AU2016269566A1

AU2016269566A1 - High load triflurallate emulsifiable concentrate formulations

Info

Publication number: AU2016269566A1
Application number: AU2016269566A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Ross Rainbird
Original assignee: Imtrade Australia Pty Ltd
Current assignee: Imtrade Australia Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2012-06-29
Filing date: 2016-12-09
Publication date: 2017-01-05
Anticipated expiration: 2033-06-28
Also published as: AU2016269566B2

Abstract

- 166 An emulsifiable concentrate formulation including as active agents trifluralin and triallate and also including at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant, wherein the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is greater than 600 g/L, preferably greater than 700g/L, even more preferably greater than 800 g/L.

Description

HIGH LOAD TRIFLURALIN AND TRIALLATE EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE FORMULATIONS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to formulations of herbicides that comprise both trifluralin and triallate. In particular this invention relates to emulsifiable concentrate formulations that contain a combined high loading of trifluralin and triallate as active agents, and to methods of preparing such formulations.

[0002] This specification incorporates by reference the entire contents of Australian Provisional Patent Application No. 2012902728 and the Appendix thereto, which Appendix forms part of that specification. The present application is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No. 2013206606, which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Trifluralin is a dinitroaniline group D pre-emergence herbicide that has been used to control weeds such as Annual Ryegrass in cereals, such as wheat, and has also been used to control weeds in pulses and canola. Group D herbicides act by inhibiting tubulin formation, and the group includes the dinitro anilines, the benzamides and the pyradines. There has been an increase in the abundance of ryegrass with some degree of resistance to trifluralin, and it has been proposed that the co-application of triallate with trifluralin may enable more effective weed control to be obtained.

[0004] Triallate is a thiocarbamate Group J pre-emergence herbicide with a different mode of action from trifluralin. Group J herbicides are non ACC-ase inhibitors of lipid synthesis, and the group includes the chlorocarbonic acids, the thiocarbamates, the phosphorodithioates and the benzofurans.

[0005] Both trifluralin and triallate are low-melting point herbicides that are commonly applied (as individual formulations) in the form of an emulsifiable concentrate.

[0006] Whenever co-application of trifluralin and triallate has been carried out, the co-application has typically involved a step of adding an emulsion concentrate formulation of trifluralin to water in the spray tank, and a separate step of adding an emulsion concentrate formulation of triallate to water in the spray tank.

[0007] Typically a commercially viable trifluralin emulsifiable concentrate comprises 480 - 500 g/L trifluralin and about 360 - 600 g/L liquid hydrocarbon solvent. Thus, for example, TRILOGY HERBICIDE (as sold by Adama in Sydney Australia) containing 480 g/L trifluralin and 460g/L liquid hydrocarbons as solvent, NUFARM TRIFLUR XCEL SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (as sold by Nufarm in Melbourne Australia) containing 500 g/L trifluralin and 460g/L liquid hydrocarbons as solvent,. TREFLAN 480 (as sold by Dow AgroSciences in Melbourne Australia) containing 480 g/L trifluralin and 500 g/L liquid hydrocarbons as solvent.

[0008] Typically a commercially viable triallate emulsifiable concentrate contains 500 g/L triallate or less. For example 4FARMERS TRIALLATE 500EC SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (marketed by 4 Farmers of Perth Australia), SMART TRI-ALLATE 500 EC HERBICIDE (marketed by Crop Smart of Sydney Australia) and NUFARM AVADEX XTRA SELECTIVE HERBICIDE, containing 500g/L triallate and between 459 and 471 g/L liquid hydrocarbon as solvent.

[0009] Emulsifiable concentrate products that contain more than one active herbicidal ingredient have previously been manufactured, for example TITAN TRIFLUR ALIN - ORYZ ALIN 250 EC SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (manufactured by Titan Ag of Sydney Australia), which includes 125 g/L trifuralin and 125 g/L oryzalin. In this formulation, the solvents include (a) 200g/L diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, (b)132 g/L liquid hydrocarbon, and (c) 220 g/L N-methyl-2pyrrolidone. It is worthy of note that emulsifiable concentrate products that contain 2 or more active ingredients typically contain a significantly lower concentration of each individual active ingredient than an emulsifiable concentrate product that contains just one of those individual active ingredients.

[0010] The use of a tank mix approach wherein a trifluralin concentrate and a triallate concentrate (separately packaged) are taken to a spray tank and added to the spray water in the spray tank prior to spray application to control weeds is not robust and efficient for the following reasons:

The quantity of high-grade packaging (i.e., packaging adapted to hazardous substances and/or dangerous goods) required is significantly large

The number of steps that must be carried out by the farmer is high

It is easy to add the wrong ratios of triallate and trifluralin

The number of independently packaged materials required to achieve good weed control is significant

Incompatibilities may become evident on combination of the separately packaged products

Conflicting or inconsistent application instructions for each of the individual compounds often need to be interpreted and reconciled.

[0011] It is highly desirable to have an emulsifiable concentrate formulation which contains a greater fraction of herbicidally active agent or agents than is conventionally the case for the following reasons:

There is less solvent released to the environment for a given application of herbicide;

There is less packaging required for a given application of herbicide;

The energy of transporting a given quantity of herbicide from the factory to the distributor, and from the distributor to the farm (or application site) is reduced;

Problems associated with recycling or disposal of packaging are reduced;

The contact toxicity of herbicide may be reduced;

The flammability/combustability of the herbicide formulation is likely to be reduced;

The weight of goods that must be carried by a farm worker is likely to be reduced;

The use of a more concentrated herbicide formulation may demonstrate superior formulation expertise to customers (farmers).

[0012] In this specification, the term “solubilizing moiety” is taken to refer to any liquid system in which both trifluralin and triallate are mutually soluble. Such liquid systems include systems that include conventional agriculturally acceptable solvents, and also systems that include conventional agriculturally acceptable liquid or liquid containing surfactants, provided that both the triallate and the trifluralin present in the formulation dissolve in said liquid system. A solubilizing moiety for the active agents may contain one, two or even more liquid components. The weight of a solubilizing moiety for the active agents is taken to be the sum of the weights of liquid components that constitute the solvent system for the active agents. For the avoidance of doubt, if a solubilizing moiety for the active agents happens to include one or more solubilised solids (e.g., a solid dissolved surfactant), the weight of the solubilizing moiety for the active agents is taken to be the sum of the weights of the liquid components of the solvent system for the active agents, but does not include the weights of non-active agent solid components that may be dissolved. The reference temperature is room temperature.

[0013] The term “agriculturally acceptable solvent” is taken to refer to solvents for herbicides wherein each component of the solvent has been approved for inclusion in an agricultural formulation in at least one country with an agricultural industry and an agricultural regulatory system. The term “agriculturally acceptable” means registered or otherwise approved for use in agriculture in at least one country.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an emulsifiable concentrate formulation including as active agents trifluralin and triallate and also including at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant, wherein the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is greater than 600 g/L, preferably greater than 700g/L, even more preferably greater than 800 g/L, and still more preferably greater than 850 g/L, 900 g/L, 950 g/L or 1000 g/L.

[0015] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of trifluralin and triallate including: trifluralin and triallate, wherein the combination of trifluralin and triallate comprises at least 600 g/L of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation; at least one solid, liquid-containing, or liquid, agriculturally acceptable surfactant; optionally, at least one agriculturally acceptable solvent; wherein the liquid components of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation form a solubilizing moiety for the trifluralin and triallate, and wherein the trifluralin plus triallate/solubilizing moiety weight ratio is greater than 2.

[0016] In a further aspect, the invention provides an emulsifiable concentrate formulation including: trifluralin at a concentration of about 250 to about 450 g/L; triallate at a concentration of about 300 to about 675 g/L; and at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant at a concentration of at least about 125 g/L, wherein the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is greater than 600 g/L.

[0017] Suitably, the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant of the present aspect is selected from the group consisting of an alkylphenol ether sulphate, an alkylamine ethoxylate, an alcohol ether sulphate, a nonyl phenol ethoxylate, an alcohol ethoxylate and any combination thereof.

[0018] In another aspect, the invention provides an emulsifiable concentrate formulation including: trifluralin at a concentration of about 250 to about 450 g/L; triallate at a concentration of about 300 to about 675 g/L; and at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant at a concentration of at least about 98 g/L, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant comprises calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate and the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is greater than 600 g/L.

[0019] Suitably, the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant of the present aspect further comprises one or more of an alkyl phenol alkoxylate, a castor oil alkoxylate, a fatty acid alkoxylate, a triglyceride alkoxylate and a tristyrylphenol alkoxylate. Peferably, the alkyl phenol alkoxylate has a degree of alkoxylation greater than 2, more preferably greater than 6 and even more preferably greater than 8. Preferably, the castor oil alkoxylate has a degree of alkoxylation of about 36 or greater.

[0020] In yet a further aspect, the invention provides an emulsifiable concentrate formulation including: trifluralin at a concentration of about 450 to about 500 g/L; triallate at a concentration of about 300 to about 675 g/L; and at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant at a concentration of at least about 68 g/L to at least about 88 g/L, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant comprises calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate.

[0021] Suitably, the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant of the present aspect further comprises an alkyl phenol alkoxylate.

[0022] The statements which follow apply equally to the aforementioned aspects of the invention.

[0023] In one preference the emulsifiable concentrate formulation also comprises at least one agriculturally acceptable solvent or solvent system for trifluralin and triallate, and the ratio of the cumulative weight of active agents to solvent or solvent system is greater than 2, preferably greater than 4 and more preferably greater than 6.

[0024] In one preference, the concentration of trifluralin in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is between 250 g/L and 500 g/L.

[0025] In one preference, the concentration of triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is between 300 g/L and 690 g/L.

[0026] In one preference, the agriculturally acceptable solvent is comprises at least one member from the set consisting of alkane materials, aromatic materials, alkylaryl materials, alcohol-containing materials, ether-containing materials, ester-containing materials, ketone-containing materials, lactam-containing materials, amide-containing materials, chlorinated materials, aldehyde-containing materials.

[0027] In one preference, the agriculturally acceptable solvent comprises at least one member of the set solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic fraction, xylene, toluene, pyrrolidones including N-alkylated pryrrolidones such as n-methyl pyrrolidone, cyclohexanone, acetone, glycol ethers such as diethyleneglycol monomethyl ether (including the material sold under the trade name Carbitol), ethyleneglycolmonobutylethers (including the material sold under the trade name Butyl Glysolv), Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (including the material sold under the trade name Glysolv PM), methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, decanol, parrafins, hexane, acetic acid Ce-Cs branched alkyl ester ((including the material sold under the trade name Exxate 700).

[0028] In one preference the density of the emulsifiable concentrate is at least 1.10 g/ml and preferably at least 1.15 g/ml.

[0029] In one preference, the cumulative amount (net of carrier solvent) of the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant is at least 40 g/L and preferably at least 60, more preferably at least 70 g/L.

[0030] In one preference, the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant includes a nonionic surfactant.

[0031] Preferably, the at least one agriculturally acceptable nonionic surfactant is chosen from the categories in the set consisting of alkoxylated block polymers, alkoxylated alcohols, alkoxylated alkylphenols, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated amides, alkoxylated fatty esters, alkoxylated oils, fatty esters, alkoxylated fatty acids, sorbitan derivatives.

[0032] More preferably, the at least one agriculturally acceptable nonionic surfactant is chosen from the set consisting of nonylphenol ethoxylate (including materials sold under the trade name Teric N9, Teric N15, Teric N30), octylphenol ethoxylate (including materials sold under the trade name Teric X5, Terix X8, Teric X10), alkoxylated alkylphenol (including materials sold under the trade name Termul 200, Orisurf 200), vegetable oil ethoxylate (including materials sold under the trade name Termul 1284, Termul 1285), tristyryl phenol ethoxylates (including material sold under the trade name Termul 3150), alcohol ethoxylates such as tridecyl alcohol -9EO (including material sold under the trade name Teric 13A9), C12-C14 alcohols reacted with 2 moles EO (including material sold under the trade name Teric 12A2N), block copolymers such as polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block copolymer (including materials sold under the trade names Teric PE62, Teric PE64, Teric PE 68), and fatty amine higher-mole ethoxylates (such as tallow amine ethoxylates and oleyl amine ethoxylate) which have non-ionic characteristics such as cloud point and compatibility with anionic surfactants (including materials sold under the trade name Terwet 3780).

[0033] In another preference the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant includes an anionic surfactant.

[0034] Preferably, the at least one agriculturally acceptable anionic surfactant is chosen from the categories in the set consisting of alkylaryl sulfonates; alkylarylsulfonic acids; carboxylated alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates; carboxylic acids/fatty acids; diphenyl sulfonate derivatives; olefin sulfonates; phosphate esters; phosphorus organic derivatives; sulfates and sulfonates of oils and fatty acids; sulfates and sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols; sulfates of ethoxylated alcohols; sulfates of fatty esters; sulfonates of dodecyl and tridecylbenzenes; sulfonates of naphthalene and alkyl naphthalene; sulfonates of petroleum; sulfosuccinamates; alkoxylated amines; sarcosine derived surfactants such as, ammonium lauroyl sarcosinate; alkoxylates as above other than ethoxylates (such a propoxylates, butoxylates).

[0035] More preferably, the at least one agriculturally acceptable anionic surfactant is chosen from the set consisting of linear and branched alkylbenzenesulphonates and salts thereof which may be provided as a solution in a solvent such as calcium C12-C14 alkylbenzenesulfonate (including materials sold under the trade name NANSA EVM70/2E which is carried in 2 ethylhexanol), alkyl sulphates such as sodium lauryl sulphate (including material sold under the trade name Empicol LX/N), alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium lauryl ether (2EO) sulphate (including material sold under the trade name Emipmin KESX70/AU), alkyl phosphates (including material sold under the trade names Alkanate PA100, Alkanate PG30, and Alkanate PL50), alkyl ether phosphates (including material sold under the trade name Alkanate PK100), alkylphenol ether sulfate/tallow amine ethoxylate salts (including materials sold under the trade names Toximul TANS-5, Toximul TANS-6, Toximul TANS-8, Toximul TANS-15), and alcohol ether sulphate/tallow amine ethoxylate salts (including materials sold under the trade names Toximul TAABS-5, Toximul TAABS-8).

[0036] In another preference, the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant includes a cationic surfactant such as fatty amine lower-mole ethoxylates which may be incompatible with anionic surfactants.

[0037] In one preference, the anionic surfactant is a calcium alkylbenzenesulfonic acid surfactant, e.g., a 60% solution thereof in 2-ethylhexanol, and the quantity of this solution used to make each litre of concentrate is in the range 40-100 grams.

[0038] In one preference, the non-ionic surfactant is an alkoxylated alkylphenol, and the quantity of this material used to make each litre of concentrate is in the range 30 - 90 grams.

[0039] In one preference, the agriculturally acceptable solvent is chosen from the set consisting of high flash-point aromatic hydrocarbons, especially hydrocarbons having a boiling range of about 180 - 210°C (e.g., Solvesso 150 or Recosol 150), xylene, dimethyl adipate, N-methyl pyrrolidone, and diethyleneglycol monomethyl ether.

[0040] In one preference, the weight of agriculturally acceptable solvent used to make each litre of concentrate is in the range 50 - 250 grams.

[0041] In one embodiment, the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant includes at least one of a first agriculturally acceptable surfactant chosen from the set consisting of alkyl phenol alkoxylates, fatty acid alkoxylates, alkoxylated triglycerides, and tristyrylphenol alkoxylates, wherein said alkoxylates include ethoxylates, propoxylates, and mixed ethoxylate-propoxylates, including multi-block ethoxylate/propoxylate materials.

[0042] In one embodiment, the at least one of a first agriculturally acceptable surfactant is an alkylphenol alkoxylate chosen from the set consisting of nonyl phenol EO-10 diblock materials with one block having 711 EO moieties (on an average basis) and the other block having 8 to 12 PO moieties (on an average basis).

[0043] In one embodiment, the at least one of a first agriculturally acceptable surfactant is chosen from the set of alkoxylated triglycerides including alkoxylated castor oils (including castor oil 36 EO and castor oil 54EO) (on an average basis) and alkoxylated coconut oil.

[0044] In one embodiment, the at least one of a first agriculturally acceptable surfactant is present in the range from 30 to 100 g/L.

[0045] In one embodiment, the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant includes at least one of a second agriculturally acceptable surfactant chosen from the set consisting of calcium alkylbenzene sulfonic acid in liquid concentrate form, alkylphenol ether sulphate/alkylamine ethoxylate salt, and alcohol ether sulphate/alkylamine ethoxylate salt.

[0046] In one embodiment, the at least one second agriculturally acceptable surfactant is chosen from the set consisting of calcium alkylbenzene sulfonic acid salt in liquid concentrate form wherein the alkyl moiety, which may be straight or branched, is Cs-Cu alkyl.

[0047] Suitably, the alkyl moiety, which may be straight or branched, is C10-C12 alkyl.

[0048] In one embodiment, the at least one second agriculturally acceptable surfactant is chosen from the set consisting of alkylphenol ether sulphate/alkylamine ethoxylate salt and alcohol ether sulphate/alkylamine ethoxylate salt, wherein the alkylamine moiety is C14-C18 alkyl, including tallowamine.

[0049] In one embodiment, the at least one second agriculturally acceptable surfactant is present in the range from 30 to 120 g/L.

[0050] In one embodiment, the at least one of calcium alkylbenzene sulfonic acid salt is present, net of solvent, in the range from 15 to 70 g/L.

[0051] In one embodiment, the anionic surfactant is a calcium alkylbenzenesulfonic acid surfactant, e.g., a 60% solution thereof in 2-ethylhexanol, and the quantity of this solution used to make each litre of concentrate is in the range 40-100 grams.

[0052] According to a related aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for selectively killing weeds, such as Annual Ryegrass, that are at least partially resistant to trifluralin, comprising the addition of emulsifiable concentrate formulation according to the aforementioned aspects to the spray water of a spray tank, and spraying the resultant spray water emulsion onto the site where the weeds are expected to emerge.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS AND EXAMPLES

[0053] In order that the present invention may be more readily comprehended, reference is made to the following examples, some of which are preferred embodiments of the present invention. EXAMPLE 1 [0054] The following emulsifiable concentrate formulation according to the invention was made by mixing the components described in the table below.

[0055] The concentration of trifluralin in the example is 368.4x0.95 = 350 g/L and the concentration of triallate is 578.9x0.95 = 550 g/L.

[0056] The raw materials used to make the concentrate formulation of example 1 were obtained from the suppliers shown in the table below:

[0057] The method of manufacture used to make the formulation of example 1 at a scale of 10,000L, was as follows, with the steps being identified numerically as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and so on.

[0058] 1.1 Ensure formulation vessel is empty and clean.

[0059] 1.2 Charge the formulation vessel with solvent as follows, with agitator off: 1. Aromatic solvent 150 (e.g., Recosol 150) 1050kg [0060] 1.3 Charge the formulation vessel with active ingredients as follows to, with intermittent agitation following the addition of every 1000 kg or so. As trifluralin technical material has a nominal melting point of the order of 50°C, heating will generally be required to establish a liquid form prior to processing, triallate technical material has a nominal melting point of the order of 30°C, depending on its form, and gentle heating may be required to establish a liquid form prior to processing.

[0061] 1.4 Charge the formulation vessel with the surfactants as follows, clearing residual surfactant from any pumps or process lines used with the remaining complement of solvent:

[0062] 1.5 Continue agitating the resulting formulation for a minimum of 30 minutes following addition of the last ingredient.

[0063] 1.6 Sample approximately 1L of product, ensuring it is representative.

[0064] 1.7 Sub-sample 250mL from the original 1L sample, and subject it to the following testing regime.

[0065] 1.7.1 Specific gravity (CIPAC MT3.1).

[0066] 1.7.2 pH 1% aqueous (CIPAC MT75.3).

[0067] 1.7.3 Emulsion characteristics (CIPAC MT36.1).

[0068] 1.7.4 Persistent foam (CIPAC MT47.2).

[0069] 1.7.5 Active constituent (Trifluralin) content (using validated method).

[0070] 1.7.6 Active constituent (Triallate) content (using validated method).

[0071] 1.8 If the specific gravity is within the bounds of the acceptable range listed in the specification, record the value and proceed to the next test. If the specific gravity is outside of the bounds of the acceptable range listed in the specification, agitate the formulation charge until specific gravity is constant. If still outside of the bounds of the acceptable range, quarantine batch for further investigations and possible rework.

[0072] 1.9 If pH 1% aqueous is satisfactory, record results and proceed to the next test. If pH 1% aqueous is outside the bounds of the acceptable range listed in the specification, quarantine the batch for further investigations and possible rework.

[0073] 1.10 If emulsion stability in standard hard water is satisfactory, record results and proceed to the next test. If emulsion stability is outside the bounds of the acceptable range listed in the specification, adjust the contents of surfactants (Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt in 2-ethylhexanol (e.g., Ninate 60E) and Alkoxylated alkylphenol (e.g., Termul 200)). After suitable agitation time to ensure homogeneity, resample and retest. Repeat adjustment process until emulsion stability is within the bounds of the acceptable range.

[0074] 1.11 If persistent foaming characteristics are satisfactory, record results and proceed to the next test. If persistent foaming characteristics are outside the bounds of the acceptable range quarantine the batch for further investigations and possible rework.

[0075] 1.12 If active constituent level is satisfactory, record results.

If active constituent level is outside the bounds of the acceptable range listed in the specification, adjust the level accordingly by adding additional aromatic solvent 150 (for a high active content) or additional trifluralin and/or triallate active constituent (for a low active content). After suitable agitation time to ensure homogeneity, resample and retest. Repeat adjustment process until active constituent levels are within the bounds of the acceptable range.

[0076] 1.13 Catalogue and store a retention sample of approximately 200g.

Tests to Confirm the Suitability of the Formulation in Example 1 [0077] For the test methods identified by the prefix CIPAC, refer to International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) published methodology. The Brookfield viscometer used for measuring viscosity of this formulation was Brookfield Viscometer Model LVT Serial No. 102809, and the spindle used was Spindle No. 2. The spindle rotation rate was 60 rpm.

[0078] The characteristics of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation of example 1 are shown in the table below:

Comments on the Components, Formulations and Properties of the Formulations [0079] Appearance - Triallate technical material is dark yellow to brown in colour; Trifluralin technical material is yellow to orange in colour.

[0080] Assay - Observed value is not precisely 350g/L for trifluralin nor 550g/L for triallate. Variation may be explained as a combination of tech purity exceeding minimum standard of 95% upon which recipe is based, and errors in amounts added during manufacture and errors of analysis (gas chromatography) that may be as large as 1%, but typically less than 0.5%.

[0081] pH - may vary from batch to batch with source of tech and identity/source of other raw materials.

[0082] SG - Trifluralin tech has a SG of 1.36; Triallate tech has a SG of 1.273. Solvents and surfactants will typically have a density at or around unity and as such an overall SG of greater than 1.25 is unlikely though not impossible.

[0083] Emulsion characteristics - Performance is assessed by combining a set amount of formulation with a standard CIPAC water, mixing and observing the quality of the emulsion over time. The listed requirement is APVMA-mandated, though formulations being a failure may still be commercially viable.

[0084] Persistent foaming - This is measured as part of the APVMA registration process in Australia but is not critical to the products performance.

[0085] Cold Temperature Stability - Verification that the formulation does not collapse when subject to exposure to low temperatures. Failure would be constituted by phase separation (crystallization of active content, formation of distinct or diffuse layers) or solidification whether or not the product reclaims its original form after returning to room temperature.

[0086] Viscosity - The APVMA does not require emulsifiable concentrates to have a viscosity within a mandated range. However, for the product to be commercially acceptable it must be able to be easily pumped or poured. Viscosities of beyond 2000cPs are particularly difficult to pump/pour, hence a limit should be set accordingly. More reasonably, viscosity should be less than 400cPs.

[0087] Long Term Performance - Performance and hence test parameters should be preserved over a time period of two years as a minimum to display adequate resilience of the formulation to aging. This is an APVMA requirement which if not met necessitates the inclusion of a use-by date on the product packaging). Two years of aging is approximated by the storage of product in its usual packaging at 54°C for 2 weeks with the applicable method being CIPAC MT 46.1.

[0088] Series of trials were conducted to ascertain suitable solvent surfactant combinations. The triallate used in all trials was technical triallate 95% purity and the trifluralin used in all trials was trifluralin.

Solvents and Surfactants [0089] Table A identifies the solvents used in the trials and contains comments and identifying acronyms (where such were used).

TABLE A

[0090] Table B identifies in general terms the surfactants used in the trials and Table C contains more details on the surfactants, including sources.

TABLE B

*Ninate 60E, Rhodacal 60/BE-C, Kemmat HF60, NANSA EVM 70, Rhodacal 70 and Rhodacal 70B all nominally comprise about 60%-70% surfactant (i.e., calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate) by weight blended in 2-ethylhexanol. By way of example, for those trials listed in Table 2 and Appendix 2, 69 g/L of Ninate 60E is equivalent to only 41.4 g/L of surfactant, which when combined with 57g/L of non-ionic surfactant (e.g., Termul 200 or equivalent) equals 98.4 g/L of surfactant in these embodiments.

TABLE C

[0091] In the following Tables, which summarise the results of the trials, the following indicators apply: E - Emulsion characteristics done at 5% aq. CTS - Cold temp stability at 2°C HLB - Hydrophobic Lipophilic Balance P - Pass F - Fail.

Varying Ratios of Active Components [0092] Varying ratios of the active components, trifluralin and triallate, in a fixed ratio surfactant mixture were investigated. More details of these trials are set out in Appendix 1, which Appendix forms part of this specification.

[0093] In this set of trials the surfactant combination that was used was a combination of anionic surfactant - calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200) with a concentration ratio of 55:45. Solvent used was solvent naphtha (petroleum)/heavy aromatic (e.g., Solvent R150).

[0094] The highest successful loading of trifluralin combined with a fixed loading of triallate was the ratio 450 : 550 g/L, respectively. It and lower ratios of trifluralin Triallate gave satisfactory results for both cold temperature stability and emulsion characteristics. As can be observed from Table 1, ratios of 475 : 550 and 500 : 550 passed emulsion testing but failed cold stability testing.

[0095] The highest successful loading of triallate combined with a fixed loading of trifluralin was 675 : 350 g/L, respectively. It and lower ratios of triallate:trifluralin gave satisfactory results for both cold temperature stability and emulsion characteristics at a concentration ratio of 55:45 respectively. TABLE 1

Varying Non-Ionic Surfactant [0096] Formulations using an anionic surfactant (such as that supplied under the trade name Ninate 60E) and differing non-ionic surfactants were prepared. More details of these trials are set out in Appendix 2, which Appendix forms part of this specification.

[0097] The control formulation was trifluralin - triallate (350 g/L : 550g/L) in a combination of anionic surfactant - calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200) with a concentration ratio of 55:45, the solvent used being solvent naphtha (petroleum)/heavy aromatic (Solvent R150).

[0098] Of the non-ionic surfactants, only alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200 and Orisurf 200), Castor Oil Ethoxylates (Termul 1284) and tristyrylphenol alkoxylate TSP16 gave satisfactory results for both cold temperature stability and emulsion characteristics at a concentration ratio of 55:45 (anionicmon-ionic surfactant) respectively. TABLE 2

Varying Anionic Surfactant [0099] Formulations using a non-ionic surfactant (such as that supplied under the trade name Termul 200) and differing anionic surfactants were prepared. More details of these trials are set out in Appendix 3, which Appendix forms part of this specification.

[0100] The control formulation was trifluralin - triallate (350 g/L : 550g/L) in a combination of anionic surfactant - calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200) with a concentration ratio of 55:45, the solvent used being solvent naphtha (petroleum)/heavy aromatic (Solvent R150).

[0101] All anionic surfactants gave rise to formulations having satisfactory characteristics. TABLE 3

Varying Solvents [0102] Formulations in which the trifluralin:triallate loading was fixed, the anionic:non-ionic surfactant ratio was fixed, and the solvent was varied were prepared. More details of these trials are set out in Appendix 4, which Appendix forms part of this specification.

[0103] The control formulation was trifluralin - triallate (350 g/L : 550g/L) in a combination of anionic surfactant - calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200) with a concentration ratio of 55:45, the control solvent used being solvent naphtha (petroleum)/heavy aromatic (Solvent R150).

[0104] Varying the solvent gave satisfactory results in terms of cold temperature stability and emulsion characteristics, for all solvents used (Recosol 200, xylene, toluene, acetone, dimethyl adipate, dimethyl succinate and NMP). TABLE 4

Varying Combined Loading [0105] Formulations in which the total loading of trifluralin and triallate was varied were prepared. More details of these trials are set out in Appendix 5, which Appendix forms part of this specification.

[0106] The control formulation was trifluralin-triallate (900 g/L) in a combination of anionic surfactant - calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200) with a concentration ratio of 60:40, the solvent being solvent naphtha (petroleum)/heavy aromatic ( Solvent R150).

[0107] Varying the loading of triflurallate (trifluralin plus triallate) to 400:650 g/L and to 425:675 g/L, gave satisfactory results for emulsion characteristics, but unsatisfactory results for cold temperature stability. TABLE 5

Varying Surfactant Loading [0108] Lormulations in which the trifluralin-triallate loading was constant, while the surfactant loading varied were prepared. More details on these trials are set out in Appendix 6, which Appendix forms part of this specification.

[0109] The control formulation was trifluralin - triallate (350 g/L : 550g/L) in a combination of anionic surfactant - calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200) with a concentration ratio of 55:45, the solvent used being solvent naphtha (petroleum)/heavy aromatic (Solvent R150).

[0110] Varying surfactant loading (80%, 60%, 40% and 20%) using anionic surfactant - calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Ninate 60E) and nonionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (Termul 200) at trifluralimtriallate concentration of 350 g/L: 550 g/L gave satisfactory results for emulsion characteristics for the 80% and 60% loadings but failed in cold temperature stability. Trials done at 40% and 20% surfactant loadings failed for both cold temperature stability and emulsion characteristics. TABLE 6

Varying the non-ionic:anionic surfactant ratio [0111] High Loading Trifluralin + Triallate formulation (eg. 350:550g/L) consists of an active ingredient, anionic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant and a solvent (or often two solvents indirectly when also considering the solvent content introduced as a portion of anionic surfactant ingredients) .

[0112] The original surfactants used for the Trifluralin - Triallate (eg. 350 g/L : 550g/L) is a combination of an anionic surfactant - Calcium dodecylbenzene (nominally dodecyl, declared as CIO-16 alkylbenzene) sulphonate (eg. Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (eg. Termul 200) with a surfactant ratio of 55:45. Solvent used is solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic (eg. Solvent 150).

[0113] Trial 2: Trials of Trifluralin:Triallate at concentration of 350:550 with anionic surfactant - Calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (eg. Ninate 60E) and varying the non-ionic surfactant using the original surfactant ratio of 55:45 (non-ionic: anionic) were done. Further emulsion improvement trials were conducted a number of formulations that failed emulsion characteristics to balance and achieve an optimized surfactant ratio. The non-ionic surfactants -nonyl phenol ethoxylate (eg. Teric N8, N10, N13, N20) and Block co-polymer (eg. T203, PE62) gave an improved emulsion characteristic after conducting optimization trials.

[0114] Trial 3. Trials for Trifluralin:Triallate at concentration of 350:550 with non-ionic surfactant - Alkoxylated alkyl phenol (eg. Termul 200) and varying the anionic surfactant using the original surfactant ratio of 55:45 (non-ionic: anionic) were done. The anionic surfactant - Calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (eg. Rhodacal 70B) gave unsatisfactory results in terms of emulsion characteristics. Results were improved after emulsion improvement trials by balancing and optimizing the surfactant ratios.

[0115] A summary of results is shown in the tables below. See also Appendices 8 and 9 for more detailed results. TRIAL 2: VARYING NON IONIC SURFACTANTS AGAINST NINATE 60E Trial using different non ionic surfactant against Ninate 60E Control: Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactant Ninate 60E as anionic surfactant Solvent: R150

Legend:

TRIAL 3: VARYING ANIONIC SURFACTANTS AGAINST TERMUL 200

Trial using different anionic surfactant against Termul 200 Control: Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactant Ninate 60E as anionic surfactant Solvent: R150

Legend:

Single surfactant trials [0116] High Loading Trifluralin + Triallate formulation (eg. 350:550g/L) consists of an active ingredient, anionic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant and a solvent.

[0117] The original surfactants used for the Trifluralin - Triallate (eg. 350 g/L : 550g/L) is a combination of an anionic surfactant - Calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (eg. Ninate 60E) and a non-ionic surfactant - alkoxylated alkyl phenol (eg. Termul 200) with a surfactant ratio of 55:45. Solvent used is solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic (eg. Solvent 150).

[0118] Trials of Trifluralin: Triallate at concentration of 350:550 using single surfactant formulations were performed. The surfactants nonyl phenol ethoxylate (Teric N8), alcohol ethoxylate (Teric G9A6) and ethoxylated alkyl amine (Rhodameen RAM7) gave favourable results in terms of emulsion characteristics and cold temperature stability.

[0119] A summary of results is shown in the below table and detailed results are provided in Appendix 9. TRIAL: SINGLE SURFACTANT FPRMULATION ATTEMPTS Trial using single surfactant formulation Control: Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactant control: Ninate 60E as anionic surfactant

Solvent: Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic (eg. R150)

Legend:_

Examples of Formulations Exhibiting Satisfactory Characteristics [0120] Examples of triflurallate (triallate-trifluralin combinations) formulations prepared according to the present invention which exhibit satisfactory characteristics with respect to emulsion and cold stability (as demonstrated by the trials discussed above) are set out in Table 7 for ease of reference. TABLE 7

Note 1: Ninate 60E given weight includes carrier solvent Note 2: Rhodacal 60/BE-C given weight includes carrier solvent Note 3: Kemmat HF60 given weight includes carrier solvent Note 4: Nansa EVM 70/2E given weight includes carrier solvent Note 5: Rhodacal 70 given weight includes carrier solvent Note 6: Other anionic surfactants, weight includes carrier solvent Note 7: Butyl glysolv = ethyleneglycolmonobutyl ether = EGME

Source of Technical Grade Active (Trifluralin (CAS# 1582-09-81:

Manufactured by Zhejiang Hetian Chemical Co. Ltd., Area M18-5-4, Xinsha Economic Development Zone, Hangzhou PR China

Purchased from China Jiangsu International Economic Technical Cooperation Corporation, 24F., No. 8 Zhongshan Nanlu, Nanjing 210005, P.R. China

Source of Technical Grade Active (Triallate (CAS# 2303-17-5)):

Manufactured by Zhejiang Hetian Chemical Co. Ltd., Area M18-5-4, Xinsha Economic Development Zone, Hangzhou PR China Purchased from Zhejiang Hetian Chemical Co. Ltd., Area M18-5-4, Xinsha Economic Development Zone, Hangzhou PR China [0121] Activity Trial - Appendix X hereto describes a trial carried out to ascertain the pre-emergence activities of a formulation according to the present invention on trifluralin-resistant ryegrass biotypes.

[0122] Bioefficiency Data - Appendix Y sets out information on the effectiveness of a formulation prepared according to Example 1 on trifluralin-resistant rye grass.

[0123] The complete disclosures of any patents, patent documents, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It should be understood that this invention is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows.

[0124] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

[0125] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates. APPENDIX 1

Trial # A1-B1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants at varying concentration of Trifluralin

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial #A2

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 375g/L Trial late active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION____

Component | Amount, g | Loading, g/L | HLB ~

Trial #A3

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 400g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION________

Trial #A4

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 425g/L Trial late active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS Trifluralin active present at 450g/L Trial late active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants at varying concentration of Trifluralin

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS Trifluralin active present at 475g/L Trial late active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS Trifluralin active present at 500g/L Trial late active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #A8

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 525g/L Trial late active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #A9

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 550g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B2

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 575g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants at varying concentration of Triallate

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B3

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 600g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B4

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 625g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B5

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 650g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B6

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 675g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B7

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 700g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B8

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 725g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial #B9

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 750g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

APPENDIX 2

Trial # IA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial # IA2

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Orisurf 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Orisurf 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Orisurf 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IA3

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric N2 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants Ratio of Teric N2 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N2: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IA4

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric N8 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants Ratio of Teric N8: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N8: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IA5

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS Trifluralin active present at 350g/L

Trial late active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric N10 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants Ratio of Teric N10: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N10: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IA6

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric N13 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants Ratio of Teric N13: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N13: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IA7

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric N20 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants Ratio of Teric N20: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N20: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IA8

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 1284 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 1284: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 1284: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION________

Trial # IA9

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 1285 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 1285: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 1285: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IA10

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 203 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 203: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 203: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IA11

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using TSP16 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants Ratio of TSP16: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: TSP16: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IA12

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric PE62 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Teric PE62: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric PE62: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IA13

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric PE64 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Teric PE64: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric PE64: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150

FORMULATION

Trial # IA14

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Teric PE68 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Teric PE68: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric PE68: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IA15

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Pluronic 6400 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Pluronic 6400: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Pluronic 6400: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IA16

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Pluronic 6800 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Pluronic 6800: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Pluronic 6800: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

APPENDIX 3

Trial # IA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial # IB1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Rhodacal 60/BE-C as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Rhodacal 60/BE-C (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Rhodacal 60/BE-C: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # IC1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Kemmat HF60 as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Kemmat HF60 (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Kemmat HF60: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial # ID1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Nansa EVM 70/2E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Nansa EVM 70/2E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Nansa EVM 70/2E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IE1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Rhodacal 70 as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Rhodacal 70 (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Rhodacal 70: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IF1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Rhodacal 70B as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Rhodacal 70B (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Rhodacal 70B: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IG1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Toximul TANS 5 as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Toximul TANS 5 (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Toximul TANS 5: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IH1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Toximul TANS 6 as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Toximul TANS 6 (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Toximul TANS 6: Recosol 150 FORMULATION________

Trial # 111

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Toximul TANS 8 as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Toximul TANS 8 (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Toximul TANS 8: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IJ1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Toximul TAABS 5 as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Toximul TAABS 5 (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Toximul TAABS 5: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial # IK1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Toximul TAABS 8 as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : Toximul TAABS 8 (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Toximul TAABS 8: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

APPENDIX 4

Trial # IA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial # IIA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 200 FORMULATION

Trial # IIIA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Xylene FORMULATION

Trial # IVA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Toluene FORMULATION

Trial # VA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Acetone FORMULATION________

Trial # VIA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Dimethyl adipate FORMULATION_

Trial # VIIA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Dimethyl succinate FORMULATION

Trial # VIIIA1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: NMP FORMULATION

APPENDIX 5

Trial # E1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 400g/L Triallate active present at 650g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial # E2

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 425g/L Trial late active present at 675g/L

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

APPENDIX 6

Trial # F1

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants. Surfactant loading concentration at 80%

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial # F2

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants. Surfactant loading concentration at 60%

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

COLD STAB FAILED

Trial # F3

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Trial late active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants. Surfactant loading concentration at 40%

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Trial # F4

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS

Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non-ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants. Surfactant loading concentration at 20%

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

APPENDIX 7

TRIAL 2: VARYING NON IONIC SURFACTANTS AGAINST NINATE 60E

TRIFLUR-ALLATE 350:550 TRIALS Trifluralin active present at 350g/L Triallate active present at 550g/L

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termul 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_i_i_i_i

Trial details: Trial using Orisurf 200 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Orisurf 200 : N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Orisurf 200: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_i_i_i_i

Trial details: Trial using Teric N8 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Preferred Hsi.ks of Terfc NS: N60E (4lkkk)

Trial details: Trial using Teric N10 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Prefers**! Ratio of Teric INKS: NfsOE (88:28)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N10: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION____

Trial details: Trial using Teric N13 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ps'eiesTwI Ratio of Terse NO: Ns'sOE (48:60)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N13: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial details: Trial using Teric N20 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ps'eiesTwI Ratio of Terse N20: NtsOE (48:60)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric N20: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial details: Trial using Termull284 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Ratio of Termull284: N60E (45:55)

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termull284: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial details: Trial using Termull285 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termull285: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial details: Trial using Termul203 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Preferred Masks ef Terrsnd 283: N88E :58:58}

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 203: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION

Trial details: Trial using Teric PE62 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants

Prefers**! Ratio of Teric PE62: NSOE i S0:SSss

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Teric PE62: Ninate 60E: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

Trial details: Trial using TSP16 as non ionic surfactants and Ninate 60E as anionic surfactants Ratio of TSP16: N60E (45:55)

APPENDIX 8 TRIAL 3: VARYING ANIONIC SURFACTANTS AGAINST TERMUL 200

Trial details: Trial using Termul 200 as non ionic surfactants and Rhodacal70B as anionic surfactants

Non-ionic / Anionic surfactant / Solvent used: Termul 200: Rhodacal70B: Recosol 150 FORMULATION_

APPENDIX 9 imALr^M^E.SUMACT^

Trial details; Trial using single surfactants Surfactant / Solvent used: Turk !N:8: Recasoi 150 FORMSJi.ATiON_

•SRjj Ϊ Γ^-Λί.ΐ νη·: 350:350 SitSAIG Trial details; Trial using single surfactants Surfactant / Solvent used: Turk G9AS: Recosol ISO FORMULATION___

•SRjj Ϊ Γ^-Λί.ΐ νη·: 350:350 SitSri.S

Trial details; Trial using single surfactants

Surfactant / Solvent used: Rhodanieen RAM'7: Rmssoi ISO FORMULATION___

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION tmirarf® TT dose osspssrise AB ryegrass bic-typas isosfispiitola and TrSorslift-resistsfiSi Wes'·® esssstliy afteetod toy Infracto TT at tbs highest rates wiito ShT-tSKM control acbfevsd {with (rtSissiii!, Sfte rates iissd So pet (refs stiOisto by :rnyS!pjteci by 4-6 fofd to rctitissant fiaitS aeih%|, TfcS* ievest si stoisas is not oosTtieSy ssciiseeisfei® in ton SeW with hnsaa-sspyence beitscfefes because there ste seifwai f&ctehs which prevent ais ibe wg«b sessfe «sming into eisi»! web fils hsdttoMsi sitoh as stdbtds, seed coistasnsd witosn s-to ctods, deejsy Purled seed, rocesttsre, tsoipetSiu'-^. uv degcedatsto Sic. At fie 560 esslft* rate, ibs% eootjdf ef Pkhypep «96 ft A802 was ngt «MM. 'lists ihatostos «rat as retosad rates ter paoi- spray appiicsfett) survirai of iraSysIsjals with toflyraKR «raistesic* is likely to oecye. id Casas wham Trttoyjislsl Fesssispse is swspecfeii. it. woitto be «tvissbie Shat this top teto oi M fade TT {.«a used, if sirona TrifiufsSisi iostetofias has Seen conStmed teg. vis s retostonc® tossy if wosrtd to sifongly tesMfmmcfed to switch So a pto-ftoisrgerrea trodrsi Bias does ιΐόί Caniaih TfifUfaiin.

CorapflriactPi of tmirato TT to aihar beifetetdes THtorsfto Tito tovcf of i-ssistoiiee si tors fotif fstosSstot Psjfypes Vs toe S btotypa is etoady fspfasantoii In Piptito 2. Trtfiuratin cstissad between 26-.=58% esMtBif eatripafsd to f 06% contrai of toe S biotype iFigssfs 2). lira tevsit of rasStaoee tost Bis tots' Foaistoiif fetotyps® {paitiiSilatty teletype A?S7.T, ABO2 and 13061 exhibited wast'd reach si poor m«I ss-nfcs at Biss maxiiffiirn toice! ret» of Tnferslst {3UhB{ in She field

Trtetfa-te' AO biotypes todedihg tils A. sarhibfeed between 88-68% cdalrai. The tod that Share was no tof-toehc® in fiffiponse of toe S btohii® to toe ίο or Sdfloraisn-rasistsof ΟιοΙγοοκ mtScaiss that they don'! possess shy oross-«ssisaaftce to Tdaitato. From a hertsickte rasisiance perspective, *. is tins phenofitoficet tost iriskes toe «toxturP of TfpBsralto. vyito Tfisiiaia art «ffBeiive Cwbieidn rmstose, even in Ami assss es' tyegs.sisa wish week isestono» to TfStosafe. hotter tToitt: C.vOtr<s ssf five ryegrass tsotypes with Eokcf fifed was aCbiasaC initiraitksg toet ihoo-i cs nn tisass. oesistanos of tiiSottoin-f esssisii; CkBypiss to to® prtxlots, e fitxSptg: that tses been sfentjfied in jsreuww pe atopies

CoisCiii^ofi irntrada TT vra® tosfeT and tottod to be sn affeefiss teshidtoe in ioisfroiiins ryegrass. TrStaralto-fieslssaRf Stofyses satofeitied ssstFsi survCfai at the iowesf rate ihtfeaisrsg:that indiiood Kontre seay tKcttr to it® fieM, AitfioLjgh, Triiiviotoio rasiaance)» wleSespnsad isi sertasi iegsiiis of SA, fandom rymyraas sishisys in VfA (3963), Vtototto {2006,3906, 26=68 i fsifil fTSW {20-3¾) isy iaiii#ssr?»8®s Pave <6lOOT ifrat fie i«wet of resisfancs is <mH Peicw 56¾ sit th« paddoci* saiWy'ito. Frsr ttss re-ssen. good prs^amisFgsace storMroi wsBi a rotas rnixforo ofTfiBuraiis! ·* Trialisto (imtFsde TT) nan be· sctiiaved.

Photos· saa sepstata PoissrPeissS prasantatian fistee 1; e* ingressiiwj '5! 5niiiiK.iii ΪΤ On % «sntipl Of 8» fy8gr35ii b-iotypas: oe* ^*«:ίϊί;·κοο«ίρ®ί.!!ο iS; arsis fern: Tilfisjiaiisi assist.*? ryagrasa fe&fygs&s. Assessment mts tnafie· 4 weeks sftss ihsFfcicfciii appisaSors. Bros Saws jefiiesersl 8w siarslanS wor of ibe ioeatw.

Figure 2: KSiGiSc^'of$Q9msiiii ί:ϊ:*;κ3ΐ; ?ϊ, BtMief'Ga&i,Tiiaissis «4Τ(Μβ en «Sstof TolSeiaisisrasis&iii!· ingress fciotypes. Note me lower rates ijrtoasf-Oofcf, Ttiasste ar><S T'ritaaSrs used iejtfeseiil Salts fetes (hr ήκβόψΐίί nose teat meie· »as toss a*!Ufa: ei mo suseojisfriSsj iiiosyp® wish eacfe teftstesd.e m fries® iwtass rafas·}. Aesaasfnefii w:-ss toad a 4 weeks eiSes heittoids gjppl&gfton error tearis reomaaitS Bis sSarsiteuti eiri.® sf ISia iiwasis-

MATERIALS AND METHODS' ; "i h-s ful-owing rAWi'CS'.: Pfotypes kkk.Hl vWV a ifekk- rosiijo of A (klSitura Λ: Tritlvraiir:· Ά Vr;W!;ik:: iWyoWW.}::}: fey •tkilki.k;· Tty'} h-orlWydo tki.v}}j'{} kk:} tkyy) Sbhy&vtak-rf ic ;h;g sapor! 3s fmtosee ΤΓ fec.gr G:>:fe, Trifeuretto :TfVicr X) atkf TikW-siA ; Ay^lkk XTRA’i wsrv :i:refe iip Its·:} Wisely as. ycn-imtyyja: T;.ir::;iiy:d};,

Rysgr&ss feiutypos· atxS w-stt- of oogto:

: 1303 (WAV AWT. 1 y>Ay AtSVT -V:<:J· ytikiky TWL.'-rrylki iv.y-iy.rkrkk .new likely due to VAkJdVAtiA

iasistasiee· So Sleep D. bprfekSiipS » SS2S3t {SAJ- icterraafcie nssistanee to Tti&salto duo.to ertoaoe&d fefegtiadtoi»· iwyitoines! sn safe studies). Resistant: Vj 3 wide reisga of litofetddas V: severe!: mivw of acSiod ufeensica) groups. 5. a (SAy UarfeWde si.A&ciSfjtstiie imlyfee

Ratos fiRtmag Tic .500. rsovtasa tsoo with»

TiSysgiin (Tiitfut JCj: eStf 9 Slifia iKXJ WlilthHt. 0!to rate repFS^sefs at .feast 3000 mlifia ip Sh® fieXi TitefS&te SAvades. XTSAK &D0 g siffes ytSiXi Frdifea j-ί· this rasa rapraaents so teas! 26fiO mitos is the ft«vi

Tbss SieftiSSidss wens sppjsed ustos a ssrnyMsif W;yy.'Tf>VWtyk by yewing (183) cyrlem that has been itovsiupori fey to» Uni at AsteteSaa: ft set veftiitse· of steeds MOJ were ptsssfe onto tire surtecsi of spsseislissd potting; relx to .«to» * Wan pete, Sack SerSKste vym sprsryed directly onte the seeds tost wate toer? eovsraii with iS.Sem soil: Sts felnsutate ®ebI lacorgotsssjo. Hertrcfee sppfieaiton was fserfoiffusd using a fetmtettiry bssoffs spetyer egitippad with T-jei fan roztees at a speed at i| res ‘, Output team 8» spraysr was calibrated at ..1:10 L ha ’ at a syresssire sf 28¾ !<Pa. Using toss teefeiig pnseedwer wslatifeaSers Susses were mioitossad fey the siirrsesfiale srsi avail toisctrpoiaBfert af toe tksfMciefe. Orfeter these cisidSsrjns,, hsrtstoite aetiviiy is gjestar toon is te^eeted its its® fistd aed need» to hoteN» pen tutooum leheii iiitarprsitrig iheFesulte. Tile axpoPiYtani was k'jftdijkkk: ϋ;νΓ]}>ι·>ιν. it: Ayrrii-SWy Wi: V ay v. r.iFvVxnikkV ''.:>:Tipiv:y dv-iigr; with shree repileaiiissia. stgrbiesje sf&cfs were measured a «sake sfteF ssra'ytog.. SseiSirigs wete osnstdesed emaigcit i? Sissy had reached die .i.-lsst stage a! this Owe. Stsywisi % wee ieoonded: fey oofiiparsag toe iuiwtog fsuiiber at 2-3 lea'iifsf seesSifigs to the sptevaO totetewwt* to totemKafew present fe^ptp spreyieg. % centre) wee cstevslsted by subtracting % survivai fiooi 100 {Fsgsjjss 1 8 2:.

APPENDIX Y

Example BE 1

The formulation of example 1 (350 g/L trifluralin and 550 g/L triallate) was designated TT1 and was compared with trifluralin and other industry standards on trifluralin-resistant ryegrass.

The plot size was 2.5m x 10m, with 5 replicates. Treatments were applied with a hand boom. Ryegrass control was assessed with plant counts (counts per square metre) and similarly for wheat.

Further trial details as follows: Located at Wycheproof Victoria Australia, sown 14 May, row spacing 12”, sowing speed (wheat) 8.5 km/hr, seeding fertiliser 27:12 @ 60 kg/ha, seeding rate 80 kg/ha, very dry soil conditions. Water rate 64 L/ha, medium drop size, Nozzle TT01 operated at 2 bar, temperature 16 deg C, humidity 38%. Knock-down used Glyphosate 450 @ lL/ha plus Hammer @ 50 ml/ha plus oil @ 0.5%.

Claims

1. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation including: trifluralin at a concentration of about 250 to about 450 g/L; triallate at a concentration of about 300 to about 675 g/L; and at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant at a concentration of at least about 125 g/L, wherein the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is greater than 600 g/L.

2. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of Claim 1, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant is selected from the group consisting of an alkylphenol ether sulphate, an alkylamine ethoxylate, an alcohol ether sulphate, a nonyl phenol ethoxylate, an alcohol ethoxylate and any combination thereof.

3. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation including: trifluralin at a concentration of about 250 to about 450 g/L; triallate at a concentration of about 300 to about 675 g/L; and at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant at a concentration of at least about 98 g/L, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant comprises calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate and the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is greater than 600 g/L.

4. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of Claim 3, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant further comprises one or more of an alkyl phenol alkoxylate, a castor oil alkoxylate, a fatty acid alkoxylate, a triglyceride alkoxylate and a tristyrylphenol alkoxylate.

5. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation including: trifluralin at a concentration of about 450 to about 500 g/L; triallate at a concentration of about 300 to about 675 g/L; and at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant at a concentration of at least about 68 g/L to at least about 88 g/L, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant comprises calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate.

6. The emulsfiable concentrate formulation of Claim 5, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant further comprises an alkyl phenol alkoxylate.

7. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulations is greater than 850 g/L.

8. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any one of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the sum of concentrations of trifluralin and triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation is greater than 900 g/L.

9. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the weight ratio of trifluralin to triallate is in the range of from 1:1 to 1:2.

10. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any of the preceding claims, wherein the weight ratio of trifluralin to triallate is about 1:1.6.

11. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising at least one agriculturally acceptable solvent or solvent system.

12. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of claim 11, wherein the ratio of the cumulative weight of trifluralin and triallate to the solvent or solvent system is greater than 2, preferably greater than 4 and more preferably greater than 6.

13. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable solvent comprises at least one member from the set consisting of alkane materials, aromatic materials, alkylaryl materials, alcohol-containing materials, ether-containing materials, ester-containing materials, ketone-containing materials, lactam-containing materials, amide-containing materials, chlorinated materials, aldehyde-containing materials.

14. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of claim 11, wherein the agriculturally acceptable solvent is selected from the group consisting of an aromatic hydrocarbon, xylene, dimethyl adipate, N-methyl pyrrohdone, diethyleneglycol monomethyl ether and any combination thereof.

15. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable solvent is present in the range of from 0 to 200 g/L.

16. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant includes a non-ionic surfactant and/or an anionic surfactant.

17. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of claim 16, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated block polymers, alkoxylated alcohols, alkoxylated alkylphenols, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated amides, alkoxylated fatty esters, alkoxylated oils, fatty esters, alkoxylated fatty acids and sorbitan derivatives.

18. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkylaryl sulfonates; alkylarylsulfonic acids; carboxylated alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates; carboxylic acids/fatty acids; diphenyl sulfonate derivatives; olefin sulfonates; phosphate esters; phosphorus organic derivatives; sulfates and sulfonates of oils and fatty acids; sulfates and sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols; sulfates of ethoxylated alcohols; sulfates of fatty esters; sulfonates of dodecyl and tridecylbenzenes; sulfonates of naphthalene and alkyl naphthalene; sulfonates of petroleum; sulfosuccinamates; alkoxylated amines; sarcosine derived surfactants such as, ammonium lauroyl sarcosinate; alkoxylates as above other than ethoxylates (such a propoxylates, butoxylates).

19. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one agriculturally acceptable surfactant includes a cationic surfactant.