IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE Utility Patent Application (Non-Provisional) TITLE: SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING PRE-EMPLOYMENT MEDICAL ASSESSMENT INVENTOR(S): Jude Ifeanyi Ugwu FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present patent specification relates to systems and methods for determining the suitability of applicants, especially those with medical conditions, for specific job roles. More particularly, the present patent specification relates to systems and methods for determining the suitability of applicants forjob roles with safety critical aspects such as driving and various forms of machine operating. BACKGROUND [0002] Pre-employment medical examination (PEM) involves an assessment of the medical status of work applicants to make a determination on whether they are suitable for an intendedjob role. The PEM assessment is particularly important for safety critical job roles like commercial driving, mobile machine operation, work in confined spaces, work with exposure to chemicals, or other work where illness or sudden incapacitation can cause injury to persons or property. [0003] A PEM assessment typically includes two broad categories of activities: a review of medical history to identify conditions of concern; and a physical examination to confirm 1 and ascertain pathologies or identify conditions an applicant might be unaware of In many cases, a critical review of medical history is adequate to identify conditions of interest in relation to job roles. Apart from job roles where statutory medical examination is required, physical examination of work applicants is not always necessary. In fact, most work applicants complete an employment medical history which is reviewed by appropriate personnel and never undergo a physical examination. [0004] Review of medical history of work applicants is a vital if not the more vital of the two steps or broad categories of activities involved in PEM for many reasons. One reason is that a majority of work applicants undergo only this aspect of assessment and do not proceed to a physical examination, including truck drivers and others in safety critical role. The legal requirement in many jurisdictions requires the applicant to declare to the driver licensing authority if he has a medical condition capable of causing sudden incapacitation. In practice however, the work applicant may not know that this responsibility rests with him/her or may not be aware that a particular condition needs to be reported. [0005] There are often comorbidities among work applicants and while a particular condition like asthma may not need to be reported and further monitoring and management steps taken in relation to safety critical roles; where asthma occurs with a host of other medical conditions like allergic rhinitis, irregular heartbeat, arthritis, an informed judgment on further management needs to be taken. Multiple separate apparently mild conditions may potentiate their effects on the ability of the work applicant to function, or the drugs used for the management one condition may worsen one or more other conditions of the work applicant. 2 [0006] Medical history review is perhaps a less standardized process with considerable differences in the professional expertise and experience among doctors with relation to impact of various medical conditions on specific job roles. To this end, PEM medical history review is often performed by a non-professionals including recruitment agents. Unfortunately, the vast amount of medical diagnosis can make review of PEM history unwieldy and difficult even for experienced and qualified persons. At the moment, applicants are usually advised to perform pre-employment assessment after interview and offer of employment. The implication is that individuals with medical condition usually commence the process of conducting additional tests or assembling proof of suitability after offer of appointment thereby causing unavoidable delay. In Australia, particularly in our mining industries, employers often want to hire and get large numbers of employees commence work immediately and this causes a lot of problems with individuals with some medical conditions. [0007] The main difficulty performing PEM history review is how to make a determination that a medical condition or a combination of medical conditions have passed a threshold for safety for a particular job role and that applicants with such condition/s require further management or monitoring to reduce risk of accidents or injuries when the applicant performs tasks of the job role. There is often considerable disparity in the determinations made by doctors in assessing pre-employment suitability especially for multiple conditions. This can cause strained patient doctor relationship when an applicant believes that a particular doctor has been pedantic or harsh and in some instances a case for discrimination can be made against assessing doctors because of lack of objective or consensus approach in such circumstances. 3 [0008] A Further problem exists with job applicants with significant medical conditions withholding such information when they believe that divulging the same will cause delays or denial of their employment offer. For instance, an applicant may report a recent history of dizziness caused by benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and is advised to observe a six months no driving period. This same applicant may sometimes withhold this history on subsequent employment applications within the no driving period to avoid the appropriate medical recommendation to observe a drive free period. [0009] Therefore, a need exists for novel systems and methods of determining the suitability of applicants for specific job roles. There is a further need for novel systems and methods for identifying medical conditions of an applicant that may increase the risk of accidents and injury associated with the applicant performing the tasks of a job role. There further exists a need for novel systems and methods that have the capability to screen through the vast amount of medical diagnosis to facilitate the review of PEM history for any job applicant. Finally, there exists a need for novel systems and methods that decrease or eliminate disparity in the determinations made by doctors in assessing pre-employment suitability especially for multiple conditions. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [00010] In some embodiments, a method for determining the suitability of job applicants for specific job roles is provided. The method may comprise the steps of: identifying the medical conditions of a job applicant and a relative risk threshold value for the job role desired by the job applicant; assigning a relative risk value to each medical condition of the job applicant; summing the total of the relative risk values assigned to the medical conditions 4 of the applicant; creating a fit for duty pre-employment medical examination assessment summary for the job applicant if the total relative risk value of the medical conditions of the job applicant is less than the relative risk threshold value for the job role desired by the job applicant. [00011] In further embodiments, a method to make a pre-employment medical examination assessment summary available to authorized individuals is provided. The method may comprise the steps of: storing pre-employment medical examination assessment data in a database; associating a unique code with the pre-employment medical examination assessment data in a database; creating a uniquely coded pre-employment medical examination assessment summary; and providing pre-employment medical examination assessment data associated with the unique code in exchange for monetary consideration. [00012] In further embodiments, a method for determining the suitability of job applicants for specific job roles and providing a determination of suitability to authorized individuals is provided. In some embodiments, the method may comprise the steps of. identifying the medical conditions of a job applicant and a relative risk threshold value for the job role desired by the job applicant; assigning a relative risk value to each medical condition of the job applicant; summing the total of the relative risk values assigned to the medical conditions of the applicant; creating a fit for duty pre-employment medical examination assessment summary for thejob applicant if the total relative risk value of the medical conditions of the job applicant is less than the relative risk threshold value for thejob role desired by thejob applicant; associating a unique code with the pre-employment medical examination assessment data in a database; creating a uniquely coded pre-employment medical 5 examination assessment summary; and providing pre-employment medical examination assessment data associated with the unique code in exchange for monetary consideration. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [00013] Some embodiments of the present invention are illustrated as an example and are not limited by the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references may indicate similar elements and in which: [00014] FIG. 1 - Figure 1 depicts an illustrative example of some of the components and computer implemented methods which may be found in a pre-employment medical assessment system according to various embodiments described herein. [00015] FIG. 2 - Figure 2 illustrates a block diagram showing an example of a server which may be used by the system as described in various embodiments herein. [00016] FIG. 3 - Figure 3 shows a block diagram illustrating an example of a client device which may be used by the system as described in various embodiments herein. [00017] FIG. 4 - Figure 4 depicts a flow chart that illustrates an example of a computer implemented method of a pre-employment medical assessment system according to various embodiments described herein. [00018] FIG. 5 - Figure 5 illustrates a flow chart that illustrates an example of a computer implemented method of a pre-employment medical assessment system according to various embodiments described herein. 6 [00019] FIG. 6 - Figure 6 shows a flow chart that illustrates an example of a computer implemented method of a pre-employment medical assessment system according to various embodiments described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [00020] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well as the singular forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof [00021] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one having ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 7 [00022] In describing the invention, it will be understood that a number of techniques and steps are disclosed. Each of these has individual benefit and each can also be used in conjunction with one or more, or in some cases all, of the other disclosed techniques. Accordingly, for the sake of clarity, this description will refrain from repeating every possible combination of the individual steps in an unnecessary fashion. Nevertheless, the specification and claims should be read with the understanding that such combinations are entirely within the scope of the invention and the claims. [00023] In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. DEFINITIONS [00024] As used herein, the term "computer" refers to a machine, apparatus, or device that is capable of accepting and performing logic operations from software code. The term "software", "software code" or "computer software" refers to any set of instructions operable to cause a computer to perform an operation. Software code may be operated on by a "rules engine" or processor. Thus, the methods and systems of the present invention may be performed by a computer based on instructions received by computer software. [00025] The term "client device" or sometime "electronic device" orjust "device" as used herein is a type of computer generally operated by a person. Non-limiting examples of client devices include; personal computers (PCs), workstations, laptops, tablet PCs including the iPad, cell phones including iOS phones made by Apple Inc., Android OS phones, Microsoft OS phones, or generally any electronic device capable of running computer software and displaying information to a user. Certain types of client devices which are portable and 8 easily carried by a person from one location to another may sometimes be referred to as a "mobile device". Some non-limiting examples of mobile devices include; cell phones, smart phones, tablet computers, laptop computers, wearable computers such as watches, Google Glasses, etc. and the like. [00026] As used herein the term "data network" or "network" shall mean an infrastructure capable of connecting two or more computers such as client devices either using wires or wirelessly allowing them to transmit and receive data. Non-limiting examples of data networks may include the internet or wireless networks or (i.e. a "wireless network") which may include Wifi and cellular networks. [00027] As used herein, the term "database" shall generally mean a digital collection of data or information. The present invention uses novel methods and processes to store, link, and modify information such digital images and videos and user profile information. For the purposes of the present disclosure, a database may be stored on a remote server and accessed by a client device through the internet (i.e., the database is in the cloud) or alternatively in some embodiments the database may be stored on the client device or remote computer itself (i.e., local storage). A "data store" as used herein may contain or comprise a database (i.e. information and data from a database may be recorded into a medium on a data store). [00028] New systems and methods for performing pre-employment screening are discussed herein. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. 9 [00029] The present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated by the figures or description below. [00030] As perhaps best shown by FIG. 1, an illustrative example of a pre-employment medical assessment system ("the system") 100 according to some embodiments is presented. In this example, the system 100 comprises at least two client devices 400 (but preferably more than two client devices 400) configured to be operated by one or more users 101. The system 100 further comprises at least one network access point 103, at least one server 300, and at least one data store 308. In some embodiments, the system 100 optionally uses a printer 150 to create a hard copy of a pre-employment medical examination assessment summary (PEMAS) 160. In other embodiments, a PEMAS 160 may be reproduced in digital form as a digital copy. A user 101 such as a job applicant, a medical professional, an employer, and the like may use a client device 400 to enter and retrieve data and information associated with a PEMAS 160 from a data store 308 over a network 105 to be displayed on the client device 400. [00031] The system 100 is configured to facilitate the transfer of data and information associated with a job applicant's medical history to one or more mobile devices 400 and printers 150 over a network link 104. The terms "data" and "information" may at times be used interchangeably herein and shall generally mean; user profiles (including user first name, user middle name, user last name, user email address, user phone numbers, user addresses, user profile photos, user medical information, etc.) as well as; text, images, videos, audio, or other digital content capable of being stored in electronic format that may be associated with a user 101. In some embodiments, the system 100 facilitates the transfer of 10 data through one or more servers 300 accessible through the internet and running in the cloud. As used herein the term "cloud" shall generally refer to a physical location that is not the same location as a user 101. By way of example, servers operated by Amazon Web Services (AWS) or other hosting providers shall be considered to be "in the cloud". [00032] In some embodiments, the system 100 may be used to provide secure access to a PEMAS 160 and other information associated with a job applicant by one or more healthcare professionals and one or more employers. Ajob applicant may respond to a series of questions regarding the health and medical conditions of the job applicant. The questions may be presented to the job applicant on a client device 400 which may then send or store the responses to a database on a data store 308 that may be accessible to one or more healthcare professionals. Data from physical examinations, tests, imaging or scans, job applicant medical histories, and any other data sources relevant to the job applicant may also be sent or stored to the database on a data store 308. The data may be stored securely in the database by requiring login credentials specific to a job applicant or login credentials specific to a healthcare professional that has been authorized by the job applicant. The data of the job applicant may be reviewed by a medical professional and used to create a PEMAS 160 comprising conclusions on the suitability of the job applicant for a particular job role. A copy of the PEMAS 160 may be requested by the job applicant or an employer. Each copy of a PEMAS 160 may be uniquely coded to prevent unauthorized viewing of data on the copy of the PEMAS 160. In order to view data associated with the unique code, the code may be sent to the database by entering the code into a client device 400 which may transmit the code to a server 300. The data associated with the code may be retrieved by the sever 300 from a data store 308 and displayed on the client device 400. In some embodiments, the 11 data associated with the code may not be retrieved or sent to the client device 400 unless a monetary consideration such as through a bank transfer, a payment account, and the like has been paid to or received by the system 100. In some embodiments, the system can integrate with other available medical information database to identify applicants with diagnosed medical conditions that can pose significant safety critical risks such as ischaemic heart condition, seizures, psychiatric or vestibular conditions such as BPPV. In addition, significant or chronic medical conditions of candidates will be flagged in each subsequent application/s by same applicant if history of such medical condition/s is not provided by the applicant. [00033] Referring now to FIG. 2, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a server 300 which may be used in the system 100 or standalone. The server 300 may be a digital computer that, in terms of hardware architecture, generally includes a processor 302, input/output (1/0) interfaces 304, a network interface 306, a data store 308, and memory 310. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that FIG. 2 depicts the server 300 in an oversimplified manner, and a practical embodiment may include additional components and suitably configured processing logic to support known or conventional operating features that are not described in detail herein. The components (302, 304, 306, 308, and 310) are communicatively coupled via a local interface 312. The local interface 312 may be, for example but not limited to, one or more buses or other wired or wireless connections, as is known in the art. The local interface 312 may have additional elements, which are omitted for simplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers, repeaters, and receivers, among many others, to enable communications. Further, the local interface 312 may include 12 address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications among the aforementioned components. [00034] The processor 302 is a hardware device for executing software instructions. The processor 302 may be any custom made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among several processors associated with the server 300, a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generally any device for executing software instructions. When the server 300 is in operation, the processor 302 is configured to execute software stored within the memory 310, to communicate data to and from the memory 310, and to generally control operations of the server 300 pursuant to the software instructions. The I/O interfaces 304 may be used to receive user input from and/or for providing system output to one or more devices or components. User input may be provided via, for example, a keyboard, touch pad, and/or a mouse. System output may be provided via a display device and a printer (not shown). I/O interfaces 304 may include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a small computer system interface (SCSI), a serial ATA (SATA), a fibre channel, Infiniband, iSCSI, a PCI Express interface (PCI-x), an infrared (IR) interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, and/or a universal serial bus (USB) interface. [00035] The network interface 306 may be used to enable the server 300 to communicate on a network, such as the Internet, the WAN 101, the enterprise 200, and the like, etc. The network interface 306 may include, for example, an Ethernet card or adapter (e.g., 10BaseT, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 1OGbE) or a wireless local area network (WLAN) card or adapter (e.g., 802.1 la/b/g/n). The network interface 306 may include address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications on the network. A data store 308 13 may be used to store data. The data store 308 may include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and the like)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, and the like), and combinations thereof Moreover, the data store 308 may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. In one example, the data store 308 may be located internal to the server 300 such as, for example, an internal hard drive connected to the local interface 312 in the server 300. Additionally in another embodiment, the data store 308 may be located external to the server 300 such as, for example, an external hard drive connected to the I/O interfaces 304 (e.g., SCSI or USB connection). In a further embodiment, the data store 308 may be connected to the server 300 through a network, such as, for example, a network attached file server. [00036] The memory 310 may include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, etc.), and combinations thereof Moreover, the memory 310 may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. Note that the memory 310 may have a distributed architecture, where various components are situated remotely from one another, but can be accessed by the processor 302. The software in memory 310 may include one or more software programs, each of which includes an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. The software in the memory 310 may include a suitable operating system (O/S) 314 and one or more programs 316. The operating system 314 essentially controls the execution of other computer programs, such as the one or more programs 316, and provides scheduling, input-output control, file and data management, memory management, and 14 communication control and related services. The operating system 314 may be, for example Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Server 2003/2008 (all available from Microsoft, Corp. of Redmond, WA), Solaris (available from Sun Microsystems, Inc. of Palo Alto, CA), LINUX (or another UNIX variant) (available from Red Hat of Raleigh, NC and various other vendors), Android and variants thereof (available from Google, Inc. of Mountain View, CA), Apple OS X and variants thereof (available from Apple, Inc. of Cupertino, CA), or the like. The one or more programs 316 may be configured to implement the various processes, algorithms, methods, techniques, etc. described herein. [00037] Referring to FIG. 3, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a client device 400, which may be used in the system 100 or the like. The client device 400 can be a digital device that, in terms of hardware architecture, generally includes a processor 402, input/output (1/0) interfaces 404, a radio 406, a data store 408, and memory 410. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that FIG. 3 depicts the client device 400 in an oversimplified manner, and a practical embodiment may include additional components and suitably configured processing logic to support known or conventional operating features that are not described in detail herein. The components (402, 404, 406, 408, and 410) are communicatively coupled via a local interface 412. The local interface 412 can be, for example but not limited to, one or more buses or other wired or wireless connections, as is known in the art. The local interface 412 can have additional elements, which are omitted for simplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers, repeaters, and receivers, among many others, to enable communications. Further, the local interface 412 15 may include address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications among the aforementioned components. [00038] The processor 402 is a hardware device for executing software instructions. The processor 402 can be any custom made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among several processors associated with the client device 400, a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generally any device for executing software instructions. When the client device 400 is in operation, the processor 402 is configured to execute software stored within the memory 410, to communicate data to and from the memory 410, and to generally control operations of the client device 400 pursuant to the software instructions. In an exemplary embodiment, the processor 402 may include a mobile optimized processor such as optimized for power consumption and mobile applications. The I/O interfaces 404 can be used to receive user input from and/or for providing system output. User input can be provided via, for example, a keypad, a touch screen, a scroll ball, a scroll bar, buttons, bar code scanner, voice recognition, eye gesture, and the like. System output can be provided via a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), touch screen, and the like. The I/O interfaces 404 can also include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a small computer system interface (SCSI), an infrared (IR) interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, and the like. The I/O interfaces 404 can include a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables a user to interact with the client device 400. Additionally, the I/O interfaces 404 may further include an imaging device, i.e. camera, video camera, etc. [00039] The radio 406 enables wireless communication to an external access device or network. Any number of suitable wireless data communication protocols, techniques, or 16 methodologies can be supported by the radio 406, including, without limitation: RF; IrDA (infrared); Bluetooth; ZigBee (and other variants of the IEEE 802.15 protocol); IEEE 802.11 (any variation); IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX or any other variation); Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum; Near-Field Communication (NFC); Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum; Long Term Evolution (LTE); cellular/wireless/cordless telecommunication protocols (e.g. 3G/4G, etc.); VHF spectrum, AM spectrum, wireless home network communication protocols; paging network protocols; magnetic induction; satellite data communication protocols; wireless hospital or health care facility network protocols such as those operating in the WMTS bands; GPRS; proprietary wireless data communication protocols such as variants of Wireless USB; and any other protocols for wireless communication. The data store 408 may be used to store data. The data store 408 may include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and the like)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, and the like), and combinations thereof Moreover, the data store 408 may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. [00040] In some preferred embodiments, the client device 400 includes a global positioning system sensor configured to receive latitude and longitude coordinates from satellites (i.e. a GPS signal). [00041] In some other preferred embodiments, the client device 400 includes an accelerometer configured to receive user initiated actions (e.g. shaking the device, moving the device in a pattern, etc.). [00042] The memory 410 may include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)), nonvolatile memory 17 elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, etc.), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the memory 410 may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. Note that the memory 410 may have a distributed architecture, where various components are situated remotely from one another, but can be accessed by the processor 402. The software in memory 410 can include one or more software programs, each of which includes an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. In the example of FIG. 3, the software in the memory system 410 includes a suitable operating system (0/S) 414 and programs 416. The operating system 414 essentially controls the execution of other computer programs, and provides scheduling, input-output control, file and data management, memory management, and communication control and related services. The operating system 414 may be, for example, LINUX (or another UNIX variant), Android (available from Google), Symbian OS, Microsoft Windows CE, Microsoft Windows 7 Mobile, iOS (available from Apple, Inc.), webOS (available from Hewlett Packard), Blackberry OS (Available from Research in Motion), and the like. The programs 416 may include various applications, add-ons, etc. configured to provide end user functionality with the client device 400. For example, exemplary programs 416 may include, but not limited to, a web browser, social networking applications, streaming media applications, games, mapping and location applications, electronic mail applications, financial applications, and the like. In a typical example, the end user typically uses one or more of the programs 416 along with a network such as the system 100. [00043] FIG. 4 - Figure 4 depicts a flow chart that illustrates an example of a computer implemented method of determining the relative risk (RR) of accidents related to conditions in the medical history of an applicant 500 ("the method 500") on a pre-employment medical 18 assessment system according to various embodiments described herein. The method 500 may provide a tool for determining which medical conditions pose significant risk by identifying conditions with high relative risk for injuries and deriving a cumulative risk factor for separate less significant conditions when they occur in combination. [00044] In some embodiments, the method 500 may start 501 by identifying the RR threshold for ajob role 502. The RR threshold may be identified by the job role that the job applicant is applying for. The RR threshold for a job role may be obtained from published guidelines, peer reviewed research publications, RR threshold databases, or any other source. For example, the obtained RR threshold for the job role of truck driver may be 2 with a RR of 2 of greater posing an unacceptable risk of accidents and injury. Other professions may have higher RR thresholds when the tasks performed in the job role are deemed to pose a lesser risk of accidents and injuries such as for the job role of a chef, or the RR thresholds may be lower when the tasks performed in the job role are deemed to pose a lesser risk of accidents and injuries such as for the job role of an airline pilot. [00045] Next, the medical conditions of the job applicant may be identified 503. In some embodiments, the medical conditions may be identified by retrieving reported conditions in the job applicant's medical history. In further embodiments, medical conditions may be identified by administering a series of medically relevant questions and recording the answers to the questions. The questions may be administered on a client device 400 (FIGS. 1 and 3) with the answers sent to a database on the data store 308 (FIGS. 1 and 2) of a server 300 (FIGS. 1 and 2) and the answers to the questions may be used to indicate if the job applicant suffers from one or more medical conditions such as epilepsy, narcolepsy, back pain, circulatory problems, dandruff, eczema, depression, or any other medical condition. 19 [00046] In step 504, the RR for each condition of the job applicant may be retrieved from the database. For example, the RR for epilepsy may be 5 and the RR for narcolepsy may be 8. For conditions that have not been extensively studied such as dandruff or when less significant conditions occur in combination with other less significant conditions such as dandruff and eczema, a risk equivalent factor (REF) may be used to calculate a RR. In some embodiments, one or more healthcare professionals such as a panel of doctors may assign a REF value to each condition that may not have an accepted RR. For instance, mild asthma might have a REF of 13, migraine headache REF of 14, emphysema REF of 12, irritable bowel syndrome REF of 11 and dandruff REF of 10.5. Please note that for each of these conditions the baseline REF may be considered as 10 such that a comparable individual without these conditions may be considered to have risk equivalent factor of 10. For each condition, the risk equivalent factor difference (REFd) may be calculated by subtracting the baseline REF for example 10 from the REF of each condition. The REFd total may then be obtained by finding the sum of the REFds for each medical condition of the job applicant and the total REFd may be converted to RR. In some embodiments, the ratio of REFd to RR may be assigned by the one or more healthcare professionals. For this example the REFd to RR ratio may be 10 REFd = 2 RR or 1 REFd = 0.2 RR. Next, in step 505 sum of the RR for the identified medical conditions of the job applicant may be determined. Therefore, REFd for an applicant that was identified as having the medical conditions of mild as mild asthma, migraine headaches, emphysema, irritable bowel syndrome, and dandruff may be calculated as 10.5 which is equivalent to a RR of 2.1. If the sum of the RR for the identified conditions of the applicant is not greater than the RR threshold, then the RR total for the job applicant may be reported in step 508. In some embodiments, the method 500 may then finish. 20 [00047] If the sum of the RR for the identified conditions of the applicant is greater than the RR threshold, a doctor may be allowed to review the RR and REFd values and optionally adjust the RR total on a case by case basis in step 506. If the RR and REFd values are adjusted, the sum of the adjusted RR may be calculated in step 507 and the RR total reported in step 508. In some embodiments, the method 500 may then finish. [00048] FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart that illustrates an example of a computer implemented method of determining the suitability of applicants for specific job roles ("the method 600") with a pre-employment medical assessment system 100 according to various embodiments described herein. The method 600 may provide a tool for determining the suitability of job applicants, especially those with medical conditions, for specific job roles; particularly roles with safety critical aspects such as driving and various forms of machine operating. [00049] In some embodiments, the method 600 may start 601 and the applicant may complete an online medical history questionnaire in step 602. The questions may be administered on a client device 400 (FIGS. 1 and 3) with the answers sent to a database on the data store 308 (FIGS. 1 and 2) of a server 300 (FIGS. 1 and 2) and the positive responses to the questions may be used to identify the one or more medical conditions such as epilepsy, narcolepsy, back pain, circulatory problems, dandruff, eczema, depression, or any other medical condition that the job applicant may suffer from in step 603. In further embodiments, medical conditions may be identified by administering a series of medically relevant questions in a physical format such as on a printed questionnaire and recording the answers to the questions. 21 [00050] The RR total may be determined for the identified conditions in step 604 using the method 500 described in FIG. 4. The RR threshold for ajob role may be identified by the job role that the job applicant is applying for and it may be determined if the RR total of the job applicant is greater than the RR threshold for the job role in step 605. The RR threshold for a job role may be obtained from published guidelines, peer reviewed research publications, RR threshold databases, or any other source. If the RR total of the job applicant is not greater than or optionally equal to the RR threshold for the job role, a fit for duty PEMAS 160 (FIG. 1) may be created in step 607 and the method 600 may finish 609. In some embodiments, an assessing doctor may in his discretion seek treating doctor's management plan and recommend additional medical condition mitigation measures even if the automatically computed RR total is less than the RR threshold of the job role. [00051] If the RR total of the job applicant is greater than or optionally equal to the RR threshold for the job role, it may be determined if mitigation measures are available in step 606 that may be used to reduce the RR total of the job applicant by referring the job applicant to a treating doctor to provide a management plan aimed at reducing risk significantly. This plan can range from confirmation of active pharmacological or surgical treatment, scheduled regular monitoring, provision of assistive aids, provision of education/counseling, imposition of restrictions from certain activities or environmental circumstances and exposures. In some embodiments, feedback reports from treating doctors may be sent electronically by the job applicant to be reviewed by an online assessing doctor. If mitigation measures are available and applicable for reducing the RR total of the job applicant below the RR threshold of the job role, a fit for duty PEMAS 160 (FIG. 1) may be created in step 607 and the method 600 may finish 609. 22 [00052] However, if mitigation measures are not available or the measures are not able to reduce the RR total of the job applicant below the RR threshold of the job role, an unfit for duty PEMAS 160 (FIG. 1) may be created in step 608 and the method 600 may finish 609. In some embodiments, the job applicant may be provided with a PEMAS 160 history review summary outlining appropriate condition management plans detailed in applicant's doctor's plan and additional measures considered relevant may be generated. For condition/s with RR less than the RR threshold, advice to seek adequate management may be provided in a summary document. In further embodiments, a final PEMAS 160 history online assessment confirming fit for duty, fit subject to conditions such as the measures proposed by managing doctor and online assessing doctor; Unfit for role; Unfit till physical assessment by a qualified and approved person; or additional medical information required to make a determination can be assign to a job applicant or to the PEMAS of the job applicant. [00053] FIG. 6 shows a flow chart that illustrates an example of a computer implemented method to make the online PEMAS 160 (FIG. 1) available to job applicants and authorized employers ("the method 700") of a pre-employment medical assessment system 100 according to various embodiments described herein. In further embodiments, the method 700 may comprise coding or masking the PEMAS 160 to incentivize people to pay to access the full data of the PEMAS 160. The method 700 may provide a tool to ensure that job applicants can provide consent to authorize access to the conclusion of a PEMAS 160 made following online PEM history assessment; employers are able to verify that the given job applicant has provided the medical information used for the assessment and that the assessment result produced by an job applicant is made by an approved professional and professional organization. 23 [00054] In some embodiments, the method 700 may start 701 after a PEMAS 160 has been created for a job applicant according the method 600 described in FIG. 5 and the applicant may request one or more copies of a PEMAS in step 702. In some embodiments, the PEMAS may comprise the name of a job applicant, address, date of birth, position applied for and PEM fitness determination, including any recommendations or restrictions. A PEMAS 160 may also comprise a section for the job applicant to sign confirming that he has reviewed the online details and that the information corresponds to the medical information he has provided. In further embodiments, a PEMAS may comprise a section to be signed by the relevant employer personnel who verified the authenticity of the PEMAS provided by a job applicant. [00055] In some embodiments, a job applicant may request a physical copy or a digital copy of a PEMAS 160 which may be given to the job applicant or to an employer. In further embodiments, an applicant may login securely to the system 100 using login credentials entered on a client device 400 (FIGS. 1 and 3) which may be sent to a database on the data store 308 (FIGS. 1 and 2) of a server 300 (FIGS. 1 and 2) that comprises PEMAS data on the job applicant. A digital copy or hardcopy of a uniquely coded PEMAS may then be created in step 703. In some embodiments, a job applicant may indicate the range of medical information available through the PEMAS copy that they wish any other party to access. The unique coding of the PEMAS copy for authentication may correspond to the type of information an authenticating party can access. The various categories of information may include: PEM assessment online summary; copies of reports from treating doctors; copies of test result or other investigation results; information from one or more questionnaires; and/or any other information or combination of information. 24 [00056] In further embodiments, each PEMAS copy of for an applicant may have a different and unique authentication code. A uniquely coded PEMAS copy may prevent unauthorized persons who gain access to the PEMAS copy from accessing the online assessment information. For instance, work colleagues who have access to employees file with the assessment summary will not be able to view details of the assessment online once an authorized personnel has used the code to verify the assessment details. This helps to confer additional confidentiality particularly for smaller businesses without a separate medical and personnel/accounts department. [00057] In some embodiments, a PEMAS copy may be uniquely coded by providing a unique series of letters, numbers, or other indicia that may be associated with PEMAS data in a database on the data store 308 of a server 300. In other embodiments, a PEMAS copy may be uniquely coded by structuring the PEMAS copy to hide some texts in a manner that hints at the result or data of the PEMAS, but with vital data such as data communicating the PEMAS determination conclusion missing. This serves dual purpose of incentivizing the employers to pay and access the result of the online PEM as well as serve as a code for authenticating the assessment summary. In other embodiments, a PEMAS copy may be uniquely coded by embedding in the text of the PEMAS copy one or more word synonyms or antonyms in a coded manner corresponding to the PEMAS data for the job applicant and the nature and extent of information to be made available to a third party. The coded PEMAS copy may then be sent electronically to achieve authentication and verification. [00058] Next, a hard copy and/or digital copy of a uniquely coded PEMAS may be provided to an employer in step 704, and the unique code of the PEMAS copy may be provided to the PEMAS database in step 705. The employer may then verify the authenticity 25 of the PEMAS copy provided by a job applicant by searching an online PEMAS database on a data store 308 through a server 300 using the unique PEMAS code on the PEMAS copy. The unique code of the PEMAS copy may be provided to the PEMAS database by inputting the unique code into an electronic device 400 and sending it to a server 300 comprising a data store 308 with a PEMAS database. If a payment or other consideration is made by the employer or other entity, the employer may then receive the PEMAS data that is associated with the unique code which may be sent from the server 300 to the client device 400 of the employer in step 707 and the method 700 may finish 709. If a payment or other consideration is not made by the employer or other entity, the employer may not receive the PEMAS data that is associated with the unique code in step 708 and the method 700 may end. [00059] In some embodiments, a unique code from a PEMAS copy may only be used once to retrieve PEMAS data associated with the unique code. In further embodiments, a job applicant may be required to pay for the online PEM assessment process and/or PEMAS copy, but a refund may be made when an employer makes a payment and accesses data associated with the unique code of a PEMAS copy. [00060] It will be appreciated that some exemplary embodiments described herein may include one or more generic or specialized processors (or "processing devices") such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, customized processors and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the methods and/or systems described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions may be implemented by a state 26 machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the two approaches may be used. Moreover, some exemplary embodiments may be implemented as a computer readable storage medium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming a computer, server, appliance, device, etc. each of which may include a processor to perform methods as described and claimed herein. Examples of such computer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), a Flash memory, and the like. [00061] Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible program carrier for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The tangible program carrier can be a propagated signal or a computer readable medium. The propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a computer. The computer readable medium can be a machine readable storage device, a machine readable storage 27 substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them. [00062] A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative or procedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. [00063] Additionally, the logic flows and structure block diagrams described in this patent document, which describe particular methods and/or corresponding acts in support of steps and corresponding functions in support of disclosed structural means, may also be utilized to implement corresponding software structures and algorithms, and equivalents thereof. The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. [00064] Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data 28 from a read only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, solid state drives, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. [00065] Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry. [00066] To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. [00067] Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component, e.g., as a data 29 server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described is this specification, or any combination of one or more such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network ("LAN") and a wide area network ("WAN"), e.g., the Internet. [00068] The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client server relationship to each other. [00069] Further, many embodiments are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, these sequence of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that upon execution would cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the invention may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the embodiments described herein, the corresponding form of any such 30 embodiments may be described herein as, for example, "logic configured to" perform the described action. [00070] The computer system may also include a main memory, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device (e.g., dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), and synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)), coupled to the bus for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor. In addition, the main memory may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during the execution of instructions by the processor. The computer system may further include a read only memory (ROM) or other static storage device (e.g., programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), and electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM)) coupled to the bus for storing static information and instructions for the processor. [00071] The computer system may also include a disk controller coupled to the bus to control one or more storage devices for storing information and instructions, such as a magnetic hard disk, and a removable media drive (e.g., floppy disk drive, read-only compact disc drive, read/write compact disc drive, compact disc jukebox, tape drive, and removable magneto-optical drive). The storage devices may be added to the computer system using an appropriate device interface (e.g., small computer system interface (SCSI), integrated device electronics (IDE), enhanced-IDE (E-IDE), direct memory access (DMA), or ultra-DMA). [00072] The computer system may also include special purpose logic devices (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)) or configurable logic devices (e.g., simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)). 31 [00073] The computer system may also include a display controller coupled to the bus to control a display, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD) or any other type of display, for displaying information to a computer user. The computer system may also include input devices, such as a keyboard and a pointing device, for interacting with a computer user and providing information to the processor. Additionally, a touch screen could be employed in conjunction with display. The pointing device, for example, may be a mouse, a trackball, or a pointing stick for communicating direction information and command selections to the processor and for controlling cursor movement on the display. In addition, a printer may provide printed listings of data stored and/or generated by the computer system. [00074] The computer system performs a portion or all of the processing steps of the invention in response to the processor executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in a memory, such as the main memory. Such instructions may be read into the main memory from another computer readable medium, such as a hard disk or a removable media drive. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. [00075] As stated above, the computer system includes at least one computer readable medium or memory for holding instructions programmed according to the teachings of the invention and for containing data structures, tables, records, or other data described herein. Examples of computer readable media are compact discs, hard disks, floppy disks, tape, 32 magneto-optical disks, PROMs (EPROM, EEPROM, flash EPROM), DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, or any other magnetic medium, compact discs (e.g., CD-ROM), or any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, or other physical medium with patterns of holes, a carrier wave (described below), or any other medium from which a computer can read. [00076] Stored on any one or on a combination of computer readable media, the present invention includes software for controlling the computer system, for driving a device or devices for implementing the invention, and for enabling the computer system to interact with a human user. Such software may include, but is not limited to, device drivers, operating systems, development tools, and applications software. Such computer readable media further includes the computer program product of the present invention for performing all or a portion (if processing is distributed) of the processing performed in implementing the invention. [00077] The computer code or software code of the present invention may be any interpretable or executable code mechanism, including but not limited to scripts, interpretable programs, dynamic link libraries (DLLs), Java classes, and complete executable programs. Moreover, parts of the processing of the present invention may be distributed for better performance, reliability, and/or cost. [00078] The term "computer readable medium" as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to the processor for execution. A computer readable medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical, magnetic disks, and magneto-optical disks, such as the hard disk or the removable media drive. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as the main memory. Transmission media 33 includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that make up the bus. Transmission media may also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications. [00079] Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying out one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions for implementing all or a portion of the present invention remotely into a dynamic memory and send the instructions over the air (e.g. through a wireless cellular network or wifi network). A modem local to the computer system may receive the data over the air and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled to the bus can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on the bus. The bus carries the data to the main memory, from which the processor retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by the main memory may optionally be stored on storage device either before or after execution by processor. [00080] The computer system also includes a communication interface coupled to the bus. The communication interface provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link that is connected to, for example, a local area network (LAN), or to another communications network such as the Internet. For example, the communication interface may be a network interface card to attach to any packet switched LAN. As another example, the communication interface may be an asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL) card, an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of communications line. Wireless links may also be 34 implemented. In any such implementation, the communication interface sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information. [00081] The network link typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, the network link may provide a connection to another computer or remotely located presentation device through a local network (e.g., a LAN) or through equipment operated by a service provider, which provides communication services through a communications network. In some embodiments, the local network and the communications network preferably use electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on the network link and through the communication interface, which carry the digital data to and from the computer system, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information. The computer system can transmit and receive data, including program code, through the network(s) and, the network link and the communication interface. Moreover, the network link may provide a connection through a LAN to a client device such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), laptop computer, or cellular telephone. The LAN communications network and the other communications networks such as cellular wireless and wifi networks may use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The processor system can transmit notifications and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), the network link and the communication interface. [00082] Although the present invention has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples may perform 35 similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present invention, are contemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered by the following claims. 36