AU2015339739A1

AU2015339739A1 - Flow distribution assemblies with shunt tubes and erosion-resistant shunt nozzles

Info

Publication number: AU2015339739A1
Application number: AU2015339739A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Liam Andrew AITKEN; Matthew Ryan GOMMEL
Original assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Current assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Priority date: 2014-10-31
Filing date: 2015-10-15
Publication date: 2017-04-06
Anticipated expiration: 2035-10-15
Also published as: US20170298711A1; AU2015339739C1; GB2545591A; WO2016069278A1; MY181105A; GB201704517D0; AU2015339739B2; GB2545591B

Abstract

A shunt tube assembly includes a shunt tube having an inner flow path for a fluid and defining an opening in a sidewall of the shunt tube. A shunt nozzle is coupled to the sidewall and has an elongate slot defined therethrough and is aligned with the opening to provide fluid communication between the inner flow path and an exterior of the shunt tube. The elongate slot has a length and a height, and the length is greater than the height.

Description

WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 1

FLOW DISTRIBUTION ASSEMBLIES WITH SHUNT TUBES AND EROSION-RESISTANT SHUNT NOZZLES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application is related and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 62/073,240, filed on October 31, 2014.

BACKGROUND

[0002] In the course of completing wellbores traversing hydrocarbonbearing subterranean formations, it is oftentimes desirable to inject various types of fluids into the wellbore for a number of purposes. For example, steam is often injected into surrounding formations to stimulate the production of high-viscosity hydrocarbons, and treatment fluids, such as hydrochloric acid, are often injected into a wellbore to react with acid-soluble materials present within the formation and thereby enlarge pore spaces in the formation. In other applications, water or a gas may be injected into the surrounding formations to maintain formation pressures so that a producing well can continue production. In yet other applications, a gravel slurry is deposited in spaced intervals surrounding well screens during gravel-packing operations.

[0003] Such fluid injection operations are typically carried out by placing an injection string at a desired location within a wellbore. The injection string oftentimes includes a wellbore screen assembly that includes one or more sand screens arranged about perforated production tubing. The annulus between the sand screens and the wellbore wall is generally gravel-packed to mitigate the influx of formation sands derived from the surrounding subterranean formations. Packers are customarily set above and below sand screen assemblies to seal off the annulus in the zone where production fluids flow into the production tubing. The annulus around the sand screens is then packed with a gravel slurry, which comprises relatively coarse sand or gravel suspended within water or a gel and acts as a filter to reduce the amount of fine formation sand reaching the screens.

[0004] During the gravel packing process, annular sand bridges can form around the sand screen assembly that may prevent the complete circumscribing of the screen structure with gravel in the completed well. This incomplete screen structure coverage by the gravel may leave an axial portion of WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 2 the sand screen exposed to the fine formation sand, thereby undesirably lowering the overall filtering efficiency of the sand screen structure.

[0005] One approach to avoiding the creation of annulus sand bridges has been to incorporate shunt tubes that longitudinally extend across the sand screens. The shunt tubes provide flow paths that allow the inflowing gravel slurry to bypass any sand bridges that may be formed and otherwise permit the gravel slurry to enter the annulus between the sand screens and the wellbore beneath sand bridges, thereby forming the desired gravel pack beneath it.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, and should not be viewed as exclusive embodiments. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0007] FIG. 1 depicts a well system that can employ one or more principles of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIGS. 2A and 2B depict isometric and cross-sectional side views, respectively, of an exemplary shunt tube assembly.

[0009] FIGS. 3A and 3B depict isometric and cross-sectional side views, respectively, of another exemplary shunt tube assembly.

[0010] FIGS. 4A-4C depict views of yet another exemplary shunt tube assembly.

[0011] FIGS. 5A-5B depict views of another exemplary shunt tube assembly.

[0012] FIGS. 6A-6B depict views of another exemplary shunt tube assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] The present disclosure generally relates to downhole fluid flow control and, more particularly, to flow distribution assemblies used to distribute fluid flow into surrounding subterranean formations.

[0014] The presently disclosed embodiments enable relatively high rates of fluid flow through a flow distribution assembly during gravel packing and/or formation fracture packing operations. The exemplary flow distribution WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 3 assemblies described herein include shunt tubes that extend along the exterior of a work string to allow for fluid communication. In some embodiments, the shunt tubes include one or more shunt nozzles coupled to a sidewall of the shunt tube and have an elongate slot defined therethrough. The elongate slot may be aligned with an opening defined in the sidewall to provide fluid communication between the inner flow path of the shunt tube and an exterior thereof. The geometry (shape) of the elongate slot may allow for the same or greater cross-sectional flow area as would be provided by a shunt nozzle having a circular hole, but does not require the circular footprint. As a result, the shape of the elongate slot may help reduce erosion of the shunt nozzle by increasing the flow area, which has a direct correlation to reduction in velocity for similar flow rates.

[0015] Referring to FIG. 1, illustrated is an exemplary well system 100 that can employ one or more principles of the present disclosure, according to one or more embodiments. As depicted, the well system 100 includes a wellbore 102 that extends through various earth strata and may have a substantially vertical section 104 that may transition into a substantially horizontal section 106. The upper portion of the vertical section 104 may have a liner or casing string 108 secured therein with, for example, cement 110. The horizontal section 106 may extend through a hydrocarbon bearing subterranean formation 112. As illustrated, the horizontal section 106 may be arranged within or otherwise extend through an open hole section of the wellbore 102. In other embodiments, however, the horizontal section 106 of the wellbore 102 may also be completed using casing 108 or the like, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0016] A work string 114 may be positioned within the wellbore 102 and extend from the surface (not shown). The work string 114 provides a conduit for fluids to be conveyed either to or from the formation 112. Accordingly, the work string 114 may be characterized as an injection string in embodiments where fluids are introduced or otherwise conveyed to the formation 112, but may alternatively be characterized as production tubing in embodiments where fluids are extracted from the formation 112 to be conveyed to the surface.

[0017] At its lower end, the work string 114 may be coupled to or otherwise form part of a completion assembly 116 generally arranged within the horizontal section 106. As depicted, the completion assembly 116 may include a plurality of flow distribution assemblies 118 axially offset from each other along portions of the completion assembly 116. Each flow distribution assembly 118 WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 4 may include one or more sand screens 120 disposed about the outer surface of the work string 114. The sand screens 120 may comprise fluid-porous, particulate restricting devices made from a plurality of layers of a wire mesh that are diffusion bonded or sintered together to form a fluid porous wire mesh screen. In other embodiments, however, the sand screens 120 may have multiple layers of a woven wire metal mesh material having a uniform pore structure and a controlled pore size that is determined based upon the properties of the formation 112. For example, suitable woven wire mesh screens may include, but are not limited to, a plain Dutch weave, a twilled Dutch weave, a reverse Dutch weave, combinations thereof, or the like. In other embodiments, however, the sand screens 120 may include a single layer of wire mesh, multiple layers of wire mesh that are not bonded together, a single layer of wire wrap, multiple layers of wire wrap or the like, that may or may not operate with a drainage layer. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that several other sand screen 120 designs are equally suitable, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0018] Each flow distribution assembly 118 may further include one or more shunt tubes 122 that extend along the exterior of the work string 114 and the sand screens 120 and otherwise within an annulus 124 defined between the flow distribution assemblies 118 and the wall of the wellbore 102. The shunt tubes 122 may be configured to convey fluids to various fluid flow points along the axial length of the completion assembly 116 so that the fluid can be evenly distributed within an annulus 124 defined between the flow distribution assemblies 118 and the wall of the wellbore 102. Accordingly, the completion assembly 116 may prove useful in various wellbore operations, such as gravelpacking operations, fracture packing operations, and the like. In such wellbore operations, the fluids that may be conveyed by the shunt tubes 122 may include, but are not limited to, a fracturing fluid, a proppant slurry, a gravel slurry, and any combination thereof.

[0019] The shunt tubes 122 may include at least one transport tube that extends along all or substantially all of the completion assembly 116 and may further include one or more packing tubes that extend from the transport tube(s). The transport tube(s) may be open to the annulus 124 at its uphole end to receive the fluid therein to flow along the entire axial length of the transport tube(s). The fluid may enter the annulus 124 via a crossover sub (not shown), or WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 5 the like, positioned within the work string 114 above the uppermost flow distribution assembly 118. The crossover sub discharges the fluid into the annulus 124 from the interior of the work string 114, and a portion of the fluid is received by the transport tube(s). As the fluid flows down (within) the transport tube(s), a portion of the fluid is able to flow into the packing tubes, which split off the transport tube(s) and run substantially parallel thereto along all or a portion of each flow distribution assembly 118. Each packing tube may include one or more openings or outlets that are able to discharge the fluid into the annulus 124 at predetermined locations. In other embodiments, the transport tube(s) may also include one or more openings or outlets that are able to discharge the fluid into the annulus 124 at predetermined locations.

[0020] The fluids discharged into the annulus 124 may contain solid particulates, such as gravel, proppant, and other solid debris that, over time, may tend to erode certain surfaces of the shunt tubes 122, such as the openings or outlets facilitate fluid discharge into the annulus 124. As such openings erode and enlarge, usually those near the upper end of the shunt tubes 122, more and more of the fluid (e.g., a gravel slurry) will exit through the enlarged openings with less and less of the fluid will reach the lower, smaller openings in the shunt tubes 122. This increased flow through the larger, eroded openings can cause "sand bridges" (/'.e., the accumulation of particulates) to form in the shunt tubes 122, which may block any further substantial downward flow in the affected shunt tubes 122. Once this occurs, no further fluid can be delivered through the affected shunt tube 122 to the downhole portions of the wellbore 102. Another effect of having enlarged or eroded openings due to erosion is a loss of control in the direction of the flow. If the flow is redirected towards the sand screens 120, damage could ensue and thereby cause a loss in filtering capability.

[0021] According to the present disclosure, the fluid flow points provided in the shunt tubes 122 may each include a shunt fitting and/or a shunt nozzle. The shunt fittings and the shunt nozzles associated with the shunt tubes 122 may be made of erosion-resistant materials and thereby provide an erosion-resistant exit pathway for fluids to exit the shunt tubes 122 into the annulus 124.

[0022] It should be noted that even though FIG. 1 depicts the flow distribution assemblies 118 as being arranged in an open hole portion of the wellbore 102, alternative embodiments are contemplated herein where one or more of the flow distribution assemblies 118 is arranged within a cased portion of WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 6 the wellbore 102. Further, even though FIG. 1 depicts the flow distribution assemblies 118 as being arranged in the horizontal section 106 of the wellbore 102, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the principles of the present disclosure are equally well suited for use in vertical wells, deviated wellbores, slanted wells, multilateral wells, combinations thereof, and the like. As used herein, directional terms such as above, below, upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, uphole, downhole and the like are used in relation to the illustrative embodiments as they are depicted in the figures, the upward direction being toward the top of the corresponding figure and the downward direction being toward the bottom of the corresponding figure, the uphole direction being toward the surface of the well and the downhole direction being toward the toe of the well.

[0023] Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, with continued reference to FIG. 1, illustrated are isometric and cross-sectional side views, respectively, of an exemplary shunt tube assembly 200, according to one or more embodiments. The shunt tube assembly 200 (hereafter the "assembly 200") may be used in the exemplary well system 100 of FIG. 1. More particularly, the assembly 200 may be positioned or otherwise arranged at various points within one or more of the shunt tubes 122 of the flow distribution assemblies 118 of FIG. 1. As illustrated, the assembly 200 may include a shunt tube 202 and an associated shunt fitting 204. The shunt tube 202 may be the same as or similar to any of the shunt tubes 122 of FIG. 1. Accordingly, the shunt tube 202 may be a transport tube or a packing tube, as described above, and may be configured to convey fluids from the annulus 124 (FIG. 1) to various fluid flow points along the axial length of the completion assembly 116 (FIG. 1).

[0024] At least one of the fluid flow points may correspond to the location of the shunt fitting 204. As illustrated, the shunt fitting 204 may be positioned inline in the shunt tube 202. More particularly, the shunt fitting 204 may interpose a first or upper portion 206a of the shunt tube 202 and a second or lower portion 206b of the shunt tube 202. The shunt fitting 204 may be attached to the upper and lower portions 206a,b of the shunt tube 202 at corresponding attachment locations 207a and 207b, respectively, via a variety of attachment means including, but not limited to, welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), shrink fitting, interference fitting, or any combination thereof. While only one shunt fitting 204 WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 7 is shown as positioned inline in the shunt tube 202, it will be appreciated that multiple shunt fittings 204 may be connected inline in the shunt tube 202 to provide a corresponding multiple number of fluid flow point locations.

[0025] The shunt tube 202 may be generally tubular or, in other words, in the general shape of a tube or a conduit. As best seen in FIG. 2B, the shunt tube 202 may provide a fluid conduit or inner flow path 208 for the flow of a fluid, as shown by the arrows A. The fluid A may be any of the fluids mentioned above including, but not limited to, a fracturing fluid, a gravel slurry, and any combination thereof. In the illustrated embodiment, the shunt tube 202 and the shunt fitting 204 are depicted as having a generally rectangular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, however, the shunt tube 202 and the shunt fitting 204 may alternatively exhibit a circular cross-section or any other polygonal cross-section, such as triangular, square, trapezoidal, or any other polygonal shape. In yet other embodiments, the shunt tube 202 and the shunt fitting 204 may exhibit a cross-sectional shape that is substantially oval or kidney shaped, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0026] As illustrated, the shunt fitting 204 may include an outlet 210 that fluidly communicates with the inner flow path 208. The outlet 210 may provide an opening or exit port for at least a portion of the fluid A to be discharged from the assembly 200. In some embodiments, the outlet 210 may comprise a hole that is flush with the body of the shunt fitting 204. In other embodiments, as illustrated, the outlet 210 may comprise a nozzle feature that extends from the body of the shunt fitting 204 at an angle 212 (FIG. 2B) with respect to the longitudinal axis of the shunt tube 202. The angle 212 may be any angle ranging between 1° and 179° with respect to the shunt tube 202. In the illustrated embodiment, the angle 212 is about 25° offset from the shunt tube 202 (i.e., its longitudinal axis), but could alternatively be greater or smaller than 25°, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0027] In order to prevent or otherwise reduce erosion resulting from the circulating fluid A during operation, the shunt fitting 204 may be made of an erosion-resistant material. The erosion-resistant material may be, but is not limited to, a carbide (e.g., tungsten, titanium, tantalum, or vanadium), a carbide embedded in a matrix of cobalt or nickel by sintering, a cobalt alloy, a ceramic, a surface hardened metal (e.g., nitrided metals, heat-treated metals, carburized metals, hardened steel, etc.), a steel alloy (e.g. a nickel-chromium alloy, a WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 8 molybdenum alloy, etc.), a cermet-based material, a metal matrix composite, a nanocrystalline metallic alloy, an amorphous alloy, a hard metallic alloy, or any combination thereof.

[0028] In other embodiments, or in addition thereto, the interior or inner walls of the shunt fitting 204 may be clad or coated with an erosion-resistant material, such as tungsten carbide, a cobalt alloy, or ceramic. In such embodiments, the outlet 210 of the shunt fitting 204 in particular may be clad or coated with the erosion-resistant material. The interior or inner walls of the shunt fitting 204 may be clad with the erosion-resistant material via any suitable process including, but not limited to, weld overlay, thermal spraying, laser beam cladding, electron beam cladding, vapor deposition (chemical, physical, etc.), any combination thereof, and the like.

[0029] In some embodiments, the shunt tube 202 may also be configured to be erosion-resistant or otherwise comprise an erosion-resistant material. For instance, the shunt tube 202 may be made of a carbide or a ceramic. In other embodiments, the shunt tube 202 may be made of a metal or other material that is internally cladded with an erosion-resistant material such as, but not limited to, tungsten carbide, a cobalt alloy, or ceramic. In yet other embodiments, the shunt tube 202 may be made of a material that has been surface hardened, such as surface hardened metals (e.g., via nitriding), heat treated metals (e.g., using 13 chrome), carburized metals, or the like. In even further embodiments, the shunt tube 202, or a portion thereof, may be an Aramid-type fiber tube, such as a Kevlar or other type of composite material.

[0030] Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, illustrated are isometric and cross-sectional side views, respectively, of another exemplary shunt tube assembly 300, according to one or more embodiments. The shunt tube assembly 300 (hereafter the "assembly 300") may be used in the exemplary well system 100 of FIG. 1 and may be similar in some respects to the assembly 200 of FIGS. 2A-2B and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals indicate like components not described again in detail. Similar to the assembly 200, the assembly 300 may include the shunt tube 202, including the upper and lower portions 206a,b thereof. The assembly 300 may also include the shunt fitting 204, including the outlet 210 that fluidly communicates with the inner flow path 208 to provide an exit for at least a portion of the fluid A to be discharged from the shunt tube 202. In some WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 9 embodiments, as illustrated, the outlet 210 may be a nozzle that extends from the body of the shunt fitting 204 at the angle 212 (FIG. 3B).

[0031] Unlike the assembly 200 of FIGS. 2A-2B, however, the assembly 300 may further include a first or upper coupling assembly 302a and a second or lower coupling assembly 302b. The upper coupling assembly 302a may include an upper coupling 304a and the lower coupling assembly 302b may include a lower coupling 304b. The upper and lower couplings 304a,b may be configured to be coupled or otherwise attached to opposing ends of the shunt fitting 204. More particularly, a first or upper end 306a of the shunt fitting 204 may be coupled to the upper coupling 304a, and a second or lower end 306b of the shunt fitting 204 may be coupled to the lower coupling 304b. The upper and lower couplings 304a,b may be coupled to the upper and lower ends 306a,b of the shunt fitting 204, respectively, via a variety of attachment means including, but not limited to, welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), shrink fitting, interference fitting, or any combination thereof.

[0032] In some embodiments, the upper and lower couplings 304a,b may be directly coupled or otherwise attached to the upper and lower portions 206a,b of the shunt tube 202, respectively, such as via welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), shrink fitting, interference fitting, or any combination thereof. In other embodiments, however, one or both of the upper and lower coupling assemblies 302a,b may include an extension, such as an upper extension 308a and/or a lower extension 308b. The upper and lower extensions 308a,b may be similar in cross-sectional shape to the shunt tube 202. At one end, the upper and lower extensions 308a,b may be coupled or otherwise attached to the upper and lower couplings 304a,b, respectively, and at the other end, the upper and lower extensions 308a,b may be coupled or otherwise attached to the upper and lower portions 206a,b of the shunt tube 202, respectively. Such coupling engagements of the upper and lower extensions 308a,b with the upper and lower couplings 304a,b and the upper and lower portions 206a,b of the shunt tube 202 may be accomplished via any one of welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), shrink fitting, interference fitting, or any combination thereof. WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 10 [0033] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the advantage that the assembly 300 may provide to a well operator. For instance, the upper and lower coupling assemblies 302a,b may allow the shunt fitting 204 to be coupled to the upper and lower couplings 304a,b, and optionally the upper and lower extensions 308a,b, offsite prior to being delivered to a well site. This may allow a manufacturer to properly braze the upper and lower couplings 304a,b to the shunt fitting 204, which may be made of a material that is difficult to weld, such as tungsten carbide. Once on site, the upper and lower coupling assemblies 302a,b may be coupled to the upper and lower portions 206a,b of the shunt tube 202, respectively, using common attachment means, such as welding or brazing techniques, an adhesive, a mechanical fastener, shrink fitting, interference fitting, and any combination thereof.

[0034] Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4C, illustrated are various views of yet another exemplary shunt tube assembly 400, according to one or more embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 4A depicts an isometric view of the shunt tube assembly 400 (hereafter the "assembly 400"), FIG. 4B depicts a cross-sectional side view of one embodiment of the assembly 400, and FIG. 4C depicts a cross-sectional side view of a second embodiment of the assembly 400. The assembly 400 may be used in the exemplary well system 100 of FIG. 1 and may be similar in some respects to the assemblies 200 and 300 of FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals indicate like components not described again.

[0035] Similar to the assemblies 200 and 300 of FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B, the assembly 400 may include the shunt tube 202 for conveying the fluid A therethrough. Unlike the assemblies 200 and 300, however, the assembly 400 may further include a shunt nozzle 402 that extends from the shunt tube 202 at an angle 404 (FIGS. 4B and 4C) that provides an exit for at least a portion of the fluid A to be discharged from the assembly 400. The angle 404 may be any angle ranging between 1° and 179° with respect to the shunt tube 202. In the illustrated embodiment, the angle 404 is about 45° offset from the shunt tube 202, but could alternatively be greater or smaller than 45°, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0036] The shunt nozzle 402 may be a substantially tubular structure that fluidly communicates with an opening 406 defined in the shunt tube 202. The opening 406 may provide fluid communication between the inner flow path WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 11 208 of the shunt tube 202 and an exterior thereof. In some embodiments, as illustrated, the shunt nozzle 402 may have a generally circular or cylindrical cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, however, the shunt nozzle 402 may alternatively have a polygonal cross-sectional shape, such as triangular, square, rectangular, trapezoidal, or any other polygonal shape. In yet other embodiments, the shunt nozzle 402 may exhibit a cross-sectional shape that is substantially oval or kidney shaped, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0037] Similar to the shunt fitting 204 of FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B, the shunt nozzle 402 may also be made of an erosion-resistant material, such as those discussed above. In other embodiments, or in addition thereto, the interior or inner surfaces of the shunt nozzle 402 may be clad or coated with an erosion-resistant material, such as tungsten carbide, a cobalt alloy, or ceramic. In some embodiments, the erosion-resistant material may be applied to the inner surfaces of the shunt nozzle 402 before the shunt nozzle 402 is coupled to the shunt tube 202. In other embodiments, the erosion-resistant material may be applied to the inner surfaces of the shunt nozzle 402 after the shunt nozzle 402 is coupled to the shunt tube 202, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0038] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, the shunt nozzle 402 is depicted as being inserted into the opening 406 and otherwise coupled to the shunt tube 202 as recessed into the opening 406. In such embodiments, the shunt nozzle 402 may be coupled to the shunt tube 202 within the opening 406 via a variety of attachment means including, but not limited to, welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), shrink fitting, interference fitting, or any combination thereof.

[0039] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4C, the shunt nozzle 402 is depicted as being aligned with the opening 406 and flush mounted to the outer surface of the shunt tube 202. In such embodiments, the shunt nozzle 402 may be coupled or otherwise attached to the outer surface of the shunt tube 202 via one or more of welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), or any combination thereof.

[0040] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate isometric and cross-sectional isometric views, respectively, of another exemplary shunt tube assembly 500, according to one or more additional embodiments. The shunt tube assembly WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 12 500 (hereafter the "assembly 500") may be used in the exemplary well system 100 of FIG. 1 and may be similar in some respects to the assemblies 200, 300, and 400 described above, and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals indicate like components not described again.

[0041] Similar to the assemblies 200, 300, 400, for example, the assembly 500 may include a shunt tube 202 for conveying the fluid A therethrough. The assembly 500 may further include a shunt nozzle 502 that extends from a sidewall of the shunt tube 202. The shunt nozzle 502 may generally comprise a six-sided block having a first end 504a, a second end 504b opposite the first end 504a, a top 506a, a bottom 506b opposite the top 506a, a first side 508a, and a second side 508b opposite the first side 508a. In the illustrated embodiment, the shunt nozzle 502 is formed in the general shape of a rectangular block, but could alternatively comprise a square block, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0042] An elongate slot 510 is defined through the shunt nozzle 502 and extends between the opposing first and second sides 508a,b. As shown in FIG. 5A, the elongate slot 510 has a length 512 and a height 514. The length 512 comprises a horizontal measurement of the elongate slot 510 generally parallel to the shunt tube 202 and extending in the direction generally between the first and second ends 504a,b. The height 514 comprises a vertical measurement of the elongate slot 510 generally orthogonal to the shunt tube 202 and extending in the direction generally between the top and bottom 506a,b. As seen in FIG. 5B, the elongate slot 510 also exhibits a depth 516, which comprises a measurement extending between the first and second sides 508a,b.

[0043] As used herein, the term "elongate slot" refers to an opening defined in the shunt nozzle 502 where magnitudes or measurements of the length 512 and the height 514 of the opening are dissimilar. In the illustrated embodiment, for instance, the length 512 of the opening is greater than the height 514. In other embodiments, however, the height 514 of the opening may alternatively be greater than the length 512, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The elongate slot 510 may exhibit any cross-sectional shape where the length 512 of the opening is greater than the height 514. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the cross-sectional shape of the elongate slot 510 is generally rectangular with rounded ends or corners, but could WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 13 alternatively include sharp or squared off ends. In other embodiments, however, the cross-sectional shape of the elongate slot 510 may be oval, ovoid, kidney shaped, a parallelogram, or any other polygonal cross-sectional shape where the length 512 is greater than the height 514.

[0044] The geometry (shape) of the elongate slot 510 may prove advantageous in creating a smoother transition for the fluid A to exit the rectangular-shaped shunt tube 202, which may help reduce erosion. More particularly, the flow of the fluid A through the elongate slot 510 may be more laminar as compared to circular nozzles, and thereby exhibiting more favorable flow characteristics. Moreover, the geometry of the elongate slot 510 may allow for the same or greater cross-sectional flow area as would be provided by a shunt nozzle having a circular hole, but does not require the circular footprint, which may not physically fit on the sidewall of the rectangular shunt tube 202. Accordingly, the shape of the elongate slot 510 may help reduce the erosion of the shunt nozzle 502 by increasing the flow area, which has a direct correlation to the reduction in velocity for similar flow rates.

[0045] In some embodiments, the length 512 of the elongate slot 510 may be constant along the depth 516 between the opposing first and second sides 508a,b. In other embodiments, however, the magnitude of the length 512 may vary along the depth 516, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In such embodiments, for example, the length 512 may taper outward from the first side 508a to the second side 508b along the depth 516, or alternatively taper inward from the first side 508a to the second side 508b. In other embodiments, the length 512 may vary (i.e., undulate) along the depth 516 between the opposing first and second sides 508a,b, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0046] Moreover, in some embodiments, the height 514 of the elongate slot 510 may be constant across the length 512 of the elongate slot 510, but may alternatively vary across the length 512. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the elongate slot 510 may define a channel 518 that extends along the depth 516 between the opposing first and second sides 508a,b and exhibits a height 520 that is greater than the height 514. Stated differently, the channel 518 may comprise a portion of the elongate slot 510 where the height 514 increases as compared to remaining portions of the elongate slot 510. In some embodiments, as illustrated, the channel 518 may comprise a generally round WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 14 conduit that extends along the depth 516. In other embodiments, however, the channel 518 may exhibit other cross-sectional shapes, such as oval, ovoid, polygonal, or any combination thereof, where the height 514 along the length 512 is increased.

[0047] Similar to the assembly 400 of FIG. 4C, the shunt nozzle 502 may be aligned with the opening 406 and flush mounted to the outer surface of the shunt tube 202. More particularly, the elongate slot 510 may be aligned with the opening 406, and the first side 508a of the shunt nozzle 502 may be coupled or otherwise secured to the outer surface of the shunt tube 202 via one or more of welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), or any combination thereof. The elongate slot 510 provides fluid communication between the inner flow path 208 of the shunt tube 202 and the exterior and thereby provides an exit for at least a portion of the fluid A to be discharged from the assembly 500.

[0048] The elongate slot 510 may extend at an angle 522 (FIG. 5B) with respect to the shunt tube 202. The angle 522 may be any angle ranging between 1° and 179° with respect to the shunt tube 202. In the illustrated embodiment, the angle 522 is about 75° offset from the shunt tube 202, but could alternatively be greater or smaller than 75°, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0049] In some embodiments, the shunt nozzle 502 may be made of a block of erosion-resistant material, such as any of the erosion-resistant materials listed herein. In other embodiments, however, and since the geometry of the elongate slot 510 helps reduce erosion of the shunt nozzle 502 by increasing the flow area (i.e., larger cross-sectional area = lower fluid velocity = less erosion), the shunt nozzle 502 may alternatively be made of more common steels or less resilient metal alloys. Use of stainless steels, such as chromium or nickel alloys having an SAE designation 3XX or harder or even less resilient alloys, reduces the complexity in manufacturing as many erosion-resistant materials require more elaborate and costly securing practices such as brazing. Accordingly, the shunt nozzle 502 may alternatively be made with a variety of heat-treated stainless steels such as, but not limited to, 410SST, 135MY, or 30MY (SAE designations). As will be appreciated, using such basic metallic materials may prove advantageous in allowing simpler manufacturing WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 15 construction, where basic welding practices and other securing means can be used.

[0050] In yet other embodiments, or in addition to the foregoing materials, the interior or inner surfaces of the shunt nozzle 502 may be clad or coated with an erosion-resistant material, such as tungsten carbide, a cobalt alloy, or ceramic. In some embodiments, the erosion-resistant material may be applied to the inner surfaces of the shunt nozzle 502 before it is coupled to the shunt tube 202. In other embodiments, the erosion-resistant material may be applied to the inner surfaces of the shunt nozzle 502 after it is coupled to the shunt tube 202, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0051] FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate isometric and cross-sectional isometric views, respectively, of another exemplary shunt tube assembly 600, according to one or more additional embodiments. The shunt tube assembly 600 (hereafter the "assembly 600") may be used in the exemplary well system 100 of FIG. 1 and may be similar in some respects to the assembly 500 of FIGS. 5A-5B and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto, where like numerals indicate like components not described again.

[0052] Similar to the assembly 500, for example, the assembly 600 may include a shunt tube 202 for conveying the fluid A therethrough. The assembly 600 may further include the shunt nozzle 502, as generally described above. An elongate slot 602 is defined through the shunt nozzle 502 and extends between the opposing first and second sides 508a,b. As with the elongate slot 510 of FIGS. 5A-5B, the elongate slot 602 has the length 512, the height 514, and the depth 516, where the length 512 and the height 514 of the elongate slot 602 are dissimilar. In the illustrated embodiment, the length 512 is depicted as greater than the height 514, but could alternatively be smaller than the height 514, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The elongate slot 602 may exhibit any cross-sectional shape where the length 512 of the opening is greater than the height 514. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the cross-sectional shape of the elongate slot 602 is generally rectangular with rounded corners, but could alternatively exhibit a cross-sectional shape that is oval, ovoid, kidney shaped, a parallelogram, or any other polygonal cross-sectional shape where the length 512 is greater than the height 514. WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 16 [0053] Again, the shunt nozzle 502 and, more particularly, the elongate slot 602 may be aligned with the opening 406 and flush mounted to the outer surface of the shunt tube 202 via one or more of welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, pins, snap rings, etc.), or any combination thereof. The elongate slot 602 provides fluid communication between the inner flow path 208 of the shunt tube 202 and the exterior and thereby provides an exit for at least a portion of the fluid A to be discharged from the assembly 600. Moreover, the elongate slot 602 may extend at the angle 522 (FIG. 6B) with respect to the shunt tube 202 and to inner flow path 208.

[0054] While the assemblies 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 described herein are generally described with reference to injection operations, where a fluid A is injected into a surrounding formation 112 (FIG. 1) via the shunt tubes 202 and associated shunt fittings 204 or shunt nozzles 402, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the assemblies 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 may alternatively be used in production operations (e.g., reverse-flow operations), without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, in other embodiments, the flow of another fluid (not shown), such as a formation fluid, may instead be drawn into the shunt tubes 202 via the shunt fittings 204 or shunt nozzles 402, 502, or 602 and subsequently into the inner flow path 208 to be produced to the surface. Advantageously, the erosion-resistant characteristics of the shunt tubes 202 and the shunt fittings 204 and shunt nozzles 402, 502, or 602 allow the fluids to be produced without causing detrimental eroding.

[0055] Embodiments disclosed herein include: [0056] A. A shunt tube assembly that includes a shunt tube having an inner flow path for a fluid and defining an opening in a sidewall of the shunt tube, and a shunt nozzle coupled to the sidewall and having an elongate slot defined therethrough and aligned with the opening to provide fluid communication between the inner flow path and an exterior of the shunt tube, wherein the elongate slot has a length and a height, and the length is dissimilar to the height.

[0057] B. A method that includes introducing a flow distribution assembly into a wellbore on a work string, the flow distribution assembly including at least one shunt tube extending along an exterior of the work string WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 17 and having an inner flow path for a fluid and defining an opening in a sidewall of the shunt tube, conveying the fluid into the inner flow path from an annulus defined between the work string and the wellbore, and discharging at least a portion of the fluid from the at least one shunt tube at a shunt nozzle coupled to the sidewall and having an elongate slot defined therethrough and aligned with the opening to provide fluid communication between the inner flow path and the annulus, wherein the elongate slot has a length and a height, and the length is dissimilar to the height.

[0058] Each of embodiments A and B may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: wherein the shunt tube is rectangular and the length is a horizontal measurement of the elongate slot generally parallel to the shunt tube, and the height is a vertical measurement of the elongate slot generally orthogonal to the shunt tube. Element 2: wherein the length is greater than the height. Element 3: wherein the shunt nozzle is a six-sided block comprising a first end and a second end opposite the first end, a top and a bottom opposite the top, and a first side and a second side opposite the first side, wherein the elongate slot extends between the first and second sides. Element 4: wherein the length of the elongate slot is constant between the first and second sides. Element 5: wherein the length of the elongate slot varies between the first and second sides. Element 6: wherein the height of the elongate slot is constant across the length of the elongate slot. Element 7: wherein the height of the elongate slot varies across the length of the elongate slot. Element 8: wherein the elongate slot defines a channel where the height is increased as compared to remaining portions of the elongate slot. Element 9: wherein the channel exhibits a cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, oval, ovoid, polygonal, and any combination thereof. Element 10: wherein the shunt nozzle is coupled to the sidewall by at least one of welding, brazing, an adhesive, a mechanical fastener, and any combination thereof. Element 11: wherein the elongate slot extends from the shunt tube at an angle ranging between 1° and 179° with respect to the shunt tube. Element 12: wherein the shunt nozzle comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a carbide embedded in a matrix of cobalt or nickel by sintering, a cobalt alloy, a ceramic, a surface-hardened metal, a steel alloy, a chromium alloy, a nickel alloy, a cermet-based material, a metal matrix composite, a nanocrystalline metallic alloy, an amorphous alloy, a hard metallic WO 2016/069278 PCT/US2015/055703 18 alloy, or any combination thereof. Element 13: wherein an inner surface of the shunt nozzle is clad with an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a cobalt alloy, and a ceramic.

[0059] Element 14: further comprising preventing erosion of the shunt fitting, wherein the shunt nozzle comprises an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a ceramic, a cobalt alloy, a surface-hardened metal, stainless steel, a nickel-chromium alloy, a molybdenum alloy, and a chromium steel. Element 15: further comprising preventing erosion of an inner surface of the shunt nozzle, wherein the inner surface of the shunt nozzle is clad with an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a cobalt alloy, and a ceramic. Element 16: further comprising preventing erosion of the at least one shunt tube, wherein the at least one shunt tube comprises an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a ceramic, a cobalt alloy, a surface-hardened metal, and a composite. Element 17: wherein the elongate slot defines a channel where the height is increased along the length as compared to remaining portions of the elongate slot. Element 18: wherein the shunt tube is rectangular and the length is a horizontal measurement of the elongate slot generally parallel to the shunt tube and the height is a vertical measurement of the elongate slot generally orthogonal to the shunt tube, and wherein the length is greater than the height.

[0060] By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A and B include: Element 3 with Element 4; Element 3 with Element 5; Element 7 with Element 8; and Element 8 with Element 9.

[0061] Therefore, the disclosed systems and methods are well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the teachings of the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope of the present disclosure. The systems and methods illustratively disclosed herein may suitably be practiced in the absence WO 2016/069278 PCT/U S2015/055703 19 of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein. While compositions and methods are described in terms of "comprising," "containing," or "including" various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" the various components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, "from about a to about b," or, equivalently, "from approximately a to b," or, equivalently, "from approximately a-b") disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles "a" or "an," as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted.

[0062] As used herein, the phrase "at least one of" preceding a series of items, with the terms "and" or "or" to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (/'.e., each item). The phrase "at least one of" allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A shunt tube assembly, comprising: a shunt tube having an inner flow path for a fluid and defining an opening in a sidewall of the shunt tube; and a shunt nozzle coupled to the sidewall and having an elongate slot defined therethrough and aligned with the opening to provide fluid communication between the inner flow path and an exterior of the shunt tube, wherein the elongate slot has a length and a height, and the length is dissimilar to the height.
2. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein the shunt tube is rectangular and the length is a horizontal measurement of the elongate slot generally parallel to the shunt tube, and the height is a vertical measurement of the elongate slot generally orthogonal to the shunt tube.
3. The shunt tube assembly of claim 2, wherein the length is greater than the height.
4. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein the shunt nozzle is a six-sided block comprising: a first end and a second end opposite the first end; a top and a bottom opposite the top; and a first side and a second side opposite the first side, wherein the elongate slot extends between the first and second sides.
5. The shunt tube assembly of claim 4, wherein the length of the elongate slot is constant between the first and second sides.
6. The shunt tube assembly of claim 4, wherein the length of the elongate slot varies between the first and second sides.
7. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein the height of the elongate slot is constant across the length of the elongate slot.
8. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein the height of the elongate slot varies across the length of the elongate slot.
9. The shunt tube assembly of claim 8, wherein the elongate slot defines a channel where the height is increased as compared to remaining portions of the elongate slot.
10. The shunt tube assembly of claim 9, wherein the channel exhibits a cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, oval, ovoid, polygonal, and any combination thereof.
11. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein the shunt nozzle is coupled to the sidewall by at least one of welding, brazing, an adhesive, a mechanical fastener, and any combination thereof.
12. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein the elongate slot extends from the shunt tube at an angle ranging between 1° and 179° with respect to the shunt tube.
13. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein the shunt nozzle comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a carbide embedded in a matrix of cobalt or nickel by sintering, a cobalt alloy, a ceramic, a surface-hardened metal, a steel alloy, a chromium alloy, a nickel alloy, a cermet-based material, a metal matrix composite, a nanocrystalline metallic alloy, an amorphous alloy, a hard metallic alloy, or any combination thereof.
14. The shunt tube assembly of claim 1, wherein an inner surface of the shunt nozzle is clad with an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a cobalt alloy, and a ceramic.
15. A method, comprising: introducing a flow distribution assembly into a wellbore on a work string, the flow distribution assembly including at least one shunt tube extending along an exterior of the work string and having an inner flow path for a fluid and defining an opening in a sidewall of the shunt tube; conveying the fluid into the inner flow path from an annulus defined between the work string and the wellbore; and discharging at least a portion of the fluid from the at least one shunt tube at a shunt nozzle coupled to the sidewall and having an elongate slot defined therethrough and aligned with the opening to provide fluid communication between the inner flow path and the annulus, wherein the elongate slot has a length and a height, and the length is dissimilar to the height.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising preventing erosion of the shunt fitting, wherein the shunt nozzle comprises an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a ceramic, a cobalt alloy, a surface-hardened metal, stainless steel, a nickel-chromium alloy, a molybdenum alloy, and a chromium steel.
17. The method of claim 15, further comprising preventing erosion of an inner surface of the shunt nozzle, wherein the inner surface of the shunt nozzle is clad with an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a cobalt alloy, and a ceramic.
18. The method of claim 15, further comprising preventing erosion of the at least one shunt tube, wherein the at least one shunt tube comprises an erosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a ceramic, a cobalt alloy, a surface-hardened metal, and a composite.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the elongate slot defines a channel where the height is increased along the length as compared to remaining portions of the elongate slot.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the shunt tube is rectangular and the length is a horizontal measurement of the elongate slot generally parallel to the shunt tube and the height is a vertical measurement of the elongate slot generally orthogonal to the shunt tube, and wherein the length is greater than the height.