AU2020103328A4 - PAVC- Improvement Techniques of Free Space Optical Link: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES OF FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK IN VARIOUS ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS - Google Patents

Abstract

Our Invention "PAVC- Improvement Techniques of Free Space Optical Link" is a Free Space Optics (FSO) Links are deployed for high bandwidth requirements and for achieving higher data rates and by reducing the complexity of the system design. As the links operate in the unlicensed Tera Hz spectrum bands it offers improvement in the signal bandwidth. A point to point link can be established for two outdoor buildings with a data rate of 1Gbps per link and can also be increased to 100 Gbps using Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). It acts as a supplement for conventional microwave links and also reduces the bottleneck connectivity problems. As the medium is free space the major drawback is various weather conditions, such as rain, fog as the light interacting with free space leads to signal fluctuation and increases the attenuation and which consequently reduces the efficiency of the system. The PAVC- improvement techniques of free space optical link also Diversity combining schemes have been extensively used in wireless and free space optical communication systems and the invention of a system and method for free space optical communications where multiple gain combiner (MGC) provides a better performance as compared to selection combining (SC) and equal gain combining (EGC) and can also be used for wireless applications. The PAVC- improvement techniques of free space optical link also give a cost effective solution with a minimal degradation in quality when maximal ratio combining (MRC) is compared in terms of hardware complexity and implementation cost. There is no need for present channel state information and also Adaptive weight adjustment is not required in present invention. Therefore, the MGC of system and method disclosed in the present invention is a simple, cost effective and high performance diversity combiner. 17 Dirctlin-1indret lnk - -s D.01 $ E409 13. s 14 14. s 5 11 1s6 L4 ---. 6 km FSO link MS FIG. 3: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR SYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR ALL THE LINKS.

Description

Dirctlin-1indret lnk - -s

D.01

$ E409

13. s 14 14.s 5 11 1s6

L4

---. 6 km FSO link MS

FIG. 3: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR SYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR ALL THE LINKS.

PAVC- Improvement Techniques of Free Space Optical Link: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES OF FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK IN VARIOUS ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Our invention "PAVC- Improvement Techniques of Free Space Optical Link" performance analysis and improvement techniques of free space optical link in various atmospheric conditions and also relates to wireless communications, more particularly to free space optical communication system and method thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Free Space Optical (FSO) communication is an optical communication technology in which laser diode is used as a light source, photo detector is used for detecting the optical signal and air/free space acts as a medium for propagation. Further, FSO offers many features like cost effectiveness, protocol independence, high speed connectivity, ease of deployment and license free operation. It is a secure communication which can bring superior quality, wideband services to home or businesses. This has been included in US patent: Free space optics broadband home network U.S. Pat. No. 8,401,395 published on Mar. 19, 2013.

Conventionally, FSO communication finds applications in last-mile access, back-haul for wireless cellular networks, fiber backup and disaster recovery. Large bandwidth, low cost of installation and excellent security are attractive features of an FSO communication. But there is also problem of signal degradation with the usage of FSO systems because of fog, turbulence and misalignment. In order to combat the effects of turbulence, the technologies such as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and relay networks with serial and parallel relay combinations have been used in M. Safari and M. Uysal, "Relay assisted Free-space optical communication", IEEE Trans. on wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 5441-5449, December 2008.

Conventionally, in radio frequency (RF) systems, the nature of broadcasting of signal is used with the advantage to send the signal through different relays, thereby enhancing the system performance. Further, these relays can be ordered in a serial or parallel fashion according to the need of user. Series combination (also known as multi hop communication) is generally used to increase the range of communication whereas parallel combination (also known as cooperative communication) is meant for increasing the system performance as described in J. N. Laneman and G W. Wornell, "Energy-efficient antenna sharing and relaying for wireless networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conf. (WCNC), Chicago, Ill., September 2000.

However, in the FSO network, multiple transmitters and receivers are used at each node in the mesh configuration. However, for cooperative communication, one of the transmitter-receiver can be used as relay without any extra cost. Further, relay nodes for cooperative communication are generally chosen from the existing communication network. Accordingly, it does not include any extra hardware requirement. However, in the case of MIMO, extra hardware is always required to get good performance and accordingly, hardware requirement is at least double thereof in case of MIMO when compared to that of cooperative system.

Cooperative diversity technique for combating turbulence-induced fading over free-space optical (FSO) links has been demonstrated in Chadi Abou-Rjeily and Serj Haddad, "Cooperative FSO Systems: Performance Analysis and Optimal Power Allocation," Journal of Light wave Technology, vol. 29, No. 7, April, 2011. Accordingly, they have developed a closed-form optimal solution for transmitting the entire optical power along the strongest link between the source and the destination nodes. In C. Abou-Rjeily and A. Slim, "Cooperative diversity for free-space optical communications: Transceiver design and performance analysis," IEEE Trans. Communication, vol. 59, No. 3, March 2011. Further, one-relay cooperative diversity scheme has been proposed and analysed thereof, for non coherent FSO communications with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD). Accordingly, the error performance is derived in semi-analytical and closed-form expressions in the presence and absence of background radiation.

Cooperative relay technique with pulse-position modulation (PPM) and optical interleave-division multiple-access for achieving spatial diversity and robust transmission performance to alleviate the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence has been demonstrated in Jingyuan Fan, Xiaolin Zhou, and Jun Liu, "Design and Evaluation of an IDMA Cooperative Relay Free-Space Optical System," International conference on space optical systems and applications, 2011. Still further, a three-way FSO communication setup is proposed in M. Karimi and M. Nasiri-Kenari, "BER analysis of cooperative systems in free-space optical networks," J. of Lightw Technol., vol. 27, no. 24, pp. 5639-5647, December 2009. Accordingly, the cooperative protocol can be applied to achieve the spatial diversity without much increase in hardware. BER performance has been studied in different strategies in the presence of shot noise. They have shown comparison with direct link and MIMO.

Conventionally, diversity combining schemes have been extensively used in wireless and free space optical communication systems for cooperative and MIMO systems. There are the three diversity combining techniques which are subject of patents and publications in journals/books. These techniques are: Selection combining (SC), Equal gain combining (EGC) and Maximal ratio combining (MRC). Further, MRC gives the optimal performance; however, it requires a priori knowledge of channel state conditions and adaptive weight adjustment of the diversity combiner. Still further, the diversity combining schemes for wireless communications have been patented earlier in US patent "Multi-antenna wireless communication method, multi-antenna wireless communication system, and multi antenna wireless communication device" U.S. Pat. No. 8,385,455, published Feb. 26, 2013.

Generally, in wireless communication systems, the signal is sent through different relays to enhance system performance. When the relays are ordered in parallel combination (also known as cooperative communication), it gives the advantage of enhanced system performance. Relay nodes can be chosen in the network as per the requirement of cooperation and hence it does not include any extra hardware requirement like multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system. Cooperative communication has been discussed in "Cooperative multiple access in wireless networks" U.S. Pat. No. 8,576,772 published on Nov. 5, 2013. This US document discloses the performance on MIMO systems. The present invention discusses the system model of FSO cooperative communication system.

In U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,200 "Transmitter diversity technique for wireless communications", AlamoutiSiavash and TarokhVahid explain a simple block coding arrangement is created with symbols transmitted over a plurality of transmit channels, in connection with coding that comprises only simple arithmetic operations, such as negation and conjugation. Accordingly, the diversity created by the transmitter utilizes space diversity and either time or frequency diversity. However, MRC which is an optimum performing diversity combining technique needs feedback and adaptive weight adjustment.

In CN101199124, "Method and apparatus for optimum selection of MIMO and interference cancellation", QUALCOMM INC provides systems and methods for facilitating interference nulling and rank prediction in an access terminal. Further, a plurality of receiver demodulator types is implemented to the access terminal, and an interference covariance matrix is estimated at the access terminal. Still further, SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) are calculated for the various receiver demodulator types, and an optimum rank and associated CQI information are identified and generated thereof, respectively. Furthermore, the information is then transmitted to an access point. Here, the scheme disclosed in the document needs a priori knowledge of channel quality in formation.

W02012144108, given by Endo Kazuomi and Hashimoto Yoichi named as "Optical reception method and optical receiver" allows the reception in which receive sensitivity does not depend upon polarization state in reception of an M-ary phase optical signal. However, in this optical reception method, an M-ary phase optical signal of a single polarization is separated into a first optical signal and further a second optical signal of mutually orthogonal polarization. Accordingly, the ratio of the power of the first optical signal to the power of the second optical signal is calculated. Furthermore, the difference between the phase of the first optical signal and the phase of the second optical signal is calculated as an amount of compensation, whereupon, on the basis of the ratio and the amount of compensation, the first optical signal and the second optical signal are combined using maximal ratio combining method. Thence, the amount of compensation is modified on the basis of the ratio. However, the invention deals with SISO (Single Input Single Output) system whose BER performance is not optimal.

Methods and systems of diversity combining, namely, MRC, EGC and SC in free space optical communications as known in the prior art have drawbacks associated therewith including:

1. Complexity in hardware in case of MRC. 2. Prior knowledge of channel state information in case of MRC. 3. Adaptive weight adjustment in case of MRC. 4. Poor bit error rate (BER) in case of EGC and SC

Accordingly, there is a need for eliminating the drawbacks associated with the systems and methods of diversity combining in free space optical communication systems as known in the prior art. Further, there is a need for developing a method that involves less number of hardware components, simple approach and cost-effectiveness.

PRIOR ART SEARCH

US4282406A*1979-02-281981-08-04Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kabushiki Kaisha Adaptive pitch detection system for voice signal US4641373A*1985-02-051987-02-03Westinghouse Electric Corp. T-connection fiber optic repeater US4684977A *1985-07-291987-08-04Rca Corporation Luminance/chrominance separation circuitry US5799100A*1996-06-031998-08-25University Of South Florida Computer-assisted method and apparatus for analysis of x-ray images using wavelet transforms US20020003842A1*2000-05-232002-01-10Ntt DoCoMo, Inc. Space multiplex radio communication method and radio communication apparatus US6385181B1*1998-03-182002-05-07Fujitsu Limited Array antenna system of wireless base station US20040081231A1*2002-10-182004-04-29Lg Electronics Inc. Multipath searching device and method thereof US20040131038A1*2002-06-292004-07-08Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Apparatus and method for transmitting data using transmit antenna diversity in a packet service communication system US6763062B1*1999-05-242004-07-13Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha Radio communication system

US20050037718A1*2003-05-152005-02-17Kim Sung-Jin Device and method for transmitting and receiving data by a transmit diversity scheme using multiple antennas in a mobile communication system

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

The primary objective of this research work is to understand the effects of atmospheric turbulence on free space optical link and to enhance the mitigation techniques.

1) The objective of the invention is to investigate the capability of FSO for transmission of data with high data rates. 2) The other objective of the invention is to transmit the information with various wavelength operating regions and different modulation schemes for effective transmission. 3) The other objective of the invention is to study the influence of atmospheric conditions such as rain and fog on FSO link for various distances. 4) The other objective of the invention is to estimate, analyze and apply mitigation techniques on FSO Link and improve the performance of the system.

5) The other objective of the invention is to provide a system for free space optical communication system. 6) The other objective of the invention is to decrease the hardware complexity. 7) The other objective of the invention is to provide a simple and a cost effective system. 8) The other objective of the invention is to provides a method for free space optical communication system. 9) The other objective of the invention is to provide a method for free space optical communication system which is free from adaptive weight adjustment. 10)The other objective of the invention is to provide a method for free space optical communication system without any channel state information. 11)The other objective of the invention is to provide a method for free space optical communication system with good bit error rate (BER) performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The FSO models are studied with the help of Optic system simulation software and the FSO Links are designed in the three window regions operating at 850nm,1330nm,1550nm wavelengths depending on the system requirement. Different modulation schemes such as RZ, NRZ, CSRZ and the subsequent Quality factor (Q Factor) and bit error rate (BER) are analyzed for the better performance of the system.

The turbulence in the atmosphere can be mitigated by including various techniques such as aperture averaging, adaptive optics, modulation and coding. The metrics involved for the evaluation of FSO is the availability of cost and transmitted power availability and the atmospheric channel bandwidth and the signal to noise ratio (SNR)of the system. Beam Divergence and receiver aperture size is designed mathematically and modelled to eliminate the fluctuations for system requirements. The link range is carried from 1 km to km range by considering various propagation models. The work carried uses Class 1 lasers for modelling of rain, haze and for fog condition high power lasers are used with low optical power loss for multibeam or multipath propagation and the impact is investigated and analyzed.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a system for free space optical communications comprising a plurality of transmitters configured to receive data from a data source, to encode the received data, to convert encoded data into an optical signal and to point out the optical signal in the direction of a plurality of receivers. Data source sends the data to NRZ driver which encodes the data and transmits the data to a plurality of transmitters which basically consists of the laser diodes pointing out in the direction of destination and different relays. The laser diodes are used to convert electrical signal into optical signal. Optionally, at least one relay node comprising a set of a receiver, an opto electronic-opto converter and a transmitter.

A plurality of receivers configured to receive the optical signal from the transmitter or the at least one relay node through free space optical communication and to convert the optical signal into an electrical signal and to shape the electrical signal. A multiple gain combiner (MGC) comprises of a set of a bank of weighted factors, combiners and a maximum output selector. A bank of weighted factors is used to collect the signals with unequal weights from the plurality of receivers. A plurality of combiners receive signals from all the available weighted factors from the bank of weighted factors. Two signals are combined using a combiner in a single relay cooperative communication system and it increases by one as the number of indirect links increase with the increase in the number of relays. Total eight combiners are used when we are using single relay cooperative communication system with granularity of 0.1. A maximum output selector is configured to receive the signals from the plurality of combiners and to select the strongest signal as an output by using maximum output selector.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the electrical signal from the plurality of receivers below a pre-determined value is passed onto the transmitter by the way of a regenerator. In another embodiment of the present invention, the transmitter used comprises a non-return to zero (NRZ) driver to encode the received data. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the transmitter used comprises a laser diode to convert an encoded data into an optical signal.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the number of transmitters used, are in the range of 2 to 4. In still another embodiment of the present invention, the receiver used comprises a photo detector to convert an optical signal into an electrical signal. In another embodiment of the present invention, the number of receivers used, are in the range of 2 to 4. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the photo detector used is a photodiode. In still another embodiment of the present invention, the receiver used comprises a filter configured to pass signals at a predetermined frequency range to the bank of weighted factors, to pass signals below a predetermined frequency to a regenerator.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the transmitter used is optically aligned with the receiver, according to the line of sight for a direct link. In still another embodiment of the present invention, the relay node used is optically aligned with the transmitter and the receiver according to the line of sight for an indirect link. In another embodiment of the present invention, the number of relay nodes used, are in the range of 1 to 3. The invention also provides a method for free space optical communications comprising: receiving input data at a transmitter from data source and encoding the input data by way of a coding driver to obtain an encoded input data at the transmitter and modulating the encoded input data onto a laser beam by way of a laser diode to obtain a modulated laser beam at the transmitter. Laser diode is used at transmitter to convert electrical signal into optical signal and photodiode is used at receiver to convert optical signal into electrical signal directing the modulated laser beam at a receiver, directly or indirectly through a relay node to the destination.

Then, receiving the modulated laser beam including the encoded input data by way of the receiver and converting the modulated laser beam into an electrical signal by way of the receiver. Detection of the optical signal is done by photodiode at the receiver. Then, passing the electrical signal above a pre-determined frequency range from a filter of the receiver to a bank of weighted factors and then receiving the electrical signals from the filter to the bank of weighted factors with unequal weights to obtain output signals. The output signals from the bank of weighted factors are fed to the combiners of MGC and a maximum output selector is used to select the strongest signal as a final output signal.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the electrical signal below the pre determined frequency range is passed from the filter to a regenerator.

In still another embodiment of the present invention, the electrical signal is regenerated at the regenerator and sent back to the transmitter. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present subject matter will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims. This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIAGRAM

FIG. 1: shows a block diagram of a single relay cooperative FSO system with Multiple Gain Combiner (MGC).

FIG. 2: shows a block diagram of a cooperative FSO system with MGC for N-1 number of relays.

FIG. 3: shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for symmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for all the links.

FIG. 4: shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for asymmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for direct link and standard deviation of 1.2 for both the indirect links.

FIG. 5: shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for asymmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for direct link and Indirect link (I) and standard deviation of 1.2 for indirect link (II).

FIG. 6: shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for asymmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for direct link and indirect link (II) and standard deviation of 1.2 for indirect link (I).

FIG. 7: shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for asymmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for direct link and standard deviation of 0.8 for both the indirect links.

FIG. 8: shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for asymmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for direct link and Indirect link (I) and standard deviation of 0.8 for indirect link (II).

FIG. 9 shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for asymmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for direct link and indirect link (II) and standard deviation of 0.8 for indirect link (I). The range for standard deviation has been provided for different level of turbulence.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Problem Statement

Wireless Optical Communication has the capability to achieve higher data rates but the problems-lies in the medium of transmission as free space is prone to various atmospheric conditions. This Research work tries to extract the information and availability of mitigation techniques for better performance of the FSO Link.

Three types of combining techniques of the received signals are compared at the receiver. In Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), the received signals are weighted with respect to their signal to noise (SNR) ratios and summed thereof. Further, in case of Equal Gain Combining (EGC), the received signals are summed coherently with equal weights. Furthermore, in case of Selective Combining (SC) the strongest signal is selected from the two received signals.

In order to eliminate the drawbacks associated with the prior art methods and systems, the present invention envisages a new diversity combining technique apart from already published in journals and patents. It has been named as multiple gain combiners (MGC). There are three blocks in the MGC: bank of weighted factors (207), combiners (208) and maximum output selector (209) as shown in FIG. 1.

A plurality of transmitters (200) are configured to receive data from a data source (201), to encode the received data, to convert encoded data into an optical signal and to point out the optical signal in the direction of a plurality of receivers (210). The transmitter (200) used comprises a non-return to zero (NRZ) driver to encode the received data. Other encoding formats can also be used. Optionally, at least one relay node (211), each relay node (211) comprising a set of a receiver (210), a regenerator (206) and a transmitter (200).

A plurality of receivers (220) is configured to receive the optical signal from the transmitter (200) or at least one relay node (210) through free space optical communication, to convert the optical signal into an electrical signal, and to shape the electrical signal. Transmitter (200) sends the signal to two laser diodes (203) which are pointed out in the direction of direct link and relay node. The signal is detected at photodiode (204), regenerated by regenerator (206) and is again converted into optical signal which is then directed to the destination. Two photodiodes (204) are mounted at receiver (220) to convert the optical signal into electrical signal and the Multiple Gain Combiner (MGC) (212) performs the function of diversity combining.

Data source (201) sends the binary data stream to NRZ driver (202) to encode the signal into source code. Laser diode (203) converts the electrical signal or electrical signal into optical signal. Thereafter, the optical signal is transmitted via Free Space Optical (FSO) link to photo detector (204) which basically converts the optical signal into electrical or electrical signal. Thereafter, Low pass Bessel filter (205) is used to shape the signal at the receiver (210) and regenerator (206) regenerates the signal and sends it to next indirect link from relay node (211) to destination. A bank of weighted factors (207) collects the signals from all the possible diverse links with unequal weights and combined at Combiner (208). Total number of combiners used are eight for single relay cooperative communication system with granularity of 0.1.

Thereafter, the best possible signal out of the maximum output selector (209) is chosen as a received signal. Therefore, in this way Multiple Gain Combiner (MGC) provides a good performance with low hardware complexity. However, the prior art discusses the need for present channel state information or adaptive weight adjustment. Therefore, the present invention makes MGC a simple, cost effective and optimal performance diversity combiner.

FIG. 2 shows a general block diagram of FSO cooperative communication system with MGC for N-1 number of relays. Data source (301) sends the binary data stream to NRZ driver (302) to encode the signal into source code. Laser diode (303) converts the electrical signal into optical signal. The same signal is fed to all N laser diodes for directing towards one direct link and N-1 indirect links. Accordingly, N number of laser diodes (303), are used to transmit the optical signal and N number of photo diodes (304) are used to convert the optical signal into electrical signal. Low pass Bessel filter (305) is used to shape the signal at the receiver (310).

The same signal from NRZ driver (302) is fed to the next laser diodes (303) which are directing towards the indirect links and sent to the destination via relay nodes (311). A bank of weighted factors (306) collects the signals from all the possible diverse links with unequal weights and combined at Combiner (307). Thereafter, the best possible signal out of the maximum output selector (308) is chosen as a received signal. The combination of bank of weighted factors (306), combiner (307) and maximum output selector (308) is collectively called as multiple gain combiner (309). Two signals are combined using a Combiner in a single relay cooperative communication system and the number of signal increase by one as the number of indirect links increases with an increase in the number of relays.

FIG. 3 represents the BER vs OSNR performance for single relay cooperative FSO system in a symmetrical channel environment where the value of standard deviation for turbulence of all the links (Direct and indirect) is taken as 1.

Atmospheric Channel Model (Gamma-Gamma Channel Model)

The channel model is described which has been used to get simulation results given in Table II and FIG. 4 to FIG. 10 are based on calculations using this channel model. From the plurality of receivers, the received signal at any of the receivers is given by y=hx+n (1) where x is the transmitted signal, h is the normalized channel fading coefficient considered to be constant over a large number of transmitted bits, and n is All White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).

Optical channel is affected by parameters such as scattering and turbulence. Gamma Gamma probability density function (pdf) closely models experimental results over low to high turbulence strengths. It is most suitable for studying link performance parameters for slow fading conditions. Therefore, Gamma-Gamma model is used as a channel model for both the direct and indirect paths. The irradiance of optical field in Gamma-Gamma channel is defined as the product of two random processes, i.e. I=Ixly, where Ixarises from large scale turbulent eddies and Iy from small-scale eddies leading to the Gamma-Gamma pdf, and the following expressions for the function have been taken from Kahn and Zhu

[8].

where K,(.) is the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order a-p. Here, c and p are the effective number of small-scale and large scale eddies of the scattering environment given below, F is the gamma function. These parameters can be directly related to atmospheric conditions according to Where po=0.5Cn 2 k 7 / 6 L11/ 6 and d=(kD 2/4L)1/ 2 . Here, k=2r/Xis the optical wave number, X is the wavelength and D is the diameter of the receiver collecting lens aperture. Cn 2 is the index of the refraction structure parameter and is altitude dependent. The model is explained in Zhu and Joseph M. Kahn, "Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels", IEEE Transactions on Communication, vol. 50. no. 8, pp 1293-1300, August 2002.

EXAMPLES Example 1Validation of MGC Performance by Hardware Simulation

Rsoft-Optsim is a software tool for the design and simulation of optical communication systems at the signal propagation level. With state-of-the-art simulation techniques, an easy-to-use graphical user interface and lab-like measurement instruments, this software is used by engineers in both academic and industrial organizations. Its features are:

1) 1. Virtual prototyping of optical communication systems for increased productivity and reduced time to market. 2) 2. Design optimization for enhanced performance and reduced costs.

3) 3. Interfaces with third-party tools such as MATLAB and the Luna Optical Vector Analyser. 4) 4. Advanced electrical modelling with embedded SPICE engine. 5) 5. Support for multiple parameter-scans-based optimization. The performance evaluation in terms of Bit Error rate (BER) with respect to Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) was carried out using Rsoft-Optsim by transmitting On-Off Keying (00K) modulated data streams using Gamma-Gamma channel model. Specifically, the range for standard deviation of turbulence is 0.1 to 0.7 for weak turbulence, 0.7 to 1.5 for moderate turbulence and greater than 1.5 for highly turbulent environments. Different combining techniques are used at the receiver (210). The link length for a direct link is 1.414 Km and link length for each indirect links is 1 Km. Direct link is kept at a standard deviation of 1 and different cases for indirect links have been considered.

FIG. 3 represents the BER vs OSNR performance for single relay cooperative FSO system in a symmetrical channel environment where the value of standard deviation for turbulence of all the links is taken as 1. If the results of all the combining schemes with SISO are compared, the SNR improvement of 0.5 dB for BER 1*10-s is shown with the use of selection diversity. EGC, MGC and MRC provide the SNR improvement of 1 dB, 1.5 dB and 1.7 dB respectively over SISO for BER of 1*10-5. The performance of MGC is very close to the performance of MRC which gives the best results as compared to all the combining schemes already in use. By using MGC very good results are obtained with the simplicity of hardware. The spacing of 0.1 for gain factors is considered in this set up. If the spacing less than 0.1 is provided, even better results with MGC can be obtained. Decreasing the spacing for gain factors results in more number of gain factors and more number of combiners, but it does not include a significant cost to signal processing chip.

FIG. 4 shows comparative results of diversity combining schemes for asymmetrical channel environment with standard deviation of 1 for direct link and standard deviation of 1.2 for both the indirect links.

FIG. 5-FIG. 9 shows similar performance of MGC (Multiple Gain Combiner) for different atmospheric channel conditions where the performance of MGC is very close to that of MRC with low hardware complexity and low cost.

The following Table I, provides the specifications for different simulation parameters. TABLE I No. Details Specifications 1. Transmission wavelength 1550 nm 2. Transmission data rate 1 Gbps 3. Laser type CW Lorentzian 4. Modulation type External 5. Modulation format 00K 6. Photo Detector Type Photo diode 7. Responsivity of photo diode 0.75 A/W 8. Direct link length 1.414 Km 9. Indirect link length 1 Km (each)

The following Table II shows a comparative result of Bit Error Rate (BER) for Single Input Single Output (SISO) and different cooperative diversity combining schemes using single relay for OSNR=15 dB.

From Table II, it can be concluded that cooperative communication is always a better performing solution as compared to SISO. The performance of MGC of the present invention is very close to the optimum performance scheme MRC. MGC is always providing better performance as compared to two other combining schemes (SC and EGC) for all the channel environments.

TABLE II SISO SC EGC MGC MRC Symmetrical channel with 1*10-41.6*10-5 4*10-6 1*10-6 4.8*10-7 standard deviation-1 Asymmetrical channel with 8*10-55.6*10-59.8*10-6 4.3*10-6 1.6*10-6 standard deviation-1 for direct link and 1.2 for indirect links Asymmetrical channel with 1.2*10-46.9*10-6 9.2*10-8 6.3*10-8 4.2*10-8 standard deviation-1 for direct link and 0.8 for indirect links Asymmetrical channel with 8.2*10-54.1*10-5 6.8*10-6 3.2*10-6 8.8*10-7 standard deviation-1 for direct link and indirect link (I) and 1.2 for indirect link(II) Asymmetrical channel with 9.6*10- 5 6.4*10- 5 8.5*10-6 5.8*10-6 9.7*10-7 standard deviation-1 for direct link and indirect link (II) and 1.2 for indirect link(I) Asymmetrical channel with 1*10-47.8*10-61.2*10- 7 8.1*10-8 7.2*10-8 standard deviation-1 for direct link and indirect link (I) and 0.8 for indirect link(II) Asymmetrical channel with 9.4*10-5 7.2*10-6 8.2*10-7 6.78*10-8 6.7*10-8 standard deviation-1 for direct link and indirect link (II) and 0.8 for indirect link(I)

The following Table III shows the legends used in the FIG. 1 and FIG. 2

TABLE III200 Transmitter 201 Data Source 202 NRZ Driver 203 Laser Diode 204 Photo Diode 205 Low Pass Bessel Filter 206 Regenerator 207 Bank of Weighted factors 208 Combiners 209 Maximum output selector 210 Receiver 211 Relay 212 Multiple Gain Combiner (MGC) 300 Transmitter 301 Data Source 302 NRZ Driver 303 Laser Diode 304 Photo Diode 305 Low Pass Bessel Filter 306 Bank of Weighted factors 307 Combiner 308 Maximum output selector 309 Multiple Gain Combiner (MGC) 310 Receiver 311 Relay Advantages of the Invention

1. The system for free space optical communication provides better bit error rate (BER) performance when compared with selection combining (SC) and equal gain combining (EGC) schemes. 2. The system for free space optical communication is a cost effective solution as compared to maximal ratio combining as it makes no use of present channel state information and no adaptive weight adjustment is required for implementation of this diversity combining scheme. 3. MGC provides a high performance with less hardware complexity as compared to Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) method for diversity combining 4. MGC provides simple and cost-effective system.

Although the subject matter has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible. As such, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred embodiment contained therein.

Claims (9)

WE CLAIM

1) Our Invention "PAVC- Improvement Techniques of Free Space Optical Link" is a Free Space Optics (FSO) Links are deployed for high bandwidth requirements and for achieving higher data rates and by reducing the complexity of the system design. As the links operate in the unlicensed Tera Hz spectrum bands it offers improvement in the signal bandwidth. A point to point link can be established for two outdoor buildings with a data rate of 1Gbps per link and can also be increased to 100 Gbps using Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). It acts as a supplement for conventional microwave links and also reduces the bottleneck connectivity problems. As the medium is free space the major drawback is various weather conditions, such as rain, fog as the light interacting with free space leads to signal fluctuation and increases the attenuation and which consequently reduces the efficiency of the system. The PAVC- improvement techniques of free space optical link also Diversity combining schemes have been extensively used in wireless and free space optical communication systems and the invention of a system and method for free space optical communications where multiple gain combiner (MGC) provides a better performance as compared to selection combining (SC) and equal gain combining (EGC) and can also be used for wireless applications. The PAVC- improvement techniques of free space optical link also give a cost effective solution with a minimal degradation in quality when maximal ratio combining (MRC) is compared in terms of hardware complexity and implementation cost. There is no need for present channel state information and also Adaptive weight adjustment is not required in present invention. Therefore, the MGC of system and method disclosed in the present invention is a simple, cost effective and high performance diversity combiner.

2) According to claims# the Invention is to a Free Space Optics (FSO) Links are deployed for high bandwidth requirements and for achieving higher data rates and by reducing the complexity of the system design and also increase the rates.

3) According to claims# the Invention is to point to point link can be established for two outdoor buildings with a data rate of 1Gbps per link and can also be increased to 100 Gbps using Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).

4) According to claims# the Invention is to the medium is free space the major drawback is various weather conditions, such as rain, fog as the light interacting with free space leads to signal fluctuation and increases the attenuation and which consequently reduces the efficiency of the system.

5) According to claims# the Invention is to a diversity combining schemes have been extensively used in wireless and free space optical communication systems and the invention of a system and method for free space optical communications where multiple gain combiner (MGC) provides a better performance as compared to selection combining (SC) and equal gain combining (EGC) and can also be used for wireless applications.

6) According to claims# the Invention is to a cost effective solution with a minimal degradation in quality when maximal ratio combining (MRC) is compared in terms of hardware complexity and implementation cost.

7) According to claims# the Invention is to a no need for present channel state information and also Adaptive weight adjustment is not required and the MGC of system and method disclosed in the present invention is a simple, cost effective and high performance diversity combiner.

FIG. 1: SHOWS A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A SINGLE RELAY COOPERATIVE FSO SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE GAIN COMBINER (MGC).

FIG. 2: SHOWS A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COOPERATIVE FSO SYSTEM WITH MGC FOR N−1 NUMBER OF RELAYS.

FIG. 3: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR SYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR ALL THE LINKS.

FIG. 4: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR ASYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR DIRECT LINK AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1.2 FOR BOTH THE INDIRECT LINKS.

FIG. 5: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR ASYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR DIRECT LINK AND INDIRECT LINK (I) AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1.2 FOR INDIRECT LINK (II).

FIG. 6: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR ASYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR DIRECT LINK AND INDIRECT LINK (II) AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1.2 FOR INDIRECT LINK (I).

FIG. 7: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR ASYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR DIRECT LINK AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF 0.

8 FOR BOTH THE INDIRECT LINKS.

FIG. 8: SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR ASYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR DIRECT LINK AND INDIRECT LINK (I) AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF 0.8 FOR INDIRECT LINK (II).

FIG.

9 SHOWS COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF DIVERSITY COMBINING SCHEMES FOR ASYMMETRICAL CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1 FOR DIRECT LINK AND INDIRECT LINK (II) AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF 0.8 FOR INDIRECT LINK (I). THE RANGE FOR STANDARD DEVIATION HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR DIFFERENT LEVEL OF TURBULENCE