AU2019250770A2 - Amphiphilic asymmetrical diglycolamides and use thereof for extracting rare earth metals from acidic aqueous solutions - Google Patents
Amphiphilic asymmetrical diglycolamides and use thereof for extracting rare earth metals from acidic aqueous solutions Download PDFInfo
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- AU2019250770A2 AU2019250770A2 AU2019250770A AU2019250770A AU2019250770A2 AU 2019250770 A2 AU2019250770 A2 AU 2019250770A2 AU 2019250770 A AU2019250770 A AU 2019250770A AU 2019250770 A AU2019250770 A AU 2019250770A AU 2019250770 A2 AU2019250770 A2 AU 2019250770A2
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- Prior art keywords
- diglycolamide
- group
- general formula
- acidic aqueous
- use according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 28
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 title claims description 28
- -1 n-dodecyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 71
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- CNDWHJQEGZZDTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxy)acetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)COCC(N)=O CNDWHJQEGZZDTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dysprosium atom Chemical compound [Dy] KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001172 neodymium magnet Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 8
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QJVKUMXDEUEQLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].[Fe].[Nd] Chemical compound [B].[Fe].[Nd] QJVKUMXDEUEQLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KPLQYGBQNPPQGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt samarium Chemical compound [Co].[Sm] KPLQYGBQNPPQGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000938 samarium–cobalt magnet Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- 238000000988 reflection electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 42
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 27
- VRZYWIAVUGQHKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(dioctylamino)-2-oxoethoxy]-n,n-dioctylacetamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN(CCCCCCCC)C(=O)COCC(=O)N(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC VRZYWIAVUGQHKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 10
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) Chemical compound CCN(C(C)C)C(C)C JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N caprylic alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 4
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910018095 Ni-MH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018477 Ni—MH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GPDHNZNLPKYHCN-DZOOLQPHSA-N [[(z)-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidene)amino]oxy-morpholin-4-ylmethylidene]-dimethylazanium;hexafluorophosphate Chemical compound F[P-](F)(F)(F)(F)F.CCOC(=O)C(\C#N)=N/OC(=[N+](C)C)N1CCOCC1 GPDHNZNLPKYHCN-DZOOLQPHSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000622 liquid--liquid extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 101100533323 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) SFM1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052586 apatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IKNAJTLCCWPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);lanthanum(3+);neodymium(3+);oxygen(2-);phosphate Chemical compound [O-2].[La+3].[Ce+3].[Nd+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O IKNAJTLCCWPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003818 flash chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 238000009854 hydrometallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001095 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052590 monazite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940094933 n-dodecane Drugs 0.000 description 2
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UXBZSSBXGPYSIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;yttrium(3+) Chemical compound [Y+3].OP(O)(O)=O UXBZSSBXGPYSIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002915 spent fuel radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000164 yttrium(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BZJTUOGZUKFLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclooctane Chemical group CC1CC(C)CC(C)CC(C)C1 BZJTUOGZUKFLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTVGGAWXDVNQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(diethylamino)-2-oxoethoxy]-n,n-diethylacetamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)COCC(=O)N(CC)CC RTVGGAWXDVNQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZMVLMVFYMGSMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-n-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-1-n-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC(NC(C)CC(C)C)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 ZZMVLMVFYMGSMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DUENOCOQRLXLKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,8-diethyldodecan-6-ylphosphonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CC(P(O)(O)=O)C(CC)CCCC DUENOCOQRLXLKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPIFGDQKSSMYHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7,7-dimethyloctanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CCCCCC(O)=O YPIFGDQKSSMYHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-methylnonan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCO PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diglycolic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)COCC(O)=O QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012899 de-mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SEGLCEQVOFDUPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COP(O)(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC SEGLCEQVOFDUPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010791 domestic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N holmium atom Chemical compound [Ho] KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical compound O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003009 phosphonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001637 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionamide Chemical compound CCC(N)=O QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940080818 propionamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003586 protic polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- SFENPMLASUEABX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trihexyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCOP(=O)(OCCCCCC)OCCCCCC SFENPMLASUEABX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C235/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms
- C07C235/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C235/04—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
- C07C235/06—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having the nitrogen atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/04—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching
- C22B3/06—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching in inorganic acid solutions, e.g. with acids generated in situ; in inorganic salt solutions other than ammonium salt solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/26—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds
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Abstract
The invention relates to new optimized amphiphilic asymmetrical diglycolamides suitable for use as rare earth metal extracting agents. Said diglycolamides have general formulae (I) and (II), where: R
Description
The invention relates to the field of extraction of rare earth metals contained in
acidic aqueous solutions derived from natural or urban ores. More specifically, the invention relates to novel asymmetrical diglycolamides of
optimised amphiphilic nature suitable for use as extractants of rare earth metals. It also relates to the use of thesediglycolamides to extract rare earth metals
from acidic aqueous solutions. The invention further finds applications in the production of rare earth metals
from concentrates derived from « urban ores », i.e. "mines" composed of industrial and domestic waste comprising rare earth metals, and in particular in the recycling of rare
earth metals contained in:
- waste electrical and electronic equipment (also called "WEEE" or "W3E")
and more specifically in spent or scrap permanent magnets of Neodymium-Iron-Boron type (or NdFeB) or Samarium-Cobalt type (or Sm-Co); and
- spent primary and secondary batteries of Nickel-Metal Hydride type (or Ni
However, it can also be applied to produce rare earth metals from concentrates derived from rare earth-containing natural ores such as monazite, bastnaesite, apatite or
xenotime, or from concentrates derived from residues of natural ores, e.g. tin slag.
Rare earth metals (hereafter "REMs") group together metals characterized by similar properties, namely scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y) and all the lanthanides, the latter
corresponding to the 15 chemical elements listed in Mendeleev's periodic table of elements ranging from atomic number 57 for lanthanum (La) to atomic number 71 for lutecium (Lu). Within this group, a distinction is made between (( light REMs, i.e. having an atomic number of no more than 61 (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium), and « heavy » REMs, i.e. having an atomic number of at least 62 (samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium and ytterbium).
The particular electronic configuration of REMs, and especially their unsaturated
4f electron sublayer, imparts unique chemical, structural and physical properties thereto. Advantage is taken of these properties in industrial applications as varied as they are
sophisticated: glass and ceramics, polishing, catalysis (particularly oil and automotive industries), production of high-tech alloys, permanent magnets, optical devices (in
particular photo cameras and video cameras), luminophores, rechargeable batteries for electrical or hybrid vehicles, alternators for wind turbines, etc.
REMs therefore belong to so-called "technological" metals for which supply is strategic.
World demand for rare earth metals is constantly on the increase (approximately
9 % to 15 % per year). However, since the number of countries producing rare earth metals remains limited - China alone currently supplying more than 90 % of world rare
earth production - there is a non-negligible, long-term risk of shortage in rare earth supplies, hence the need to optimise all channels allowing production thereof.
The recycling of REMs contained in post-consumption waste and manufacturing scrap, as yet in its infancy, represents one pathway for producing REMs.
One of the leading markets, in volume and potential market value, for the recycling of REMs concerns NdFeB permanent magnets included in electrical or hybrid
vehicles, wind turbines, hard disks, induction motors or other electrical equipment. This resource for the recovery and recycling of REMs is of particular interest since these
magnets contain a large amount of light REMs (about 30 weight % of neodymium
/praseodymium mixture) and a smaller amount of high-value heavy REMs (dysprosium and sometimes terbium). In addition to containing iron in large amount, NdFeB permanent magnets generally have an anticorrosion protective coating made of nickel and copper or other transition metals (cobalt, chromium, etc).
A further resource of interest for the recycling of REMs concerns Ni-MH batteries which are chiefly used in electrical or hybrid vehicles but also in various portable
appliances which contain a mixture of lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and praseodymium, as well as iron, nickel and cobalt.
Recycling REMs contained in post-consumption waste or manufacturing scrap
therefore implies the ability to obtain efficient separation thereof from other metal elements contained in these wastes and scrap, and in particular from iron.
Hydrometallurgy, based on liquid-liquid extraction, is widely considered to be one of the most suitable processes for extraction of REMs from the medium in which they
are contained and for separation thereof. The hydrometallurgical processes currently in industrial use for the retrieval of
REMs from an acidic aqueous phase preferably employ organophosphorus extractants such as phosphoric acids, phosphonic acids, phosphinic acids, carboxylic acids and alkyl
phosphates. For example, these are di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (or HDEHP), 2-ethylhexyl-2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid (or HEH[EHP]), bis(trimethyl-2,4,4
pentyl)phosphinic acid (or CyanexT M 272), neodecanoic acid (or VersaticTM 10) and ti-n butylphosphate (or TBP).
However, the use of these extractants is not adapted to the recovery of REMs contained in an acidic aqueous phase derived from the treatment of post-consumption
waste or manufacturing scrap, since they all have the disadvantage of extracting
transition metals in high amount and iron in particular. The use thereof would therefore require the removal of these transition metals from the aqueous phase before REM
extraction, which would lead to a process that is cumbersome to implement and therefore of little industrial interest.
Diglycolamides (hereafter "DGAs") represent a family of extractants developed by a Japanese team as part of research into the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel with a
view to co-extracting trivalent actinides and lanthanides from a raffinate of the PUREX process, but which recently gave rise to a certain number of studies into the use thereof for the recycling of REMs.
DGAs meet the general formula RR'NC(O)CH 20CH 2C(O)NR"R"' where R, R', R" and R"' represent hydrocarbon groups, typically alkyls.
They are said to be "symmetrical" when R, R', R" and R"' are each the same and "asymmetrical" when this is not the case.
Among asymmetrical DGAs, a distinction is made between two sub-types:
- Type 1 asymmetrical DGAs where R and R'are each the same, R" and R"' are
each the same but differ from R and R'; and
- Type 11 asymmetrical DGAs where R and R" are each the same, R'and R"' are
each the same but differ from R and R". With regard to the use of symmetrical DGAs as extractants for the recycling of
REMs, it was shown in International application PCT WO 2016/046179, hereafter reference [1], that lipophilic symmetrical DGAs having 24 or more carbon atoms , such as
NNN',N'-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentanediamide (or TODGA), allow recovery of dysprosium, praseodymium and neodymium from an acidic aqueous phase derived from the
treatment of NdFeB permanent magnets, not only quantitatively but also selectively in relation to the other metal elements contained in this phase, in particular in relation to
iron and boron. With regard to the use of asymmetrical DGAs as extractants for the recycling of
REMs, the data given in the literature are much less convincing.
For example, Mowafi and Mohamed (Sep. Sci. Technol. 2017, 52(6), 1006-1014, hereafter reference [2]) used NN-dihexyl-N',N'-didecyldiglycolamide (or (DH-DD)-DGA) to
recover several REMs from three acidic aqueous media: nitric, sulfuric and hydrochloric. Not only the evaluation of the selectivity of this DGA for REMs against iron, nickel, cobalt
and caesium has been solely conducted in a nitric aqueous medium, the concentrations of metal elements used in this study, namely 0.002 mol/L, are much lower than those
expected for an aqueous phase derived from treatment of waste or manufacturing scrap; this is particularly true with regard to iron, the concentrations thereof in waste and
manufacturing scrap being an essential issue when recycling REMs.
Narita and Tanaka (Solvent Extraction Research and Development, Japan, 2013, 20, 115-121, hereafter reference [3]) focused on the use of NN'-dimethyl-NN'-di-n-octyl
diglycolamide (or MODGA), as extractant with a view to recovering REMs from acidic aqueous media derived from the manufacture of NdFeB permanent magnets. These
authors show that it is possible with this DGA to separate neodymium and dysprosium from iron and nickel, and dysprosium from neodymium in a nitric or sulfuric aqueous
medium. However, their work is solely based on acidic aqueous phases containing only
0.001 mol/L of dysprosium, neodymium, iron and nickel, i.e. here again concentrations far removed from those expected in an acidic aqueous phase derived from treatment of
NdFeB permanent magnets. Therefore, no test has been conducted on acidic aqueous phases simulating those actually obtained from the treatment of permanent magnets. In
addition, the latter work does not specify the behaviour and impact of other metal elements also contained in an acidic aqueous phase derived from treatment of NdFeB
permanent magnets, such as praseodymium or cobalt. Finally, it is important to cite work by E Ravi et al. (Radiochim. Acta 2014, 102(7), 609-617, hereafter reference [4]) which, although unrelated to the field of REM recycling
from waste and manufacturing scrap but concerning the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, shows that the extraction of europium from a nitric aqueous phase having molarity
higher than 1 by asymmetrical DGAs of formula RR'NC(O)CH20CH 2C(O)N((CH 12 )1 CH 3) 2 where R and R' represent an n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl or n-decyl group, does not vary
significantly when the number of carbon atoms, in the alkyl R and R' groups, decreases from 8 to 6, then from 6 to 4.
Faced with the major challenge of recycling REMs contained in post-consumption waste and manufacturing scrap, and in particular in spent or scrap NdFeB permanent
magnets and spent Ni-MH primary and secondary batteries, the inventors have considered that it is desirable to increase the panel of extractants able to be used for
recycling needs.
They therefore set themselves the objective of providing novel extractants allowing highly efficient extraction of REMs from acidic aqueous solutions derived from
the treatment of natural or urban ores, together with good selectivity in relation to other
metal elements also likely to be contained in these aqueous solutions and in particular iron, cobalt and nickel.
In the course of their work, the inventors ascertained that, contrary to the teaching of reference [4], the degree of amphiphilicity of an asymmetrical DGA
dependent upon the number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon groups carried by the two amide nitrogens - has an impact on the capacity thereof to extract REMs from acidic
aqueous solutions and on the selectivity of this extraction, and that therefore it is possible
to provide asymmetrical DGAs having extremely interesting properties both in terms of REM extraction capacity and extraction selectivity by optimising the amphiphilicity of
these DGAs. In particular, they have found that these properties are at least equivalent to and
even greater than those displayed by TODGA used in reference [1]. The invention is based on these findings.
These objectives are reached with the invention of which the first subject is a
diglycolamide meeting one of general formulae (1) and (II):
0 0 0 0 R11- O R2 R1 '- O ) ,R1
R12 0 R2 02
(1) (II) where:
R' is a linear or branched alkyl group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms; R 2 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms;
with the exception however of the diglycolamide of general formula (1) where R1 is an n-butyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group, and of thediglycolamide of general formula
(II) where R1 is an ethyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group. Therefore, whether meeting general formula (1) or general formula (II), the DGA
of the invention has the characteristics of comprising:
- first, two same hydrophilic groups each having 2 to 4 carbon atoms and
corresponding to the radicals R'; and
- secondly, two same lipophilic groups each having 9 to 14 carbon atoms and
corresponding to the radicals R2
. In the foregoing and in the remainder hereof, it is meant by: - "linear or branched alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms", any group
selected from among ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl
groups; - "linear or branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms", any linear or
branched chain alkyl group having 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 carbon atoms such as the groups
n-nonyl, isononyl, n-decyl, isodecyl, n-undecyl, isoundecyl, n-dodecyl, isododecyl, n-tridecyl, isotridecyl, n-tetradecyl, isotetradecyl, 2-methyloctyl, 2-methylnonyl, 2-methyldecyl, 2-methylundecyl, 2-methyldodecyl, 2-methyltridecyl, 2-ethylheptyl, 2-ethyloctyl, 2-ethylnonyl, 2-ethyldecyl, 2-ethylundecyl, 2-ethyldodecyl, 2-propylhexyl,
2-propylheptyl, 2-propyloctyl, 2-propylnonyl, 2-propyldecyl, 2-propylundecyl, 2-butylhexyl, 2-butylheptyl, 2-butyloctyl, 2-butyldecyl, 2-hexyloctyl, 3,7-dimethyloctyl,
2,4,6-trimethylheptyl group, etc. Also, the terms "aqueous medium", "aqueous solution" and "aqueous phase"
are equivalent and interchangeable, and the terms "organic solution" and "organic phase" are equivalent and interchangeable.
In addition, the expressions "from .... to .... " and "between .... and .... " are
equivalent and are meant to include the limits. According to the invention, R1 is advantageously an ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,
n-butyl or isobutyl group, whilst R 2 is advantageously a linear alkyl group. In addition, it is preferred that R 2 has from 10 to 14 carbon atoms, or in other
words that R 2 is selected from among n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl and n-tetradecyl groups, preference among these being given to the n-dodecyl group.
Therefore, as examples of preferred DGAs, mention can be made of:
- the DGA of general formula (1) where R1 is an ethyl group and R 2 is an
n-dodecyl group, hereafter called (DE-DDd)-DGA;
- the DGA of general formula (1) where R1 is an n-propyl group and R 2 is an
n-dodecyl group, hereafter called (DP-DDd)-DGA;
- the DGA of general formula (1) where R1 is an isopropyl group and R 2 is an
n-dodecyl group, hereafter called (DiP-DDd)-DGA;
- the DGA of general formula (II) where R1 is an n-propyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group, hereafter called DPDDdDGA;
- the DGA of general formula (II) where R1 is an n-butyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group, hereafter called DBDDdDGA; and
- the DGA of general formula (II) where R1 is an isobutyl group and R 2 is an
n-dodecyl group, hereafter called DiBDDdDGA. Among these DGAs, best preference is given to:
- (DE-DDd)-DGA for particularly high performance in extracting all REMs from a nitric aqueous medium, with REM distribution coefficients depending on the extracted
REM that are 8 to 15 times higher than those obtained with TODGA under the same operating conditions;
- DPDDdDGA for particularly high performance in extracting dysprosium from a sulfuric aqueous medium, with a dysprosium distribution coefficient that is 110 times
higher than that obtained with TODGA under the same operating conditions; and
- DBDDdDGA for particularly high performance in extracting all REMs from a hydrochloric aqueous medium with distribution coefficients, depending on the extracted
REM, that are 2 to 4 times higher than those obtained with TODGA under the same
operating conditions. A further subject of the invention is the use of a DGA such as afore-defined to
extract at least one rare earth metal from an acidic aqueous solution. In the invention, said at least one rare earth metal is preferably extracted from
the acidic aqueous solution via liquid-liquid extraction, in which case this aqueous solution is contacted with a water-immiscible organic solution comprising the DGA in an
organic diluent, then separated from the organic solution. The concentration of the DGA in the organic solution is advantageously between
0.05 mol/L and 0.5 mol/L and is preferably 0.1 mol/L
The organic solution may additionally comprise a phase modifier able to increase the load capacity of the DGA, i.e. the maximum concentration of metal elements that may
be contained in the organic solution without the occurrence of the formation of a third phase through de-mixing when this organic solution is contacted with an aqueous
solution containing metal elements. The phase modifier can particularly be selected from among trialkyl phosphates
such as tri-n-butylphosphate (or TBP) or tri-n-hexylphosphate (or THP), alcohols such as
n-octanol, n-decanol or isodecanol, and monoamides such as NN-dihexyloctanamide (or DHOA), NN-dibutyldecanamide (or DBDA), NN-di(2-ethylhexyl)acetamide (or D2EHAA),
NN-di(2-ethylhexyl)propionamide (or D2EHPA), NN-di(2-ethylhexyl)isobutyramide (or D2EHiBA) or NN-dihexyldecanamide (or DHDA).
Also, this phase modifier preferably does not represent more than 15 volume
% of the organic solution, even no more than 10 volume %of the volume of this solution if it
is an alcohol such as n-octanol. With regard to the organic diluent, this can be any non-polar organic diluent
proposed for use for liquid-liquid extraction, such as a hydrocarbon or mixture of
hydrocarbons e.g. n-dodecane, hydrogenated tetrapropylene (TPH), kerosene, IsaneTM IP_
185T or IsaneTM IP-175T, preference being given to n-dodecane.
In the invention, the acidic aqueous solution from which at least one said rare
earth metal is extracted, preferably comprises a mineral acid which is advantageously nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or a mixture thereof.
Evidently however, said acidic aqueous solution may comprise a mineral acid other than HNO 3, H 2 SO4 and HCI, or a mixture of mineral acids other than a mixture of
these acids. At all events, the concentration of the mineral acid or mixture of mineral acids in
the acidic aqueous solution is preferably between 0.1 mol/L and 5 mol/L
This acidic aqueous solution can firstly be a solution derived from dissolution in an acid medium of a concentrate of urban ore and in particular a concentrate ofW3E
waste.
In this respect, it can particularly be a solution derived from the dissolution in an acid medium of a material in divided form (powder, fragments, etc.) and resulting from
treatment (e.g. demagnetisation + grinding) of spent or scrap NdFeB or Sm-Co permanent magnets.
As a variant, it can also be a solution derived from dissolution in an acid medium of a material in divided form (powder, fragments, etc.) and resulting from treatment (e.g.
heat treatment + grinding) of spent Ni-MH primary or secondary batteries.
As a further variant, it can also be a solution derived from the dissolution in an acid medium of a natural ore comprising rare earths such as monazite, bastnaesite,
apatite or xenotime, or from dissolution in an acid medium of a residue of a natural ore such as tin slag.
Whichever the case, the rare earth is preferably selected from among lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, dysprosium and mixtures thereof.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following additional description. This additional description is evidently given solely to
illustrate the object of the invention and is not in any manner to be construed as a
limitation thereof.
1.1- DGA of general formula (I):
DGAs of general formula (1) can be obtained with the synthesis method represented below:
0 0O + (R2O)2-NH O NOH R2 + (R 1 )2-NH O O 0 2 R2 4 3 1 COMU DIPEA
0 0
R1 R2
(1)
In this synthesis method, a solution comprising 0.2 mol/L (1eq.) ofdiglycolic
anhydride, denoted 1, and 0.2 mol/L (1 eq.) of an amine denoted 2 of formula (R 2 ) 2 -NH where R 2 is such as defined in general formula (1), in an apolar aprotic solvent such as
2-methyltetrahydrofurane (or 2-MeTHF), is left under agitation for 6 hours leading to
dialkyldiglycolamic acid denoted 3. A coupling reagent such as 1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy)
dimethylamino-morpholino-carbenium hexafluorophosphate (or COMU - 1.2 eq.) and a tertiary amine such as NN-diisopropylethylamine (or DIPEA - 2 eq.) are added to the
medium and left under agitation for 5 minutes before adding an amine (1.1 eq.) denoted 4 of formula (R') 2 -NH where R1 is such as defined in general formula (1). The medium is
left under agitation overnight at ambient temperature. The reaction is halted with the addition of water, the medium filtered and the
filtrate washed with saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution and 10 % HCI solution. The organic phase
obtained is dried over MgSO4 , filtered and concentrated, and the residue obtained is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate
mixture. The fractions containing the pure product are combined and concentrated. A pure DGA is obtained of general formula (1) in the form of a colourless-to-yellow oil with a
yield of 37 %to 71 %.
The following were thus synthesized:
1) (DE-DDd)-DGA, meeting the following particular formula:
0 0
1H NMR (CDCI,3 400 MHz): (ppm):4.30 (se, 4H), 3.24 (m, 8H); 1.49 (m, 4H), 1.25 (m, 36H), 1.15 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 31H), 1.08 (m, 31H), 0.86 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H) 13 C NMR (CDCI,3 101 MHz): 5 (ppm): 168.44, 168.10, 68.68, 48.80, 45.87, 40.98, 40.21, 31.90, 26.66, 29.60, 29.56, 29.51, 29.44, 29.37, 29.32, 28.82, 27.51, 27.07, 26.75, 22.65, 14.06,12.81
HRMS (ES/ positive mode): m/z calculated for {MH}*: 525.4995; found: 525.4996
2) (DP-DDd)-DGA, meeting the following particular formula:
o o
N 0 N
1H NMR (CDCI ,3400 MHz): & (ppm): 4.26 (s, 2 H), 4.28 (s, 2 H), 3.24 (m, 4 H), 3.14 (t, 3JH,H
= 8 Hz, 4 H), 1.51 (m, 8 H), 1.22 (m, 36 H), 0.85 (m, 12 H) 13 C NMR (CDCI,3 101 MHz): 5 (ppm): 168.55, 168.42, 69.10, 69.04, 48.47, 47.32, 46.90, 45.73, 31.89, 29.63, 29.60, 29.56, 29.52, 29.40, 29.34, 29.32, 28.94, 27.58, 27.01, 26.81,
22.66, 22.06, 20.75, 14.09, 11.35, 11.13 HRMS (ES/ positive mode): m/z calculated for {MH}*: 553.5308; found: 553.5310
3) (DiP-DDd)-DGA, meeting the following particular formula:
0 0
N 0 N
-L _3
'H NMR (CDCI,3 400 MHz): (ppm): 4.27 (s, 2 H), 4.23 (s, 2 H), 3.93 (s, 1H), 3.43 (s, 1H), 3.28 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (m, 4H), 1.40 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 6H), 1.25
(m, 37H), 1.17 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H) 13 C NMR (CDCI,3 101 MHz): 6(ppm): 168.56, 167.80, 70.96, 69.17, 48.05, 47.07, 46.01, 45.90, 32.04, 29.78, 29.75, 29.74, 29.67, 29.55, 29.48, 29.08, 27.73, 27.17, 26.95, 22.81, 20.93, 20.57, 14.25
HRMS (ES/ positive mode): m/z calculated for{MH}*: 553.5308; found: 553.5305
1.2 - DGA of general formula (II): DGAs of general formula (II) can be obtained with the synthesis method
represented below: 0 0 R 1-CHO + R2-NH 2 NaBH4 R1 R 2-NH + HO OH
1' 2' 3' 4'
0 0 R o R1 R2 R2 (II) In this synthesis method, a solution comprising 2 mol/L (1eq.) of an aldehyde denoted 1' of formula R-CHO where R1 has the same meaning as in general formula (II),
and 2 mol/L (1 eq.) of an amine denoted 2' of formula R 2-NH 2 where R 2 has the same meaning as in general formula (II), in a polar protic solvent such as ethanol, is left under
agitation for 30 minutes at 40 °C. After cooling the medium to 0 °C, ethanol is added (2 mL per mmole). A reducing agent such as sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 - 2.5 eq.) is then
slowly added to the medium which is left under agitation overnight at ambient temperature.
A saturated aqueous solution of NH 4 CI and water is added and the aqueous phase is extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic phases are combined, dried over
MgSO4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of dichloromethane + 5 % NH3/isopropanol mixture. The fractions containing the pure product are combined and concentrated.
An amine is obtained denoted 3' of formula RR 2-NH where R1 and R 2 have the same meaning as in general formula (II), in the form of a white solid or colourless oil with
a yield of 46 %to 61 %. A solution comprising diglycolic acid (1 eq.), a coupling reagent such as COMU
(2.2 eq.) and a tertiary amine such as DIPEA (4 eq.) in an apolar aprotic solvent such as 2
MeTHF is left under agitation for 15 minutes at ambient temperature. The addition is made of amine 3' (2.2 eq.) to the medium which is left under agitation overnight at
ambient temperature. The reaction is halted with the addition of water and the organic phase is washed
with saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution and 10 % HCI solution. The organic phase obtained is dried over MgSO4 , filtered and concentrated, and the residue is purified by flash
chromatography on silica gel using a gradient ofdichloromethane/ethyl acetate mixture. The fractions containing the pure product are combined and concentrated. A pure DGA is
obtained of general formula (II) in the form of a colourless-to-yellow oil with a yield of
46 %to 57 %.
The following were thus synthesized: 10) DPDDdDGA, meeting the following particular formula: 0 0
1H NMR (CDCI ,3 400 MHz): & (ppm): 4.31 (s, 4H), 3.26 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 3.10 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.54 (m, 8H), 1.25 (m, 38H), 0.88 (m, 12H) 13 C NMR (CDCI,3 101 MHz): & (ppm): 168.64, 168.60, 68.52, 68.45, 48.31, 47.55, 46.85, 45.94, 32.05, 29.81, 29.78, 29.72, 29.69, 29.61, 29.53, 29.49, 28.92, 27.64, 27.20, 26.95,
26.92, 22.82, 22.01, 20.81,14.25,11.48,11.22,11.19 HRMS (ES/ positive mode): m/z calculated for{MH}*: 553.5308; found: 553.5309
_L _j
20) DBDDdDGA, meeting the following particular formula: 0 0
1H NMR (CDCI,3400 MHz): (ppm): 4.38 (se, 4 H), 3.22 (m, 4 H), 3.09 (m, 4 H), 1.45 (m, 8
H), 1.25 (m, 42 H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3 H), 0.88 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 9 H) 13 C NMR (CDCI,3 101 MHz): 6 (ppm): 169.10, 68.53, 46.94, 46.84, 46.28, 45.77, 32.06, 30.83, 29.93, 29.90, 29.88, 29.83, 29.81, 29.77, 29.75, 29.69, 28.83, 27.57, 27.38, 26.82, 22.82, 20.25, 19.99, 19.96, 14.27, 13.98, 13.92 HRMS (ES/ positive mode: m/z calculated for {MH}*: 581.5621; found: 581.5616
30) DiBDDdDGA, meeting the following particular formula:
0 0 N N
1H NMR (CDCI,3400 MHz): (ppm): 4.32 (m, 4 H), 3.29 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.17 (m, 4 H), 3.01 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H), 1.93 (m, 2 H), 1.51 (m, 4 H), 1.25 (m, 36 H), 0.88 (m, 18 H) 13 C NMR (CDCI,3 101 MHz): 6 (ppm): 169.00, 69.97, 53.85, 52.44, 47.19, 45.97, 31.92,
29.63, 29.61, 29.56, 29.43, 29.38, 29.35, 28.77, 27.49, 27.26, 27.10, 26.88, 26.69, 22.69, 20.15, 19.90,14.12
HRMS (ES/ positive mode): m/z calculated for {MH}*: 581.5621; found: 581.5620
In the following examples, concentrations were measured by inductively coupled
plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (or ICP-AES) or by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (or ICP-MS).
Also, the distribution coefficients and separation factors were determined in accordance with general practice in the field of liquid-liquid extractions, namely that:
- the distribution (or partition) coefficient of a metal element M, denoted DM,
between two phases, respectively organic and aqueous, is equal to:
Dm = [M]org.
[M]aq.
where:
[M]org. = concentration of the metal element in the organic phase at extraction
equilibrium (in mg/L); and
[M]aq. = concentration of the metal element in the aqueous phase at extraction equilibrium (in mg/L);
- the separation factor between two metal elements M1 and M2, denoted
SFM1/M2, is equal to: DM1 SFM1/M2 =Dm DM2
where: DM1= distribution coefficient of metal element M1; and
DM2 = distribution coefficient of metal element M2.
11.1- In nitric aqueous medium: Extractions were performed using:
- as organic phases: solutions comprising either 0.1 mol/L of a DGA of the invention, or 0.1 mol/L of a DGA of the state of the art, namely TODGA, in a TPH/n
octanol mixture (90:10, v/v); and
- as aqueous phases: aliquots of an aqueous solution representing a true
lixiviate called "solution A", comprising 3 mol/L of nitric acid (to simulate the likely acidity of an aqueous solution derived from dissolution of REM-rich fractions in nitric acid), and
representative light and heavy REMs (La', Pr', Nd' and Dy"') as well as representative metal impurities (Fe"', Co", Ni"). The concentrations of these elements in solution A are
specified in Table 1 below.
/ Table 1
Metal elements Concentrations (mg/L)
La 955 Pr 977 Nd 972 Dy 963 Fe 9420 Co 970 Ni 937
Each of these extractions was conducted, in a tube and under agitation, by contacting an organic phase with an aliquot of solution A for 30 minutes at 25 °C. The O/A
volume ratio was 1. No third phase was observed during the extraction phases. After centrifugation and separation of the phases, each organic phase containing
REMs was subjected to stripping for analytical purposes via contacting, in a tube and under agitation, with an aqueous solution comprising 1 mol/L of nitric acid, 0.2 mol/L of
N,N',N,N'-tetraethyldiglycolamide (or TEDGA) and 0.5 mol/L of oxalic acid for 15 minutes at 25 °C, with an O/A volume ratio of 0.2. The mixture was centrifuged and the phases
separated.
The concentrations of the different metal elements were measured in solution A before extraction, in the aqueous phases obtained after extraction, and in the organic
phases after stripping. The distribution coefficients and REM/impurity separation factors obtained from
these measurements are respectively given in Tables 2 and 3 below and compared with those obtained under the same operating conditions with a prior art diglycolamide
namelyTODGA. Tables 2 and 3 below respectively give the distribution coefficients and
REM/impurity separation factors such as obtained for three DGAs of general formula (1), namely (DE-DDd)-DGA, (DP-DDd)-DGA and (DiP-DDd)-DGA, for a DGA of general formula (II), namely DiBDDdDGA, and for TODGA.
Table 2
(DE-DDd)-DGA (DP-DDd)-DGA (DiP-DDd)-DGA DiBDDdDGA TODGA
DLa 15.1 2.4 3.0 2.2 1.9 DPr 206 25.5 31.5 16.7 15.3 DNd 618 65.6 149 42.8 41.8 DDy >960 >960 >960 >960 >960 DFe 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
Dc. <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 DNi < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03
Table 3
(DE-DDd)-DGA (DP-DDd)-DGA (DiP-DDd)-DGA DiBDDdDGA TODGA
SFLa/Fe 1510 > 190 > 300 > 220 > 190
SFPr/Fe 20600 > 1500 > 3 200 > 1700 > 1500
SFNd/Fe 61800 >4200 >14900 >4300 >4200
SFDy/Fe > 100 000 > 100 000 > 100 000 > 100 000 > 100 000
SFLa/Co, Ni > 500 > 65 > 100 > 75 > 65
SFPr/Co, Ni > 6 900 > 500 > 1100 > 560 > 500
SFNd/Co, Ni > 20 600 > 1400 > 5 000 > 1400 > 1400
SFDy/Co, Ni > 333 00 > 333 00 > 333 00 > 333 00 > 3300
These results show that the DGAs of the invention have higher REM extractant
properties than those of TODGA in a nitric aqueous medium. They also show that these DGAs have particularly high affinity for heavy REMs
such as dysprosium.
(DE-DDd)-DGA, which comprises two ethyl groups carried by the same amide nitrogen, exhibits the best performance probably due to the structure thereof which
through reduced steric hindrance allows better REM accessibility to this DGA and hence better coordination of REMs by this DGA. This DGA therefore leads to REM distribution coefficients 8 to 15 times higher than those obtained with TODGA.
Comparison between the respective performance levels of (DE-DDd)-DGA and the other DGAs of the invention shows that an increase in length of the hydrophilic alkyl
chains substantially reduces the affinity of these DGAs for REMs, whether the asymmetrical DGAs are of type I or type 11.
Conversely, the presence of branching in the hydrophilic alkyl chains appears to
increase affinity. Yet, this goes against work reported in the literature for example by Sasaki et al., Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2015, 33(7), 625-641, hereafter reference [5], for
symmetrical DGAs in which the presence of branching reduces affinity for REMs, in particular by comparing the performance levels of TODGA and NNN',N'-tetra(2
ethylhexyl)diglycolamide (or TEHDGA). Regarding the extraction of iron, nickel and cobalt impurities, the results for each
of the assayed DGAs of the invention indicate distribution coefficients for iron of 0.01 or lower, and distribution coefficients for nickel and cobalt lower than 0.03. These values
correspond to the quantification limits of analytical equipment (ICP-AESandICP-MS) used
for analyses.
11.2 - In sulfuric aqueous medium:
Extractions/strippings were performed following the same operating protocol as described under item 11.1 above with the exception that for extractions, as aqueous
phases, aliquots of an aqueous solution were used called "solution B", which also simulates a true lixiviate but comprising 2 mol/L of sulfuric acid (instead of 3 mol/L of
nitric acid as in solution A). The concentrations of the metal elements in solution B are specified in Table 4
below.
Table 4
Metal elements Concentrations (mg/L)
La 914 Pr 966 Nd 957 Dy 962 Fe 10150 Co 981 Ni 967
The concentrations of the different metal elements were measured in solution B before extraction, in the aqueous phases obtained after extraction and in the organic
phases obtained after stripping. Tables 5 and 6 below respectively give the distribution coefficients and
REM/impurity separation factors such as obtained for the three DGAs of general formula
(II), namely DPDDdDGA, DBDDdDGA and DiBDDdDGA, and for TODGA.
Table 5
DPDDdDGA DBDDdDGA DiBDDdDGA TODGA
DLa < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 Dpr 0.07 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 DNd 0.27 0.06 0.01 < 0.005 DDy 25.14 4.02 0.55 0.23 DFe < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Dco < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 DNi < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03
Table 6
DPDDdDGA DBDDdDGA DiBDDdDGA TODGA
SFPr/Fe >7 >2 N.Q. N.Q.
SFNd/Fe > 27 >6 >1 N.Q.
SFDy/Fe >2500 >400 >55 >23
SFPr/Co, Ni >2 > 0.7 N.Q. N.Q.
SFNd/Co, Ni >9 >3 > 0.3 N.Q.
SFDy/Co, Ni > 840 > 130 >18 >8
N.Q.: non-quantifiable
These results show that the DGAs of the invention also have REM extraction properties that are higher than those of TODGA in a sulfuric aqueous medium.
It is known that, in general, the affinity of DGAs for REMs in a sulfuric medium is much lower than in a nitric medium. This is due to the fact that S0 4 2 - ions are much more
complexifying for REMs than NO3 -ions in solution. Therefore, in a sulfuric acid medium,
only heavy REMs such as dysprosium are extracted by TODGA but only very partially (DDy = 0.2). The very low extraction of heavy REMs by TODGA and the lack of affinity of TODGA
for light REMs in sulfuric medium have already been reported in the literature. Among the DGAs of the invention, DPDDdDGA leads to a distribution coefficient
of dysprosium that is 110 times higher than that obtained with TODGA, and to excellent separation factors in relation to other REMs (SFDy/La > 5 000, SFDy/Pr = 350 and SFDy/Nd =93).
This means that it is a candidate of choice for performing both efficient and selective extraction of dysprosium in a sulfuric aqueous medium, bearing in mind that dysprosium
is one of the REMs with the highest application potential.
As above, the distribution coefficients of impurities are lower than 0.01 for iron and lower than 0.03 for nickel and cobalt.
11.3 - In hydrochloric aqueous medium: Extractions/strippings were performed following the same operating protocol as
described under item 11.1 above with the exception that for extractions, as aqueous phases, aliquots of an aqueous solution called "solution C" were used, which also simulates a true lixiviate but comprising 2 mol/L of hydrochloric acid (instead of 3 mol/L of nitric acid in solution A).
The concentrations of the metal elements in solution C are specified in Table 7 below.
Table 7
Metal elements Concentrations (mg/L)
La 940 Pr 1071 Nd 859 Dy 1073 Fe 9488 Co 1015 Ni 937
The concentrations of the different metal elements were measured in solution C before extraction, in the aqueous phases after extraction and in the organic phases after
stripping.
Tables 8 and 9 below respectively give the distribution coefficients and REM/impurity separation factors such as obtained for a DGA of general formula (II),
namely DBDDdDGA, and for TODGA. Table 8
DBDDdDGA TODGA
DLa 2.9 1.0 Dpr 132.9 31.1 DNd > 215 92.2 DDy >265 >265 DFe 0.81 0.73 Dco < 0.03 < 0.03 DNi < 0.03 < 0.03
Table 9
DBDDdDGA TODGA
SFLa/Fe 3.6 1.4
SFPr/Fe 164.1 42.6
SFNd/Fe > 265 126.3 SFDy/Fe > 327 > 363
SFLa/Co, Ni > 725 > 250
SFPr/Co, Ni > 4 430 > 1037 SFNd/Co, Ni 3.6 1.4
SFDy/Co, Ni 164.1 42.6
These results show that DBDDdDGA leads to distribution coefficients for lanthanum, praseodymium and neodymium which are 2 to 4 times higher than those
obtained with TODGA. DBDDdDGA has excellent affinity for praseodymium, neodymium and dysprosium, and lesser but nevertheless satisfactory affinity for lanthanum.
Nickel and cobalt impurities are not extracted by this DGA (DM < 0.03).
On the other hand, iron is slightly extracted, as it is by TODGA. However, the better affinity of DBDDdDGA for REMs allows selectivity in relation
to iron to be increased significantly, compared with that obtained with TODGA.
[1] International application PCTWO2016/046179
[2] Mowafi and Mohamed, Sep. Sci. Technol. 2017,52(6),1006-1014
[3] Narita and Tanaka, Solvent Extraction Research and Development, Japan, 2013, 20, 115-121
[4] Ravi etal., Radiochim.Acta2014,102(7), 609-617
[5] Sasaki et al., Solvent Extr.Ion Exch. 2015, 33(7), 625-641
It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the
common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country. In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except
where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an
inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the
presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.
Claims (16)
1. Diglycolamide, meeting one of general formulae (1) and (II):
0 0 0 0 R" O R2 R" - O R1
RI R2 R2 R2 (1) (II) where:
R1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and
R 2 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms; with the exception however of the diglycolamide of general formula (1) where R1 is an
n-butyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group, and of thediglycolamide of general formula (II) where R1 is an ethyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group.
2. Diglycolamide according to claim 1, wherein R 2 is a linear alkyl group.
3. Diglycolamide according to claim 2, wherein R 2 is selected from among n
decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl and n-tetradecyl groups.
4. Diglycolamide according to claim 3, wherein R 2 is an n-dodecyl group.
5. Diglycolamide according to any one of claims 1 to 4, which is selected from
among:
- the diglycolamide of general formula (1) where R1 is an ethyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group;
- the diglycolamide of general formula (1) wherein R1 is an n-propyl group and R2 is an n-dodecyl group;
- the diglycolamide of general formula (1) where R1 is an isopropyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group;
- the diglycolamide of general formula (II) where R' is an n-propyl group and
R 2 is an n-dodecyl group;
- the diglycolamide of general formula (II) where RI is an n-butyl group and R2
is an n-dodecylgroup;and
- the diglycolamide of general formula (II) where RI is an isobutyl group and R2 is an n-dodecyl group.
6. Diglycolamide according to claim 5, which is selected from among:
- the diglycolamide of general formula (1) where R'is an ethyl group and R2 is an n-dodecylgroup;
- the diglycolamide of general formula (II) where R' is an n-propyl group and R 2 is an n-dodecyl group; and
- the diglycolamide of general formula (II) where RI is an n-butyl group and R2
is an n-dodecyl group.
7. Use of a diglycolamide according to any one of claims 1 to 6 to extract at least one rare earth metal from an acidic aqueous solution.
8. Use according to claim 7, which comprises contacting the acidic aqueous solution with a water-immiscible organic solution comprising the diglycolamide in an
organic diluent, followed by separating the aqueous and organic solutions.
9. Use according to claim 8, wherein the concentration of thediglycolamide in the organic solution is between 0.05 mol/L and 0.5 mol/L
10. Use according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the acidic aqueous
solution comprises a mineral acid or a mixture of mineral acids.
11. Use according to claim 10, wherein the mineral acid is nitric acid, sulphuric
acid or hydrochloric acid.
12. Use according to claim 10, wherein the concentration of the mineral acid or
mixture of mineral acids in the acidic aqueous solution is between 0.1 mol/L and 5 mol/L
13. Use according to any one of claims 7 to 12, wherein the rare earth metal is selected from among lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, dysprosium and mixtures
thereof.
14. Use according to any one of claims 7 to 13, wherein the acidic aqueous
solution is produced from dissolution of a concentrate of urban ore in an acid medium.
15. Use according to any one of claims 7 to 13, wherein the acidic aqueous solution is produced from dissolution in an acid medium of material in divided form and
resulting from the treatment of spent or scrap Neodymium-Iron-Boron or Samarium Cobalt permanent magnets, or from treatment of spent electrochemical Nickel-Metal
Hydride primary or secondary batteries.
16. Use according to any one of claims 7 to 13, wherein the acidic aqueous
solution is produced from dissolution of a natural ore or residue of a natural ore in an acid medium.
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