OPTICAL FIBER RIBBON STACK CABLE 1] The present application is a divisional application from Australian Patent Application No. 2010276527, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 2] This application also relates to United States Provisional Application No. 61/230,452, filed July 31, 2009, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD 3] The present disclosure relates to optical cables having reduced material costs while maintaining desired performance characteristics.
BACKGROUND 4] Fiber optic cables utilize optical fibers to transmit signals such as voice, video and/or data information. Where fiber optic cables are subjected to forces, the optical fibers may be stressed and attenuation of the transmitted light may result. Industry standards address generic mechanical and optical performance requirements for fiber optic cables to ensure attenuation losses are within acceptable ranges. One such standard is the Generic Requirements for Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber standard GR-20. One way to ensure compliance with GR-20 and other standards is to increase the bulk of the cable, such as by increasing cable diameter, jacket thickness, etc. These measures, however, increase the cost of the cable. It is therefore important for fiber optic cables to be constructed in a robust manner so as to satisfy industry standards while maintaining costs within competitive ranges. 5] The discussion of the background to the invention included herein including reference to documents, acts, materials, devices, articles and the like is included to explain the context of the present invention. This is not to be taken as an admission or a suggestion that any of the material referred to was published, known or part of the common general knowledge in Australia or in any other country as at the priority date of any of the claims.
SUMMARY 6] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cable that includes a polymeric cable jacket, a polymeric buffer tube within the polymeric cable jacket that defines an interior thereof and has an inner diameter, a plurality of optical fibers and strength members. The plurality of optical fibers are arranged as a ribbon stack and located in the interior defined by the polymeric buffer tube. A freespace of the ribbon stack is less than 1.5 mm. The strength members are at least partially embedded in the polymeric cable jacket and include a first pair of strength members on one side of the polymeric cable jacket and a second pair of strength members on an opposite side of the polymeric cable jacket. The strength members have a strength member height defined as the distance between the outermost edges of outermost strength members on the one side of the polymeric cable jacket, and the strength member height is within 1.3 mm of the inner diameter of the buffer tube. 7] Also described herein is a cable that comprises a cable jacket, a buffer tube defining a cable interior, a plurality of optical fibers in the interior, and strength members embedded in the cable jacket. The optical fibers can be arranged, for example, as a ribbon stack. The cable jacket can be extruded onto the exterior of the buffer tube, and both the cable jacket and the buffer tube can be constructed wholly or partly from polymer materials. 8] In some embodiments, the ribbon stack freespace can be lower than that of conventional cables. Cables according to the present embodiments with reduced ribbon stack freespace can show minimal attenuation response and lower material costs. 9] In some embodiments, the strength member height on either side of the cable can be relatively close to the buffer tube inside diameter to facilitate access to the cable interior. The strength member height can be, for example, within 1 mm of the buffer tube inside diameter. 0] In some embodiments, jacket size and strength member size can be smaller than comparable conventional cables in order to reduce material costs. 1] In some embodiments, the ratio of the product of elastic modulus E and total cross-sectional area A (EA) for the fibers in the ribbon stack to the product of elastic modulus E and total cross-sectional area A of the strength members is higher than in conventional designs at various fiber counts. 2] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description present embodiments of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 3] The present embodiments are explained in more detail below with reference to figures which show the exemplary embodiments. 4] FIG. 1 is a cross section of a cable according to a first embodiment. 5] FIG. 2 is a plot of the ratio of jacket area to strength member area for the cable of FIG. 1. 6] FIG. 3 is a plot of the ration of fiber EA to strength member EA for the cable of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION 7] FIG. 1 is a cross section of a micromodule cable 10 according to a first embodiment and having an outer diameter 14. The optical cable 10 comprises a jacket 20 having a wall thickness 24 and an outside diameter 28 (also corresponding to the cable 10 diameter). The jacket 20 surrounds and contacts the outer surface of a buffer tube 30 having an inner diameter 34 and an outer diameter 38. The jacket 20 can be formed from, for example, a polymer material such as polyethylene. The buffer tube 30 defines an interior 40 of the cable 10. The cable interior 40 accommodates a plurality of optical waveguides 50. In the illustrated embodiment, the optical waveguides 50 are arranged as a stack of fiber optic ribbons with a ribbon stack diagonal dimension 54. Pairs of strength members 60 are arranged on opposite sides of the cable 10 cross section. The strength members 60 are wholly or substantially embedded in the cable jacket 20, and may be adjacent to and/or abut the buffer tube 30. In the illustrated embodiment, the strength members 60 are circular in cross-section with diameter 64 and with a strength member height 68 for each pair.
The jacket 20, the buffer tube 30, the ribbon stack 50, and the strength members 60 can all extend longitudinally along the entire or substantially all of the length of the cable 10. 8] According to one aspect of the present embodiment, the ribbon stack freespace can be lower than that of conventional cables. Referring to FIG. 1, “ribbon stack freespace” is generally defined as the difference between the buffer tube 30 inside diameter 34 and the ribbon stack major dimension - in this case diagonal 54. In conventional cables, the ribbon stack freespace has historically been above 2.0 mm, with some designs having a freespace as high as 3.38 mm. According to one aspect of the present embodiments, the ribbon stack freespace can be less than 1.5 mm, and more particularly less than 1.0 mm. In one embodiment, the cable 10 is a 48 fiber, 4.1 mm tube inner diameter 34 cable with a ribbon stack freespace of 0.71 mm. Cables according to the present embodiment with reduced freespace can show minimal attenuation response, especially when incorporating bend-improved fibers in the ribbon stack 50. The ribbon stack 50 is free to move radially with respect to a center line 70 of the cable 10, so the spacing between the buffer tube 30 in general will not be constant with respect to any of the corners of the ribbon stack 50. 9\ According to another aspect of the present embodiment, the strength member height 68 can be relatively close to the buffer tube outside diameter 38 in order facilitate access to the cable interior 40. For example, in one embodiment, the strength member height 68 is 3.2 mm, with each strength member 60 having a diameter of 1.60 mm, and the buffer tube inner diameter 34 is 4.1 mm. The difference between strength member height 68 and buffer tube inner diameter 34 can be relatively small - in the range of 1.3 mm or less, or more particularly in the range of 1.0 mm or less. Using the strength members 60 as a blade guide, the cable jacket 10 and buffer tube 30 may be shaved away from the cable 10 without damaging the ribbons in the stack 50. Six strength members 60 of 1.25 mm diameter, for example, with three members on each side of the buffer tube 30, would further decrease the difference between the buffer tube outer diameter 38 and the strength member height 68. Also, if this feature is desired in the field, strength members 60 can be spaced or separated (in the vertical direction in FIG. 1) in order to increase the overall strength member height 68. In the illustrated embodiment, the strength members 60 are dielectric rigid/semi-rigid strength members, and can be glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) rods with circular cross-sections, although other materials (e.g. steel) and/or cross-sections can be used. Referring to FIG. 1, the “strength member height” is defined as the spacing between the outermost edges (shown as the uppermost and lowest edges in FIG. 1) of the outermost strength members on one side of the cable. In the illustrated embodiment, the strength members 60 abut one another so the strength member height 68 is the sum of the diameters of the strength members 60 on each side of the cable 10. It is generally preferable that the strength members 60 abut the buffer tube 30 to prevent jacket material from coming between the strength members 60 and the buffer tube 30. 0] According to another aspect of the present embodiment, by reducing the strength member diameter 64, the jacket thickness 24 can also be reduced. For example, a 0.55 mm reduction in strength member diameter 64 was achieved for the cable 10 when compared with a conventional design. This corresponds to the same jacket thickness 24 reduction in the thick portions (or, portions not overlying the strength members 60) of the jacket 20. Similar conventional cable arrangements require at least a 2.80 mm jacket wall to meet minimum jacket thickness requirements. Minimum jacket thickness is the thickness of the jacket required over the strength members 60, indicated generally by the arrow 75 in FIG. 1. The cable 10 in the illustrated embodiment has a jacket 20 of about 2.30 mm thickness. The relatively thin jacket 20 significantly reduces material costs for the cable 10. In an alternative embodiment, a cable having six 1.25 mm diameter strength members 60 -three strength members on each side - reduces the jacket thickness even further to 2.00 mm. Cables according to the present embodiments can be constructed to maintain a substantially round outer diameter while retaining the required minimum jacket thickness. The jacket thickness 24 can be, for example, in the range of 2.00 mm to 2.80 mm, or more particularly in the range of 2.30 mm to 2.80 mm. 1] Another way to characterize the relationship between the jacket 20 and the strength members 60 is to compare the cross-sectional area of the jacket 20 with that of the strength members 60. Jacket to strength member area ratio data are tabulated in FIG. 2 for cables at room temperature. When using strength members 60 of round cross-section, the thickness of the jacket 20 is determined by the diameter of the strength members 60 plus the minimum jacket thickness 75 required over the strength members 60. In the illustrated embodiment, the strength member diameter 64 is 1.60 mm, with two strength members 60 on each side of the jacket 20. The minimum jacket thickness 75 is in the range of 0.7-1.0 mm. Reducing the size of the strength members 60 allows a reduction in jacket size, which reduces the costs of material for the cable. In this specification, the term “strength member area” refers to the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all of the strength members in the jacket, and the term “jacket area” refers to the total cross-sectional area for the jacket material. Referring to FIG. 2, the conventional design (the lowest data points on the plot, indicated by diamond data points), has lower jacket area to strength member area ratios for various fiber counts. Data describing the cable 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 correspond to the intermediate values on the plot, and are indicated by square data points. For a cable 10 as shown in FIG. 1, with two 1.60 mm diameter strength members on each side of the cable, the ratio for 12-48 fiber count cables lies in the range of 6-8. For 48-72 fiber cables, the ratio lies in the range of 7-9. For 72-96 fiber cables, the ratio lies in the range of 7.5-9.5. For 96-144 fiber cables, the ratio lies in the range of 8-10. 2] Jacket area can be further reduced by using only two strength members, of 2.05 mm diameter, one on each side of the jacket 20. In FIG. 2, data describing this cable correspond to the highest values on the plot, and are indicated by round data points. For this embodiment, the jacket to strength member ratio for 12-48 fiber count cables lies in the range of 10-12. For 48-72 fiber cables, the ratio lies in the range of 11-13. For 72-96 fiber cables, the ratio lies in the range of 12-14. For 96144 fiber cables, the ratio lies in the range of 12-15. 3] According to another aspect of the present embodiment, the ratio of the product of elastic modulus E and total area A (EA) for the fibers in the ribbon stack 50 and the strength members 60 is higher than in conventional designs. In this specification, the term “fiber area” refers to the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all of the optical fibers in the cable, including the fiber coatings, and, for ribbonized fibers, includes the total cross-sectional area of the fibers plus coatings in the fiber ribbons. The term “ribbon stack fiber area” could also be used to describe the total cross-sectional area of the optical fibers plus coatings in the fiber ribbons. FIG. 3 is a plot of fiber area multiplied by fiber elastic modulus (or, “fiber EA”) divided by the strength member EA. The fiber elastic modulus E is typically calculated to include the fiber and coating(s) applied thereto. In FIG. 3, data showing the ratio of fiber EA to strength member EA for the cable 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is indicated by diamond data points, while data for a conventional cable is indicated by round data points. According to one embodiment, the ratio of fiber EA (or “ribbon stack EA” for ribbonized fibers) to strength member EA is at least .0015 x fiber count. In the illustrated embodiment, the ratio is about .0021 x fiber count. Common matrix material used to cover multiple fibers in a fiber optic ribbon has a relatively low elastic modulus and is not used to calculate ribbon stack fiber area or ribbon stack EA. 4] The interior 40 of the cable 10 can be filled with a filling compound such as, for example, a waterblocking material such as thixotropic gel or grease. Gel-free designs with or without foam tapes can also be used. 5] It is understood in this specification that values for jacket thickness 24, cable diameter 28, buffer tube inside diameter 34 and outside diameter 38, ribbon stack diagonal 54, strength member diameter 64, strength member height 68, etc. may vary to some degree according to manufacturing tolerances. The values in this specification may therefore be considered to be averages for a typical cross-section of the cable. The cross-sections in the cable may not necessarily be perfect geometric shapes; for example, the illustrated circular cross-sections may have some degree of ovality in the manufactured cable. Diameter values may therefore be considered to the average diameter of a cross-section at any point along the length of the cable. 6] The cable 10 can be constructed of materials similar to Single-Tube Ribbon (SST-Ribbon™) Cables available from Coming Cable Systems, Inc. of Hickory NC. The cable 10 can include one or more ripcords (not illustrated). An armored version of the cable 10 can include metallic or dielectric armor coatings. 7] The present cable embodiments may utilize tensile yams as tension relief elements that provide tensile strength to the cables. A preferred material for the tensile yarns is aramid (e.g., KEVLAR®), but other tensile strength materials could be used. For example, high molecular weight polyethylenes such as SPECTRA® fiber and DYNEEMA® fiber, Teijin Twaron® aramids, fiberglass, etc. may also be used. The yams may be stranded to improve cable performance. 8] Many modifications and other embodiments of the present invention, within the scope of the claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For instance, the concepts of the present invention can be used with any suitable fiber optic cable design and/or method of manufacture. For instance, the embodiments shown can include other suitable cable components such as an armor layer, coupling elements, different cross-sectional shapes, or the like. Thus, it is intended that this invention covers these modifications and embodiments as well those also apparent to those skilled in the art. 9] Where the terms “comprise”, “comprises”, “comprised” or “comprising” are used in this specification (including the claims) they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components, but not precluding the presence of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or group thereto.