unprocessed fly ash can be effectively used as the source material for production of Geopolymer concrete (GPC).
2) It is found that the alkaline activator solution (AAS) prepared just before it is mixed into the fly ash produces similar strength as the AAS prepared one day before of mixing into the fly ash.
4) The compressive strength increases with increase in rest period up to 98 hours (4 days). Beyond 98 hours, the strength decreases. There is not much variation in strength between the rest periods of 24 hours to 98 hours (i.e., 1 day to 4 days).
5) The temperature curing accelerates polymerization reaction to produce inorganic bond.
6) The compressive strength increases with increasing the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide from 1.0 to 2.0. Beyond the ratio 2.0 the strength decreases.
7) The sodium based alkaline activator solution plays a prominent role to produce environment friendly fly ash based geopolymer concrete.
8) While mixing and casting the specimens by geopolymer, the surrounding temperature influences the setting time and strength of geopolymer concrete.
9) The treated sea sand is the best supplementary material which makes the well graded fine aggregate. It is found that the compressive strength increases with increasing the percentage of treated sea sand in river sand up to 55 %, beyond that the strength decreases. The optimum percentage of treated sea sand in river sand is 55%.
10) In Summer season when surrounding temperature was in the range of 28 C-43 C, the fly ash-based GPC with 4% OPC with ambient curing gives similar compressive strength as GPC with temperature curing with AAS to fly ash ratio 0.4 and Na 2 SiO 3 to NaOH ratio 2.
11) In Winter season when surrounding temperature was in the range of 23°C -32°C, the fly ash-based GPC with 10% OPC with ambient curing gives similar compressive strength as GPC temperature curing with AAS to fly ash ratio 0.4 and Na 2 SiO 3 to NaOH ratio 2:1.
12) The 28 days compressive strength of GPC with temperature curing is found to be 25.73MPa, 30.81MPa, 36.96MPa and 40.59MPa, for mixture 300 kg/m3 , 380kg/m3 , 460 kg/m3 and 540 kg/m.
13) The 28 days compressive strength of GPC with ambient curing is obtained 26.28MPa, 30.35MPa, 35.93MPa and 39.70MPa, for mixture 300 kg/m 3 , 380 kg/m3 , 460 kg/m3 and 540 kg/m.
14) The average flexural strength of geopolymer concrete is obtained 14.06%, 13.69% and 14.08% of compressive strength for GPCT, GPCA and CC.
16) The average bond strength of geopolymer concrete is obtained 30.29%, 29.45% and 30.36% of compressive strength for GPCT, GPCA and CC.
17) The average split tensile strength of geopolymer concrete is obtained 12.19%, 11.85 and 12.65% of compressive strength for GPCT, GPCA and CC.
18) The average shear strength of geopolymer concrete is obtained 16.08%, 15.22% and 14.85% of compressive strength for GPCT, GPCA and CC. Geopolymer concrete with temperature curing and ambient curing shows better resistances to acid attack and sulphate attack as compared to cement concrete when concrete specimen immersed in 3% Sulphuric acid solution and 5% Sodium sulphate solution for 52 weeks. Overall, Geopolymer concrete with temperature curing provided the best results.
The drawings and the forgoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, orders of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts necessarily need to be performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whether explicitly given in the specification or not, such as differences in structure, dimension, and use of material, are possible. The scope of embodiments is at least as broad as given by the following claims.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any component(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or component of any or all the claims.
Claims (7)
1. A high strength geopolymer concrete composition, said composition comprising:
a predetermined quantity of unprocessed fly ash; a predetermined quantity of fine aggregate, composed of river sand and treated sea sand; a predetermined quantity of coarse aggregate, composed of crushed basalt stones; and a predetermined quantity of an alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the fine aggregate, composed of treated sea sand and river sand are present in the ratio 11:9.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide is present in the ratio 2:1, and wherein, the alkaline activator solution and unprocessed fly ash are present in the ratio 2:5.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising 4% to 15 % ordinary Portland cement (OPC).
5. A method to produce the high strength geopolymer concrete with ambient curing, the method comprises:
preparing a mixture wherein the mixture comprises: a predetermined quantity of unprocessed fly ash; a predetermined quantity of fine aggregate, composed of river sand and treated sea sand; a predetermined quantity of a coarse aggregate, composed of crushed basalt stones; and a predetermined quantity of an alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide; ambient curing 4% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is added in above mix.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein, wherein for ambient curing 4% ordinary Portland cement was added in the mixture while mixing.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein, the fine aggregate, composed of treated sea sand and river sand are present in the ratio 11:9, and the alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide is present in the ratio 2:1, and wherein, the alkaline activator solution and unprocessed fly ash are present in the ratio 2:5.
8. The method as claimed in claim 6, further comprising adding 4% Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at ambient curing for gaining the maximum strength.
preparing a mixture wherein the mixture comprises: 102 a predetermined quantity of unprocessed fly ash; a predetermined quantity of fine aggregate, composed of river sand and treated sea sand; a predetermined quantity of a coarse aggregate, composed of crushed basalt stones; and a predetermined quantity of an alkaline activator solution, composed of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide
104 ambient curing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is added in the mix
Figure 1
Mixture Details mixtures
Figure 3
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