AU2018271305A1 - An improved process for the production of rumen protected fat supplements for ruminants - Google Patents

Abstract

An improved process for the production of rumen protected fat supplements for ruminants The present invention describes an integrated manufacturing process for producing rumen protected fat/protein supplements which significantly simplifies the process, reduces the variability in the degree of rumen protection, enhances the intestinal digestibility of both fat and protein and reduces the cost. This integrated process enables the production of designer protected fat/protein supplements such that 75-95% of the fat and protein passes through the rumen undigested and 80-92% of the protein and fat is digested in the small intestine. Figure 1. Integrated Manufacturing Process Feeder System Emulsifying Chamber Aldehyde/Carbonyl mixer Dryer

Description

An improved process for the production of rumen protected fat supplements for ruminants

Technical Field

The present invention describes a simplified, cheaper and more reliable integrated manufacturing process for producing rumen protected fat/protein supplements specifically designed to improve production efficiency and functional/nutritional properties of ruminant derived products.

Background Art

During the past two decades a range of feed supplements have been developed with the aim of improving production efficiency and manipulating the fat content and composition of ruminant meat and milk products (see Ashes et al. 1997; Scott and Ashes, 1993; Schroeder et al. 2003, Gulati et al. 2005, 2012, 2013, Palmquist and Jenkins, 2017). These include feeding of full fat canola and soybean supplements, heat treated/jet-sploded oilseeds, calcium salts of long chain fatty acids, prilled or pelleted fats, butyl soyamide esters and fats encapsulated in a matrix of aldehyde/carbonyl treated protein. However, there is an enormous variation in the responses observed and it can be concluded that these approaches do not provide a reliable and consistent feed supplement to improve efficiency of fat and protein utilisation, production and alteration of the functional/nutritional properties of meat and milk fat. The major problem with the different forms of fat supplements is the wide variation in the degree of rumen protection of the fat and protein, where it is a component of the feed supplement (Gulati et al. 1997,2005). This is also true for supplements that have been manufactured using the original prior art described in Patent applications AUS 450530, US 3925560, US 4073960; for example Atwall et al. (1991) fed protected oilseeds to dairy cows with poor results (see also Ashes et al. (1992,1997). In these patents the process used to prepare oils encapsulated in a matrix of aldehyde/carbonyl treated protein involved a cumbersome two stage emulsification procedure together with holding and pumping facilities prior to transfer to a mixer for addition of aldehyde/carbonyl

2018271305 28 Nov 2018 and a subsequent drying step. The process described in this prior art was difficult to use in practice in different countries, was expensive and resulted in the production of supplements with varying degrees of ruminal protection. Another problem that has been highlighted in the applications of the above patents is the wide variability in the quality, protein and fat composition of the different oilseeds, meals and oils used to make the supplement and this created further problems in quality control during manufacture. Another problem that has arisen from the original prior art is that the protein component of the supplement is over-protected due to excessive addition of aldehyde/carbonyl, this reduces the nutritional value of the protein because there is a reduction in the intestinal digestibility of the essential amino acids eg, lysine. Another problem that has arisen from the original prior art is the effects of feeding supplements that contain pre-dominantly polyunsaturated fats on the fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of meat and milk products. For example, in respect of the fatty acid composition of meat and milk feeding polyunsaturated fat supplements significantly increased linoleic acid but reduced oleic acid (Scott and Ashes, 1993). This has two detrimental effects, firstly it increases the susceptibility of the meat and milk products to oxidation and secondly, too much polyunsaturated fat in the human diet is now considered to be undesirable because they are prone to oxidation and oxidised lipids contribute to the initiation of lesions in arterial vessels, a trigger in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence indicates there is a need to specify the relative proportions of C20 and C22 n-3 fatty acids in the diet of humans and animals (For example DHA (22:6) is considered to be important in neural development, cognitive behaviour, immunity, inflammation and arthritis (Calder, 2014; Savoini et al. 2016). There are now dietary recommendations that adults should consume about 500mg omega 3 per day. In respect of classifying foods as being a good source of these n-3 fatty acids; in Europe this equates to 100mg of omega 3 /250 ml serve of milk, whereas in Australia approximately 60mg of omega 3 /250 ml serve of milk is required (ANZFA, 2014). Hence, it is desirable to manufacture feed supplements for ruminants that have the capacity to produce a range of foodstuffs containing desirable proportions of C20 and C22 n-3 fatty acids. Moreover, there is increasing consumer demand for naturally produced dairy products, hence feed supplements containing both

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C18 and C20 n-6 fatty acids (eg, Linoleic, Arachadonic) and C20, C22 n-3 fatty acids could be used to produce a milk that is suitable for the manufacture of infant formulae.

The present invention describes an integrated manufacturing process for producing rumen protected fat/protein supplements which significantly simplifies the process, reduces the variability in the degree of rumen protection, enhances the intestinal digestibility of both fat and protein and reduces the cost. This integrated process enables the use of specific combinations of oilseeds, defatted oil seeds or oilseed/meal plus lipid/oils/triglycerides, free fatty acids, fatty acid esters/essential-bioactive fatty acids, sterols and fat soluble vitamins that are derived from animal, plant or marine sources or produced via chemical, biotechnological or fermentative processes eg, algal biomass. These are designed to improve production performance of ruminants and produce meat and milk products with desirable functional/nutritional properties.

Object of the Invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a process for the integrated manufacture of rumen protected fat/protein supplements that are more cost effective to produce, more reliable in terms of rumen protection and designed to meet specific production/nutritional goals.

Disclosure of the Invention

According to the first embodiment of the invention there is described an integrated manufacturing process which produces consistent and reliable protected fat/protein supplements for ruminants at a lower cost and improved digestibility of the fat and protein component of the supplement.

According to the second embodiment of the invention an integrated manufacturing process comprising a feeder system, emulsification chamber and aldehyde/carbonyl mixing vessel is used and this dramatically simplifies the procedure by replacing the two stage emulsification system, holding tanks and pumping mechanisms previously used.

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Typically, the feeder system is computer controlled to introduce designed proportions of oilseeds, oilseeds plus oils, or proteins plus oils into the emulsification chamber at designated rates eg, 5-25 Kg/minute.

More typically the emulsification chamber of the integrated manufacturing process includes entry ports for the oilseeds, fats and fat soluble materials, proteins, water, and alkali together with a milling device eg, Fryma stone mill, tooth mill, ball mill etc, that rapidly mixes and emulsifies the oil/protein ingredients; the emulsification chamber has an exit feed chute connected to the aldehyde/carbonyl mixing vessel.

Typically the aldehyde/carbonyl-mixing vessel in the integrated manufacturing process has entry ports for the emulsified oilseed (oil) /protein and aldehyde/carbonyl and an exit port for the treated material.

More typically the amount of aldehyde/carbonyl used in the integrated manufacturing process is controlled and calculated so as not to exceed 0.25 1% aldehyde/carbonyl in the final product.

According to the third embodiment of the invention protected fat/protein supplements are made from specific combinations of oilseeds, or oilseed/meal plus lipid/oils/triglycerides, free fatty acids, fatty acid esters/essential-bioactive fatty acids that are derived from animal, plant or marine sources or produced via chemical, biotechnological or fermentative processes.

Typically the composition of the oilseeds/oils/protein will be designed to meet specific production goals eg, improved reproductive performance or quality traits eg, functional/nutritional foods.

More typically the integrated manufacturing process will enable the production of a range of rumen protected fat/protein supplements which contain specific proportions of n-3, n-6, n-9 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids or derivatives thereof.

According to the fourth embodiment of the invention the integrated manufacturing process will be used to produce protected fat/protein supplements made from blending monounsaturated enriched oils/oilseeds or n2018271305 28 Nov 2018

3/n-6 enriched oils/oilseeds or conjugated linoleic acid with smaller amounts of polyunsaturated oilseeds and or other soluble proteins.

According to the fifth embodiment of the invention the integrated manufacturing process will be used to produce protected fat/protein supplements made from blending seven parts of canola oilseed together with three parts of soybean oilseed - this produces a well protected supplement with optimal intestinal digestibility and fatty acid composition.

According to the sixth embodiment of the invention the integrated manufacturing process will be used to produce protected fat/protein supplements containing fat soluble vitamins, sterols in accord with steps 1-5 above and when fed to ruminants these supplements will improve production efficiency, and nutritional/functional properties of meat and milk products.

Definitions

In the context of the present invention the following terms have the meaning set out below: By “protected” we mean that the nutrient is treated so as not to be fully exposed to the degradative action of the rumen environment, but available for absorption from the intestinal digestive tract.

“Protected lipid” is defined as a lipid soluble material encapsulated in a matrix of aldehyde/carbonyl treated protein to reduce its degradation in the rumen, but allow the lipid material to be digested in the intestine. The degree of protection ranges from about 60-90% that is about 60-90% of the lipid supplement will pass undegraded through the rumen and is available for digestion within the small intestine. In the context of the present invention when protected lipid is made a degree of protection of 75-90% is preferred.

“Protected protein” is defined as proteinaceous material that is treated with aldehyde/carbonyl to reduce the rate of degradation of the constituent amino acids in the rumen, but will allow the protein to be readily digested in the small intestine. The degree of protection ranges from about 75-95% that is about 7595% of the protein supplement will pass undegraded through the rumen and is available for digestion within the small intestine. In the context of the present

2018271305 28 Nov 2018 invention when protected protein is made a degree of protection of 85-90% is preferred.

Best modes of carrying out the invention

The present invention is represented schematically in Figure 1 and shows how the integrated manufacturing process is comprised of a feeder system for oils/oilseeds/protein etc, emulsification chamber, aldehyde/carbonyl-mixing vessel and dryer.

The invention will now be described in greater detail by reference to specific examples listed below, which should not be construed as limiting on the scope thereof.

Example 1:

Oilseeds comprising 70 parts of canola and 30 parts of cracked soybean oilseeds are fed into the emulsification chamber at a rate of 16Kg per minute together with water (20.4 litres per minute) and alkali (325 mis per minute). The emulsified mixture exudes directly to a mixer where, aldehyde/carbonyl is added at the rate of 365mls per minute. The material is moved through the mixer and material is discharged on to a conveyor belt and transported to a pneumatic dryer with inlet temperature of 350 degrees C and outlet temperature of 180 degrees C. Using the above parameters and a carborundum stone mill (45cm diam-60KW) approximately 500-1 OOOKg of dried product can be made per hour depending upon the feed rates used.

Assessment of ruminal protection of the fat and protein was carried out by procedures of Gulati et al. (1997, 2005); Ashes et al. (1979) and found to be >75 and 90% respectively. Assessment of the intestinal digestibility of the fatty acids and amino acids as described by Zinn et al. (2000) were in the range of 80-92% for amino acids and fatty acids respectively.

Example 2:

Sources of n-3 fatty acids (eg, fishoil, flax, linseed) or esters thereof were processed with soybean oilseed in varying ratios (2:8 or 3:7) (w/w) according

2018271305 28 Nov 2018 to parameters in Example 1. Ruminal protection of the n-3 fat source was 7080% and 85-95% for the protein material.

Example 3

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) or derivatives thereof together with soybean oilseeds or casein in the ratio of (1:1; w/w) were processed according to the parameters in Example 1. Ruminal protection of the CLA fatty acid and protein were 70-80% for fat and 85-95% for protein.

Example 4

Oilseeds comprising 70 parts of canola and 30 parts of soybean were processed with the parameters used in Example 1, but a tooth mill replaced the stone mill. Ruminal protection of the fat and protein were 75-80% and 80-90% respectfully. This example illustrates those different types of emulsification chambers can be used in the integrated manufacturing process.

Example 5:

Sources of n-3 fatty acids (eg, fishoil) were processed with soybean oilseed in varying ratios (2:8) (w/w) using methyl glyoxal in a manner similar to that described according to parameters in Example 1. Ruminal protection of the n3 fat source was 70-80% and 85-95% for the protein material. Feeding lactating cows 1.5 kg of this material (35% fat) increased the proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2) from 1.2% to 5.5%, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) from 0% to 0.4%, docosapentaenoic acid (022:5) from 0% to 0.4% and docosahexaenoic acid (022:6) from 0% to 0.7% in milk fat. This example demonstrates that feeding a protected fat/protein supplement manufactured with methylglyoxal, as the amino acid cross-linking agent, can increase the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid content of milk.

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Example 6:

Sources of n-3 fatty acids were processed with cold pressed soybean oilseeds containing 8-10% fat in a ratio of 25% oil (containing 30-60% EPA & DHA) to 75% oilseeds using methyl glyoxal and processing parameters similar to those described in Example 1. Theses supplements were fed to lactating cows (milk yield 20-25 L/day) at the rate of 500-640 grams per day together with 4 Kg of a grain concentrate with ad-lib access to rye based pasture. The results in Table 1 show changes in composition i.e., when fed at 500g to cows the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) increased from 0% to 0.4%, docosahexaenoic acid (022:5) increased from 0% to 0.4%. While in 640g fed cows the C20:5 increased from 0% to 0.4% and (022:6) from 0% to 0.6% in milk fat. The levels of EPA & DHA per serve (250 ml) of milk ranged from 74-94 mg.

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l-uii	Μ*Λ IH MIIK	Ι1ΗΛ rn Mi IK	ing ΜΆ	mg ii ha	i aiui ing m'a-miha
--------a------	a	a	fl	fl	a
fl.l	kJ	IkJ	IT	17	7d
:kiri	(kJ	Ikh	IT	th	Ί4

Example 7:

Sources of n-3 fatty acids (e.g., fish oil) were processed with soybean oilseed in varying ratios (2:8, 3:7) (w/w) using cinnamaldehyde in a manner similar to that described according to parameters in Example 1. Ruminal protection of the n-3 fat source was 70-80% and 85-95% for the protein material. Feeding lactating cows 1.0 kg of this material (35% fat) increased the proportion of linoleic acid (018:2) from 1.2% to 3.3%, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) from 0% to 0.3%, docosapentaenoic acid (022:5) from 0% to 0.2% and docosahexaenoic acid (022:6) from 0% to 0.8% in milk fat (Table 2).

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Table 2. Milk fatty acid composition (%, w/w)

	Control	Treatment
C18:2	1.2	3.3
C18:3	0.2	0.8
C22:5	0	0.2

C22:6 0

0.8

This example demonstrates that feeding a protected fat/protein supplement manufactured with cinnamaldehyde, as the amino acid cross-linking agent, can increase the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid content of milk.

Example 8:

Sources of n-3 fatty acids (e.g., fish oil) were processed with soybean or cold pressed soybean oilseed in varying ratios (2:8, 3:7) (w/w) using a combination of cinnamaldehyde and glutaraldehyde in a manner similar to that described according to parameters in Example 1. Ruminal protection of the n-3 fat source was 70-80% and 85-95% for the protein material. Feeding lactating cows 1.0 kg of this material (35% fat) increased the proportion of linoleic acid (018:2) from 1.2% to 2.8%, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) from 0% to 0.3%, docosapentaenoic acid (022:5) from 0% to 0.3% and docosahexaenoic acid (022:6) from 0% to 0.7% in milk fat (Table 3).

Table 3. Milk fatty iGid cgmpp^ition w/w)

	Opntroi	Troatmcint
C10:2	1,2	2.8
C1fi:3	0..2	O.fl
Q2D:5	0	0.3
¢22:6	0	0J

This example demonstrates that feeding a protected fat/protein supplement manufactured with cinnamaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, as the amino acid cross-linking agent, can increase the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid content of milk. The

2018271305 28 Nov 2018 results demonstrate that aromatic aldehydes alone or in combination with dialdehydes can be used.

EXAMPLE 9

Sources of n-3 fatty acids (e.g., fish oil) were processed with soybean isolates (93% Protein content) (4:6, 3:7) (w/w), using methyl glyoxal in a manner similar to that described according to parameters in Example 1. Feeding lactating cows producing about 28L milk, 600 grams per day of this material (30-40% fat) increased the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) from 0% to 0.3% and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) from 0% to 0.8% in milk fat.

Example 10

Sources of C18 and C20 n-6 fatty acids and C18, C20 and C22 n-3 fatty acids were processed with Soybean in varying ratios (e g, 2:8;w/w, 3:7; w/w and 4:6;w/w) using methyl glyoxal in a manner similar to that described according to parameters in Example 1. Feeding lactating cows producing about 28L milk, 1.6 kg per day of this material (30-40% fat) increased the proportion of 018:2. C18:3 and C20:4, C20:5 and 022:6 as described in the table 4 below.

This example demonstrates the potential application of the technology to produce a milk with a fatty acid composition that is suitable for the manufacture of infant formulae.

Infant

Table 4. Milk fatty acid composition	Control	Formula
Palmitic (Ci6:o)	31.6	21.2
Stearic (Ci8:o)	13.5	8.2
OellC (Cl8:1 cis)	21.2	19.5
Linoleic (LA, Ci8:2w6)	2.4	9.2
Linolenic (ALA, Ci8:3 w3)	0.6	1.7
Arachadonic (ARA, c20:4 w6)	0.1	0.3
Docosahexaenoic (DHA C226 w3)	0	0.2
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5 w3	0	0.2

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References

Ashes, J.R., Gulati, S.K., Cook, L.J., Scott, T.W., & Donnelly, J.D (1979). J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc, 56, 552-557.

Ashes, J.R., St-Vincent Welch, P. Gulati, S.K., Scott, T.W., Brown, G.H. and Blakeley, S. (1992). J. Dairy Sci. 75:1090-1096

Ashes, J.R., Gulati, S.K., Scott, T.W. (1997). J. Dairy Sci, 80, 2204-2212.

Atwall, A.S., Hidiroglou, M., Kramer, J.K.G. (1991). J. Dairy Sci. 74:140.

Australian New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA, 2014). http://www.comlaw.qov.au/Details/F2014C01335/Html/Volume 1

Calder, PC (2014). Eur J Lipid Sc Tech. 116:10,120-1300.

Gulati, S.K, Scott, T.W., Ashes, J.R. (1997). 64: 127-132.

Gulati, S.K, Garg, M.R., Scott, T.W. (2005). Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 45: 11891203.

Gulati, SK, Cox, G and Scott, TW. Dairy. (2012). Dairy Industry Association of Australia, NSW Division Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Gulati, SK, Cox, G and Scott, TW. Dairy. (2013). 41^st Indian Dairy Conference. March 14-16, 2013. Mumbai, India. In: Indian DairyMan (April, 2013) pp26-27.

Palmquist, DL, Jenkins TC. (2017). J. Dairy Sci. 100: 10051-1077.

Savoini, G, Farina, G, Dell’Ovto, V and Cattaneo, D. (2016). Advances in Animal Biosciences. 7:2, 200-207.

Schroeder, GF. Gagloistro, GA., Bargo, F., Delahoy, JE., Muller, LD. 2004. Live. Prod Sci. 86: 1-18.

Scott, T.W., Ashes, J.R. 1993. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44: 495-508.

Zinn, R.A., Gulati, S.K., Plascencia, A., Salinas, J. 2000. 78, 1738-1746.

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EDITORIAL NOTE

There are two pages in the claims only .

Claims (9)

1. Claims

   Claim 1. An integrated manufacturing process involving a simple mechanical processing procedure to firstly emulsify and secondly aldehyde/carbonyl treat specific combinations of oilseeds, defatted oilseeds or oilseed/meal plus lipid/oils/triglycerides, free fatty acids, fatty acid esters/essential-bioactive fatty acids, sterols and fat soluble vitamins that are derived from animal, plant or marine sources or produced via chemical, biotechnological or fermentative processes to produce designer protected fat/protein supplements such that 5095% of the fat and protein passes through the rumen undigested and 50-95% of the protein and fat is digested in the small intestine.
2. Claim 2. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 produces designer protected fat/protein supplements such that 70-95% of the fat and protein passes through the rumen undigested and 75-95% of the protein and fat is digested in the small intestine.
3. Claim 3. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 uses a blend of monounsaturated enriched oilseeds /oils with smaller quantities of polyunsaturated oilseeds to produce a feed supplement where the fat and protein is greater than 70-90% protected from ruminal degradation and the intestinal digestibility of fat and protein was greater than 78%.
4. Claim 4. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 uses a preferred blend of canola oilseed and soybean oilseed in the ratio of 7:3; w/w; this supplement is designed to specifically improve the functional/nutritional properties of milk and meat products.
5. Claim 5. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 uses a preferred combination of n-3 fatty acids (eg, fish oil or esters thereof) and soybean oilseeds in the ratio of 2:8 or 3:7; w/w; this supplement is designed to increase the proportions of n-3 fatty acids in meat and milk products.

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6. Claim 6. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 uses a preferred combination of CLA’s and soybean oilseed or casein (1:1; w/w); this supplement is designed to alter nutrient partitioning in ruminants and increase CLA content of ruminant derived products.
7. Claim 7. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 uses a preferred combination of oilseeds or oils containing n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. These supplements are designed to deliver n-3 and n-6 fatty acids to improve fertility and reproductive performance of ruminants.
8. Claim 8. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 where combinations of n-3, n-6, n-9 and CLA containing oilseed/oils /proteins/protein isolates are used in varying proportions to achieve production efficiencies or improve the functional/nutritional properties of ruminant derived foodstuffs.
9. Claim 9. The integrated manufacturing process described in claim 1 where combinations of oil sources containing C18 and C20 n-6, C18, C20 and C22 n3 fatty acids are used in varying proportions to produce a milk suitable for the production of infant formulae.