AU2017200076A1 - Currency weighted cross border listing exposure - Google Patents

Abstract

CURRENCY WEIGHTED CROSS BORDER LISTING EXPOSURE 5 A method and a system for currency weighted cross border listing exposure utilize a favorability factor that may be determined between a first and a second currency. A search may be executed that returns listings in both currencies. A subset of those listings in the second currency may then be presented in accordance with the favorability factor.

Description

1000833351 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

CURRENCY WEIGHTED CROSS BORDER LISTING EXPOSURE

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 5 Serial No. 61/327,515, filed on April 23, 2010, entitled “CURRENCY WEIGHTED CROSS BORDER LISTING EXPOSURE” and to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/872,525, filed on August 31,2010, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Also incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety, is PCT/US2011/033056 10 (published as WO2011/133554), filed on 19 April 2011.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates generally to data processing and more specifically, to currency weighted cross border listing exposure. 15

BACKGROUND

In a network-based publication system, or marketplace, product or service listings may exist for multiple countries and in multiple currencies. Typically a user may search for listings on a site located in one country and one currency. The 20 publication system may present some listings from a second country and a second currency. Traditionally the number of foreign listings presented to users was manually configured.

Manually determining whether an exchange rate is favorable between the domestic and foreign currencies may be slow and inaccurate. Further, there may be 25 no baseline by which to compare two currencies due to continual fluctuations in the exchange rate. Also, as is often the case, lacking foreign and domestic listings that can be determined to be directed at the same product or service may preclude simply comparing foreign and domestic listings to determine whether the exchange rate is favorable in one direction of the other. 30

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a system comprising: a currency exchange rate evaluation module (CEREM) including a hardware element, the CEREM configured to: identify a plurality of transactions for 1 1001694889 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 a plurality of purchasers, the transactions including a first set of item transactions in a first currency and a second set of item transactions in a second currency; measure use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a first period to produce a first use measurement; measure use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a second period to produce a second use measurement; compare the first use measurement to the second use measurement to determine a change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during a time period between a first time and a second time; determine an exchange-value relationship between the first currency and the second currency based on the change; determine in accordance with the exchange-value relationship a subset of listings in the second currency to present with listings in the first currency from a set of listings resulting from a search, the set of listings including listings in the first currency and the second currency; and weight listings in the set of listings into a weight of listings, the weight of listings to determine the order the listings are presented, the weight of listings in the subset of listings in the second currency to include the exchange-value relationship and a proximity to the search.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a nontransitory machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform operations comprising: identifying a plurality of transactions for a plurality of purchasers, the transactions including a first set of item transactions in a first currency and a second set of item transactions in a second currency; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a first period to produce a first use measurement; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a second period to produce a second use measurement; comparing the first use measurement to the second use measurement to determine a change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during a time period between the first time and the second time; determining an exchange-value relationship between the first currency and the second currency based on the change; determining in accordance with the exchange-value relationship a subset of listings in the second currency to present with listings in the first currency from a set of listings resulting from a search, the set of listings including listings in the first currency and the second la 1001694889 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 currency; and weighting listings in the set of listings into a weight of listings, the weight of listings to determine the order the listings are presented, the weight of listings in the subset of listings in the second currency to include the exchange-value relationship and a proximity to the search.

According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a method comprising: identifying a plurality of transactions for a plurality of purchasers, the transactions including a first set of item transactions in a first currency and a second set of item transactions in a second currency; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a first period to produce a first use measurement; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a second period to produce a second use measurement; comparing the first use measurement to the second use measurement to determine a change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during a time period between the first time and the second time; and determining an exchange-value relationship between the first currency and the second currency based on the change; determining in accordance with the exchange-value relationship a subset of listings in the second currency to present with listings in the first currency from a set of listings resulting from a search, the set of listings including listings in the first currency and the second currency; and weighting listings in the set of listings into a weight of listings, the weight of listings to determine the order the listings are presented, the weight of listings in the subset of listings in the second currency to include the exchange-value relationship and a proximity to the search.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is an overview of a network-based publication system spanning multiple countries and currencies. lb PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

Fig. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example system for currency weighted cross border listing exposure.

Fig. 3a is a block diagram illustrating an example system for determining an exchange rate favorability factor. 5 Fig. 3b is a graph illustrating an example determination of an exchange rate favorability factor.

Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example system for determining an exchange rate favorability factor across multiple sites.

Fig. 5 is a network diagram depicting a client-server system within which 10 one example embodiment may be deployed.

Fig. 6 is a block diagram illustrating multiple applications that, in one example embodiment, are provided as part of the networked system shown in Kg· 5.

Fig. 7 is a high-level entity-relationship diagram illustrating various 15 tables that may be utilized by an example embodiment.

Fig. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for currency weighted cross border listing exposure.

Fig. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for determining an exchange rate favorability factor. 20 Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating a machine in the example form of a computer system which may be part of an example embodiment.

25 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example methods and systems for currency weighted cross border listing exposure are described. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of example embodiments. It will be evident, however, 30 to one skilled in the art that the inventive subject matter may be practiced without these specific details.

Some system components below may be described as a module. A module may be implemented in software, hardware, or both. It will be evident that any implementation that allows the module to perform its stated function is 2 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 permissible.

Network-based publication systems and marketplaces may change the presentation of foreign listings, i.e., listings specifying a different currency than the currency of a current user, based on'thexurrency exchange rate between two 5 countries and currencies. For example, if a user is searching for listings in the United States (“U.S.”), in U.S. dollars, and the exchange rate of the dollar is favorable against the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) pound, then more U.K. listings may be presented to users. This may be implemented by calculating a favorability factor between the two currencies and weighting the foreign or 10 domestic listings with the favorability factor. Because listings are generally weighted based on other factors, such as price or calculated proximity to the search request, adding the favorability factor to the weighting will automatically adjust the number of foreign listings presented to users. In this way users may receive listings from a wider variety of sources because the number of foreign 15 listings may be increased when they are a good value and not on a static and arbitrary determination by the operators of the publication system.

Problems may exist in determining whether an exchange rate is favorable between two currencies. First, one may attempt to find listings that provide the same product or service in each currency, apply the exchange rate to listings in 20 one currency, and compare the two sets of listings. This approach is problematic because listing authors may not list identical products or services in an identifiable way, i.e., it may not be possible to determine if two listings in fact are offering the same product or service, or listings for the same product or service may not exist in both currencies. Second, although the exchange rate is 25 available, there may be no baseline to compare equality in currencies, i.e., the point at which both currencies have the same purchasing power, and thus no way to determine if one currency has surpassed another. For example, the dollar could be gaining on the pound for years and still not be equal to, or provide the purchasing power of, the pound. 30 To calculate the favorability factor the network-based publication system may examine die behavior of its users. One analysis that may be performed is to determine a first currency associated with a number of users. For example, if users are registered with a site in the U.S., they may be associated with U.S. dollars. In another example, the predominant currency used in a user’s 3 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 transactions may be used to determine the association. Once the first currency is determined, transactions by those users in a second currency may be compared with transactions in the first currency to determine periods where the users have determined that the exchange rate is favorable in the second currency. For 5 example, if users typically transact in dollars but currently have instigated many transactions in pounds, then it may be determined that the exchange rate is favorable towards the pound.

Architecture

Fig. 1 is an overview of a network-based publication system spanning 10 multiple countries and currencies. It may include a first site 110, which is associated with U.S. dollars and in a first country 115 here labeled the U.S., and a second site 120, which is associated with U.K. pounds and in a second country 125 here labeled the U.K.

In one embodiment a user 105 may be in the U.S. In other embodiments 15 the user 105 may be in any other country capable of interacting with the sites 110 and 120. The user 105 may connect with the sites 110 and 120 through a network, for example, the internet. The user 105 may use any device capable of interacting with the sites 110 and 120, for example, a smart-phone, or a desktop computer with a variety of software including a web browser or a dedicated 20 software program. The user 105 may be affiliated with site 110, site 120, or both.

In various embodiments the user 105 may connect directly to either site 110 or 120 to search for listings. The sites 110 and 120 may also connect to each other to provide listings in the other country and currency, in response to a 25 search initiated by user 105. For example, if the user 105 conducted a search on the U.S. 110 site, the U.S. site 110 may communicate with the U.K. site 120 to search for listings to present to the user 105. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill that the inventive subject matter does not limit the sites to the U.S. and the U.K., nor are the currencies limited to dollars and pounds. 30 Platform Architecture

Fig. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example embodiment for a weighted cross border listing exposure system 200, including a front end 205, a currency exchange rate evaluation module (“CEREM”) 210, and a listing evaluation module 215. 4 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

In one embodiment the front end 205 includes any collection of hardware and software to accept a user 105 search request, execute the search, and present search results to a user 105. A more detailed description of the possible front end 205 components is described below with respect to Figs. 5 and 6. In various 5 embodiments these components may include one or more sites, with sites in different countries, such as sites 110 and 120 shown in Fig. 1. In other embodiments the listings for different countries may be aggregated into a single site.

In various embodiments the CEREM 210 may be software, hardware, or 10 combination of both, to calculate a favorability factor between two or more currencies. For clarity the following examples may simply describe determining the favorability factor between two currencies, but it is noted that the same systems and processes may be used to calculate a favorability factor between more than two currencies. 15 The CEREM 210 may be notified by the front end 205 that listings from two sites, first site 110 and second site 120 for example, have been found in response to a user 105 requested search. The CEREM 210 may then determine a favorability factor between the currency of the first site 110, dollars for example, and the currency of the second site 120, pounds for example. The fevorability 20 factor may be determined ferough various means, including, but not limited to, comparing use of fee two currencies in one or many users’ 105 transactions.

The CEREM 210, after determining a fevorability factor between fee two currencies, may communicate the favorability factor to fee listing evaluation module 215. In various embodiments fee favorability factor may be a number, 25 or weight, indicating fee direction of favorability as welt as a degree of favorability. For example, if fee favorability factor ranged from -10 to 10, a number less than 0 indicating that fee first currency is favorable over the second, then a fevorability factor of 5 may indicate feat fee second currency is moderately favorable over fee first currency. In other embodiments, other 30 numbers and ranges of numbers may be used. In some embodiments the fevorability factor may be a binary value, for example: favorable and unfavorable. In some embodiments fee favorability factor may be a number of discrete classifications, for example: strongly unfavorable, unfavorable, neutral, favorable, and strongly favorable. In still other embodiments any scheme 5 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 indicating the exchange rate favorability between the two currencies could be used.

In various embodiments the listing evaluation module 215 may be software, hardware, or any combination of software and hardware. In some 5 embodiments the listing evaluation module 215 may determine which listings are presented to a user 105. In some embodiments the listing evaluation module 215 may accept listings returned from a search and a number of factors which may influence the way listings are presented to users. In some embodiments the listing evaluation module 215 may weight listings to determine whether they are 10 presented to users as well as the order in which listings are presented. In some embodiments the listing evaluation module 215 may use external criteria to determine which listings to present, for example, limiting the number of foreign listings at a given site. In some embodiments the listing evaluation module 215 manages the number of impressions a listing receives at a given site, where a 15 listing impression is the number of views a listing receives across a number of users 105.

The listing evaluation module 215 may accept the favorability factor from the CEREM 210 and apply it to determine which listings to present to one or more users 105. In some embodiments the favorability factor may be a 20 weight factor, among other weight factors, applied to the listings. In some embodiments the favorability factor may be a weight that is applied only to the listings in the second currency, or foreign listings. In some embodiments, the. favorability factor may influence the order in which the foreign listings are presented. In some other embodiments, the favorability factor may be a weight 25 to influence the number of foreign listings to present and the total number of foreign listings to present may be limited to a predetermined value. For example, if a user 105 searched for a pair of shoes on the U.S. site 110, shoe listings may be returned from the U.S. site 110 and the U.K. site 120. The listing evaluation module may then accept the favorability factor from the 30 CEREM 210, in addition to other weight factors, and weight the returned listings. If the favorability factor, continuing the example from above, was 5, then the U.K. listings would be preferred over the U.S. listings if all other factors are equal. Thus, the U.K. listings may be featured more often and more prominently—ordered such that they appear at the top of the listings presented to 6 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 the user 105—than the U.S. listings. However, even though the U.K. listings may be preferred, a predetermined value may limit the total number of listings, or impressions, that are presented

The listing evaluation module 215 may communicate the listings, after 5 the favorability factor has been considered, to the front end 205 to present to the user 105.

Fig. 3a is a block diagram illustrating an example system 300 for determining an exchange rate favorability factor, including the CEREM 210 and a data storage device 305. The data storage device 305 may further include 10 consumer transaction data 310.

The CEREM 210 may be coupled to the data storage device 305 such that the CEREM 210 may analyze the consumer transaction data 310. The data storage device 305 may be located at any site, for example either site 110 or 120, it may be centralized into a data warehouse, or it may be distributed across a 15 number of sites. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the data storage device 305 may be any storage device containing the consumer transaction data 310 and accessible by the CEREM 210.

The consumer transaction data 310 may include consumer transactions for many users. The transactions may include multiple transaction details, 20 including the user and currency involved in the transaction. In other embodiments the consumer transactions may provide pointers, keys, or other signals to indicate where the consumer and currency information for a given transaction may be obtained. In some embodiments the consumer transaction data 310 contains consumer transactions back to the first transaction of each user 25 105. In other embodiments the consumer transaction data 310 may be limited to a period of time, for example, two years.

The CEREM 210 may analyze the consumer transaction data 310 in a number of ways to determine the favorability factor. For example, the CEREM 210 may determine the first currency for a number of users 105. The 30 CEREM 210 may then find transactions of those users 105 in which the transaction involved the second currency. This may indicate that the user 105 determined the exchange rate between the first and second currencies to be favorable towards the second currency in that transaction. The CEREM 210 may look at these transactions using the second currency and identify time 7 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 periods in which users 105 utilized the second currency more, or less, than they had in the past. The degree of second currency utilization may indicate the degree of favorability in the exchange rate. For example, if use of the first currency is represented by function C/and use of the second currency by 5 function Cs, then plotting Cs - C/ may yield the favorability factor of the second currency at any given time as shown in Fig. 3b. In some embodiments the CEREM 210 may code the favorability factor in a real number, for example, or in other ways including but not limited to, a discrete number of favorability indicators, or a binary indicator of favorable or unfavorable. 10 Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example system 400 for determining an exchange rate favorability factor across multiple sites. The CEREM 210 may be coupled with first site 110 and second site 120. First Site 110 may include a data storage device 305A, the data storage device 305A containing consumer transaction data 31OA. Second Site 120 may include data 15 storage device 305B, the data storage device 305B containing consumer transaction data 310B.

In various embodiments first site 110 may conduct business in U.S. dollars and second site 120 in U.K. pounds. For example, consumer transaction data 310A may be for transactions in dollars and consumer transaction data 20 310B may be for transactions in pounds. In other embodiments sites 110 and 120 may be associated with other currencies.

The CEREM 210 may analyze both sets of consumer transaction data 310A and 310B to determine a favorability factor between the currencies of sites 110 and 120. The CEREM 210 may determine the first currency by the 25 user’s 105 association with a site. For example, a user 105 may be registered on the U.S. site 110, thereby indicating that the first currency is dollars. The CEREM 210 may then determine how many transactions the user 105 conducted on the U.K. site 120, using pounds as the second currency. The CEREM 210 may continue its analysis in a manner similar to that previously described with 30 regard to Fig. 3a.

Fig. 5 is a network diagram depicting a client-server system 500, within which one example embodiment may be deployed. A networked system 502, in the example forms of a network-based marketplace or publication system, provides server-side functionality, via a network 504 (e.g., the Internet or Wide 8 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

Area Network (WAN)) to one or more clients. Fig. 5 illustrates, for example, a web client 506 (e.g., a browser, such as the Internet Explorer browser developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington State), and a programmatic client 508 executing on respective client machines 510 and 512. 5 An Application Program Interface (API) server 514 and a web server 516 are coupled to, and provide programmatic and web interfeces respectively to, one or more application servers 518. The application servers 518 host one or more marketplace applications 520 and payment applications 522. The application servers 518 are, in turn, shown to be coupled to one or more database 10 servers 524 that facilitate access to one or more databases 526.

The marketplace applications 520 may provide a number of marketplace functions and services to users that access the networked system 502. The payment applications 522 may likewise provide a number of payment services and functions to users. The payment applications 522 may allow users to 15 accumulate value (e.g., in a commercial currency, such as the U.S. dollar, or a proprietary currency, such as "points") in accounts, and then later to redeem the accumulated value for products (e.g., goods or services) that are made available via the marketplace applications 520. While the marketplace and payment applications 520 and 522 are shown in Fig. 5 to both form part of the networked 20 system 502, it will be appreciated that, in alternative embodiments, the payment applications 522 may form part of a payment service that is separate and distinct from the networked system 502.

In some embodiments, the front end 205 may be any or all of the components of system 502. In some embodiments the CEREM 210 may be a 25 marketplace application 520, part of another marketplace application 520, or it may be a component of the application server(s) 518. In some embodiments the listing evaluation module 215 may be a marketplace application 520, part of another marketplace application 520, or it may be a component of the application server(s) 518. In some embodiments the data storage devices 305, 30 305A, or 305B may be stored, in whole or part, in database 526. In some embodiments system 502 contains multiple sites, for example, sites 110 and 120. In other embodiments a system, such as networked system 502, may exist for each site, the multiple networked systems 502 being coupled to each other.

Further, while the system 500 shown in Fig. 5 employs a client-server 9 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 architecture, the inventive subject matter is of course not limited to such an architecture, and could equally well find application in a distributed, or peer-to-peer, architecture system, for example. The various marketplace and payment applications 520 and 522 could also be implemented as standalone software 5 programs, which do not necessarily have networking capabilities.

The web client 506 accesses the various marketplace and payment applications 520 and 522 via the web interface supported by the web server 516. Similarly, the programmatic client 508 accesses the various services and functions provided by the marketplace and payment applications 520 and 522 10 via the programmatic interface provided by the API server 514. The programmatic client 508 may, for example, be a seller application (e.g., the TurboLister application developed by eBay Inc,, of San Jose, California) to enable sellers to author and manage listings on the networked system 502 in an off-line manner, and to perform batch-mode communications between the 15 programmatic client 508 and the networked system 502.

Fig. 5 also illustrates a third party application 528, executing on a third party server machine 530, as having programmatic access to the networked system 502 via the programmatic interface provided by the API server 514. For example, the third party application 528 may, utilizing information retrieved 20 from the networked system 502, support one or more features or functions on a website hosted by the third party. The third party website may, for example, provide one or more promotional, marketplace or payment functions that are supported by the relevant applications of the networked system 502. Marketplace Applications 25 Fig. 6 is a block diagram illustrating multiple applications 520 and 522 that, in one example embodiment, are provided as part of the networked system 502. The applications 520 may be hosted on dedicated or shared server machines (not shown) that are communicatively coupled to enable communications between server machines. The applications themselves are 30 communicatively coupled (e.g., via appropriate interfaces) to each other and to various data sources, so as to allow information to be passed between the applications or so as to allow the applications to share and access common data. The applications may furthermore access the one or more databases 526 via the database servers 528. 10 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

The networked system 502 may provide a number of publishing, listing and price-setting mechanisms whereby a seller may list (or publish information concerning) goods or services for sale, a buyer can express interest in or indicate a desire to purchase such goods or services, and a price can be set for a 5 transaction pertaining to the goods or services. To this end, the marketplace applications 520 are shown to include at least one publication application 600 and one or more auction applications 602 which support auction-format listing and price setting mechanisms (e.g., English, Dutch, Vickrey, Chinese, Double, Reverse auctions etc.). The various auction applications 602 may also provide a 10 number of features in support of such auction-format listings, such as a reserve price feature whereby a seller may specify a reserve price in connection with a listing and a proxy-bidding feature whereby a bidder may invoke automated proxy bidding. A number of fixed-price applications 604 support fixed-price listing 15 formats (e.g., the traditional classified advertisement-type listing or a catalogue listing) and buyout-type listings. Specifically, buyout-type listings (e.g., including the Buy-It-Now (BEN) technology developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, California) may be offered in conjunction with auction-format listings, and allow a buyer to purchase goods or services, which are also being offered for 20 sale via an auction, for a fixed-price that is typically higher than the starting price of the auction.

Transactions resulting from the auction applications 602 or the fixed-price applications 604 may be stored in the database 526. In some embodiments the transactions will contain the user and the currency in which the transaction 25 was conducted.

Personalization applications 610 allow users of the networked system 502 to personalize various aspects of their interactions with the networked system 502. For example a user may, utilizing an appropriate personalization application 610, create a personalized reference page at which 30 information regarding transactions to which the user is (or has been) a party may be viewed. Further, a personalization application 610 may enable a user to personalize listings and other aspects of their interactions with the networked system 502 and other parties, including, for example, specifying a preferred, domestic, pr associated currency. 11 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

The networked system 502 may support a number of marketplaces that are customized, for example, for specific geographic regions. A version of the networked system 502 may be customized for the U.K, whereas another version of the networked system 502 may be customized for the U.S, Each of these 5 versions may operate as an independent marketplace, or may be customized (or internationalized) presentations of a common underlying marketplace. The networked system 502 may accordingly include a number of internationalization applications 612 that customize information (and/or the presentation of information) by the networked system 502 according to predetermined criteria 10 (e.g., geographic, demographic or marketplace criteria). For example, the internationalization applications 612 may be used to support the customization of information for a number of regional websites that are operated by the networked system 502 and that are accessible via respective web servers 516.

Navigation of the networked system 502 may be facilitated by one or 15 more navigation applications 614. For example, a search application (as an example of a navigation application) may enable key word searches of listings published via the networked system 502. A browse application may allow users to browse various category, catalogue, or inventory data structures according to which listings may be classified within the networked system 502. Various 20 other navigation applications may be provided to supplement the search and browsing applications. In some embodiments the CEREM 210 and/or the listing evaluation module 215 may further enhance the navigation applications 614.

Messaging applications 628 are responsible for the generation and delivery of messages to users of the networked system 502, such messages for 25 example advising users regarding the status of listings at the networked system 502 (e.g., providing “outbid” notices to bidders during an auction process or to provide promotional and merchandising information to users). Respective messaging applications 628 may utilize any one of a number of message delivery networks and platforms to deliver messages to users. For example, messaging 30 applications 628 may deliver electronic mail (e-mail), instant message (IM), Short Message Service (SMS), text, facsimile, or voice (e.g., Voice over IP (VoIP)) messages via the wired (e.g., the Internet), Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), or wireless (e.g., mobile, cellular, WiFi, WiMAX) networks. 12 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

Data Structures

Fig. 7 is a high-level entity-relationship diagram, illustrating various tables 700 that may be maintained within the databases 526, and that are utilized by and support the applications 520 and 522. A user table 702 contains a record 5 for each registered user of the networked system 502, and may include identifier, address, preferred or associated currency, and financial instrument information pertaining to each such registered user. A user may operate as a seller, a buyer, or both, within the networked system 502. In one example embodiment, a buyer may be a user that has accumulated value (e.g., commercial or proprietary 10 currency), and is accordingly able to exchange the accumulated value for items that are offered for sale by the networked system 502.

The tables 700 also include an items table 704 in which are maintained item records for goods and services that are available to be, or have been, transacted via the networked system 502. Each item record within the items table 15 704 may furthermore be linked to one or more user records within the user table 702, so as to associate a seller and one or more actual or potential buyers with each item record. A transaction table 706 contains a record for each transaction (e.g., a purchase or sale transaction) pertaining to items for which records exist within 20 the items table 704. Each transaction table 706 record may contain the user and the currency involved in the transaction. For example, if Bob, a user, purchased a pair of shoes and the listing and payment were in U.S. dollars, the transaction table 706 record for the transaction may contain that information. In other embodiments, the transaction table 706 record may indicate other tables where 25 the user and currency involved in the transaction may be found.

An order table 708 is populated with order records, each order record being associated with an order. Each order, in turn, may be with respect to one or more transactions for which records exist within the transaction table 706.

Bid records within a bids table 710 each relate to a bid received at the 30 networked system 502 in connection with an auction-format listing supported by an auction application 602. A feedback table 712 is utilized by one or more reputation applications 608, in one example embodiment, to construct and maintain reputation information concerning users. A history table 714 maintains a history of transactions to which a user has been a party. One or more attributes 13 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 tables 716 record attribute information pertaining to items for which records exist within the items table 704. Considering only a single example of such an attribute, the attributes tables 716 may indicate a currency attribute associated with a particular item, the currency attribute identifying the currency of a price 5 for the relevant item as specified by a seller.

Flowcharts

Fig. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 800 for currency weighted cross border listing exposure. In various embodiments the method 800 may be performed, for example, by the components shown in Figs. 2-6, 10 including the CEREM 210 and the listing evaluation module 215. In alternative embodiments other components may be used to perform method 800.

At 805 an exchange rate favorability factor, or simply favorability factor, may be determined between a first currency and a second currency by the CEREM 210. For example, the first currency may be U.S. dollars and the 15 second currency may be U.K. pounds. Dollars may be the preferred or associated currency of a user 105. The exchange rate may be favorable if, after the exchange rate is applied to listings in pounds, dollars have more purchasing power, indicating that the dollar is strong against the pound. In some embodiments the favorability factor may be a number, indicating both 20 favorability and degree of favorability, or it may be a discreet value indicating favorability and degree of favorability, for example: extremely unfavorable, unfavorable, neutral, favorable, and extremely favorable. In other embodiments the favorability factor may be a simple binary value, for example, unfavorable or favorable. 25 The favorability factor may be determined from an outside source, for example, a financial services provider, or it may be determined by examining transaction data present within system 200. Transaction data may come from data storage devices 305, 305A, 305B, or database 526. Pertinent data may be stored in any of the tables shown in Fig. 7. In some embodiments the 30 favorability factor may be determined in advance of a user 105 search. In other embodiments the favorability factor may he determined following, or in response to, a user 105 search.

At 810 a user 105 search request may be executed, for example by the front end 205. Executing the search request may produce a number of listings 14 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 results, i.e., results containing listings, and those listings may contain listings in the first currency and listings in the second currency. For example, if user 105 requested a search for shoes from first site 110, first site 110 being aU.S. site transacting in dollars, the listings results may include U.S. listings as well as 5 U.K. listings from second site 120.

At 815 the listing evaluation module 215 may receive the listings and the favorability factor. The listing evaluation module 215 may then apply the favorability factor to the listings in the second currency to weight them. The listing evaluation module 215 may then determine, based on the listing weights, 10 which listings to present and in what order the listings should be presented. In other embodiments, other weights may be applied to the listings. For example, if five listings have listing weights: 1,2,3,4, and 5, and the user will be presented with three listings, then the listings corresponding with the weights: 1,2, and 3, may be presented and ordered such that the listing with weight 1 is presented 15 first and the listing with weight three is presented last. In some embodiments the favorability factor may simply trigger a number of listings in the second currency to present. In some embodiments, the number of listings in the second currency may be capped. In some embodiments, presenting listings includes managing listing impressions, where a listing impression is the number of times 20 the listing is viewed across multiple users 105. To put it another way, when using the listing weights to determine whether to present a listing to a particular user, the number of times a given listing has been seen by other users may be a factor. For example, when managing listing impressions, if the listing weight for a particular listing indicates that it should receive two impressions and it has 25 already been viewed by two users, it may not be shown to a third user.

Fig. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 900 for determining an exchange rate favorability factor, for example, at 805 in Fig. 8 or by the CEREM 205.

At 905 the data storage device 305 (or 305A, 305B, or database 526) 30 may be searched for consumer transaction data 310 (or 310A, or 310B).

At 910 users 105 may be identified who typically use, or prefer, a first currency in which to transact business. The identification may be made by the currency of a site the user 105 is registered with. For example, if a user 105 is registered with the U.S. site (site 1) 110, the user 105 may be identified to prefer, 15 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 or be associated with, dollars. In some embodiments the first currency may be determined by analyzing the transaction data 310 for that user 105. For example, the user 105 may have used dollars in more transactions over the user’s 105 transaction history than any other currency. In some embodiments the first 5 currency may be any currency that is used at least as often as any other currency. In some embodiments a subset of the user’s 105 transaction history may be used. In other embodiments, the user may elect a preferred, or associated, currency.

For example, the user election may be stored in a user profile. Personalization applications 610 and/or table 702 may be involved in various embodiments to 10 store the user’s 105 currency preference or association.

At 915 transactions are identified from the consumer transaction data 310 where users 105 identified at 910 utilized the second currency when completing the transaction. In various embodiments the consumer transaction data 310 may be collected from multiple sites, for example, first site 110 consumer transaction 15 data 310A and second site 120 consumer transaction data 310B. In other embodiments the consumer transaction data 310 may be aggregated into a data warehouse.

At 920 the CEREM 210, for example, may compare users’ 105 use of the first currency against their use of the second currency. For example, if an 20 average number of transactions is determined, and the first currency is used most of the time, identifying periods of time in which a user 105 chooses to use the second currency more frequently than outside the time period may indicate that the user 105 has determined that the exchange rate is favorable with respect to the second currency. More sophisticated comparisons may also be made, such 25 as determining a probability that a user 105 will use the second currency and noting time periods where the consumer’s actual use of the second currency is higher than suggested by the probability. It will be understood that many mechanisms may be used to compare the transactions in the first and second currencies to find indicators that a user 105 finds the exchange rate favorable 30 during certain time periods.

After use of the first and second currency is compared, a favorability factor may be determined. In various embodiments the favorability factor may simply be a binary value reflecting the favorability. In other embodiments, analysis may be done on the number of transactions, the number of users, or 16 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 other data, to arrive at a favorability factor indicating both the favorability, arid the degree of favorability.

Fig. 10 shows a diagrammatic representation of machine in the example form of a computer system 1000 within which a set of instructions, for causing 5 the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a 10 peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be 15 taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 1000 includes a processor 1002 (e.g., a 20 central processing unit (CPU) a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory 1004 and a static memory 1006, which communicate with each other via a bus 1008. The computer system 1000 may further include a video display unit 1010 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 1000 also includes an alphanumeric input device 1012 (e.g., a 25 keyboard), a cursor control device 1014 (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit 1016, a signal generation device 1018 (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device 1020.

The disk drive unit 1016 includes a machine-readable medium 1022 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software 1024) embodying 30 any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The software 1024 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1004 and/or within the processor 1002 during execution thereof by the computer system 1000, the main memory 1004 and the processor 1002 also constituting machine-readable media. 17 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

The software 1024 may further be transmitted or received over a network 1026 via the network interface device 1020.

While the machine-readable medium 1022 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" should 5 be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term "machine-readable medium" shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to 10 perform any one or more of the methodologies of the inventive subject matter.

The term "machine-readable medium" shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, and carrier wave signals. The term “tangible machine-readable medium” shall be taken to include, machine-readable media that is in tangible form, including, but not 15 limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.

Thus, a methods and systems for currency weighted cross border listing exposure have been described. Although the inventive subject matter has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without 20 departing from the broader scope of the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

Additional Notes & Examples 25 Example 1 includes subject matter (such as a system) comprising a data processor, a currency exchange rate evaluation module (CEREM) executable by the data processor—the CEREM configured to determine a favorability factor of an exchange rate between a first currency and a second currency, and a listing evaluation module to determine in accordance with the favorability factor a 30 subset of listings in the second currency to present from a set of listings resulting from a search, the set of listings including listings in the first currency and the second currency.

In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include the CEREM further configured to identify users associated with the first currency 18 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 for transactions, identify transactions for the users in the second currency, and compare use of the second currency with use of the first currency.

In Example 3, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-2 can optionally include the transactions being from a plurality of sites. 5 In Example 4, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1—3 can optionally include the users being identified by association with a site.

In Example 5, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-4 can optionally include the users being identified by user profiles.

In Example 6, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 10 1-5 can optionally include the listing evaluation module further configured to weight listings in the set of listings, the weight of listings in the subset of listings in the second currency to include the favorability factor.

In Example 7, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-6 can optionally include the weight of listings to determine the order listings 15 are presented.

In Example 8, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-7 can optionally include the listing evaluation module further configured to limit the subset of listings in the second currency to a predetermined size.

In Example 9, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 20 1-8 can optionally include the favorability factor comprising a binary value.

Example 10 can include, or can optionally be combined with, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-9 to include, subject matter (such as a method, a means for performing acts) comprising determining a favorability factor of an exchange rate between a first currency and a second 25 currency, executing a search request that produces results, the results including listings in the first currency and listings in the second currency, and determining in accordance with the favorability factor a subset of listings in the second currency to present.

In Example 11, the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally include 30 determining the favorability factor including identifying users utilizing the first currency for transactions, identifying transactions for the users in the second currency, and comparing use of the second currency to use of the first currency. 19 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

In Example 12, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 10-11 can optionally include the transactions being from a plurality of sites.

In Example 13, the subject matter of one or any combination of 5 Examples 10-12 can optionally include the users being identified by association with a site.

In Example 14, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 10-13 can optionally include the users being identified by user profiles. 10 In Example 15, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 10-14 can optionally include weighting listings in the results, the weighting of the listings in the subset of listings in the second currency including the favorability factor.

In Example 16, the subject matter of one or any combination of 15 Examples 10-15 can optionally include presenting the listings in an order determined at least in part by the weighting.

In Example 17, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 10-16 can optionally include limiting a size of the subset of listings in the second currency to a predetermined size. 20 In Example 18, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 10-17 can optionally include where the favorability factor is a binary value.

Example 19 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-18 to include, subject matter 25 (such as a tangible (non-transitory) machine-readable medium having computer executable instructions stored thereon instructions for causing a computer to perform acts) comprising determining a favorability factor of an exchange rate between a first currency and a second currency, executing a search request that produces results, the results including listings in the first currency and listings in 30 the second currency, and determining in accordance with the favorability factor a subset of listings in the second currency to present

Example 20 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-19 to include, subject matter (such as a system) comprising a data storage device—the data storage device 20 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 including consumer transaction data and the consumer transaction data including a plurality of consumer transactions in a first currency, and at least one transaction for a consumer in a second currency, the consumer being associated with at least one transaction in the plurality of consumer transactions in the first 5 currency. The subject matter of Example 20 can also comprise a currency exchange rate evaluation module (CEREM) configured to determine a favorability factor between the first currency and the second currency based on the consumer transaction data by comparing use of the second currency to use of the first currency. 10 In Example 21, the subject matter of Example 20 can optionally include where consumer transactions are from a plurality of sites.

In Example 22, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 20-21 can optionally include where the first currency is determined by consumer association with a site. 15 In Example 23, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 20-22 can optionally include where the first currency is determined by a consumer profile.

Example 24 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-23 to include, subject matter 20 (such as a method or means for performing acts) comprising searching a data storage device for consumer transaction data. The consumer transaction data can include a plurality of consumer transactions in a first currency, and at least one transaction for a consumer in a second currency, the consumer being associated with at least one transaction in the plurality of consumer transactions in the first 25 currency. The subject matter of Example 24 can also include determining a favorability factor between the first currency and the second currency based on the consumer transaction data by comparing use of the second currency to use of the first currency.

In Example 25, the subject matter of Example 24 can optional include 30 where consumer transactions are from a plurality of sites.

In Example 26, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 24-25 can optionally include where the first currency is determined by consumer association with a site. 21 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017

In Example 27, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 24—26 can optionally include where the first currency is determined by a consumer profile.

These non-limiting examples can be combined in any permutation or 5 combination.

The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such 10 examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described.

However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a 15 particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this 20 document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.

In this document, die terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent 25 documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” axe used as the plain-English equivalents of 30 the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. 22 PCT/US2011/033056 WO 2011/133554 2017200076 06 Jan 2017 are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implemented at least in part. Some examples can include a computer-readable 5 medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples. An implementation of such methods can include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like. Such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various 10 methods. The code may form portions of computer program products. Further, in an example, the code can be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, 15 removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) 20 may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or 25 meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby 30 incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 35 23

Claims (23)

1. A system comprising: a currency exchange rate evaluation module (CEREM) including a hardware element, the CEREM configured to: identify a plurality of transactions for a plurality of purchasers, the transactions including a first set of item transactions in a first currency and a second set of item transactions in a second currency; measure use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a first period to produce a first use measurement; measure use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a second period to produce a second use measurement; compare the first use measurement to the second use measurement to determine a change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during a time period between a first time and a second time; determine an exchange-value relationship between the first currency and the second currency based on the change; determine in accordance with the exchange-value relationship a subset of listings in the second currency to present with listings in the first currency from a set of listings resulting from a search, the set of listings including listings in the first currency and the second currency; and weight listings in the set of listings into a weight of listings, the weight of listings to determine the order the listings are presented, the weight of listings in the subset of listings in the second currency to include the exchange-value relationship and a proximity to the search.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the item transactions are within a single network-based marketplace.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the network-based marketplace includes a plurality of sites, each site including a default currency.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the first currency is a default currency for a first site in the plurality of sites and the first set of item transactions is identified by association with the first site.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the second currency is a default currency for a second site in the plurality of sites, the second site being different than the first site.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the exchange-value is a discrete classification of the second currency in relation to the first currency combining a direction and degree of the change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during the time period between the first time and the second time.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the discrete classification is at least one of strongly favorable, favorable, neutral, unfavorable, and strongly unfavorable.

8. A non-transitory machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform operations comprising: identifying a plurality of transactions for a plurality of purchasers, the transactions including a first set of item transactions in a first currency and a second set of item transactions in a second currency; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a first period to produce a first use measurement; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a second period to produce a second use measurement; comparing the first use measurement to the second use measurement to determine a change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during a time period between the first time and the second time; determining an exchange-value relationship between the first currency and the second currency based on the change; determining in accordance with the exchange-value relationship a subset of listings in the second currency to present with listings in the first currency from a set of listings resulting from a search, the set of listings including listings in the first currency and the second currency; and weighting listings in the set of listings into a weight of listings, the weight of listings to determine the order the listings are presented, the weight of listings in the subset of listings in the second currency to include the exchange-value relationship and a proximity to the search.

9. The machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the item transactions are within a single network-based marketplace.

10. The machine-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the network-based marketplace includes a plurality of sites, each site including a default currency.

11. The machine-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the first currency is a default currency for a first site in the plurality of sites and the first set of item transactions is identified by association with the first site.

12. The machine-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the second currency is a default currency for a second site in the plurality of sites, the second site being different than the first site.

13. The machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the exchange-value is a discrete classification of the second currency in relation to the first currency combining a direction and degree of the change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during the time period between the first time and the second time.

14. The machine-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the discrete classification is at least one of strongly favorable, favorable, neutral, unfavorable, and strongly unfavorable.

15. A method comprising: identifying a plurality of transactions for a plurality of purchasers, the transactions including a first set of item transactions in a first currency and a second set of item transactions in a second currency; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a first period to produce a first use measurement; measuring use of the first currency and the second currency in the plurality of transactions at a second period to produce a second use measurement; comparing the first use measurement to the second use measurement to determine a change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during a time period between the first time and the second time; and determining an exchange-value relationship between the first currency and the second currency based on the change; determining in accordance with the exchange-value relationship a subset of listings in the second currency to present with listings in the first currency from a set of listings resulting from a search, the set of listings including listings in the first currency and the second currency; and weighting listings in the set of listings into a weight of listings, the weight of listings to determine the order the listings are presented, the weight of listings in the subset of listings in the second currency to include the exchange-value relationship and a proximity to the search.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of item transactions are within a single network-based marketplace.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the network-based marketplace includes a plurality of sites, each site including a default currency.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first currency is a default currency for a first site in the plurality of sites and the first set of item transactions is identified by association with the first site.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the second currency is a default currency for a second site in the plurality of sites, the second site being different than the first site.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the exchange-value relationship is a discrete classification of the second currency in relation to the first currency combining a direction and degree of the change in use of the first currency with respect to the second currency during the time period between the first time and the second time.

21. The system of claim 1, wherein the CEREM is further configured to: determine a probability that one or more of the plurality of purchasers use the second currency; and identify time periods where frequency of the measured use of the second currency differs from the determined probability.

22. The machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprises: determining a probability that one or more of the plurality of purchasers use the second currency; and identifying time periods where frequency of the measured use of the second currency differs from the determined probability.

23. The method of claim 15, further comprising: determining a probability that one or more of the plurality of purchasers use the second currency; and identifying time periods where frequency of the measured use of the second currency differs from the determined probability.