AU2015249188B2 - A system and method for measuring relative leg positions of an ungulate - Google Patents

Abstract

A system for measuring relative positions of a front leg and a hind leg of a standing ungulate, the system comprising a grate (70) upon which an ungulate to be measured stands which comprises a plurality of parallel bars (61) spaced a known distance apart, each bar being moveable from a free position to a displaced position in response to the weight of the ungulate when a front leg (64, 65) or a hind leg (66, 67) is placed thereon, each bar having a sensor operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to and transmits data regarding the displacement of an associated bar by at least one of the front leg and the hind leg and a processor for receiving the data transmitted by each sensor, and which identifies bars which have been displaced by the ungulate and based upon the distance between the displaced bars, determining the relative front leg and hind leg positions. Fl

Description

A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MEASURING RELATIVE LEG POSITIONS OF AN

UNGULATE

The present disclosure relates to a systems and methods for measuring the relative leg position of an ungulate. In particular, the present invention is directed towards a system and method for determining relative leg positions of cattle and using those relative positions to calculate skeletal body length of the animal. These measurements may be either manually or automatically obtained dependent on operator preference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods with particular reference to the measurement of cattle. However, it will be appreciated that the disclosed systems and methods are applicable to measuring any other type of ungulate and no limitation is intended thereby. Examples of animals that may be measured according to the disclosed methods and systems include cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, American bison, European bison, yaks, water buffalo, deer, camels, alpacas, llamas, wildebeest, antelope, pronghorn, pigs and horses.

It is often desirable to obtain an estimate of an animal's physical size. Size may be used to monitor growth rate and predict a finishing weight of meat producing animals.

It may also be desirable to monitor size and/or growth rate to assist in general animal management.

In one example, it is desirable to measure the skeletal growth rate of dairy heifers. Dairy heifers are measured along with weighing to insure heifers do not deposit fat in the udder. When fat is deposited in the udder, their lifetime milk production is lowered dramatically. Traditionally, weight has been used as an approximate measure of size as the measuring equipment is relatively simple.

Meat producing animals are often slaughtered at a target weight. However, animal weight provides little or no information as to the quantity of muscle protein, and total body fat, carcass quality or grade of the meat which is assessed according to the quantity of intramuscular fat or marbling. Expression of intra-muscular fat traits requires that the animal has the genetic capacity for deposition, has not encountered major nutrient intake limitations during its growth period and deposits a critical percentage of total body fat. It is known that intramuscular fat deposition is enhanced as carcass fat increases to a certain level. Thus, an animal that is slaughtered at an optimal body fat content may be more 1 valuable than an animal having lower total body fat and less marbling for a specific market. However, animal weight alone provides little or no information of muscle protein, total body fat or carcass quality. A factor that is often used to describe the growth potential of cattle is frame score. If an animal's age is known, the relationship between age and the measured hip height can be converted to a frame score. Generally, an animal maintains a constant frame score throughout its life if allowed to consume adequate quantities of nutrients for potential growth. Animals with a higher frame score will have a greater mature body weight than an animal with a smaller frame score when animals are at similar percentage of total body fat.

Knowledge of an animal's frame score together with weight can provide a much more reliable indicator of growth and eventual carcass weight, tissue composition or quality.

Still further, measuring both size and weight can provide information regarding the relative amounts of muscle protein and fat deposition. For example, observing animals of similar weight, a large frame score animal will have less total body fat or more muscle protein where a smaller frame score animal has higher total body fat and less muscle protein. Thus, having knowledge of frame score and weight can permit an estimate of total body fat and muscle protein. It will be appreciated that such information is particularly useful for assessing and/or predicting a meat producing animals' finishing weight for slaughter.

In practise however, the age of an animal is not always known which means that the frame score/weight relationship cannot be used to predict body composition. This may be addressed by making measurements at time intervals to determine an animal's growth rate. A fast skeletal and muscle growing animal will deposit little fat, whereas a slow skeletal and muscle growing animal will deposit greater quantities of fat provided access to similar nutritional inputs.

Further information regarding the potential of an animal may be obtained by making measurements in addition to hip height. In particular, animal width and length can provide valuable information.

Hip height is traditionally measured with a calibrated pole with a slide. Body length of cattle is traditionally measured with a tape. Both of these methods require a person to come into physical contact with the animal. It may be appreciated that this poses a potential danger to the person taking the measurements and restraint and handling can stress the animal. In order to address this problem, image based non-invasive 2 measurement of cattle has been proposed. All of these methods take an image of an animal and process the image to obtain the desired measurements. However, there are practical difficulties with such methods and whilst they have been used for research purposes they are not suitable for commercial use in real world situations.

The present disclosure is directed towards non-invasive methods of measuring an ungulate that do not rely on obtaining and processing an image of an ungulate.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a system for measuring relative positions of a front leg and a hind leg of a standing ungulate, the system comprising: a grate upon which an ungulate to be measured stands which comprises a plurality of parallel bars spaced a known distance apart, each bar being moveable from a free position to a displaced position in response to the weight of the ungulate when a front leg or a hind leg is placed thereon, each bar having a sensor operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to and transmits data regarding the displacement of an associated bar by at least one of the front leg and the hind leg; and a processor for receiving the data transmitted by each sensor, and which identifies bars which have been displaced by the ungulate and based upon the distance between the displaced bars, determining the relative front leg and hind leg positions.

The floor grate may be any suitable arrangement and the bars may be round, rectangular, or square in cross section.

The bars are typically made from steel or other strong and durable material.

Suitably, the bars may be mounted within channels that allow vertical movement with minimal horizontal movement.

The bars are typically aligned such that they are substantially at right angles to a line extending along the ungulates spine. They may also be arranged substantially parallel with a line extending along the animal's spine, although this is less preferred, as a front leg may interfere with detection of a rear leg and vice versa.

Suitably each bar is fitted with an individual sensor placed on one or each side that is displaced when weight is placed on the bar. The sensor then transmits data to the processor. 3

The sensor may be any suitable type of sensor that is responsive to the displaced position of a bar. Position sensors are well known.

Suitable sensors are of the non-contact type. One example of a suitable non-contact sensor is an inductive sensor. An advantage of non-contact sensors is that they do not require physical contact and thus can operate in dirty conditions.

Alternatively, the sensor may be a contact sensor which may either rely upon contact with the bar in the free position, which contact is broken when the bar is displaced or is placed in contact with a bar in the displaced position. Suitably contact sensors may be housed within a dust resistant housing.

The processor receives data transmitted from the sensors and thus can identify which bars have been displaced by an ungulates hoof or foot standing thereon. As the location of the displaced bars corresponds to an ungulates’ leg, the distance between displaced bars may be used to provide information as to the relative positions of the animal's legs. As the distance between each bar is known, determining the distance between displaced bars may be a relatively straightforward calculation.

Suitably, the bars may have an identifier such as a numerical identifier that may increase in number from the anterior to the posterior of the ungulate. As the bars are a known distance apart, each identified bar may also be allocated a distance from a reference point.

The distance between the bars is typically less than the average diameter of the lower part of the ungulates legs. For cattle, the distance between bars is typically between about 30 mm to about 80 mm, preferably about 50mm.

Suitably the system includes a return mechanism for returning the bars from the displaced to the free position after the weight has been removed. Suitable mechanisms include a resilient material such as rubber, air or a fluid bag. Alternatively, the bars may be biased towards the free position by springs.

According to a further aspect there is disclosed a method for measuring relative front and hind leg positions of a standing ungulate, the method including; providing a grate comprising a plurality of substantially parallel bars that are spaced a known distance part upon which an ungulate to be measured stands, each bar being moveable from a free position to a displaced position in response to the weight of the ungulate when a front leg or hind leg is placed thereon, each bar having a sensor 4 operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to and transmits data regarding the displacement of an associated bar by at least one of the front leg and the hind leg; causing an ungulate to stand on the grate such that the weight of the ungulate causes those bars beneath the front and hind legs to be displaced; and processing the transmitted data, identifying those bars which have been displaced and based upon the distance between the displaced bars, determining the relative front leg and hind leg positions.

The relative front and hind leg positions may be used to provide an estimation of an ungulate's skeletal length. This approximation is based upon the fact that a healthy ungulate's normal stance is such that the ungulate's body weight is suspended from front and rear legs through respective pivotal joints. Leg position allows comfortable support of the animal body through centering gravity or equal distribution of weight. When an ungulate is standing with such equal distribution, the midpoint between the front legs is substantially perpendicular to the immediate region within or posterior to the point of shoulders of the ungulate and the mid-point between the hind legs is substantially parallel to the hip joints of the pelvic region of the ungulate. By measuring the relative positions of the legs and calculating the mid-point between front and hind legs, an estimate of skeletal body length between the point of shoulder and hip joints may be made.

The system may typically further include a device for measuring animal height and most preferably for measuring either or both animal height and width. Preferred types of devices employ the use of ultrasound as previously described by the present inventor in W099/67631 and WO 2005/009118.

Measurement of animal length, height and width can provide an approximate, three dimensional geometric measurement of the skeletal size of the animal. The skeletal measurements are reflective of an individual's body tissue carrying capacity and growth potential.

For cattle, other meat producing animals and dairy animals, this can be useful in animal management and in estimating animal growth rate. For meat producing animals a finishing weight within a desired fat/protein body ratio can also be estimated or calculated. An animal's skeletal length is generally a better indicator of bone growth and a better predictor of mature body weight than shoulder or hip height because animal skeletal growth is greater longitudinally rather than vertically. 5

It will be appreciated then, that in order for a relatively accurate estimation of body length to be made, the animal should be standing in a natural position when the measurements are made. Unnatural leg positions and bending of the neck so as to distort shoulder, neck or head position can result in incorrect measurements. Such unnatural leg positions can occur if an animal is under stress or standing on a slippery or uneven surface. A distorted stance may also occur when an animal is restrained with conventional handling equipment such as crushes, cradles or squeeze chutes that apply pressure to hold the neck, shoulders and sides.

In a particularly preferred system, the ungulate is confined without physical restraint. Typically, the animal is confined in a confinement unit having opposed side walls and entry and exit doors. Typically, the side walls are solid such that the animal cannot see out the sides of the unit. This may reduce the animal's stress. A particularly preferred animal confinement unit has side walls that converge towards the base of the unit. This allows more space around the animal's head whilst limiting excess leg movement. Head area space serves to reduce stress and generate animal confidence which facilitates the animal settling in a natural stance.

The actual size of the confinement unit may vary depending upon the variation in animal sizes and any animal production systems used in association with the system. The unit is typically dimensioned such that the animal has adequate space for forward and backward movement to become comfortable and find a natural standing leg position but also have an appropriate width for longitudinal positioning of the animal for reliable measurements to be able to be taken.

Preferred internal dimensions of a confinement unit for use with cattle ranges in length from about 2.4 m to about 3.0 m with a base width of between about 0.500 to about 0.600m, a top width of between about 0.75 m to about 0.85 m and a height of between about 1.8 m to about 2.0 m.

The confinement unit may also be placed in a perpendicular side unit or raceway to minimize animal sideways movement. The perpendicular walls may be stationary or collapsible to minimize distance to allow for calculation of pelvic width.

In order to accommodate smaller animals, the unit may further include inwardly facing bumpers to further reduce the internal width in the lower parts of the unit. The bumpers may be fixed or moveable between an extended and withdrawn position. When bumpers are present, the sensor beam emitter array is typically located below the bumpers. 6

The base of the unit is typically provided with a floor. The floor is preferably made of a material that provides for hoof friction and/or compression for traction such that the animal is confident in moving into the unit. Slippery and/or hard floors can cause an animal to balk or stand in an unnatural position. Floors are designed to allow ready drainage of released excrement.

Suitable types of flooring include rubber matting with or without textured surface. The textured surface may have longitudinal, transverse and/or crisscross patterns about 10 mm to about 40 mm in depth. This surface allows a level of hoof compression and friction for animal confidence and natural standing leg positioning. Rubber matting is superior for cattle movement and standing, and allows easy cleaning.

It is also preferred that the unit has adequate illumination, as this may also assist with animal confidence. Still further, the unit may be designed to minimize noise, as noise may distress a confined animal.

Also disclosed herein is an ungulate confinement unit for confining an ungulate without physical contact, the unit having a base, opposing side walls diverging away from the base such that the head space area for a confined animal is wider than the lower leg space area.

The system may also further include a device for measuring the animal's weight. If a confinement unit is used, the unit may be associated with a weight scale device placed under the unit or above suspending the unit.

Alternatively a weight scale device may be located either before the entry point or after the exit point of the unit. This weight data is automatically downloaded or manually entered with respective ungulate files or directed to the processor. Alternatively, the ungulate may be weighed remotely and the information regarding weight automatically or manually be entered into the processor for a respective ungulate.

The system typically further includes a reader for electronically identifying an electronic ungulate identifier. Electronic identification devices include ear tags, implants, collar or ruminal boluses that may be used to identify individual ungulate without physical contact.

Electronic identification systems using passive transponders are nationally mandated in Australia, New Zealand and Canada for their National Livestock Identification Systems.

The Half Duplex (HDX) is a TI-RFIDTM 134.2 kHz technology that has been adopted by the National Livestock Identification System in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and ISO 7 accredited. The other technology is Full Duplex (FDX) which is a 134 kHz LF technology 20 tag also used in the Canadian livestock identification scheme. These technologies vary in signal strength, requiring alignment of the transponder with an antenna for signal transmission.

The electronic reader used to obtain a signal from the passive transponder is suitably mounted prior to entry or within the confinement unit to allow reading the individual animal's identification signal to be read and sent to the processor. Some readers such as antennae are sensitive to metal structures which can interfere in reading of the electronic identification. Manufacturers recommend mounting antennae on plastic or wood surfaces. A preferred location for mounting the antennae to a confinement box is on the periphery or outside of instrument devices located on front or rear panels constructed of plastic or wood side walls. An alternative location is on the front side panel that can be constructed of solid wood or plastic.

Electronic identification systems may also be 'live transponders' devices possessing an internal power source that constantly emits animal unique identification and history to a specialized reader. The advantages of these systems is that they can identify animals at much further distances and multiple animals or a group of animals can be identified at one time. Monitoring animal identification with this device will require modifying the reader to allow single animal identification within the confinement box.

The processor is suitably also capable of receiving and processing further data inputs from ultrasound transducers for height and/or width measurement, weight scale devices, and electronic animal identification devices and the like. Although a personal computer with suitable software may be employed as the processor, it is preferred that the processor may operate as a stand alone unit from a computer with the ability to transfer processed data via network, internet network for storage on central data base or directly onto a personal computer for data storage and manipulation.

In one aspect, the system is operated manually in which an operator initiates data capture when an animal is observed to be in a normal standing position.

Such manual operation may conveniently be operated using a hand held remote controller. In cases where there is a high throughput of animals and the likelihood of human confusion and error, it is preferable that the processor includes a means of signalling to an operator that animal data has been captured or not captured. After an operator has received confirmation that data has been captured, the operator may release 8 that animal and allow a different animal to enter the measurement area. This is typically controlled by entry and exit doors or gates.

Alternatively, the data may be automatically captured such that a human operator is not required to determine when an animal is standing for measurement. An automatic mode would typically include a means for determining when an animal is substantially standing still. Such a method requires identifying specific animal via an electronic identification system and may include taking a stream of readings from the sensors for a period of time until such time as the readings are substantially constant.

In the aspect which further includes a ultrasound transducer, a stream of ultrasound measurements may be used alternatively or in addition to the sensor measurements to determine when an animal is standing still enough for measurement. An automated system may remove the subjectivity associated with manual operation. An automated system may also include automatic control of animal entry and exit. For example, after data capture has been made, an exit gate may automatically be opened followed by opening an inlet gate to allow the next animal in to be measured.

In another aspect of the disclosed system and method, animals may be drafted according to measurements and/or calculations obtained therefrom. For example, in the case of cattle, depending upon their measured size, they may be directed towards different pens for different processing or dispatch to market.

The system and method of the present invention are typically employed in association with management of feedlot cattle. Typically, an animal is weighed and measured upon entry to the feedlot. After about 60 days they are measured and weighed again. The second measurement allows skeletal and muscle growth and level of fat deposition to be ascertained. Optionally further measurements may be taken at further time intervals to obtain more information relating to an animal's growth rate.

According to a further disclosed aspect, there is provided a method for determining the growth rate of an ungulate, the method including determining a first skeletal body length and weight at a first time point, determining a second skeletal length and second weight at a second time point and comparing first and second lengths and weights; wherein the skeletal body length is determined by; providing a grate comprising a plurality of substantially parallel bars that are spaced a known distance part upon which an ungulate to be measured stands, each bar 9 being moveable from a free position to a displaced position in response to the weight of the ungulate when a front leg or hind leg is placed thereon, each bar having a sensor operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to and transmits data regarding the displacement of an associated bar by at least one of the front leg and the hind leg; causing the ungulate to stand on the grate such that the weight of the ungulate causes those bars beneath the front and hind legs to be displaced; processing the transmitted data, identifying those bars which have been displaced and based upon the distance between the displaced bars, determining the relative front leg and hind leg positions; and determining the mid-point between the front legs and calculating skeletal body length from said mid-points.

Obtaining animal body dimensions in conjunction with or without body weight can assist in the prediction of live cattle growth and an estimate of final mature cattle size. Ultimately, these live animal dimensions can be used to predict carcass weight, various anatomical characteristics (e.g. size & weight of rump area, rib eye area, etc.), anatomical structural soundness and carcass grade for various countries based on a carcass dissection system (e.g. USDA, Canada, Mexico, South Africa).

Also disclosed herein is a further system for measuring relative front and hind leg positions of a standing ungulate, the system including; a sensing area within which an ungulate to be measured stands and which comprises a plurality of discrete linear sensor regions spaced a known distance apart within and across the sensing area, each sensor region having a sensor operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to the presence of the lower part of a leg within a sensing region and which transmits data; and; a processor for receiving the transmitted data and which from that data identifies those sensor regions within which a lower part of a leg is present and based upon the known distance between the identified sensor regions, determining the relative front and hind leg positions.

The system has a sensing area having a number of discrete linear sensor regions spaced a known distance apart. The linear sensor regions are typically aligned such that they are parallel and substantially at right angles to a line extending along the animals spine. They 10 may also be arranged substantially parallel with a line extending along the animal's spine, although this is less preferred, as a front leg may interfere with detection of a rear leg and vice versa.

The sensors as used in this aspect may be of any suitable type that can detect the presence of the lower part of an ungulates leg within a linear sensor region. In one form, the system comprises an array of sensor beam emitters of known spacings. The spacing between the emitters is typically less than the average diameter of the lower part of the ungulates legs. For cattle, the spacing is typically between about 30 mm to about 80 mm, preferably about 50mm.

The sensor beam may be any suitable beam including but not limited to infra-red, visible light, ultrasound or laser. Where the beam is an ultrasound beam, a transducer having a narrow beam emission, suitably with a width of about 20mm to 30mm, typically about 25mm.

The sensor array may operate on any suitable sensor mode that is suitable for detecting an object that interrupts a sensor beam. Typically, the array operates in a retro-reflective mode in which receivers and emitters are located together and the system includes either an array of spaced reflectors or a continuous reflector located opposite the emitters. In this way, an object that interrupts the light travelling between the emitter and the reflector may be detected. An alternative mode of operation is of the through beam mode having an array of equally spaced receivers located opposite the emitters. In this way, objects that interrupt a particular beam or beams may be detected. Alternatively, the receiver may detect a beam reflected from an object interrupting the beam. This method of detecting cattle length allows automatic detection of animal through the processor for manual or automatic capture of data.

Typical features of the second disclosed system are as follows;

The array of sensor beam emitters and the linear sensor regions may be defined by sensor beams emitted from the array of sensor beam emitters towards the lower part of the ungulate’s legs such that at least some sensor beams are interrupted by the legs.

The sensor beam may be selected from the group consisting of infra-red, visible light, ultrasound or laser.

The processor may further determine the mid-point between the front legs, the midpoint between the hind legs and calculates skeletal body length from said midpoints. 11

Measurement may be initiated manually by an operator. 2015249188 30 Oct 2015

Measurement may be initiated automatically by the processor.

The system may further include a confinement unit for confining the animal in a stationary position and without physical restraint, the unit having a base and side walls, wherein the 5 side walls diverge upwardly away from the base such that the head space area for a confined animal is wider than the lower leg space area.

The confinement unit may have at least one bumper located on one or both of the side walls and towards the base such that in use, the bumper or bumpers at least partially define the lower leg space area. 10 The bumper or bumpers may be moveable between a withdrawn and extended position.

The system may further include a device for measuring the pelvic height of the ungulate.

The device may include an ultrasonic transducer for emitting an ultrasonic signal towards the pelvic region of the ungulate and which measures the distance between the transducer and the pelvic region. 15 The system may further include a device for measuring the width of the ungulate.

Measured animals may exit to a holding pen for sorting according to at least one of said measurements.

The device for measuring the width may include a pair of ultrasound transducers located so as to respectively emit ultrasound signals towards opposing sides of the ungulate and 20 which measures the distance between the transducer and the ungulate.

The system may further include a reader for electronically identifying an electronic animal identifier.

The system electronic animal identifier may be selected from the group consisting of electronic ear tags, implants, collar or ruminal boluses. 25 The system may have physical dimensions selected to accommodate a bovine.

The spacing between the sensor regions may be between about 30 mm and about 80 mm.

According to a further aspect there is provided a method for measuring relative front and hind leg positions of a standing ungulate, the method including; 12 providing a sensing area within which an ungulate to be measured stands; which comprises a plurality of discrete linear sensor regions spaced a known distance apart that in use extend towards a side of an ungulate within the sensing region, each sensor region having a sensor responsive to the presence of the lower part of the ungulate's legs within the sensing region and; determining the distance between those sensor region within which a leg has been detected based upon the known spacings and obtaining relative front and hind leg positions from said distance.

The processor may be any suitable type of processor capable of carrying out the necessary analysis of data from the sensors and where desired calculating an animal's length. The processor is suitably also capable of receiving and processing further data inputs from ultrasound transducers for height and/or width measurement, weight scale devices, and electronic animal identification devices and the like. Although a personal computer with suitable software may be employed as the processor, it is preferred that the processor may operate as a stand alone unit from a computer with the ability to transfer processed data via network, internet network for storage on central data base or directly onto a personal computer for data storage and manipulation.

In one aspect, the system may be operated manually in which an operator initiates data capture when an animal is observed to be in a normal standing position as discussed above.

Alternatively, the data may be automatically captured such that a human operator is not required to determine when an animal is standing for measurement. The automatic modes that may be used are those mentioned above in relation to the first aspect of the disclosed system.

According to a further broad aspect, there is provided a method for determining the growth rate of an ungulate, the method including determining a first skeletal body length and weight at a first time point, determining a second skeletal length and second weight at a second time point and comparing first and second lengths and weights; wherein the skeletal body length is determined by; providing a sensing area within which an ungulate to be measured stands; which comprises a plurality of discrete linear sensor regions spaced a known distance apart that in use extend towards a side of an ungulate within the sensing region, 13 each sensor region having a sensor responsive to the presence of the lower part of the ungulate's legs within the sensor region; 2015249188 30 Oct 2015 determining the distance between those sensor regions within which a leg has been detected based upon the known spacings and obtaining relative front and hind leg 5 positions from said distance; and determining the mid-point between the front legs and calculating skeletal body length from said mid-points.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

By way of example only, preferred aspects will be described with reference to the 10 following figures:

Figure 1 is a schematic view of a cow;

Figure 2 is a schematic plan view of a system disclosed herein;

Figure 3 is a schematic front view of the system illustrated in figure 2;

Figure 4 is a schematic rear view of the system illustrated in figure 2; 15 Figure 5 is a schematic view showing the relationship between an animal's legs and sensor beams;

Figure 6 is a schematic view of a processing system for use with a disclosed system;

Figure 7 is a schematic view of a disclosed system used in an automatic animal drafting system; 20 Figure 8 is a schematic view of a section of another disclosed system invention having a grid; and

Figure 9 is a schematic plan view of the grid of the system shown in part in figure 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a cow 10, and the relationship between leg position 25 and skeletal length. The mid-point 11 between the two front legs 12, 13 lies substantially behind the point of shoulders 14 of the animal. The midpoint 15 between the hind feet 16, 17 is substantially perpendicular to the hip joints on the pelvic region 18 of the animal. The distance L provides a good estimation of skeletal length. 14

Figure 2 is a plan view of a system 20 as disclosed herein in use. The system 20 includes a confinement box 21 having entry 22 and exit 23 doors. Associated with the doors are electronic identification devices 24, 25 for electronically reading an electronic animal identification device and thus recording when a particular animal enters and leaves the box. The confinement box 21 has opposing side walls 26, 27 that are angled towards the floor.

Bumpers 28 extend outwardly from each wall. An array 29 of sensor beams is located along one wall 26. The sensor beams operate using red light 624nm. The opposing wall 27 has strip of reflective tape 30 for reflecting those sensor beams not blocked by the animal's legs.

The system 20 also includes ultrasound transducers 31, 32, 33 located above and on either side of the pelvic region. A processor 34 is provided for processing data from the transducers and receivers and for calculating animal dimensions as will be discussed below.

Figure 3 is a schematic front view of the system 20 of figure 2 which shows the angle of 20 inclination of side walls 26, 27 towards floor 35. It may be seen that the angle of inclination of the walls defines a wider head space area 40 than the lower leg space area 41. The wider head space area allows the animal to have sufficient head space to feel comfortable whilst limiting lateral leg movement.

Figure 4 shows a rear view of the system 20 and illustrates the transducers 31, 32, 33 in use. Transducer 31 is located vertically above the pelvic region of the animal and allows the distance D between transducer and animal to be measured. As the distance F between the transducer and floor is known, the animal height FI may be calculated according to FI = F -D. The transducers are timed separately to send and receive signals to avoid signals crossing or creating signal interruption.

Transducers 32, 33 are located on opposing sides of the animal. Each transducer measures the distance D1, D2 between the transducer and the side of the pelvic region. As the distance D3 between the transducers is known, pelvic width W may be calculated according to W = D3-D1-D2.

The generated ultrasound signal has a diameter that covers a region of the animal's body. The processor can calculate the enable the shortest distance a reflected signal travels such that the highest or wider points may be measured. This means that the animal does 15 not need to stand exactly vertically below transducer 31 or equidistant between transducers 32, 33. Absence or distorted signals are removed from the calculation. 2015249188 30 Oct 2015

Figure 5 schematically shows the relationship between front 12, 13 and hind leg 16, 17 positions and sensor beams 36. The sensor beam emitters in array 29 are located 50 mm 5 apart. The sensor beams are numbered numerically from the front 22 to the rear 23 of the confinement unit. The front left leg 12 interrupts sensor beams 11 and 12; the right front leg or anterior leg interrupts beams 14, 15 the left hind leg or posterior leg interrupts beams 27, 28 and the right hind leg interrupts beams 30-31. This allows the calculations as shown in the following Table, in terms of distance from the front of the box. 10

Position Sensor Distance Anterior 11 550mm Anterior 12 600mm Anterior 14 700mm Anterior 15 750mm Posterior 27 1350mm Posterior 28 1400mm Posterior 30 1500mm Posterior 31 1550mm

This allows the following calculations to be made:

Anterior distance: ((750mm - 550mm) x 0.5) + 550mm = 650mm position of mid thoracic region of cattle. 15 Posterior distance: ((1550mm - 1350mm) x 0.5) + 1350mm = 1450mm position of mid pelvis.

The thoracic to pelvic length is calculated as 1450mm - 650mm = 800mm.

Figure 6 shows a schematic view of a processing system that may be used with the present invention. The processing system includes a stand alone controller unit 34 that 20 that receives data from the sensor array 29a and 29b, transducers, 31, 32, 33, electronic identification devices 24, 25 and electronic weight scale. The controller is linked to a computer 45 with touch screen to display measurement as well as entering cattle identification when an EID is not functional or absent. The computer is linked to network 16 router 44 and ADSL modem 42 or wireless ENet for data transfer to site or remote computer or server. Plug connections to an ENet 50 and USB port 51 are also provided. A hand held remote trigger 43 is used to manually capture data and transmit to receiver 47. The controller has terminals 52 and a power supply 53.

The controller 34 may operate in a manual and/or automatic mode. In the manual mode, an operator, typically holding the remote trigger 43 will activate the processor to capture data from the sensors and transducers when, in the opinion of the operator, the animal is substantially still. In the automatic mode of operation, a stream of measurements is taken and when the signals are relatively constant for a predetermined period of, for example to seconds, measurements will be taken.

Figure 7 shows a schematic view of the system 20 and method when being used to automatically draft cattle depending upon their measurements. This exit gate of the system leads into a pen 46 that has three exit gates 47, 48, 49, each exit leading into a holding pen or yard 50, 51, 52. Each gate is under the control of controller 34 such that animals may automatically be sorted into different holding yards. For example, cattle upon entering a feed lot may be sorted according to size and then resorted upon second or further measurements depending upon growth rate which in turn provides an estimate as to finishing weight, time remaining on feed, amount of feed required and the like.

Figure 8 is a schematic view of a sensor arrangement 60 associated with a steel bar 61 that forms part of a floor grate. The bar 61 is mounted within a metal frame 62 and is moveable between a rest position (as shown) and a displaced position. The bar 61 is biased towards the rest position by compression material 63. A position or proximity sensor 64 is located adjacent the edge of the steel bar for detecting when the bar is in the rest or sensing position.

Figure 9 shows a schematic view of a floor grate 70 having a number of bars 61 as shown in figure 8. The bars are numbered from 1 to 50, number 1 being at the front of the anterior region of the animal and bar number 50 at the posterior region of the animal. The bars are spaced 40mm apart. The positions of an animals' front 64, 65 and rear 66, 67 feet are shown. The respective feet have displaced bar numbers 8, 14, 44 and 47, which are at distances of 320mm, 560mm 1760mm and 1880mm from the front of the grid. The length of the animal may be calculated as front feet ((560mm -320mm) x 0.5) + 320)) = 440mm and rear feet (((1880mm -1760mm) x 0.5) + 1760mm) = 1820mm for a length of 1820mm -440mm = 1380mm. 17

It may be seen that by calculating the distances in this manner, it is not necessary to use a sensor beam to determine the distance. This allows simpler and more cost effective sensors to be used. It also avoids errors that may occur when using sensors to determine distances in a dirt or dusty environment. 2015249188 30 Oct 2015 5 It may be appreciated that the disclosed methods and systems allow the relative locations of an ungulates legs to be measured easily without causing undue stress to the animal and without compromising handler safety. Periodic measurements enable growth rate to be determined. Growth rate may then be used to predict a number of factors including time on feed before reaching a target end weight, tissue composition and carcass quality. 10 Such measurements may also assist animal managers in allocating feed resources to achieve a desired growth rate and live tissue composition.

It will be appreciated that various changes and modifications may be made to the present invention as described and claimed herein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. 18

Claims (20)

1. A system for measuring relative positions of a front leg and a hind leg of a standing ungulate, the system comprising: a grate upon which an ungulate to be measured stands which comprises a plurality of parallel bars spaced a known distance apart, each bar being moveable from a free position to a displaced position in response to the weight of the ungulate when a front leg or a hind leg is placed thereon, each bar having a sensor operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to and transmits data regarding the displacement of an associated bar by at least one of the front leg and the hind leg; and a processor for receiving the data transmitted by each sensor, and which identifies bars which have been displaced by the ungulate and based upon the distance between the displaced bars, determining the relative front leg and hind leg positions.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein each sensor is a non-contact position sensor.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein each sensor is an inductive sensor.

4. The system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the processor further determines the mid-point between the front legs, the midpoint between the hind legs and calculates skeletal body length from said midpoints.

5. The system of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein measurement is initiated automatically by the processor.

6. The system of any one of claims 1 to 5, which further includes a confinement unit for confining the animal in a stationary position and without physical restraint, the unit having a base and side walls, wherein the side walls diverge upwardly away from the base such that the head space area for a confined animal is wider than the lower leg space area.

7. The system of any one of claims 1 to 6, which further includes a device for measuring the pelvic height of the ungulate.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the device includes an ultrasonic transducer for emitting an ultrasonic signal towards the pelvic region of the ungulate and which measures the distance between the transducer and the pelvic region.

9. The system of any one of claims 1 to 8 which further includes a device for measuring the width of the ungulate.

10. The system of claim 9 wherein measured animals exit to a holding pen for sorting according to at least one of said measurements.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the device for measuring the width includes a pair of ultrasound transducers located so as to respectively emit ultrasound signals towards opposing sides of the ungulate and which measures the distance between the transducer and the ungulate.

12. The system of any one of claims 1 to 11 which further includes a reader for electronically identifying an electronic animal identifier.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the electronic animal identifier is selected from the group consisting of an ear tag, an implant, a collar or a ruminal bolus.

14. The system of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the bars are spaced between about 30 mm and about 80 mm.

15. A method for measuring relative front and hind leg positions of a standing ungulate, the method including; providing a grate comprising a plurality of substantially parallel bars that are spaced a known distance part upon which an ungulate to be measured stands, each bar being moveable from a free position to a displaced position in response to the weight of the ungulate when a front leg or hind leg is placed thereon, each bar having a sensor operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to and transmits data regarding the displacement of an associated bar by at least one of the front leg and the hind leg; causing an ungulate to stand on the grate such that the weight of the ungulate causes those bars beneath the front and hind legs to be displaced; and processing the transmitted data, identifying those bars which have been displaced and based upon the distance between the displaced bars, determining the relative front leg and hind leg positions.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the ungulate is a bovine.

17. The method of claim 16 or claim 17 which further includes determining the midpoint between the front legs, the midpoint between the hind legs and calculating skeletal body length from said midpoints.

18. A method for determining the growth rate of an ungulate, the method including determining a first skeletal body length and weight at a first time point, determining a second skeletal length and second weight at a second time point and comparing first and second lengths and weights; wherein the skeletal body length is determined by; providing a grate comprising a plurality of substantially parallel bars that are spaced a known distance part upon which an ungulate to be measured stands, each bar being moveable from a free position to a displaced position in response to the weight of the ungulate when a front leg or hind leg is placed thereon, each bar having a sensor operatively associated therewith, which sensor is responsive to and transmits data regarding the displacement of an associated bar by at least one of the front leg and the hind leg; causing the ungulate to stand on the grate such that the weight of the ungulate causes those bars beneath the front and hind legs to be displaced; processing the transmitted data, identifying those bars which have been displaced and based upon the distance between the displaced bars, determining the relative front leg and hind leg positions; and determining the mid-point between the front legs and calculating skeletal body length from said mid-points.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein pelvic height is also measured at said first and second time points.

20. The method of claim 18 or claim 19, wherein pelvic width is also measured at said first and second time points.