AU2020233616A1 - Asymmetric composite membranes and modified substrates used in their preparation - Google Patents
Asymmetric composite membranes and modified substrates used in their preparation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2020233616A1 AU2020233616A1 AU2020233616A AU2020233616A AU2020233616A1 AU 2020233616 A1 AU2020233616 A1 AU 2020233616A1 AU 2020233616 A AU2020233616 A AU 2020233616A AU 2020233616 A AU2020233616 A AU 2020233616A AU 2020233616 A1 AU2020233616 A1 AU 2020233616A1
- Authority
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- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- poly
- sheet
- polyolefin
- ethylene
- ethenol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 27
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title description 17
- -1 poly(ethenol) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 219
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229920001112 grafted polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 55
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical group NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 claims description 12
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100030176 Muscular LMNA-interacting protein Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 101710195411 Muscular LMNA-interacting protein Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009694 cold isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000037584 hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 45
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 41
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 abstract description 19
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241001082241 Lythrum hyssopifolia Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 47
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 29
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 18
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 14
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000012224 working solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 238000001157 Fourier transform infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000004699 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- WURBFLDFSFBTLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzil Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WURBFLDFSFBTLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002529 flux (metallurgy) Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000785 ultra high molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000008939 whole milk Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KMNCBSZOIQAUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OCC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KMNCBSZOIQAUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFDVPJUYSDEJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=NC=C1 KFDVPJUYSDEJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCO WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoin Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010559 graft polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxiran-2-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC1CO1 RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-one Chemical compound CCCC(C)=O XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- OVARTBFNCCXQKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-one;hydrate Chemical group O.CC(C)=O OVARTBFNCCXQKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- BJELTSYBAHKXRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine Chemical compound C=CCOC1=NC(OCC=C)=NC(OCC=C)=N1 BJELTSYBAHKXRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMSBGXAJJLPWKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C=C VMSBGXAJJLPWKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLGDWWCZQDIASO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxy-1-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-1,3,5-trien-2-yl)-2-phenylethanone Chemical compound OC(C(=O)c1cccc2Oc12)c1ccccc1 NLGDWWCZQDIASO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940044192 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BSMGLVDZZMBWQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one Chemical compound CC(C)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 BSMGLVDZZMBWQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEOVGVNITGAUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 HEOVGVNITGAUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000028419 Styrax benzoin Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000126 Styrax benzoin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008411 Sumatra benzointree Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007544 Whey Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002130 benzoin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- FFSAXUULYPJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyrophenone Chemical compound CCCC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 FFSAXUULYPJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQWCDOCJODRMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoren-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 YLQWCDOCJODRMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycidyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC1CO1 VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019382 gum benzoic Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003278 mimic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRIOVPPHQSLHCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propiophenone Chemical compound CCC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KRIOVPPHQSLHCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001846 repelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-phenylethenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XKGLSKVNOSHTAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N valerophenone Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XKGLSKVNOSHTAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021119 whey protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/26—Polyalkenes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
- B01D67/00931—Chemical modification by introduction of specific groups after membrane formation, e.g. by grafting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
- B01D67/00933—Chemical modification by addition of a layer chemically bonded to the membrane
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0095—Drying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
- B01D69/125—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/26—Polyalkenes
- B01D71/261—Polyethylene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/28—Polymers of vinyl aromatic compounds
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/28—Polymers of vinyl aromatic compounds
- B01D71/281—Polystyrene
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- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/38—Polyalkenylalcohols; Polyalkenylesters; Polyalkenylethers; Polyalkenylaldehydes; Polyalkenylketones; Polyalkenylacetals; Polyalkenylketals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/38—Polyalkenylalcohols; Polyalkenylesters; Polyalkenylethers; Polyalkenylaldehydes; Polyalkenylketones; Polyalkenylacetals; Polyalkenylketals
- B01D71/381—Polyvinylalcohol
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
- B01D71/82—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74 characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
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- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/02—Hydrophilization
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- B01D2323/30—Cross-linking
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- B01D2323/38—Graft polymerization
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- B01D2323/38—Graft polymerization
- B01D2323/385—Graft polymerization involving radiation
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2323/40—Details relating to membrane preparation in-situ membrane formation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/022—Asymmetric membranes
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Abstract
Asymmetric composite membranes consisting of a film of partially cross
linked poly(ethenol) (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) adhered to a
hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of grafted polyolefin are disclosed.
The microporous sheet is made hydrophilic by grafting of the polyolefin,
e.g. poly(ethylene) with a preformed polymer of 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic
acid before adherence of the film of partially cross-linked poly(ethenol).
The asymmetric composite membranes are chlorine tolerant with high levels
of protein rejection making them particularly suitable for use in the
extraction or recovery of water from feed streams in the beverage and food
industries, including dairy.
Description
The invention relates to a durable water permeable asymmetric composite membrane with high levels of protein rejection, and substrates for use in their preparation. In particular, the invention relates to a durable water permeable asymmetric composite membrane consisting of a film of partially cross-linked poly(ethenol) adhered to a hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of poly(ethylene).
It is well-known to use grafting to modify the surface of films, sheets and moulded objects formed from polyolefins. For example, the publication of Tazuke and Kimura (1978) discloses photografting onto poly(propylene), poly(ethylene) and several other polymer films using benzophenone as a sensitizer. In this publication the choice of solvent and sensitizer was noted to be very important.
The publication of Ang et al (1980) discloses an irradiation procedure where the sensitizer is dissolved in the monomer solution and can be used for the photosensitized copolymerization in high yields of styrene, 4-vinyl pyridine and methyl methacrylate to poly(propylene). Again, this publication notes that the reaction was found to be very specific to certain types of sensitizers.
The publication of Ogiwara et al (1981) discloses the photografting on poly(propylene) and low-density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) films on which sensitizers were coated beforehand. The sensitizers coated on films enabled vinyl monomers, such as methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid to graft easily with high yields. The hydrophilic monomers acrylic acid and methacrylic acid were conveniently grafted using them in aqueous solution in a liquid phase system.
The publication of Allmer et al (1988) discloses the modification of surfaces of LDPE, high-density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) and polystyrene by grafting with acrylic acid. The grafting is performed in the vapor-phase and increased the wettability of the polymer. It was observed that acetone was able to initiate grafting and was found to promote and direct grafting to the surface. The later publication of Allmer et al (1989) discloses the grafting of the surface of LDPE with glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate by photoinitiation. Acetone and ethanol were used as solvents, with acetone yielding slightly more grafting at the surface.
The publications of Yao and Ranby (1990a, 1990b and 1990c) disclose inter alia a process for the continuous photoinitiated graft copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto the surface of HDPE tape film. The process is performed under a nitrogen atmosphere using benzophenone as the photoinitiator. It was noted that pre-soaking was very important for efficient photographing within short irradiation times. The application of this pre-soaking photografting method to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was also disclosed. In this context acetone was found to be a somewhat better solvent than methylethylketone and methylpropylketone. When applied to a continuous process for the photochemically induced graft polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid of poly(propylene) (PP) fibre surface under a nitrogen atmosphere, optimal concentrations of monomer and initiator in the pre-soaking solution were determined.
The publications of Kubota and Hata (1990a and 1990b) disclose an investigation of the location of methacrylic acid chains introduced into poly(ethylene) film by liquid and vapor-phase photografting and a comparative examination of the photografting behaviours of benzil, o benzophenone and benzoin ethyl ether as sensitizers. In these latter studies poly(methacrylic acid) was grafted onto initiator-coated LDPE film.
The publication of Edge et al (1993) discloses the photochemical grafting of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto LDPE film. A solution phase method is used to produce a material with increased wettability.
-5 The publication of Singleton et al (1993) discloses a method of making a polymeric sheet wettable by aqueous solvents and useful as an electrode separator in an electrochemical device. The polymeric sheet is formed from fibres which comprise poly(propylene) alone and is distinguished from a membrane formed from a microporous polymer sheet.
The publication of Zhang and Ranby (1993) discloses the photochemically induced graft copolymerisation of acrylamide onto the surface of PP film. Acetone was shown to be the best solvent among the three aliphatic ketones tested.
The publications of Yang and Ranby (1996a and 1996b) disclose factors affecting the photografting process, including the role of far UV radiation (200 to 300 nm). In these studies benzophenone was used as the photoinitiator and LDPE film as the substrate. Added water was shown to favour the photografting polymerisation of acrylic acid on the surface of polyolefins, but acetone was shown to have a negative effect due to the different solvation of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA).
The publication of Hirooka and Kawazu (1997) discloses alkaline separators prepared from unsaturated carboxylic acid grafted poly(ethylene) poly(propylene) fibre sheets. Again, the sheets used as a substrate in these studies are distinguished from a membrane formed from a microporous polymer sheet.
The publication of Xu and Yang (2000) discloses a study on the mechanism of vapor-phase photografting of acrylic acid onto LDPE.
The publication of Shentu et al (2002) discloses a study of the factors, including the concentration of monomer, affecting photo-grafting on LDPE.
The publication of El Kholdi et al (2004) discloses a continuous process for the graft polymerisation of acrylic acid from monomer solutions in water onto LDPE. The publication of Bai et al (2011) discloses the preparation of a hot melt adhesive of grafted low-density poly(ethylene) (LDPE). The adhesive is prepared by surface UV photografting of acrylic acid onto the LDPE with benzophenone as the photoinitiator.
The publication of Choi et al (2001) states that graft polymerisation is considered as a general method for modifying the chemical and physical properties of polymer materials.
The publication of Choi (2002) discloses a method for producing an acrylic graft polymer on the surface of a polyolefin article comprising the steps of immersing the article in a solution of an initiator in a volatile solvent, allowing the solvent to evaporate, and then immersing the article in a solution of an acrylic monomer before subjecting the article to ultraviolet irradiation in air or an inert atmosphere. Acrylic acid is used as the acrylic monomer in each one of the Examples disclosed in the publication, although the use of equivalent amounts of methacrylic acid, acrylamide and other acrylic monomers is anticipated.
The publication of Choi (2004) discloses the use of "ethylenically unsaturated monomers" in graft polymerisation. These other monomers are disclosed as monomers that are polymerizable by addition polymerisation to a thermoplastic polymer and are hydrophilic as a consequence of containing carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), sulfonyl (SO 3 ), sulfonic acid (-SO 3 H) or carbonyl (-CO) groups. No experimental results concerning the chemical and physical properties of graft polymers prepared by a method using these other monomers is disclosed.
The publication of Choi (2005) discloses a non-woven sheet of polyolefin fibres where opposed surfaces of the sheet are hydrophilic as a consequence of an acrylic graft polymerisation. The properties of the sheet are asymmetric, the ion exchange coefficient of the two surfaces being different. The method used to prepare these asymmetric acrylic graft polymerised non-woven polyolefin sheets comprises the steps of immersing the substrates in a solution of benzophenone (a photoinitiator), drying and then immersing the substrate in a solution of acrylic acid prior to subjecting to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The irradiation may be performed when the surfaces are in contact with either air or an inert atmosphere.
The publication of Gao et al (2013) discloses a method of preparing a radiation cross-linked lithium-ion battery separator. In an example, a porous polyethylene membrane is immersed in a solution of benzophenone and triallyl cyanurate in dichloromethane. The immersed membrane is dried at room temperature before being immersed in a water bath at 30°C and irradiated on both sides using a high-pressure mercury lamp for three minutes.
The publication of Jaber and Gjoka (2016) discloses the grafting of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene microporous membranes using monomers having one or more anionic, cationic or neutral groups. The publication states that the authors have discovered that molecules can be grafted on the surface of an asymmetric, porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene membrane using an ultraviolet radiation energy source. The grafted membranes are proposed for use in removing charged contaminants from liquids.
The objective of the majority of these prior art methods is to improve the adhesion, biocompatibility, printability or wettability of the surface of a substrate using photoinitiated polymerisation. These methods are to be distinguished from the use of UV-initiated grafting with an exogenously prepared preformed polymer to modify the permeability to water of a hydrophobic microporous polyolefin substrate.
The publication of Bolto et al (2009) reviews what is disclosed in publications concerning the cross-linking of poly(ethenol), i.e. PVA. These publications include those concerning cross-linking methods and the grafting of PVA onto support membranes, including porous hydrophobic membranes such as poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene).
The publication of Linder et al (1988) discloses semipermeable composite membranes comprising a film of modified PVA or PVA-copolymers on a porous support. Suitable support materials are required to be water insoluble and may be chosen, e.g. from polyacrylonitriles, polysulfones, polyamides, polyolefins such as poly(ethylenes) and poly(propylenes), or cellulosics.
The publication of Exley (2016) discloses an asymmetric composite membrane consisting of a film of cross-linked poly(ether ether ketone) adhered to a sheet of grafted microporous poly(ethylene). The microporous poly(ethylene) is obtained by photoinitiated grafting with an ethenyl monomer to provide a hydrophilic sheet.
The publication of Craft et al (2017) discloses improvements in the asymmetric composite membranes disclosed in the publication of Exley (2016). The improved asymmetric composite membranes comprise of poly(vinyl alcohol) polymer crosslinked with a crosslinking agent (such as divinyl benzene) coated on a film of cross-linked poly(ether ether ketone) adhered to a sheet of the grafted microporous poly(ethylene). The improvement is in the selectivity of the asymmetric composite membrane obtained.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an asymmetric composite membrane with improved levels of protein rejection while maintaining an acceptable flux. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method to preparing the asymmetric composite membrane. It is an object of the present invention to provide a hydrophilicitized sheet of microporous polyolefin particularly suited for use in the method of preparing the asymmetric composite membrane. It is an object of the present invention to provide asymmetric composite membranes and hydrophilicitized sheets of microporous polyolefin adaptable for use in extracting or recovering water from feed streams in the beverage and food processing industries, including dairy. These objects are to be read in the alternative with the object at least to provide a useful choice in the selection of such methods, membranes and sheets.
In an unclaimed first aspect the invention provides a hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of polyolefin where the microporous polyolefin has been grafted with a preformed poly(4-ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid).
Preferably, the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of: poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butylene) and poly(methylpentene). More preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene) or poly(propylene). Most preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene).
Preferably, the preformed poly(4-ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid) is equivalent to that provided in the working solution prepared according to Example 1.
In an unclaimed second aspect the invention provides an asymmetric composite membrane comprising a film of partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) adhered to a hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of polyolefin where the polyolefin has been grafted with a preformed poly(4-ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid) before adherence of the film of partially crosslinked poly(ethenol).
Preferably, the partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) is crosslinked to a degree in the range equivalent to that of the partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) provided in Vial 2 of Example 8 to that of the partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) provided in Vial 4 of Example 8. More preferably, the partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) is crosslinked to a degree substantially equivalent to that of the partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) provided in Vial 3 of Example 8.
Preferably, the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of: poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butylene) and poly(methylpentene). More preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene) or poly(propylene). Most preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene).
In a preferred embodiment of the second aspect, the invention provides an asymmetric composite membrane consisting essentially of a film of partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) adhered to a hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of poly(ethylene) where the polyolefin has been grafted with a preformed -5 poly(4-ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid) before adherence of the film of partially crosslinked poly(ethenol).
In a most preferred embodiment of the second aspect, the invention provides an asymmetric composite membrane consisting essentially of a film of partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) adhered to a hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of poly(ethylene) where the polyolefin has been grafted with a preformed poly(4-ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid) equivalent to that provided in the working solution prepared according to Example 1 before adherence of the film of partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) and the partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) is crosslinked to a degree substantially equivalent to that of the partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) provided in Vial 3 of Example 8.
An asymmetric composite membrane capable of providing at least 99.9% total protein rejection at a flux of 5 LMH with milk as a feed stream is provided.
In an unclaimed third aspect the invention provides a method of preparing the hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of polyolefin of the first aspect of the invention comprising the steps of:
1. Contacting a microporous sheet of polyolefin with a dispersion comprising a preformed poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) in an aqueous solvent to provide a contacted microporous sheet;
O 2. Curing the contacted microporous sheet at a temperature and for a time sufficient for at least a portion of the poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) to be grafted onto the polyolefin substrate to provide a cured microporous sheet; and then
3. Washing the cured microporous sheet to provide the hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of polyolefin.
Preferably, the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of: poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butylene) and poly(methylpentene). More preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene) or poly(propylene). Most preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene).
o Preferably, the aqueous solvent is acetone-water.
Preferably, the curing the contacted microporous sheet is by irradiating with ultraviolet light at an intensity and at a temperature for a period of time sufficient for at least a portion of the poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) to be grafted onto the polyolefin.
Preferably, the irradiating is in the presence of a photoinitiator. More preferably, the irradiating is in the presence of a photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of: aceto-phenone, anthraquinone, benzoin, benzoin ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzil, benzil ketal, benzophenone, benzoyl peroxide, n-butyl phenyl ketone, iso-butyl phenyl ketone, fluorenone, propiophenone, n-propyl phenyl ketone and iso-propyl phenyl ketone. Most preferably, the irradiating is in the presence of the photoinitiator benzophenone.
Preferably, the ultraviolet light has a broad spectrum centred on 250 nm and bandwidth limits of approximately 250 nm and 400 nm.
Preferably, the washing is with water.
In a preferred embodiment of the third aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing a hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of poly(ethylene) comprising the steps of:
1. Polymerising 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid in the presence of a radical initiator to provide a first dispersion in a first solvent of a poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid);
2. Contacting a microporous sheet of poly(ethylene) with a second dispersion in a second solvent of the poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) to provide a contacted microporous sheet of poly(ethylene);
3. Curing the contacted microporous sheet at a temperature and for a time sufficient for at least a portion of the poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) to be grafted onto the polyolefin substrate; and then
4. Washing the cured microporous sheet to provide the hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of poly(ethylene),
where the first solvent is water and the second solvent is acetone-water.
The 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid may be provided in the form of a salt, e.g. as its sodium salt (SSS).
Preferably, the radical initiator is selected from the group consisting of: ammonium persulfate and sodium persulfate. More preferably, the radical initiator is sodium persulfate.
Preferably, the second solvent is 40 to 60% (v/v) acetone in water. Most preferably, the second solvent is 50% (v/v) acetone in water.
The second dispersion may be prepared by adding acetone to the first dispersion.
In an unclaimed fourth aspect the invention provides a hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of polyolefin prepared according to the method of the third aspect of the invention.
In a fifth aspect the invention provides a method of preparing an asymmetric composite membrane comprising the steps of:
1. Contacting one side of a microporous sheet of grafted polyolefin with a solution of poly(ethenol) in the presence of a radical initiator to provide a contacted sheet;
2. Drying the contacted sheet at a temperature and for a time sufficient to allow the poly(ethenol) to adhere to the one side of the microporous sheet of grafted polyolefin and provide a dried contacted sheet; and then
3. Washing the dried contacted sheet to provide the asymmetric composite membrane,
where the grafted polyolefin has been grafted with a preformed poly(4 ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid).
Preferably, the radical initiator is a persulfate. More preferably, the radical initiator is sodium persulfate.
Preferably, the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of: poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butylene) and poly(methylpentene). More preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene) or poly(propylene). Most preferably, the polyolefin is poly(ethylene).
Preferably, the drying of the contacted sheet is by applying a positive thermal gradient across the thickness of the sheet from the contacted one side of the hydrophilicitized microporous sheet to the other side.
Preferably, the preformed poly(4-ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid) is equivalent to that provided in the working solution prepared according to Example 1.
In the description and claims of this specification the following abbreviations, acronyms, terms and phrases have the meaning provided: "comprising" means "including", "containing" or "characterized by" and does not exclude any additional element, ingredient or step; "consisting of" means excluding any element, ingredient or step not specified except for impurities and other incidentals; "consisting essentially of" means excluding any element, ingredient or step that is a material limitation; "crosslinking agent" means a material that is incorporated into the crosslinking bridge of a cross-linked polymer network; "flux" means the rate (volume per unit of time) of permeate transported per unit of membrane area; "graft polymer" means a polymer in which the linear main chain has attached to it at various points side chains of a structure different from the main chain; "homopolymer" means a polymer formed by the polymerization of a single monomer; "hydrophilic" means having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water and "hydrophilicity", "hydrophilicitized" and "hydrophilicitizing" have a corresponding meaning; "microporous" means consisting of an essentially continuous matrix structure containing substantially uniform small pores or channels throughout the body of the substrate (such as may be manufactured using a cast (wet) process technology) and specifically excludes a discontinuous matrix of woven or non-woven fibres; "partially crosslinked" means that only a portion of the available sites for cross-linking are utilised and the cross-linking reaction has been limited by reagents, temperature or period of time; "photoinitiator" means a photolabile compound which upon irradiation forms a radical; "poly(ethanol)" and "polyvinyl alcohol" are used synonymously; "post-treated polymer" means a polymer that is modified, either partially or completely, after the basic polymer backbone has been formed; "preformed" means formed beforehand, i.e. prior to treatment; "PSSS" or "pSSS" denotes the product of the polymerization of SSS, i.e. poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid); "PVA" denotes poly(ethenol) (or polyvinyl alcohol); "SSS" denotes sodium styrene sulfonate, i.e. the sodium salt of 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid; "UVA" means electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths between 320 and 400 nm; "UVB" means electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths between 290 and 320 nm; "UVC" means electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths between 200 and 290 nm, and "xPVA" denotes PVA that is at least partially crosslinked.
The terms "first", "second", "third", etc. used with reference to elements, features or integers of the subject matter defined in the Statement of Invention and Claims, or when used with reference to alternative embodiments of the invention are not intended to imply an order of preference. The numbering of the Examples and the Comparative Examples (if any) is not intended to mean any pair of Example and Comparative Example is directly comparable. Where values are expressed to one or more decimal places standard rounding applies. For example, 1.7 encompasses the range 1.650 recurring to 1.749 recurring. Where concentrations or ratios of reagents or solvents are specified, the concentration or ratio specified is the initial concentration or ratio of the reagents or solvents. References to the use of 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid encompass references to the use of salts of the acid, including SSS. In the absence of further limitation the use of plain bonds in the representations (if used) of the structures of compounds encompasses the diastereoisomers, enantiomers and mixtures thereof of the compounds.
The invention will now be described with reference to embodiments or examples and the figures of the accompanying drawings pages.
Figure 1. FTIR spectra of the monomer 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid (SSS) and poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) (PSSS) prepared according to the method described in Example 1 (water) and Example 2 (DMSO).
Figure 2. FTIR spectra recorded for poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid)(PSSS), the photoinitiator benzophenone (BP), no washing protocol (1), 0 washed with water at a temperature of 45 to 50 C before drying (2), washed with acetone (3) and washed with water at a temperature of 45 to 50 0 C, dried and then washed with acetone (4).
Figure 3. Photograph of vials containing partially crosslinked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) prepared according the Example 8. From left to right: Vial 1, Vial2, Vial 3 and Vial 4.
Figure 4. Flux (LMH)(+, broken line), total solids (%) (A, dotted line) and protein rejection (%) (m, solid line) of a sample of an asymmetric composite membrane (030918Sii) prepared according to Example 9 during repeated clean in-place (C-i-P) protocols.
Figure 5. Pressure series testing (0 to 20 bar) of a sample (030918Siii) of an asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to Example 9. Flux and protein rejection with milk as the feed stream were measured.
Figure 6. Comparison of the FTIR spectra (full range) recorded for samples (240818Si and 240818Sii) of an asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to Example 9 and the poly(ethenol) (PVA) and cross-linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) used in their preparation.
Figure 7. Comparison of the FTIR spectra (stretch mode region) recorded for samples (240818Si and 240818Sii) of an asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to Example 9 and the poly(ethenol) (PVA) and cross linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) used in their preparation.
Figure 8. Comparison of the FTIR spectra (finger print region) recorded for samples (240818Si and 240818Sii) of an asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to Example 9 and the poly(ethenol) (PVA) and cross linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) used in their preparation.
Figure 9. Scanning electronmicrographs of the surface of samples of asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to Example 9 before and after being subjected to repeated clean-in-place (CIP) protocols.
The invention resides in part in the selection of a preformed polymer of 4 ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid as the hydrophilicitizing agent used in the preparation of hydrophilicitized polyolefin substrates. This part of the invention is most advantageously applied to the hydrophilicitization of preformed sheets of microporous poly(ethylene). Use of poly(4 ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) as the hydrophilicitizing agent has been found to provide greater and more consistent hydrophilicitization of the polyolefin substrate. This improvement is attributed at least in part to the reduced number of side reactions that may occur when compared with use of the monomer (cf. the method described in the publications of Exley (2016) and Craft et al (2017)). It is also anticipated that the use increases the likelihood of the preformed polymer grafting to the polyolefin substrate at multiple sites. A structurally distinct form of grafted polyolefin substrate may therefore be being obtained.
The improved performance of a hydrophilicitized sheet of microporous poly(ethylene) prepared by the method of the present invention when compared with that prepared by the method disclosed in the publications of Exley (2016) and Craft et al (2017) is demonstrated by a higher flux with water as the feed stream whilst retaining the desired durability including tolerance to chlorine and other cleaning agents. The hydrophilicitized sheets of microporous poly(ethylene) prepared by the method of the present invention also "wet out" at pressures lower than those previously required. The method of preparing the hydrophilicitized sheets of microporous poly(ethylene) is also less wasteful of reagents, including the photoinitiator, and eliminates the need for the exclusion of oxygen during the preparation. The polymer of 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid is advantageously prepared as a dispersion (the 'working solution') that can be used directly without the need to isolate the polymer. This advantage is illustrated in the methods of the following Examples.
The invention also resides in part in the use of the hydrophilicitized sheet of microporous polyolefin to prepare an asymmetric composite membrane. Providing a hydrophilicitized, i.e. wettable, sheet of microporous polyolefin facilitates the formation of the film of partially cross-linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) on the surface and adherence to that surface. In contrast with the preparation of the asymmetric composite membranes disclosed in the publication of Craft et al (2017) persulfate is used as a cross-linking agent. The high levels of protein rejection demonstrated for the asymmetric composite membranes is attributed in part to the selection of this crosslinking agent. A porosity providing a size exclusion reduced to an estimated 30 kDa from an estimated 160 kDa is believed to be achieved (and is supported by the increased levels of total protein rejection of greater than 99.9%).
When drying the hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of polyolefin contacted with the dispersion in water of partially cross-linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) applying a positive thermal gradient across the thickness of the sheet from the contacted side to the other side is also believed to assist in maintaining porosity of the hydrophilicitized microporous sheet of polyolefin and thereby provide an asymmetric composite membrane with higher flux rates than might otherwise be achievable. In Example 9 the application of a positive thermal gradient is a consequence of the sheet being supported on a glass plate during the drying steps. The positive thermal gradient is believed to limit the extent to which the dispersion in water may permeate the pores of the hydrophilicitized microporous sheet.
The asymmetric composite membranes provided by the invention are therefore further distinguished from other membranes, e.g. those suggested in the publication of Linder et al (1988), where a superficial film of cross linked PVA or PVA-copolymer is proposed to be coated on a hydrophobic, i.e. water repelling, sheet of microporous polyolefin.
All microporous sheets used in the preparation of samples were prepared from virgin poly(ethylene), i.e. poly(ethylene) of high purity.
Spectra of the samples were recorded using a Thermo Electron Nicolet 8700 FTIR spectrometer equipped with a single bounce ATR and diamond crystal. An average of 32 scans with a 4 cm-' resolution was taken for all samples.
Flux
Permeability was determined using a filter assembly (Sterlitech Corp.) by measuring the flux with deionized water as the feed stream at various pressures. Flux Jy was then graphed against effective pressure difference across the membrane, peff, and the slope of the permeability L,.
Iv =V L - APeff
The samples were mounted in the filter assembly. Deionized water was fed into the rig at 2.5 L min-' and 4 to 8 °C. The time to collect a predetermined volume of permeate was noted. The flux rate (J) was calculated according to the following equation:
V =txA where V is the permeate volume (L), t is the time (h) for the collection of 2 V and A is area of the sample (M ) which was determined to be 0.014 M2
. Salt rejection
Rejection was measured using a 2 g/L solution in water of sodium chloride with a feed pressure of 16 bar. The conductivities from the feed and permeate were compared.
%RNaCI 1 - X 100
where op is the conductivity of permeate and of is the conductivity of the feed.
Total solids rejection
Rejection for whole milk samples was measured by pouring 20 mL of sample from the feed in a petri dish and measuring the dry weight after 2 hours in a 100 °C oven.
%RTS-- -(1-;''X100 \ f,Ts/)
where mp,TS is total milk solids in the permeate and mf,TS is the mass of milk total solids in the feed.
Protein concentrations
Total protein and total whey protein concentrations in permeate were calculated on the basis of HPLC analysis with UV absorbance monitoring.
'Clean-in-Place' (CIP) protocol
To mimic commercial processing operations samples of the asymmetric composite membrane was subjected to repeated in situ washing protocols) as described in Craft et al (2017). The intermediate and subsequent flux rates were determined to assess the likely durability of the membrane in commercial processing operations. The in situ washing protocol was based on that employed in a commercial processing operation but modified in duration to compensate for the greater exposure of the membrane to the cleaning agents (caustic and acid) in the filter assembly. Prior to the washing steps the membrane was rinsed by circulating water at an initial temperature of 65°C through the filter assembly for a period of three minutes before draining the system.
The membrane was subjected to a first wash by circulating a 2% (w/v) sodium hydroxide solution ("caustic wash") through the filter assembly for a period of five minutes before draining and flushing the system by circulating water at an initial temperature of 65°C through the filter assembly system for a period of five minutes. The membrane was subjected to a second wash by circulating a 2% (w/w) nitric acid solution ("acid wash") through the filter assembly system for a period of ten minutes before draining and flushing the system of circulating water at an initial temperature of 65 0 C for a period of ten minutes. The membrane was subjected to a third wash (a "caustic wash") before flushing the system by circulating water at an initial temperature of 65 0 C for a period of five minutes before circulating chilled water for a period of five minutes to cool the system. All rinsing and washing steps were performed with no pressure recorded on the pressure gauge of the filter assembly.
Preparation of poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid)
EXAMPLE 1
A quantity of 50 g of the monomer 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid as its sodium salt (SSS) was dissolved in a volume of 100 mL of distilled water to provide a solution. A quantity of 0.5 g of the initiator sodium persulfate (SPS) was then dissolved in the solution and the initiator-monomer mixture heated with stirring at a temperature of 80 to 90°C for a time of about 20 minutes. A viscous solution was obtained having a total volume of about 125 mL. The viscous solution was diluted with the same volume of distilled water to provide 250 mL of a working solution of poly(4 ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid).
The polymer could be precipitated from this working solution by the addition of an excess volume of acetone, followed by collection of the precipitate by filtration through a Buchner funnel and then washing with acetone to provide a light white solid that could be readily ground to a powder using a pestle and mortar.
EXAMPLE 2
A quantity of 5 g of the monomer 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid as its sodium salt (SSS) was dissolved in a volume of 20 mL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to provide a solution.
A quantity of 0.05 g of the initiator ammonium persulfate (APS) was then dissolved in the solution and the initiator-monomer mixture heated with stirring at a temperature of 80 to 90°C for a time of about 20 minutes. The poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) was precipitated from the cooled solution by addition of an excess volume of acetone, collected by filtration through a Buchner funnel and washed with acetone to provide the same light white solid that could be readily ground to a powder obtainable in Example 1.
The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the powder obtained by the methods of preparation described in Example 1 (PSSS from water) and Example 2 (PSSS from DMSO) are compared with that of the FTIR spectrum of the monomer 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid (SSS) in Figure 1. A comparison of the spectra was consistent with the polymerisation of the monomer in both methods of preparation. The polymer prepared by the method described in Example 1, i.e. the working solution, was used as the hydrophilicitizing agent in the preparation of hydrophilicitized sheets of microporous poly(ethylene) according to the following examples.
Preparation of hydrophilicitized sheets of microporous poly(ethylene)
EXAMPLE 3
A volume of 6 mL of the working solution obtained according to Example 1 was mixed with a volume of 5 mL of distilled water in a vial to provide a volume of initial solution containing 1.2 g of poly(4 o ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid)(pSSS). A volume of 10 mL acetone was added to the volume of initial solution and allowed to become transparent before adding and dissolving in the solution a quantity of 0.2 g of the photoinitiator benzophenone to provide a hydrophilicitizing mixture. The
surface of a sheet of microporous poly(ethylene) (TARGRAYTM wet process polyethylene separators, item no. SW320H (Targray, Kirkland QC, Canada)) dimensioned (13.5 cm x 18.5 cm) to fit the filter assembly (Sterlitech Corp.) was contacted with the hydrophilicitizing mixture and irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light (broad spectrum centred on 320 nm) for a period of time of 2 minutes. The irradiated contacted sheets were then washed with cold tap water before being placed in a water bath maintained at a temperature of 45 to 50 0 C for a time of about 5 minutes. The washed sheets were then air dried before testing or use in the preparation of an asymmetric composite membrane.
EXAMPLE 4
The method of preparation described in Example 3 was repeated with the volume of initial solution containing 1.7 g of poly(4 ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid). This quantity of the polymer was close to the maximum that could be dissolved in the solvent system used.
EXAMPLE 5
A one step method of preparation including the monomer 4 ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid was evaluated.
A volume of 3 mL of the working solution obtained according to Example 1 was mixed with a volume of 8 mL of distilled water and a quantity of 0.6 g of the monomer 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid in a vial to provide a volume of initial solution containing 0.6 g of poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid). A volume of 10 mL acetone was added to the volume of this initial solution and allowed to become transparent before adding a quantity of 0.4 g of the photoinitiator benzophenone to provide a hydrophilicitizing mixture.
The surface of a sheet of microporous poly(ethylene) (TARGRAYTM wet process polyethylene separators, item no. SW320H (Targray, Kirkland QC, Canada)) dimensioned (13.5 cm x 18.5 cm) to fit the filter assembly (Sterlitech Corp.) was contacted with the hydrophilicitizing mixture and irradiated with UV light (broad spectrum centred on 350 nm) for a period of time of 2 minutes before being washed with cold tap water and placed in a water bath maintained at a temperature of 45 to 50 0 C for about 5 minutes and then air dried.
EXAMPLE 6
A two-step method of preparation using only the monomer 4 ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid in the first of the two steps was evaluated.
In the first step a volume of 10 mL of distilled water followed by a volume of 10 mL of acetone was added to a foil wrapped vial containing a quantity of 2.4 g of the monomer and a quantity of 0.4 g of the photoinitiator benzophenone and the mixture shaken until all solids had dissolved. The
surface of a sheet of microporous poly(ethylene) (TARGRAYTM wet process polyethylene separators, item no. SW320H (Targray, Kirkland QC, Canada)) dimensioned (13.5 cm x 18.5 cm) to fit the filter assembly of a test rig (Sterlitech Corp.) was contacted with the mixture and irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light (broad spectrum centred on 350 nm) before washing with cold tap water and placing in a water bath maintained at a temperature of 45 to 50 0 C for a time of 5 minutes before being air dried.
In the second step a volume of 6 mL of the working solution obtained according to Example 1 was mixed with a volume of 5 mL of distilled water in a vial to provide a volume of initial solution containing 1.2 g of poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid). A volume of 10 mL acetone was added to the volume of initial solution and allowed to become transparent before adding and dissolving in the solution a quantity of 0.2 of the photoinitiator benzophenone to provide a hydrophilicitizing mixture. The surface of the air dried sheet obtained according to the first step was contacted with the hydrophilicitizing mixture and irradiated with UV light (broad spectrum centered on 350 nm) for a period of time of 2 minutes before washing with cold tap water and placing in a water bath maintained at a temperature of 45 to 50°C for a period of time of about 5 minutes and then air dried.
Observations
Grafting of the preformed poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid) onto the sheet of microporous poly(ethylene) according to the methods of preparation described in Example 3, Example 4, Example 5 and Example 6 was confirmed by washing in acetone (solvent for the photoinitiator benzophenone) and water (solvent for poly(4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid)). Four washing protocols (1, 2, 3 and 4) were adopted and the FTIR spectra recorded for samples of hydrophilicitized sheets of microporous poly(ethylene) prepared according to the method described in Example 3 following application of these washing protocols are presented in Figure 2.
Preparation of asymmetric composite membrane
-5 EXAMPLE 7
A series of preliminary experiments were performed to evaluate methods of preparing a film of cross-linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) on a surface. A solution of the radical initiator sodium persulfate (SPS) was prepared by adding a quantity of 0.2 g of SPS to a volume consisting of 10 mL deionised water and 10 mL acetone. The solution of radical initiator was applied onto the surface of each of three glass plates (Plate 1, Plate 2 and Plate 3). Plate 2 and Plate 3 were transferred to an oven and dried at a temperature of 60 0 C until all solvent had evaporated to leave a thin layer of the initiator deposited on the surface. Solutions of poly(ethenol) (PVA) were prepared at a concentration of 1% (w/v) in either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or deionised water. The solution of poly(ethenol) (PVA) in DMSO was sprayed onto the wet surface of Plate 1 and the plate then transferred to an oven and dried at a temperature of 60 0 C. The solution of poly(ethenol)(PVA) in
DMSO was also sprayed onto the dry surface of Plate 2 and the plate then transferred to an oven and dried at a temperature of 60 0 C. The solution of poly(ethenol) in deionised water was sprayed onto the dry surface of Plate 3 and the plate then transferred to an oven and dried at a temperature of 60°C. The desired film of cross-linked poly(ethenol) was not formed on Plate 1. The failure attributed to the presence of acetone causing the polymer to crash out of solution. The film formed on Plate 2 was too frangible to be useful as a rejection layer of an asymmetric composite membrane. A clear, peelable film formed on the surface of Plate 3. The film was not brittle and this method of preparation was adopted for use in the preparation of the asymmetric composite membrane.
EXAMPLE 8
A series of preliminary experiments were performed to evaluate methods of preparing a film of partially cross-linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) and thereby control the properties of the rejection layer of the asymmetric composite membrane. Volumes of 10 mL of a 1% (w/v) solution of poly(ethenol)(PVA) in deionised water containing a quantity of 0.1 g of SPS were dispensed into each four vials (Vial 1, Vial 2, Vial 3 and Vial 4). The solution in each vial was heated to a temperature of 75°C and maintained at this temperature with stirring until the following observations were made (and the vials then cooled):
• A yellow solid crashed out of solution (Vial 1; 3 to 4 minutes)
• A cloudy white solution with some precipitation formed (Vial 2, around 3 minutes)
• A cloudy white solution formed (Vial 3; 1.5 to 2 minutes)
• A cloudy solution started to form (Vial 4; 10 to 20 seconds)
The observations are also presented in Figure 3. The method of preparing partially cross-linked poly(ethenol) according to that formed in Vial 3 was adapted for use in the preparation of the membrane.
EXAMPLE 9
A volume of 20 mL of the solution of the radical initiator sodium persulfate (SPS) was prepared according to Example 7. A volume of the solution of partially cross-linked poly(ethenol) (xPVA) was prepared according to Example 8 (Vial 3).
The solution of the radical initiator was applied to one surface of a hydrophilicitized sheet of microporous poly(ethylene) prepared according to Example 3. The sheet was then placed on a glass plate and transferred to an oven and dried at a temperature of 60 0 C. The solution of partially cross linked poly(ethenol) was applied to the same surface of the dried sheet and the sheet then returned to the oven and dried at 60 0 C. The dried membrane was then washed with cool water and air dried before evaluation for flux, total solids and salts rejection with different feed streams (water and milk).
Evaluation of samples of asymmetric composite membrane
Replicate samples (240818Si, 240818Sii, 240818Siii, 030918Si, 030918Sii, 030918Siii) of membrane prepared according to Example 9 were evaluated. The results of this evaluation are summarised in Table 1. Following an initial wetting with 20% (v/v) isopropanol in water, fluxes in the range 7.8 to 10.9 litres per square meter per hour (LMH) were obtainable for a feed stream of water at a pressure of 10 bar. Similar, if not slightly greater fluxes were obtained for a solution of salts with salt rejection in excess of 20%. For a feed stream of whole milk, fluxes were reduced but provided in excess of 50% total solids rejection and well in excess of greater than 99% protein rejection.
Initial Salt Salt Milk Total solids Protein Sample flux flux rejection flux rejection rejection (LMH) (LMH) (%) (LMH) (%) (%)
240818Si 10.9 at 11.7 at 20.3 10 bar 10 bar
240818Sil 7.8 at 10 10.7 at 21.3 - bar 10 bar
240818S 8.9 at 10 10.3 at 28.4 4.5 at 63.0 99.95 bar 10 bar 10 bar
030918S 2.1 at 5 1.3 at - 99.83 bar 10 bar
030918Sii - - - 5 bart 62.4 99.99
030918Siii - - - 5 bar 55.7 100.00
Table 1. Evaluation of samples of asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to Example 9. The sample (240818Siii) demonstrating the highest salt rejection was also evaluated along with two other samples (030918Sii and 030918Siii) for total solids and protein rejection with milk as a feed stream.
One of the samples (030918Sii) was further evaluated for its tolerance to clean-in-place (CIP) protocols. One of the samples (030918Siii) was also further evaluated in a pressure series test to see how the flux and protein rejection were affected. The results of these further evaluations are summarised in Tables 2 and 3 and Figures 4 and 5.
Number Milk flux Total solids Protein of CIPs (LMH) rejection (%) rejection (%)
0 0.7 62.4 99.99
1 2.3 55.9 99.94
2 2.0 - 99.94
3 4.7 50.7 99.93
4 5.0 46.3 99.88
5 5.7 42.0 99.84
10 5.7 49.0 99.87
Table 2. Flux, total solids and protein rejection of a sample of an asymmetric composite membrane (030918Sii) prepared according to Example 9 during repeated clean-in-place (CIP) protocols.
Milk flux Protein Pressure (LMH) rejection (%)
0 - 99.99
5 0.6 99.94
10 3.3 99.94
15 5.1 99.93
20 7.1 99.88
Table 3. Pressure series testing (0 to 20 bar) of a sample (030918Siii) of an asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to Example 9. Flux and protein rejection with milk as the feed stream were measured.
Although the invention has been described with reference to embodiments or examples it should be appreciated that variations and modifications may be made to these embodiments or examples without departing from the scope of the invention. Where known equivalents exist to specific elements, features or integers, such equivalents are incorporated as if specifically referred to in this specification. In particular, variations and modifications to the embodiments or examples that include elements, features or integers disclosed in and selected from the referenced publications are within the scope of the invention unless specifically disclaimed. The advantages provided by the invention and discussed in the description may be provided in the alternative or in combination in these different embodiments of the invention.
A durable asymmetric composite membrane with high levels of protein rejection whilst maintaining a high flux with feed streams such as whole milk is provided.
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Claims (6)
1) A method of preparing an asymmetric composite membrane comprising the steps of:
• Contacting one side of a microporous sheet of grafted polyolefin with a solution of poly(ethenol) in the presence of a radical initiator to provide a contacted sheet;
• Drying the contacted sheet at a temperature and for a time sufficient to allow the poly(ethenol) to adhere to the one side of the microporous sheet of grafted polyolefin and provide a dried contacted sheet; and then
• Washing the dried contacted sheet to provide the asymmetric composite membrane,
where the grafted polyolefin has been grafted with a preformed poly(4 ethenyl benzene sulfonic acid).
2) The method of claim 1 where the radical initiator is a persulfate.
3) The method of claim 2 where the radical initiator is sodium persulfate.
4) The method of any one of claims 1 to 3 where the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of: poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butylene) and poly(methylpentene).
) The method of claim 4 where the polyolefin is poly(ethylene) or poly(propylene).
6) The method of claim 5 where the polyolefin is poly(ethylene).
7) The method of any one of claims 1 to 6 where the drying the contacted sheet is by applying a positive thermal gradient across the thickness of the sheet from the contacted one side of the microporous sheet to the other side.
8) An asymmetric composite membrane prepared according to the method of any one of claims 1 or 7.
FIGURE 1
1/8
FIGURE 2
2/8
FIGURE 3
3/8
7.0 100.0%
6.0
80.0% 5.0 Milk Flux (LMH) 2020233616
4.0 60.0%
3.0 40.0%
2.0
20.0% 1.0
0.0 0.0% 0 2 4 6 8 10 Number of CIPs
FIGURE 4
8
7
6 Milk Flux (LMH)
5
4
3
2
1
0 0 5 10 15 20 Pressure (bar)
FIGURE 5
4/8
FIGURE 6
/8
FIGURE 7
6/8
FIGURE 8
7/8
B A
8/8 FIGURE 9
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GB202017215D0 (en) | 2020-12-16 |
EP3774004A1 (en) | 2021-02-17 |
AU2019246749B2 (en) | 2020-10-29 |
GB2586107A (en) | 2021-02-03 |
EP3774004A4 (en) | 2022-05-04 |
IL277668B (en) | 2022-03-01 |
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