AU2018282353B2 - Batten Fixing System - Google Patents

Abstract

A system and method for fixing battens. The system comprises a base track to which a batten is to be fixed via an intermediate piece located between the base track and the 5 batten; the intermediate piece having a first engagement profile that locates with a corresponding engagement profile on the base track, and a second engagement profile that locates with a corresponding engagement profile on the batten; wherein the intermediate piece has a retainer that retains an engagement between the batten and the intermediate piece. The retainer may deform to provide the fitting and retain the 10 batten in place. 10947473_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 19/12/18 1/8 14 10 12 FIGURE 1 10 142 FIGURE 2

Description

1/8 14 10

12

FIGURE 1

10 142

FIGURE 2

BATTEN FIXING SYSTEM

The present invention relates to a fixing system for battens.

Background of Invention Battens used in an architectural sense usually comprise lengths of timber or aluminium pieces used to line or clad external or internal ceilings or walls. Spaced apart battens may be applied to a wall for purely decorative appeal, or for acoustic damping purposes or they may form the structure of a wall/divider to provide both an aesthetically appealing and a functional structure.

The fabrication and installation of these products can be difficult. Systems exist which fix the batten directly onto the wall or ceiling surface. Other systems use separate stirrup-type clasps that are fixed to the wall or ceiling surface and lie between the surface and batten capturing the width of a batten in a clasp hold.

A problem with known systems is that the fixing system is often visible and therefore detracts from the aesthetic appeal of the overall batten cladded wall or ceiling. Another problem is that the fixing components between the battens and fixing surface can shrink or enlarge with changes in temperature. In the case of shrinking this could dangerously lead to the batten becoming unfixed and falling off. Furthermore, known systems are difficult to install and require mallets or other force fixing tools to install.

It is in light of the complexity of the design, engineering, fabrication and installation of known architectural decorative linings that the presently described batten fixing system has been conceived.

Summary of Invention In accordance with the present invention there is provided a batten fixing system comprising a base track to which a batten is to be fixed via an intermediate piece located between the base track and the batten, the intermediate piece having a first engagement profile that locates with a corresponding engagement profile on the base track, and a second engagement profile that locates with a corresponding engagement profile on the batten, wherein the intermediate piece has a retainer that forms a biased detent over which the batten locates for engagement with the intermediate piece, but which inhibits removal of the batten from engagement with the intermediate piece, and wherein the intermediate piece is a clip comprising a clip body having a spring recess

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24 formed therein and the biased detent is a spring clip comprising a looped spring wire that loops around a perimeter of the clip body and is located in the spring recess.

In accordance with the present invention there is provided, a method of installing a batten comprising providing a batten, an intermediate piece and a base track to which the batten is to be fixed via the intermediate piece, the method comprising locating the intermediate piece between the base track and the batten; locating a first engagement profile of the intermediate piece with a corresponding engagement profile on the base track; locating a second engagement profile of the intermediate piece with a corresponding engagement profile on the batten; engaging a retainer between the batten and the intermediate piece to retain an engagement therebetween, wherein the retainer forms a biased detent over which the batten locates for engagement with the intermediate piece, but which inhibits removal of the batten from engagement with the intermediate piece, and wherein the intermediate piece is a clip comprising a clip body having a spring recess formed therein and the biased detent is spring clip comprising a looped spring wire that loops around a perimeter of the clip body and is located in the spring recess, the method further comprising the step of deforming the biased detent during installation of the batten.

The spring wire is preferably a stainless steel wire. In a rest position the spring wire sits partly in the spring recess but parts of the spring wire protrude outside of the recess and outside of the outer perimeter of the clip. This protrusion provides a block, or detent, against removal of the batten from engagement with the clip.

In one embodiment the clip body is made of a metal, such as anodised die cast aluminium.

Furthermore, the batten engagement profile may be configured so that the batten profile during the engagement process is permitted to move over the outwardly extending spring wire, which will compress the spring wire further into the spring recess and thereby clear access for engagement of the batten profile and the clip's second engagement profile. Once engaged the spring wire will return to its rest position and block removal of the batten. Preferably a lower opening into a recess of the batten engagement profile is ramped so as to slide over the outwardly extending clip retainer, namely the spring wire, to permit engagement. In one embodiment the batten engagement profile is a dovetail profile.

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24

The advantage of the engagement between the intermediate piece and the batten is that it provides a system for engagement that can be easily used by any person, without much effort or the need for additional tools. Furthermore, the engagement is strong and able to withstand large forces, in excess of 1OON.

In one embodiment the engagement between the intermediate piece and the base track is a snap or clip connection, namely a press location fit. The base track may have a profiled channel defining the engagement profile on the base track and into which the intermediate piece locates, whereby the channel is defined by resilient side walls that will move to permit engagement with the first engagement profile of the intermediate piece but retain against removal thereof.

At intervals along the base track slots may be provided in the upper edge of the channel side walls. The clips locate on the base tracks at the slots. The slots receive side webs on the clips that allow the clip to locate into the channel before being pressed into the channel against the resilience of the channel walls.

Brief Description of the Drawings An embodiment, incorporating all aspects of the invention, will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a lower isometric view of a batten assembly fixed to a ceiling using a batten fixing system in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a closer view of the batten assembly of Figure 1; Figure 3(a) is an exploded upper isometric view of an intermediate piece of the batten fixing system; Figure 3(b) is an assembled upper isometric view of the intermediate piece; Figure 3(c) is a lower isometric view of one part of the intermediate piece; Figure 3(d) is a sectional view taken along a length of the intermediate piece; Figure 3(e) is a top sectional view of the intermediate piece taken at section C C of Figure 3(d); Figure 3(f) is a side sectional view of the intermediate piece taken at section B B of Figure 3(d); Figure 4 is an upper isometric view of a batten of the batten fixing system; Figure 5(a) is an isometric view of a base track of the batten fixing system; Figure 5(b) is a side profile view of the base track of Figure 5(a); Figures 6(a), 6(b) and 6(c) illustrate in sequence the steps in assembling a

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24 batten onto an intermediate piece that is fixed to a base track; Figures 7(a), 7(b), 7(c), 7(d) and 7(e) illustrate in sequence the steps in assembling an intermediate piece onto a base track and then a batten onto the intermediate piece; Figures 8(a) and 8(b) are isometric and side views respectively showing a first step in assembling a batten fixing system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention; Figures 9(a) and 9(b) are isometric and side views respectively showing a second step in assembling a batten fixing system in accordance with the alternative embodiment; Figures 10(a) and 10(b) are isometric and side views respectively showing a third step in assembling a batten fixing system in accordance with the alternative embodiment; Figure 11 is a side view of the batten fixing system of the alternative embodiment; and Figure 12 is an end view of the batten fixing system of the alternative embodiment.

Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention Described herein and illustrated in the drawings are two embodiments of a batten fixing system. The first embodiment of a batten fixing system 10 is illustrated in Figure 1 to Figure 7(e). The second embodiment of a batten fixing system 40 is illustrated in Figure 8(a) to Figure 12. Both systems 10, 40 function to engage a batten 12 to a base track 14 using an intermediate piece 20, 42 where both the intermediate pieces and the batten have corresponding engagement profiles so that the batten 12 can engage with the intermediate piece 20, 42. The intermediate piece also includes a retainer 22, 44 that acts to retain engagement, or restrain against separation, between the batten 12 and intermediate piece 20, 42.

Referring firstly to the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1 to Figure 7(e), a batten fixing system 10 is illustrated broadly including a batten 12 that is fixed to a base track 14 via an intermediate piece 20. The base track 14 is an elongated track that is adapted to be fixed to a wall or ceiling, or other, surface. The base track in a preferred embodiment is an extruded aluminium track having a powder coated finish. Battens 12 are adapted to be fixed between two base tracks 14 at right angles to the base track as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 (noting that Figures 1 and 2 only illustrate one base track 14).

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Figures 5(a) and 5(b) illustrate the base track 14 in a side profile view and an isometric view. It can be seen that the base track includes a flat fixing surface 15 that is outwardly flanged from an upwardly standing clip engagement portion defined by a clip engagement profile 16. The clip engagement profile 16 of base track 14 is a mouth that is configured to provide a keying profile that corresponds to a first engagement profile on the intermediate piece 20, wherein the first engagement profile of the intermediate piece 20 is also referred to herein as a track engagement profile 23. The track engagement profile 23 of the intermediate piece 20 can be seen in Figure 3(d).

The intermediate piece 20 of the first embodiment of the batten fixing system 10 is illustrated in Figures 3(a) to 3(f). The intermediate piece functions as a clip between the base track and the batten, and hereafter will be referred to as the clip 20. The clip comprises a clip body 21 having the track engagement profile 23 at an underside forming a foot of the body and a second engagement profile, namely a batten engagement profile 26, at an upper side forming a larger, main elongate part of the body 21. Both the track and batten engagement profiles 23, 26 of the clip 20 are elongated in structure and integrally formed to be aligned at right angles to each other.

The track engagement profile 23 on clip 20 forms a dovetail-like profile in side view in order to clip into and engage with the clip engagement profile 16 on the base track 14. The clip engagement profile 16 on the base track is configured to be resilient, whether by way of the material used or by the structure of the profile, so as to allow the track engagement profile 23 on the clip 20 to click or snap into engagement with the clip engagement profile 16.

Figures 7(a) and 7(b) illustrate clip 20 being engaged with base track 14. It is noted that base track 14 includes pairs of side slots 17 aligned along an upper edge of the clip engagement profile 16, where the clip engagement profile 16 is formed by two parallel profiled walls 18 upstanding from flange 15. The slots are to receive and allow engagement with the clip 20. Specifically, the slots receive side webs 24 on the clip 20.

Side webs 24 of the clip 20 are located at a juncture of the track engagement profile 23 on the clip and the larger and longer body portion of the batten engagement profile 26 of the clip 20. Slots 17 define the position of the clips 20 on base track 14 ensuring the clips are evenly spaced and properly held within the track. It is of course understood

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24 that the slots could be cut at uneven intervals, if an uneven distribution of battens along the track is desired for aesthetic purposes or otherwise.

Clip 20, as described above, includes the elongate body portion defining the second engagement profile, namely the batten engagement profile 26. Extending somewhat crosswise to the longitudinal direction of the batten engagement profile portion is the smaller foot of the clip that comprises the track engagement profile 23. Between the track engagement profile section 23 and the batten engagement profile 26 are the side webs 24.

The batten engagement profile 26 is an elongated body section that is profiled to key into a corresponding, hollow engagement profile 13 in the underside of the batten 12. Accordingly, the batten can be located over the clip 20 with the batten engagement profile 26 on the clip being received in the corresponding batten recess 13 which defines the clip engagement profile in the batten 12.

The batten 12 is usually made of a material that in batten form does not allow much resilience or movement at the batten recess. Such materials could include timber, metal such as aluminium, or plastics composites, provided in an architectural batten form which elongate structure may vary according to preference. Furthermore, the body of the clip 20 is a substantially rigid structure. The clip needs to function as a fastening means, or an attachment means, between the batten and base track and is configured to mitigate the incidence of detachment from either the base track or the batten. The clip could be made of a rigid plastics material or could be made in metal, such as diecast aluminium. A clip made of plastics would, for example, be suitable in an outdoor situation where corrosion of metal clips could be a problem.

A retainer 22 is provided on the clip 20 in order to effect engagement between the less resilient engaging profiles of the batten 12 and clip 20. The retainer 22 acts as a chock, or detent, to prevent or inhibit removal of the engagement between the batten 12 and clip 20. The retainer 22 is resilient.

The retainer forms a biased detent over which the batten can be located but which will inhibit removal of the batten from engagement with the clip 20. In the first embodiment illustrated in Figures 1 to 7 (e), the retainer is a looped spring clip made of spring wire that loops around a perimeter of the clip body 21. Specifically, the retainer, hereafter referred to as spring wire 22, is located in a spring recess 28 that is moulded or cut

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24 laterally of the clip body 21 in a manner that not only anchors the spring wire 22 to the spring body 21 but also urges part of the spring wire to partly protrude outside of the recess and outside of the outer perimeter of the clip body and therefore outside of the outer perimeter of the batten engagement profile 26. It is this outward protrusion of the retainer relative to the clip that provides a block against removal of the batten from engagement with the clip.

Referring to Figure 3(e), which shows a planned sectional view of the clip 20, it can be seen that the spring recess 28 and circles a core 29 of the clip body. As shown in Figure 3(a) the spring wire 22 has two closely separated free ends 30 at one end and a loop end 31 at the other end the spring recess 28 is formed to accommodate the free ends 30 and loop end 31 of the spring wire 22 in that the free ends 30 locate in recessed ends 33 and the looped end 31 loops around a necked head 34 ofthe core 29. The core 29 also has, in between the recessed ends 33 and necked head 34, lateral flats 35 that narrow the recess 28 at opposing sides of the perimeter of the core.

The lateral flats 35 form a thick part of the core that then narrows down to the necked head 34 at one end and the recessed ends 33 at an opposite end to thereby accommodate the spring wire 22 which conforms around the shape of the core. The lateral flats 35 accommodate legs 32 of the spring wire and given the close proximity of the lateral flats 35 to the clip body perimeter, the spring wire 22 is pushed out of the spring recess in a rest position as shown in Figure 3(b). The legs 32 of the spring wire are curved in shape which also lends the spring wire to protruding out of the recess 28. However, there is sufficient space in the recess 28 to allow lateral legs 32 of the spring wire 22 to compress into the recess 28 and within the confines of the outer perimeter, and specifically the side perimeter of the batten engagement profile 26. This compression of the spring wire occurs when a batten moves to locate over the clip 20.

Figures 6(a) to 6(c) illustrate a three-step sequence of a batten 12 being engaged in position onto a clip 20 that has been previously fastened to, or engaged with, a base track 14. In the side sectional view of Figure 6(a) the spring wire 22 acting as a retainer can be seen protruding outwardly of the sides of spring recess 28, adjacent the flats 35, and protruding further outwardly of a side perimeter of the clip body 21. As the batten 12 is pushed further onto clip 20 the lower edges of the batten, which are ramped edges 36, bear over the outside of the spring wire pushing the spring wire legs 32 closer together and into recess 28 to permit location of the batten engagement recess 13 over the clip body 21, and specifically over the batten engagement profile 26

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24 on the clip.

Figure 6(c) illustrates a fully engaged batten 12 on clip 20. The batten engagement recess 13, while forming a dovetail engagement with the clip body, is a little wider than the side width of the clip body which gives room for the spring wire to expand back to its rest position where part of the spring wire, namely the legs 32, protrude outside of the spring recess and outwardly of the width perimeter of the clip. This protrusion of spring wire 22 acts to retain the engagement between the batten 12 and clip 20.

Figures 7(c) to 7(e) also illustrate, but from a different perspective, a batten 12 being fitted onto a clip 20, where the clip was illustrated being fitted onto the base track 14 in Figures 7(a) and 7(b).

Removal of the batten from the clip, while not impossible is made more difficult by the provision of the spring wire as a retainer. Furthermore, the act of engaging the batten with the clip can simply be a manual force engagement where the batten will snap or click into engagement with the clip. Depending on the integrity of the spring wire 22 and the tolerances between the engagement profiles on the batten and clip, the engagement can withstand very large forces and certainly the forces of, for example battens suspended off a ceiling.

In one example, a testing rig was set up to test the separation force required to separate a batten from an intermediate clip that was attached to a base track. Plastic tie straps were tied around the batten immediately above its engagement point with the clip. At their upper end the plastic ties were tied to a hanging scale and a lifting force was applied to the hanging scale which in turn transferred to a lifting force on the batten through the plastic ties. A reading of 92.2kg was observed before the plastic ties snapped leaving the batten, clip and base track still assembled and not separated.

As the lifting force exerted on the hanging scales broke the plastic ties at 92.2kg and before the batten 12 could be separated from the clip 20, or before the clip 20 could be separated from the base track 14, it is expected that the batten fixing system can withstand separation forces well in excess of 900N, and quite likely in excess of 1000N (where the force = mass x gravity = 92.2kg x 9.8m/s 2 ).

Figures 8(a) to 12 illustrate a second embodiment of a batten fixing system 40. In this embodiment the engagement profiles between the second intermediate piece, namely

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24 clip 42, and the base track 14 and batten 12 respectively are different. The retainer 44 used to retain engagement between the clip 42 and batten 12 is also different. However, despite the differences, the function of the batten fixing system is still to allow simple insertion/assembly of the batten onto a base track via an intermediate clip, and to restrain the assembly from inadvertently separating.

The engagement profiles between the clip 42 and base track 14 relies on the base track in the second embodiment having side rails 46, rather than an upstanding engagement portion. Furthermore, clip 42 is designed to have a lower peg 47 that 1o locates in a corresponding hole 48 in the base track to align the clip 42 in the correct position. The clip is able to rotatingly pivot on peg 47 that allows the clip to rotate 90 into an operative position whereby holding edges 49 on opposite sides of a base flange 43 of the clip 42 are rotated to be captured underneath the base track rails 46 to thereby fasten the clip to the base track. This action of rotating the clip into a fastened/operative position can be seen in Figures 8(a), 8(b), which shows the clip 42 in an initial unrotated position, and Figures 9(a) and 9(b), which show the clip rotated so that holding edges 49 on the base flange 43 are held under side rails 46 which will prevent the clip being lifted off the base track. In this embodiment the rails of the base track 14 forms the engagement profile on the base track, and the holding edges 49 on the base flange 43 of the clip 42 forms the track engagement profile of the clip 42.

Thereafter the batten 12 can be inserted onto the clip 42. The retainer 44 in this embodiment is sufficiently resilient to allow for engagement of the batten 12 with clip 42 but to also act as a restraint against inadvertent removal of the batten from the clip. However, the second retainer 44 is quite different in structure to the first retainer 22 in the first embodiment.

As illustrated in Figures 10(a), 10(b), 11 and 12, an upper portion of the clip is also resilient. The upper portion includes resilient side tabs 50 (Figure 8(b)) that form a wedge receiving channel 51 therebetween to receive a wedge 44, that acts as the retainer in this embodiment. As the batten is forced down onto clip 42 by a force F, wedge 44 is wedged down into receiving channel 51, separating side tabs 50 in the process, until pointed tips 53 of the wedge pass the side tabs at which point the tabs compress toward each other. Holding grooves 52 at an upper inner side on the tabs 50 act to hold the pointed tips against slipping out of the channel and thereby hold the wedge in place as shown in Figure 12. This in turn expands the upper part of the clip 42 as a whole which fills the dovetail recess 13 in the batten, where the dovetail recess

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24 defines the engagement profile of the batten. This creates a firm engagement between the batten and clip.

To remove battens from second batten fixing system 40 described herein, the wedge, which protrudes slightly through the receiving channel (see Figure 11) can be pushed up and disengaged from the receiving channel which allows for removal of the batten.

To remove the battens from the first batten fixing system 10, levering tools such as screw drivers are inserted into the base track and either side of the attached batten lo and are levered in opposite directions to slightly open the mouth of the base track wide enough to allow the clip to disengage from the base track. To remove the clip from the batten a screwdriver or similar lever is used to prise the looped end 31 of the spring wire 22 to pull the spring wire out of the spring recess 28 thereby removing the restraint between the batten 12 and clip 20, which allows the batten to be easily lifted out of engagement with the clip.

The present embodiments of the batten fixing system provide a better and easier to use system for fixing battens to surfaces. The system is easy to operate, requiring a minimal number of steps to assemble and click together. No tools are required as human force is sufficient to snap lock the components together, whilst the retainer ensures the engagement is retained and inadvertent separation of components inhibits against greater forces that could be applied to the battens. No screws, rivets or other fixing fasteners are required other than to initially fix the base track to a surface, if required.

The result also advantageously includes an aesthetically more acceptable system where the engagement clips are hidden from normal view and the base tracks can be manufactured to be flush and streamlined with the ceiling or wall surface. A greater selection of batten separation distances is also possible as the system allows battens to be spaced and fixed closer together.

Finally, the batten fixing system ensures the battens are held in a straight, true alignment because the elongated body of the clip centres alignment of the batten with respect to the base track. Shrinkage of battens due to change in environment will not affect the engagement because the system through having a retainer lodged in a dovetail recess in the batten allows for a greater tolerances of engagement, and therefore can allow for change due to shrinkage.

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It will be understood to persons skilled in the art of the invention that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments.

It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country.

20678813_1 (GHMatters) P103053.AU.1 15/03/24

Claims (13)

Claims:

1. A batten fixing system comprising a base track to which a batten is to be fixed via an intermediate piece located between the base track and the batten, the intermediate piece having a first engagement profile that locates with a corresponding engagement profile on the base track, and a second engagement profile that locates with a corresponding engagement profile on the batten, wherein the intermediate piece has a retainer that forms a biased detent over which the batten locates for engagement with the intermediate piece, but which inhibits removal of the batten from engagement with the intermediate piece, and wherein the intermediate piece is a clip comprising a clip body having a spring recess formed therein and the biased detent is a spring clip comprising a looped spring wire that loops around a perimeter of the clip body and is located in the spring recess.

2. The batten fixing system according to claim 1 wherein the spring clip comprises a recessed portion and a protrusion wherein, at rest, the recessed portion sits in the spring recess and the protrusion protrudes outside of the recess and outside of the perimeter of the clip.

3. The batten fixing system according to claim 2 wherein the batten engagement profile is configured so that, during an engagement process, the batten engagement profile is configured to cover the protrusion, which will compress the spring clip further into the spring recess and thereby clear access for engagement of the batten engagement profile and the clip's second engagement profile.

4. The batten fixing system according to claim 3 wherein, once engaged, the spring clip will return to its rest position and block removal of the batten.

5. The batten fixing system according to any one of claims 2 to 4 wherein a lower opening into a recess of the batten engagement profile is ramped so as to slide over the protrusion of the spring clip, to permit engagement.

6. The batten fixing system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the base track comprises side walls with slots are formed therein at an upper edge of the side walls at intervals and wherein the slots are adapted to receive the clip.

7. The batten fixing system according to any preceding claim wherein the batten engagement profile is a dovetail profile.

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8. The batten fixing system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the engagement between the intermediate piece and the base track is a snap or clip connection.

9. The batten fixing system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the base track comprises a profiled channel defining the engagement profile on the base track and into which the intermediate piece locates, whereby the channel is defined by resilient side walls that will move to permit engagement with the first engagement profile of the intermediate piece but retain against removal thereof.

10. The batten fixing system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the engagement profile of the batten is configured to deform the biased detent during installation and to locate the biased detent in the engagement profile once installed to prevent removal of the biased detent from the batten.

11. A method of installing a batten comprising providing a batten, an intermediate piece and a base track to which the batten is to be fixed via the intermediate piece, the method comprising locating the intermediate piece between the base track and the batten; locating a first engagement profile of the intermediate piece with a corresponding engagement profile on the base track; locating a second engagement profile of the intermediate piece with a corresponding engagement profile on the batten; engaging a retainer between the batten and the intermediate piece to retain an engagement therebetween, wherein the retainer forms a biased detent over which the batten locates for engagement with the intermediate piece, but which retainer will inhibit removal of the batten from engagement with the intermediate piece, and wherein the intermediate piece is a clip comprising a clip body having a spring recess formed therein and the biased detent is spring clip comprising a looped spring wire that loops around a perimeter of the clip body and is located in the spring recess, the method further comprising the step of deforming the biased detent during installation of the batten.

12. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising allowing the biased detent to, at least partially, return to a rest state when the batten is in an installed state.

13. The method as claimed in any of claims 11 to 12 wherein the batten is installed with a press-fit action.

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