AU2021103612A4 - Rapid portable bod detector - Google Patents
Rapid portable bod detector Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2021103612A4 AU2021103612A4 AU2021103612A AU2021103612A AU2021103612A4 AU 2021103612 A4 AU2021103612 A4 AU 2021103612A4 AU 2021103612 A AU2021103612 A AU 2021103612A AU 2021103612 A AU2021103612 A AU 2021103612A AU 2021103612 A4 AU2021103612 A4 AU 2021103612A4
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- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- bod
- inner cavity
- data acquisition
- anode
- cathode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005372 Plexiglas® Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000020897 Formins Human genes 0.000 claims 1
- 108091022623 Formins Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 34
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 8
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003911 water pollution Methods 0.000 description 4
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000149 chemical water pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000403 monosodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019799 monosodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFZKYKHNXXSBFO-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Ca+2].OS([O-])(=O)=O Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ca+2].OS([O-])(=O)=O XFZKYKHNXXSBFO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrilotriacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011020 pilot scale process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J potassium aluminium sulfate Chemical compound [Al+3].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012954 risk control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011684 sodium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015393 sodium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium molybdate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/1806—Biological oxygen demand [BOD] or chemical oxygen demand [COD]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D23/00—Control of temperature
- G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q2209/00—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems
- H04Q2209/40—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems using a wireless architecture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q9/00—Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems for selectively calling a substation from a main station, in which substation desired apparatus is selected for applying a control signal thereto or for obtaining measured values therefrom
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
- H05K7/20009—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating using a gaseous coolant in electronic enclosures
- H05K7/20136—Forced ventilation, e.g. by fans
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a rapid portable BOD detector, which belongs to the
technical field of wastewater treatment, comprising a box body, a data acquisition and
control system, a digestion system and a power supply system. A wiring terminal is
connected with the anode inner cavity, the cathode inner cavity and an external
resistor to form a loop, and the output voltage of the microbial fuel cell is acquired
through a data acquisition card to the data acquisition and control system so as to
convert, save and output the data to a display screen; and a BOD value is obtained
through calculation, and the test result is displayed and saved. The present invention
reduces the BOD detection time from traditional 5 days to 10 min, the detection
accuracy is greater than or equal to 90%, and the precision RSD is less than or equal
to 5%.
1
Drawings
24
17
FIG. 3
e- .
Anode baffle Anode chamber Proton membrane Cathode chamber Cathode baffle
3
Description
Drawings
24
17
FIG. 3
e- .
Anode baffle Anode chamber Proton membrane Cathode chamber Cathode baffle
Description
Field of invention
The present invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and
relates to a rapid portable BOD detector.
Background art of the invention
The amount of biodegradable organic matters in the complex sewage system
directly reflects the biodegradability of wastewater and has significant uses in many
fields such as scientific research on water pollution control and water environment
management.
BOD is short for "biochemical oxygen demand", which means the amount of
dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms to decompose some oxidizable
substances, especially organic substances, in a certain volume of water within a given
time, in mg/L, percentage or ppm. BOD is a comprehensive index reflecting the
content of organic pollutants in water, which is called biochemical oxygen demand
for 5 days (BOD5 ) if the time for biological oxidation is 5 days, and correspondingly,
BOD10 and BOD20 also exist. BOD is a commonly used index in scientific research
on water pollution control. At present, the mainstream wastewater treatment
technology is still biological treatment methods; and so far, the innovative research on
new biological wastewater treatment technology, functional strain, particulate matter,
reactor and the like with practical application as the purpose is growing rapidly. To
verify the practical value of the research results, the pilot scale or field test research is
particularly needed to construct an optimal scheme suitable for large-scale wastewater
treatment projects. In the processes of researches of different scales, it is more close to
practical problems only by using the BOD content to evaluate the biodegradability of
Description
wastewater and the removal effect of organic pollution.
As an index of water biodegradability, BOD plays an important role in
promoting the scientific research on water environment management. BOD can be
directly used to reflect the self-cleaning capacity of water bodies, and plays a
fundamental role in the research on related water resource management strategies,
water environment management standards and norms, and ecological risk control.
However, BOD has been widely used to indirectly represent the BOD content in
the world for more than a century. The detection method has several defects: long
determination time, large result error, and inconvenience for carrying in field study
and emergency detection, thus seriously restricting the deep development of scientific
research on water pollution control and water environment management for a long
time.
In view of the lag of traditional BOD detection, it is necessary to design a rapid
portable BOD detector which can perform detection quickly and accurately. The first
problem to be solved in the design of the detector is to quickly determine the BOD
value, and the detector shall be capable of accurately detecting the BOD value of the
water sample, easy to carry and suitable for field study and emergency detection,
solving the problem that the traditional BOD detection method has long determination
time, large result error, and inconvenience for carrying in field study and emergency
detection, and having great significance for promotion of the scientific research on
water pollution control and water environment management.
Disclosure of the invention
The time for various organic matters in sewage to be oxidized and decomposed
is about 100 days in total. In order to shorten the detection time, the general BOD is
represented by the oxygen demand of the tested water sample at 20 °C within five
Description
days, which is called biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days, BOD 5 for short. In view
of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a rapid portable BOD
detector. The detection object is all polluted water bodies, and the concentration
detection range (by reference to the traditional BOD index) is 2-200 mg L 1 . The
detection time of a sample is 10 min, the detection accuracy is greater than or equal to
%, the precision RSD is less than or equal to 5%, and the continuous working life
of core components of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) is more than 18 months. To achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A rapid portable BOD detector, comprises a box body in which a data acquisition and control system, a digestion system and a power supply system are arranged; The data acquisition and control system comprises a display screen arranged on the box body, a data acquisition card and a wiring terminal; The digestion system is used for storing microbial fuel cells, and the digestion system comprises a storage cavity arranged in the box body and a silica gel heating plate, a semiconductor refrigerator and a circulation fan which are arranged on one side of the box body and used for making a constant-temperature environment for the digestion system; The power supply system comprises a storage battery arranged in the box body and a solar cell panel arranged on one side of the box body and connected with the storage battery; The microbial fuel cell comprises a cell case in which an anode inner cavity and a cathode inner cavity of the microbial fuel cell are arranged, the bottom surfaces of the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity are mutually fitted, a proton membrane is arranged between the bottom surfaces, the anode inner cavity is provided with a closed anode baffle on one side opposite to the cathode inner cavity, the cathode inner cavity is provided with a cathode baffle with a through hole on one side opposite to the anode inner cavity, and the upper ends of the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity are respectively provided with a filling opening for filling a cathode or anode liquor or a sample into the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity; and an anode material for electric conduction and reaction is
Description
arranged in the anode inner cavity, and a cathode material is arranged in the cathode inner cavity; The wiring terminal is connected with the anode inner cavity, the cathode inner cavity and an external resistor to form a loop, and the output voltage of the microbial fuel cell is acquired through the data acquisition card to the data acquisition and control system so as to convert, save and output the data to the display screen; and meanwhile, the BOD value of a sample to be tested is obtained through calculation according to the BOD calculating formula in combination with the pre-input relevant parameters, and the test result is displayed on the display screen and saved. Further, the anode material comprises a pretreated carbon cloth or carbon felt, the cathode material comprises a carbon cloth with a filling layer, a waterproof layer is prepared on one side with the filling layer of the carbon cloth, and a catalyst layer Pt/C is loaded on the other side of the carbon cloth prepared with the waterproof layer. Further, the microbial fuel cell case is made of a non-conducting material, including but not limited to polyacrylic acid plexiglass. Further, the storage cavity of the digestion system can accommodate a plurality of microbial fuel cells, and the data acquisition card of the data acquisition and control system has multiple data channels and can simultaneously acquire the output voltages of the plurality of microbial fuel cells. Further, the rapid portable BOD detector also comprises a wireless transmission module which is connected with the data acquisition and control system and used for wireless communication with a remote terminal to realize remote control on the rapid portable BOD detector. Further, the volume of the anode inner cavity of the microbial fuel cell is fixed as a cylinder. Further, the lower end of the box body is provided with universal wheels, and the upper end is provided with an extension pull rod. Further, the display screen is hinged on the upper end of the box body through a display screen rotating shaft and is a flip type touch screen. Further, the box body is provided with a data acquisition and control system heat dissipation hole opposite to the data acquisition and control system, and provided with a power supply system heat dissipation hole opposite to the power supply system. Further, the side surface of the box body is also provided with switches for respectively controlling the data acquisition and control system, the digestion system
Description
and the power supply system. Further, the data acquisition and control system acquires the BOD (mg/L) value of a water sample to be tested through the following formula: 0 00 2 BOD = 18.941e . s v v is the instantaneous voltage at the 10 th minute of acquisition, in mv; the pH value is 6.8-7.2; and the conductivity is 5-12 ms/cm; The BOD (mg/L) value acquired through the formula is the BOD (mg/L) value of the water sample to be tested, which is calculated by the rapid portable BOD detector for 10 min. The present invention has the following beneficial effects: the present invention develops the first rapid BOD detector in the world based on the new principles, realizes unattended operation and remote control, determines the interference factors for the BOD prototype to detect all kinds of wastewater, and obtains the detection technology package of BOD instruments for water samples, the present invention reduces the BOD detection time from traditional 5 days to 10 min, the detection accuracy is greater than or equal to 90%, and the precision RSD is less than or equal to 5%.
Description of the drawings
To enable the purpose, the technical solution and the beneficial effects of the
present invention to be more clear, the present invention provides the following
drawings for explanation:
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a front surface of a rapid portable BOD detector
of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a back surface of a rapid portable BOD detector
of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a side surface of a rapid portable BOD detector
of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a structural schematic diagram of a microbial fuel cell of the present
invention;
Description
Fig. 5 is a diagram showing voltage, BOD and 10 min voltage when a rapid
portable BOD detector of the present invention is used to collect a standard liquid
with BOD of 200 mg/L;
Fig. 6 is a diagram showing voltage, BOD and 10 min voltage when a rapid
portable BOD detector of the present invention is used to collect a standard liquid
with BOD of 100 mg/L;
Fig. 7 is a diagram showing voltage, BOD and 10 min voltage when a rapid
portable BOD detector of the present invention is used to collect a standard liquid
with BOD of 50 mg/L;
Fig. 8 is a diagram showing voltage, BOD and 10 min voltage when a rapid
portable BOD detector of the present invention is used to collect a standard liquid
with BOD of 25 mg/L;
Fig. 9 is a diagram showing voltage, BOD and 10 min voltage when a rapid
portable BOD detector of the present invention is used to collect landfill leachate;
Fig. 10 is a diagram showing voltage, BOD and 10 min voltage when a rapid
portable BOD detector of the present invention is used to collect domestic sewage;
Fig. 11 is a diagram showing voltage, BOD and 10 min voltage when a rapid
portable BOD detector of the present invention is used to detect soybean wastewater.
Reference signs: pull rod 1, flip type touch screen 2, data acquisition and control
system 3, data acquisition card 4, wiring terminal 5, digestion system 6, anode filling
opening 7, cathode filling opening 8, cathode inner cavity 9, anode inner cavity 10,
power supply system 11, storage battery 12, solar cell panel 13, universal wheel 14,
power supply system backplane 15, power supply system heat dissipation hole 16,
power supply system switch 17, digestion system switch 18, digestion system
backplane 19, silica gel heating plate 20, circulation fan 21, semiconductor
refrigerator 22, data acquisition and control system backplane 23, data acquisition and
Description
control system switch 24, data acquisition and control system heat dissipation hole 25,
pull rod telescopic tube 26, and display screen rotating shaft 27.
Detailed description of the invention
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail
in combination with drawings.
As shown in Fig. 1-4, a rapid portable BOD detector, comprises a box body in
which a data acquisition and control system 3, a digestion system 6 and a power
supply system 11 are arranged; The data acquisition and control system 3 comprises a display screen arranged on the box body, a data acquisition card 4 and a wiring terminal 5; The digestion system 6 is used for storing microbial fuel cells, and the digestion system 6 comprises a storage cavity arranged in the box body and a silica gel heating plate 20, a semiconductor refrigerator 22 and a circulation fan 21 which are arranged on one side of the box body and used for making a constant-temperature environment for the digestion system 6; The power supply system 11 comprises a storage battery 12 arranged in the box body and a solar cell panel 13 arranged on one side of the box body and connected with the storage battery 12; The microbial fuel cell comprises a cell case in which an anode inner cavity 10 and a cathode inner cavity 9 of the microbial fuel cell are arranged, the bottom surfaces of the anode inner cavity 10 and the cathode inner cavity 9 are mutually fitted, a proton membrane is arranged between the bottom surfaces, the anode inner cavity 10 is provided with a closed anode baffle on one side opposite to the cathode inner cavity 9, the cathode inner cavity 9 is provided with a cathode baffle with a through hole on one side opposite to the anode inner cavity 10, and the upper ends of the anode inner cavity 10 and the cathode inner cavity 9 are respectively provided with a filling opening for filling a cathode or anode liquor or a sample into the anode inner cavity 10 and the cathode inner cavity 9; and an anode material for electric conduction and reaction is arranged in the anode inner cavity, and a cathode material is arranged in the cathode inner cavity;
Description
The wiring terminal 5 is connected with the anode inner cavity 10, the cathode inner cavity 9 and a 1000 Q external resistor to form a loop, and the output voltage of the microbial fuel cell is acquired through the data acquisition card 4 to the data acquisition and control system 3 so as to convert, save and output the data to the display screen; and meanwhile, the BOD value of a sample to be tested is obtained through calculation according to the BOD calculating formula in combination with the pre-input relevant parameters, and the test result is displayed on the display screen and saved. Optionally, the anode material comprises a pretreated carbon cloth or carbon felt, the cathode material comprises a carbon cloth with a filling layer, a waterproof layer is prepared on one side with the filling layer of the carbon cloth, and a catalyst layer Pt/C (20% Pt, Alfa Aesar) is loaded on the other side of the carbon cloth prepared with the waterproof layer. Optionally, the microbial fuel cell case is made of a non-conducting material, including but not limited to polyacrylic acid plexiglass. Optionally, the storage cavity of the digestion system 6 can accommodate a plurality of microbial fuel cells, and the data acquisition card of the data acquisition and control system 3 has multiple data channels and can simultaneously acquire the output voltages of the plurality of microbial fuel cells. The storage cavity can accommodate 8 microbial fuel cells, a data acquisition card with 8 channels is selected for simultaneous acquisition, and meanwhile, the data acquisition and control system 3 performs BOD detection. The data acquisition card can also be replaced with that with 16 channels, 32 channels, 64 channels and exponentially increased channels to simultaneously detect more microbial fuel cells. Optionally, the rapid portable BOD detector also comprises a wireless transmission module which is connected with the data acquisition and control system 3 and used for wireless communication with a remote terminal to realize remote control on the rapid portable BOD detector. Optionally, the volume of the anode inner cavity 10 of the microbial fuel cell is fixed as a cylinder. Optionally, the lower end of the box body is provided with universal wheels 14, and the upper end is provided with an extension pull rod 1. Optionally, the display screen is hinged on the upper end of the box body through a display screen rotating shaft 27 and is a flip type touch screen.
Description
Optionally, the side surface of the box body is also provided with switches for respectively controlling the data acquisition and control system 3, the digestion system 6 and the power supply system 11. Optionally, the box body is provided with a data acquisition and control system heat dissipation hole 25 opposite to the data acquisition and control system 3, and provided with a power supply system heat dissipation hole 16 opposite to the power supply system 11. In the present invention, the BOD (mg/L) values of solutions with different concentration gradient standard BODs are first obtained directly from the electric quantity through the data acquisition and control system according to the following formula; 8000 tEci BOD ft Eel dt (mg 02 L FxVAn 0Rext
wherein F is the Faraday constant, 96485 C/mol; VA, is the effective volume of an anode chamfer, in mL; Ec;ll is the output voltage of MFC, in mV; and R,, is the load of an external circuit, in Q. Then the following empirical formula is obtained through a large amount of data checking: 0 00 2 BOD = 18.941e . s v v is the instantaneous voltage at the 10 th minute of acquisition, in mv; the pH value is 6.8-7.2; and the conductivity is 5-12 ms/cm.
The BOD (mg/L) value acquired through the formula is the BOD (mg/L) value
of the water sample to be tested, which is calculated by the present invention for 10
min.
Embodiment 1: A rapid portable BOD detector, comprises a box body in which a data acquisition and control system, a digestion system and a power supply system are arranged, wherein the data acquisition and control system comprises a display screen arranged on the box body, a data acquisition card and a wiring terminal; the digestion system is used for storing microbial fuel cells, and the digestion system comprises a storage cavity arranged in the box body and a silica gel heating plate, a semiconductor refrigerator and a circulation fan which are arranged on one side of the box body and used for making a constant-temperature environment for the digestion system; the
Description
power supply system comprises a storage battery arranged in the box body and a solar cell panel arranged on one side of the box body and connected with the storage battery; the microbial fuel cell comprises a cell case in which an anode inner cavity and a cathode inner cavity of the microbial fuel cell are arranged, the bottom surfaces of the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity are mutually fitted, a proton membrane is arranged between the bottom surfaces, the anode inner cavity is provided with a closed baffle on one side opposite to the cathode inner cavity, the cathode inner cavity is provided with a circular hollow baffle on one side opposite to the anode inner cavity, and the upper ends of the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity are respectively provided with a filling opening for filling a cathode or anode liquor or a sample into the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity; the wiring terminal is connected with the anode inner cavity, the cathode inner cavity and a 1000 Q external resistor to form a loop, and the output voltage of the microbial fuel cell is acquired through the data acquisition card to the data acquisition and control system so as to convert, save and output the data to the display screen; and meanwhile, the BOD value of a sample to be tested is obtained through calculation according to the BOD calculating formula in combination with the pre-input relevant parameters, and the test result is displayed on the display screen and saved. The microbial fuel cell case is made of a non-conducting material, including but not limited to polyacrylic acid plexiglass. The volume of the anode inner cavity of the microbial fuel cell is fixed as a cylinder. The lower end of the box body is provided with universal wheels, and the upper end is provided with an extension pull rod. The display screen is hinged on the upper end of the box body through a display screen rotating shaft and is a flip type touch screen. The box body is provided with a data acquisition and control system heat dissipation hole opposite to the data acquisition and control system, and provided with a power supply system heat dissipation hole opposite to the power supply system. The side surface of the box body is also provided with switches for respectively controlling the data acquisition and control system, the digestion system and the power supply system. The BOD (mg/L) value of biodegradable organic contaminants is obtained directly from the electric quantity by the data acquisition and control system according to the following formula: 8000 tEceI BOD fo tEel dt (mg 02 U) FxVAn 0Rext
Description
wherein F is the Faraday constant, 96485 C/mol; VA, is the effective volume of an anode chamfer, in mL; Ec;ll is the output voltage of MFC, in mV; and R,, is the load of an external circuit, in Q. The BOD (mg/L) value is acquired: 0 00 2 BOD = 18.941e . s v
v is the instantaneous voltage at the 10 th minute of acquisition, in mv; the pH
value is 6.8-7.2; and the conductivity is 5-12 ms/cm.
The method for determining the BOD concentration by the rapid portable BOD
detector is as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, respectively adding a sample to be tested and a
phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of the MFC reactor and the anode 10 of the MFC
reactor, recording the pH, the conductivity, the volume and the dilution ratio of the
sample, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6, connecting the MFC to the
wiring terminal, inputting the volume of the sample added to the anode in the
detection software, starting the detection software for detection, and reading the BOD
value at the 10 th minute of detection.
Embodiment 2:
The rapid portable BOD detector is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the
difference lies in the method as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
Description
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, adding a phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of
the MFC reactor, adding a standard solution with DO<0.2 mg/L and BOD=200 mg/L
to the anode 10 of the MFC reactor, wherein the pH is 6.98, the conductivity is 9.87
ms/cm, and the volume is 6.81 mL, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6,
connecting the MFC to the wiring terminal, inputting the volume of the sample added
to the anode in the detection software, starting the detection software for detection,
wherein the entire acquisition diagram is shown in Fig. 5, and reading the BOD value
as 188.03 mg/L at the 10th minute of detection, wherein the accuracy is 94.0%, and
the precision RSD is less than or equal to 1.9%.
Embodiment 3:
The rapid portable BOD detector is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the
difference lies in the method as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, adding a phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of
the MFC reactor, adding a standard solution with DO<0.2 mg/L and BOD=100 mg/L
to the anode 10 of the MFC reactor, wherein the pH is 7.01, the conductivity is 9.23
ms/cm, and the volume is 6.73 mL, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6,
connecting the MFC to the wiring terminal, inputting the volume of the sample added
to the anode in the detection software, starting the detection software for detection,
wherein the entire acquisition diagram is shown in Fig. 6, and reading the BOD value
Description
as 108.69 mg/L at the 10th minute of detection, wherein the accuracy is 91.3%, and
the precision RSD is less than or equal to 1.8%.
Embodiment 4:
The rapid portable BOD detector is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the
difference lies in the method as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, adding a phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of
the MFC reactor, adding a standard solution with DO<0.2 mg/L and BOD=50 mg/L to
the anode 10 of the MFC reactor, wherein the pH is 6.97, the conductivity is 8.92
ms/cm, and the volume is 6.85 mL, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6,
connecting the MFC to the wiring terminal, inputting the volume of the sample added
to the anode in the detection software, starting the detection software for detection,
wherein the entire acquisition diagram is shown in Fig. 7, and reading the BOD value
as 46.62 mg/L at the 10th minute of detection, wherein the accuracy is 93.6%, and the
precision RSD is less than or equal to 3.9%.
Embodiment 5:
The rapid portable BOD detector is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the
difference lies in the method as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
Description
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, adding a phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of
the MFC reactor, adding a standard solution with DO<0.2 mg/L and BOD=25 mg/L to
the anode 10 of the MFC reactor, wherein the pH is 6.98, the conductivity is 8.87
ms/cm, and the volume is 6.81 mL, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6,
connecting the MFC to the wiring terminal, inputting the volume of the sample added
to the anode in the detection software, starting the detection software for detection,
wherein the entire acquisition diagram is shown in Fig. 8, and reading the BOD value
as 25.48 mg/L at the 10th minute of detection, wherein the accuracy is 98.1%, and the
precision RSD is less than or equal to 3.3%.
Embodiment 6:
The rapid portable BOD detector is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the
difference lies in the method as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, adding a phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of
the MFC reactor, adding landfill leachate with DO<0.2 mg/L and BOD5 =443 mg/L to
the anode 10 of the MFC reactor, wherein the pH is 7.03, the conductivity is 9.19
ms/cm, and the volume is 6.75 mL, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6,
connecting the MFC to the wiring terminal, inputting the volume of 6.75 ml of the
sample added to the anode in the detection software, wherein the dilution ratio is 3,
starting the detection software for detection, wherein the entire acquisition diagram is
shown in Fig. 9, and reading the BOD value as 478.07 mg/L at the 10th minute of
Description
detection, wherein the accuracy is 92.1%, and the precision RSD is less than or equal
to 2.7%.
Embodiment 7:
The rapid portable BOD detector is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the
difference lies in the method as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, adding a phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of
the MFC reactor, adding domestic sewage with DO<0.2 mg/L and BOD 5 =450 mg/L
to the anode 10 of the MFC reactor, wherein the pH is 7.02, the conductivity is 9.06
ms/cm, and the volume is 6.69 mL, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6,
connecting the MFC to the wiring terminal, inputting the volume of 6.69 ml of the
sample added to the anode in the detection software, wherein the dilution ratio is 2,
starting the detection software for detection, wherein the entire acquisition diagram is
shown in Fig. 10, and reading the BOD value as 405.73 mg/L at the 10th minute of
detection, wherein the accuracy is 90.1%, and the precision RSD is less than or equal
to 1.8%.
Embodiment 8:
The rapid portable BOD detector is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the
difference lies in the method as follows:
Opening the display screen 2, opening the solar cell panel 13, turning on the
power supply system switch 17, the digestion system switch 18 and the data
acquisition and control system switch 24 in sequence, starting the detection software,
Description
taking out an MFC reactor when the temperature of the digestion system 6 is constant
at 30°C, opening the anode filling opening 7 of the MFC reactor and the cathode
filling opening 8 of the MFC reactor, adding a phosphate buffer to the cathode 9 of
the MFC reactor, adding soybean wastewater with DO<0.2 mg/L and BOD=805
mg/L to the anode 10 of the MFC reactor, wherein the pH is 7.05, the conductivity is
8.96 ms/cm, and the volume is 6.83 mL, putting the MFC into the digestion system 6,
connecting the MFC to the wiring terminal, inputting the volume of 6.83 ml of the
sample added to the anode in the detection software, wherein the dilution ratio is 4,
starting the detection software for detection, wherein the entire acquisition diagram is
shown in Fig. 11, and reading the BOD value as 803.05 mg/L at the 10th minute of
detection, wherein the accuracy is 99.8%, and the precision RSD is less than or equal
to 1. 7 %.
It can be seen from the above embodiments that the determination time of the
rapid portable BOD detector is 10 min and the accuracy is greater than 90%.
Liquids for test comprise an anode regulator solution for dilution, a trace element
solution and a cathode liquor.
Trace element solution: 1.5 g of nitrilotriacetic acid (C 6 H9 NO), 3.0 g of
magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 .7H2 0), 1.0 g of sodium chloride (NaC), 0.1 g of ferrous
20), 0.1 g of cobalt sulfate (CoSO 4 ), 0.1 g of calcium chloride sulfate (FeSO4 .7H
(CaCl2.2H2 0), 0.1 g of zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4), 10.0 mg of copper sulfate (CuSO 4 .5H 2 0),
10.0 mg of aluminum potassium sulfate (AlK(SO 4 ) 2 ), 10.0 mg of boric acid (H 3B0 3 )
and 10.0 mg of sodium molybdate (NaMoO 4 .2H20) are weighed and dissolved in
water, and the volume is controlled to 1000 ml. The solution can be stably stored at
-4°C for 1 month.
Anode regulator solution: 21.850 g of sodium hydrogen phosphate
(Na2HPO4 .12H20), 6.086 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH 2PO 4 .2H 20), 50.0
Description
mg of magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 .7H2 0), 3.75 mg of calcium chloride (CaC 2 ), 0.25
mg of ferric trichloride (FeCl 3 .6H20), 5.0 mg of manganese sulfate (MnSO 4 .H2 0) and
105.0 mg of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) are weighed and dissolved in 500 mL of
water, 12.5 mL of trace element solution is added, and the volume is controlled to
1000 ml. The solution can be stably stored at 0-4°C for 1 month.
Cathode liquor: 21.850 g of sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO 4.12H 20) and
6.086 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH 2PO 4 .2H20) are weighed and dissolved
in water, and the volume is controlled to 1000 mL. The solution can be stably stored
at 0-4°C for 1 month.
Finally, it should be noted that the above preferred embodiments are only used for
describing, rather than limiting the technical solution of the present invention.
Although the present invention is already described in detail through the above
preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art shall understand that various changes
in form and detail can be made to the present invention without departing from the
scope defined by claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A rapid portable BOD detector, characterized by comprising a box body in which a data acquisition and control system, a digestion system and a power supply system are arranged; The data acquisition and control system comprises a display screen arranged on the box body, a data acquisition card and a wiring terminal; the digestion system is used for storing microbial fuel cells, and the digestion system comprises a storage cavity arranged in the box body and a silica gel heating plate, a semiconductor refrigerator and a circulation fan which are arranged on one side of the box body and used for making a constant-temperature environment for the digestion system; The power supply system comprises a storage battery arranged in the box body and a solar cell panel arranged on one side of the box body and connected with the storage battery; The microbial fuel cell comprises a cell case in which an anode inner cavity and a cathode inner cavity of the microbial fuel cell are arranged, the bottom surfaces of the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity are mutually fitted, a proton membrane is arranged between the bottom surfaces, the anode inner cavity is provided with a closed anode baffle on one side opposite to the cathode inner cavity, The cathode inner cavity is provided with a cathode baffle with a through hole on one side opposite to the anode inner cavity, and the upper ends of the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity are respectively provided with a filling opening for filling a cathode or anode liquor or a sample into the anode inner cavity and the cathode inner cavity; and an anode material for electric conduction and reaction is arranged in the anode inner cavity, and a cathode material is arranged in the cathode inner cavity; The wiring terminal is connected with the anode inner cavity, the cathode inner cavity and an external resistor to form a loop, and the output voltage of the microbial fuel cell is acquired through the data acquisition card to the data acquisition and control system so as to convert, save and output the data to the display screen; and meanwhile, the BOD value of a sample to be tested is obtained through calculation according to the BOD calculating formula in combination with the pre-input relevant parameters, and the test result is displayed on the display screen and saved.
Claims
2. The rapid portable BOD detector as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The anode material comprises a pretreated carbon cloth or carbon felt, the cathode material comprises a carbon cloth with a filling layer, a waterproof layer is prepared on one side with the filling layer of the carbon cloth, and a catalyst layer Pt/C is loaded on the other side of the carbon cloth prepared with the waterproof layer. The lower end of the box body is provided with universal wheels, and the upper end is provided with an extension pull rod. The display screen is hinged on the upper end of the box body through a display screen rotating shaft and is a flip type touch screen.
3. The rapid portable BOD detector as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The microbial fuel cell case is made of a non-conducting material, including but not limited to polyacrylic acid plexiglass. The storage cavity of the digestion system can accommodate a plurality of microbial fuel cells, and the data acquisition card of the data acquisition and control system has multiple data channels and can simultaneously acquire the output voltages of the plurality of microbial fuel cells. A wireless transmission module is connected with the data acquisition and control system and used for wireless communication with a remote terminal to realize remote control on the rapid portable BOD detector.
4. The rapid portable BOD detector as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The box body is provided with a data acquisition and control system heat dissipation hole opposite to the data acquisition and control system, and provided with a power supply system heat dissipation hole opposite to the power supply system. The side surface of the box body is also provided with switches for respectively controlling the data acquisition and control system, the digestion system and the power supply system.
5. The rapid portable BOD detector as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the data acquisition and control system acquires the BOD (mg/L) value of a water sample to be tested through the following formula: 0 00 2 BOD = 18.941e . s v v is the instantaneous voltage at the 10 th minute of acquisition, in mv; the pH value is 6.8-7.2; and the conductivity is 5-12 ms/cm;
Claims
the BOD (mg/L) value acquired through the formula is the BOD (mg/L) value of the
water sample to be tested, which is calculated by the rapid portable BOD detector for
min.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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ID=80932757
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2021
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