AU2015201099A1 - An injector igniter for replacing a diesel fuel injector in an internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

5 Embodiments of injectors suitable for injection ports having relatively small diameters are disclosed herein. An injector according to one embodiment includes a body having a first end portion opposite a second end portion. The second end portion is configured to be positioned adjacent to a combustion chamber and the first end portion is configured to be spaced apart from the combustion 10 chamber. The injector also includes an ignition conductor extending through the body from the first end portion to the second end portion, and an insulator extending longitudinally along the ignition conductor and surrounding at least a portion of the ignition conductor. The injector further includes a valve extending longitudinally along the insulator from the first end portion to the second end portion. The valve 15 includes a sealing end portion, and the valve is movable along the insulator between an open position and a closed position. The injector also includes a valve seat at or proximate to the second end portion of the body. When the valve is in the open position the sealing end portion is spaced apart from the valve seat, and when the valve is in the closed position the sealing end portion contacts at least a portion of 20 the valve seat.

Description

HA\mzi\ntov \NRPortbl\DCC\MZl\7524555I .d-3/03/2015 AN INJECTOR IGNITER FOR REPLACING A DIESEL FUEL INJECTOR IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE This application is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No. 2010328632, 5 the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The following disclosure relates generally to integrated fuel injectors 10 and igniters suitable for large engine applications and other sized engine applications for injecting and igniting various fuels in a combustion chamber. BACKGROUND 15 [0002] Fuel injection systems are typically used to inject a fuel spray into an inlet manifold or a combustion chamber of an engine. Fuel injection systems have become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors since the late 1980s. Conventional fuel injection systems are typically connected to a pressurized fuel supply, and fuel 20 injectors used in these fuel injection systems generally inject or otherwise release the pressurized fuel into the combustion chamber at a specific time relative to the power stroke of the engine. In many engines, and particularly in large engines, the size of the bore or port through which the fuel injector enters the combustion chamber is small. This small port accordingly limits the size of the components 25 that can be used to actuate or otherwise inject fuel from the injector. Moreover, such engines also generally have crowded intake and exhaust valve train mechanisms, further restricting the space available for components of these fuel injectors. -1- [0005] Figure 2B is a cross-sectional side view of a flow valve configured in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. [0006] Figures 3A-5A are a series of cross-sectional side views of injectors configured in accordance with further embodiments of the disclosure. 5 [0007] Figure 5B is a cross-sectional side view of a first flow path taken substantially along the lines 5B-5B of Figure 5A, and Figure 5C is a cross-sectional side view of a second flow path taken substantially along the lines 5C-5C of Figure 5A. Figure 5D is a cross-sectional side view of an alternative embodiment of the first flow path taken substantially along lines 5B-5B of Figure 5A, and Figure 5E is a 10 cross-sectional side view of an alternative embodiment of the second flow path taken substantially along the lines 5C-5C of Figure 5A. [0008] Figures 5F and 5G are side views of flow valves configured in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure. [0009] Figure 6 is a cross-sectional side view of an injector configured in 15 accordance with an additional embodiment of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0010] The present application incorporates by reference in their entirety the subject matter of each of the following patent applications: U.S. Patent Application No. 12/841,170, filed July 21, 2010 and titled INTEGRATED FUEL INJECTORS 20 AND IGNITERS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/804,510, filed July 21, 2010 and titled FUEL INJECTOR ACTUATOR ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/841,146, filed July 21, 2010 and titled INTEGRATED FUEL INJECTOR IGNITERS WITH CONDUCTIVE CABLE 25 ASSEMBLIES; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/841,149, filed July 21, 2010 and titled SHAPING A FUEL CHARGE IN A COMBUSTION CHAMBER WITH MULTIPLE DRIVERS AND/OR IONIZATION CONTROL; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/841,135, filed July 21, 2010 and titled CERAMIC INSULATOR AND METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE THEREOF; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/804,509, 30 filed July 21, 2010 and titled METHOD AND SYSTEM OF THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION TO PROVIDE OXYGENATED FUEL, FOR EXAMPLE, WITH -2- FUEL-COOLED FUEL INJECTORS; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/804,508, filed July 21, 2010 and titled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR REDUCING THE FORMATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN DURING COMBUSTION IN ENGINES; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/581,825, filed October 19, 2009 and titled 5 MULTIFUEL STORAGE, METERING AND IGNITION SYSTEM; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/653,085, filed December 7, 2009 and titled INTEGRATED FUEL INJECTORS AND IGNITERS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/006,774 (now U.S. Patent No. 7,628,137), filed January 7, 2008 and titled MULTIFUEL STORAGE, METERING 10 AND IGNITION SYSTEM; PCT Application No. PCT/US09/67044, filed December 7, 2009 and titled INTEGRATED FUEL INJECTORS AND IGNITERS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE; U.S. Provisional Application No. 611237,425, filed August 27, 2009 and titled OXYGENATED FUEL PRODUCTION; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/237,466, filed August 27, 2009 15 and titled MULTIFUEL MULTIBURST; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/237,479, filed August 27, 2009 and titled FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/304,403, filed February 13, 2010 and titled FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/312,100, filed March 9, 2010 and titled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR 20 PROVIDING HIGH VOLTAGE RF SHIELDING, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR USE WITH A FUEL INJECTOR. The present application incorporates by reference in its entirety the subject matter of the U.S. Patent Applications, filed concurrently herewith on October 27, 2010 and titled: ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR FUEL INJECTORS AND IGNITERS (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8059US); and FUEL 25 INJECTOR SUITABLE FOR INJECTING A PLURALITY OF DIFFERENT FUELS INTO A COMBUSTION CHAMBER (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8054US). A. Overview [0011] The present disclosure describes integrated fuel injection and ignition devices for use with internal combustion engines, as well as associated systems, 30 assemblies, components, and methods regarding the same. For example, several of the embodiments described below are directed generally to adaptable fuel injectors/igniters that can optimize the injection and combustion of various fuels -3based on combustion chamber conditions. In certain embodiments, these fuel injectors/igniters are also particularly suited for large engine applications, such as retrofit assemblies as well as new assemblies, having limited space constraints for such injectors/igniters. Certain details are set forth in the following description and in 5 Figures 1-6 to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the disclosure. However, other details describing well-known structures and systems often associated with internal combustion engines, injectors, igniters, and/or other aspects of combustion systems are not set forth below to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of various embodiments of the disclosure. Thus, it will be 10 appreciated that several of the details set forth below are provided to describe the following embodiments in a manner sufficient to enable a person skilled in the relevant art to make and use the disclosed embodiments. Several of the details and advantages described below, however, may not be necessary to practice certain embodiments of the disclosure. 15 [0012] Many of the details, dimensions, angles, shapes, and other features shown in the Figures are merely illustrative of particular embodiments of the disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments can have other details, dimensions, angles, and features without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that further 20 embodiments of the disclosure can be practiced without several of the details described below. [0013] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the 25 present disclosure. Thus, the occurrences of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics described with reference to a particular embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more other 30 embodiments. Moreover, the headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed disclosure. -4- [0014] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an integrated injector/igniter 100 ("injector 100") configured in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The injector 100 shown in Figure 1 is intended to schematically illustrate several of the features of the injectors and assemblies described below. 5 Accordingly, these features described with reference to Figure 1 are not intended to limit any of the features of the injectors and assemblies described below. As shown in Figure 1, the injector 100 includes a body 102 having a middle portion 104 extending between a first end portion or base portion 106 and a second end portion of nozzle portion 108. The base portion 106 is accordingly spaced apart from the 10 nozzle portion 108. [0015] The nozzle portion 108 is configured to at least partially extend through an engine head 110 to inject and ignite fuel at or near an interface 111 of a combustion chamber 112. In certain embodiments, the nozzle portion 108 can include components that are configured to fit within a relatively small injector port 15 frequently used in large engine applications, such as in marine propulsion engines, for example. In the illustrated embodiment, for example an injection port 107, such as an injection port of a modern diesel engine, can have a diameter D of approximately 8.4 millimeters (0.33 inch) or less. In other embodiments, however, the diameter D can be greater than approximately 8.4 millimeters. As described in 20 detail below, the injector 100 is particularly suited to provide adaptive and rapid actuation under high fuel delivery pressure, while eliminating unwanted fuel dribble into the combustion chamber 112, even in such relatively small injection ports 107. Moreover, as also described in detail below, the injector 100 is also configured to account for a relatively large distance or length L between the combustion chamber 25 interface 111 and several actuating components carried by the body 102 that are spaced apart from the engine head 110. In modern diesel engines or other large engines, for example, crowded intake and exhaust valve train mechanisms at the engine head 110 may require separation lengths L of 12-36 inches, or more. [0016] In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the injector 100 includes a core 30 assembly 113 extending from the base portion 106 to the nozzle portion 108. The injector 110 also includes a body insulator 142 coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the core assembly 113. The core assembly 113 includes an ignition rod or -5conductor 114, an ignition insulator 116, and a valve 118. The ignition conductor 114 is operably coupled to a voltage source at the base portion 106 and extends from the base portion 106 through the nozzle portion 108. The ignition conductor 114 includes an end portion 115 proximate to the interface 111 of the combustion 5 chamber 112 that includes one or more ignition features that are configured to generate an ignition event with the head 110. The ignition insulator 116 is coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the ignition conductor 114 and extends from the base portion 106 at least partially into the nozzle portion 108. The valve 118 is coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the insulator 116. In the illustrated 10 embodiment, the valve 118 has a first length, the ignition insulator 116 has a second length greater than the first length, and the ignition conductor 114 has a third length greater than the second length. The valve 118 is configured to move between an open position (as shown in Figure 1) and a closed position. More specifically, the valve 118 includes a sealing end portion 119 that rests against a corresponding 15 valve seat 121 when the valve 118 is in the closed position. The valve seat 121 can be carried by the body insulator 142. As the valve 118 moves to the open position, the end portion 119 is spaced away from the valve seat 121 to allow fuel to flow or otherwise pass by the valve seat 121. [0017] The injector 100 also includes a valve operator assembly 125 carried by 20 the base portion 106. The valve operator assembly 125 includes at least an actuator or driver 120 and a processor or controller 122. More specifically, the driver 120 is positioned at the base portion 106 and is operably coupled to the valve 118. The driver 120 is also operably coupled to the controller 122. The driver 120 can be an actuated from any suitable force generating mechanism (e.g., electrical, 25 electromechanical, magnetic, etc.) to engage and move the valve 118. The controller 122 can also be operably coupled to one or more sensors carried by the injector 100 or positioned elsewhere in an engine where the injector 100 is installed. These sensors can detect combustion chamber data or other engine-related data that can be correlated to combustion chamber data. In one embodiment, for 30 example, the controller 122 can be operably coupled to sensors that are optical fibers carried by the ignition conductor 114. Accordingly, the controller 122 can direct or otherwise control the driver 120 to actuate the valve 118 in response to one or more combustion chamber properties. -6- [0018] In operation, fuel is introduced in the base portion 106 into a fuel flow path or channel 124. The fuel channel 124 extends between the body 102 and the valve 118 from the base portion 106 through the middle portion 104 to the nozzle portion 108. Precise metered amounts of fuel can be selectively and adaptively 5 introduced into the combustion chamber 112 by the injector 100. For example, the driver 120 actuates the valve 118 to slide or otherwise move the valve 118 longitudinally along the insulator 116 to space the sealing end portion 119 of the valve 118 away from the valve seat 121. As the valve 118 moves between the open and closed positions in directions generally parallel with a longitudinal axis of the 10 injector 100, the ignition conductor 114 and the insulator 116 remain stationary within the body 102. The insulator 116 therefore acts as a central journal bearing for the valve 118 and can accordingly have a low friction outer surface that contacts the valve 118. Moreover, and as discussed in detail below, the ignition conductor 114 can create an ignition event to ignite the fuel before or as the fuel enters the 15 combustion chamber 112. As also discussed in detail below, the sealing end portion 119 of the valve 118 can be positioned at various locations within the injector 100 including, for example, within the injection port 107 and/or adjacent to the interface 111 of the combustion chamber 112. [0019] Figure 2A is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated injector/igniter 20 200 ("injector 200") configured in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment illustrated in Figure 2A includes several features that are generally similar in structure and function to the corresponding features of the injector 100 described above with reference to Figure 1. For example, the injector 200 illustrated in Figure 2 includes a body 202 having a middle portion 204 25 extending between a first end portion or base portion 206 and a second end portion or nozzle portion 208. The nozzle portion 208 is configured to be at least partially inserted into an injection port 207 in an engine head 210. As described in detail below, the injector 200 is configured to overcome the difficult problem with many modern diesel engines or other large engines that limit the size of the injector port 30 207 to about 8.4 mm (0.33 inch) or less in diameter, and that also limit the available space with crowded intake and exhaust valve train mechanisms often requiring a separation length L of approximately 12-36 inches or more between an interface 211 -7at a combustion chamber 212 and the valve operating components of the injector 200. [0020] According to features of the illustrated embodiment, the injector 200 also includes a core assembly 213 extending through the body 202 from the base portion 5 206 at least partially into the nozzle portion 208. The core assembly 213 facilitates the fuel injection and ignition. More specifically, the core assembly 213 includes a core or ignition insulator 216 coaxially disposed over an ignition rod or conductor 214. The core assembly 213 also includes a moveable tube valve 218 coaxially disposed over the core insulator 216. In the illustrated embodiment, the ignition 10 conductor 214 is a stationary ignition member that can be an electrically conductive rod or Litz wire bundle. The ignition conductor 214 is coupled to an ignition or terminal 227 in the base portion 206 to receive voltage energy. More specifically, the ignition terminal 227 is coupled to a voltage supply conductor 209, which is in turn coupled to a suitable voltage source. In one embodiment, for example, the 15 ignition terminal 227 can supply at least approximately 80KV (DC or AC) to the ignition conductor 214. In other embodiments, however, the ignition terminal 227 can supply a greater or lesser voltage to the ignition conductor 214. [0021] The ignition conductor 214 also includes one or more ignition features 234 positioned at the nozzle portion 208. In the illustrated embodiment, the ignition 20 features 234 can be acicular threads or other types of projections extending circumferentially away from the ignition member 214. The ignition features 234 remain stationary and act as a first electrode. The inner diameter of the injection port 207 acts as a corresponding second electrode for creating an ignition event, such as a plasma ignition event. In certain embodiments, for example, and as 25 shown in Figure 2A, the nozzle portion 208 can include a thin conductive electrode liner or plating 235 on at least a portion of the inner surface or diameter of the injection port 207. The electrode liner 235 can be used to protect the inner surface of the injection port 207 from plasma erosion. In embodiments without the electrode liner 235, however, high frequency AC can be used to eliminate plasma erosion on 30 the inner surface of the injection port 207. [0022] In the illustrated embodiment, the ignition conductor 214 also includes one or more sensors, such as one or more optical fibers 217, disposed within the -8ignition conductor 214. The optical fibers 217 can extend longitudinally through the ignition conductor 214 and are configured to transmit data from the combustion chamber 212 to one or more components in the injector 100 or in the engine utilizing the injector 100. 5 [0023] According to certain features of the illustrated embodiment, the core insulator 216 remains stationary on the ignition conductor 214 and can be constructed from a ceramic insulator as disclosed in the co-pending applications incorporated by reference in their entireties above. In one embodiment, for example, the core insulator 216 can be made from a long-lead spiral form 10 constructed from a PTFE or PEEK monofilament. In other embodiments, however, the core insulator 216 can be made from other materials suitable for containing the voltage delivered to and/or generated within the injector 200. For example, the core insulator 216 can be constructed from insulative materials suitable for containing 80KV (DC or AC) at temperatures up to about 1000 0 F. In other embodiments, 15 however, the insulator 216 can be configured to contain more or less voltage, as well as operate in hotter or colder temperatures. As also described in detail below, the core insulator 216 can also serve as a low friction central journal bearing surface for the valve 218 as the valve 218 moves between open and closed positions along the core insulator 216. 20 [0024] As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the valve 218 is an outwardly opening valve (e.g., opening in a direction toward the combustion chamber 212) that is movable along the insulator 216 to selectively introduce fuel from the nozzle portion 208 into the combustion chamber 212. More specifically, the valve 218 is configured to slide along the insulator 216 between open and closed positions and in 25 directions that are generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the injector 200. The valve 218 includes a first end portion 223 opposite a second or sealing end portion 219. The sealing end portion 219 forms a fluid tight seal against a corresponding valve seat 221 when the valve 218 is in a closed position. Further details of the valve 218 are described below with reference to Figure 2B. 30 (0025] Figure 2B is a partially exploded side cross-sectional view of the valve 218 shown in Figure 2A. Referring to Figure 2B, the valve 218 includes a hollow core or body 244 having an inner surface 246 opposite an outer surface 248. The -9body 244 can be made from reinforced structural composites as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/857,461, filed August 16, 2010, and entitled "INTERNALLY REINFORCED STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF MANUFACTURING," which is incorporated herein by reference in its 5 entirety. For example the body 244 can be made from relatively low density spaced graphite or graphene structures that provides the benefits of reducing inertia, achieving high strength and stiffness, and providing high fatigue endurance strength. More specifically, the body 244 can be constructed from a light weight but strong graphite structural core that is reinforced by one or more carbon-carbon layers. The 10 carbon-carbon layer(s) may be prepared from a suitable precursor application of carbon donor (e.g., petroleum pitch or a thermoplastic such as a polyolefin or PAN). The one or more carbon-carbon layers can further provide radio frequency shielding and protection. Additional protection may be established by plating the outer surface 248 with a suitable alloy, such as a nickel alloy that may be brazed to the 15 body 244 by a suitable braze alloy composition. The inner surface 246 is configured to slide or otherwise move along the core insulator 216 (Figure 2A). Accordingly, at least a portion of the inner surface 246 can include a suitable low friction coating, such as a polyimide, PEEK, Parylene H, or a PTFE copolymer, to facilitate the movement of the valve 218 along the core insulator 216 (Figure 2A). In addition, the 20 outer surface 248 can also include high strength materials, such as graphite filament reinforced polyimide or graphite tape with thermoset adhesives. [0026] According to further features of the illustrated embodiment, the valve 218 includes the enlarged sealing end portion 219 that is configured to seal against or otherwise rest on the valve seat 221 (Figure 2A) when the valve 218 is in the 25 closed position. The sealing end portion 219 has a generally funnel shape or a generally annularly flared shape having a diameter that is greater than the diameter of the body 244. More specifically, the sealing end portion 219 is an end portion of the body 244 that has a gradually increasing diameter. In certain embodiments, the sealing end portion 219 can include an elastomeric coating or elastomeric portion to 30 facilitate sealing with the corresponding valve seat 221 (Figure 2A). In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the exterior surface 248 of the sealing end portion 219 can include an elastomeric ring or coating, such as a fluorosilicone coating, a perfluoroelastomer, or other fluoroelastomers, to at least partially conform to the -10shape of the corresponding valve seat. In other embodiments, such as for inwardly opening valves as described in detail below, the inner surface 246 can include the elastomeric ring or coating to facilitate sealing with a corresponding valve seat. Moreover, in still further embodiments the valve seat that contacts the sealing end 5 portion 219 can include an elastomeric coating or elastomeric portion to facilitate sealing. [0027] In the illustrated embodiment, the valve 218 also includes one or more stop members or stop collars 230 (identified individually as a first stop collar 230a and a second stop collar 230b) that can be attached to the outer surface 248 of the 10 first end portion 223. Although the stop collars 230 are shown as separate components from the valve 218 in Figure 2B, in other embodiments the stop collars 230 can be integrally formed on the outer surface 248 of the valve 218. As described in detail below, the stop collars 230 are configured to contact or otherwise engage an actuator or driver in the injector 200 to move the valve 218 between the 15 open and closed positions. [0028] Referring again to Figure 2A, and as discussed in detail below, when the valve 218 is actuated to an open position, the sealing end portion 219 of the valve 218 becomes spaced apart from the valve seat 221 to selectively introduce fuel into the injection port 207. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the valve seat 221 is 20 positioned adjacent to the end of the core insulator 216. The valve seat 221 is also positioned adjacent to the ignition features 235 of the ignition conductor 214. In other embodiments, however, the ignition features 235 can be positioned at other locations relative to the valve seat 221 including, for example, at a location spaced apart from the valve seat 221 and proximate to the interface 211 of the combustion 25 chamber 212. [0029] The first end portion 223 of the valve 218 is operably coupled to a valve operator assembly 225. The valve operator assembly 225 is configured to selectively move the valve 218 between the open and closed positions. More specifically, the valve operator assembly 225 includes a driver 220 operably coupled 30 to the valve 218, a force generator 226 (shown schematically) configured to induce movement of the driver 220, and a processor or controller 222 operably coupled to the force generator 226. The force generator 226 can be any suitable type of force -11generator for inducing movement of the driver 220 including, for example, electric, electromagnetic, magnetic, and other suitable force generators as disclosed in any of the patents and patent applications incorporated by reference above. Moreover, the controller 222 can also be coupled to one or more sensors positioned throughout 5 the injector 200. [0030] The driver 220 is coaxially disposed over the first end portion 223 of the valve 218 and includes a stop cavity 228 having a first contact surface 229 that engages the one or more stop collars 230 on the first end portion 223 of the valve 218. A biasing member or spring 232 engages a second contact surface 231 of the 10 driver 220 opposite the first contact surface 229. The spring 232 is positioned within a spring cavity 233 in the base portion 206. Accordingly, the spring 232 urges the driver 220 in a direction away from the nozzle portion 208 (e.g., toward the base portion 206). As the spring 232 urges the driver 220 toward the base portion 206, the first contact surface 229 engages the stop collar 230 on the valve 218 to tension 15 the valve 218 or otherwise urge the valve 218 toward the base portion 206 to retain the sealing end portion 219 of the valve 218 against the valve seat 221 in a normally closed position. In certain embodiments, the valve operator assembly 225 can also include one or more additional biasing members 236, such as electromagnets or permanent magnets, which can selectively bias the driver 220 toward the base 20 portion 206 to tension the valve 218 in the normally closed position between injection events. [0031] The base portion 206 also includes a fuel fitting or inlet 238 configured to introduce fuel into the injector 200. The fuel can travel from the fuel inlet 238 through the force generator 226 as indicated by base portion fuel paths 239. The 25 fuel exits the force generator 226 through multiple exit channels 240 fluidly coupled to a fuel flow path or channel 224 extending longitudinally adjacent to the core assembly 213. More specifically, the fuel flow path 224 extends between the valve 218 and an inner surface of an insulative body 242 of the middle portion 204 and the nozzle portion 208. The electrically insulated body 242 can be made from a ceramic 30 or polymer insulator suitable for containing the high voltage developed in the injector 200, as disclosed in the patent applications incorporated by reference in their entireties above. When the sealing end portion 219 of the valve 218 contacts the -12valve seat 221, the sealing end portion 219 seals or otherwise closes the fuel flow path 224. However, as the driver 220 opens the valve 218, fuel flows toward the combustion chamber 212 past the valve seat 221 and sealing end portion 219. As fuel flows toward the combustion chamber 212, the ignition conductor 214 conveys 5 DC and/or AC voltage from 209 to ionization initiation features 234 to ionize and rapidly propagate and thrust the fuel toward the combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, when the force generator 226 actuates the driver 220 to in turn move the valve 218, fuel flows by the ignition features 234 of the ignition conductor 214. As the fuel flows, the ignition features 234, the ignition features 234 10 generate an ignition event to partially or substantially ionize the fuel by application of ionizing voltage to the voltage terminal 227 via the voltage supply conductor 209. More specifically, ignition voltage applied to the ignition features 234 develops plasma discharge blasts of ionized fuel that is rapidly accelerated and injected into the combustion chamber 212. Generating such high voltage at the ignition features 15 234 initiates ionization, which is then rapidly propagated as a much larger population of ions in plasma develops and travels outward to thrust fuel past the interface 211 into the combustion chamber 212 into surplus air to provide insulation of more or less adiabatic stratified chamber combustion. As such, the injector 200, as well as other injectors described herein, is capable of ionizing air within the injector prior to 20 introducing fuel into the ionized air, ionizing fuel combined with air, as well as layers of ionized air without fuel and ionized fuel and air combinations, as disclosed in the patent applications incorporated by reference in their entireties above. [0032] Figure 3A is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated injector/igniter 300a ("injector 300a") configured in accordance with another embodiment of the 25 disclosure. The injector 300a illustrated in Figure 3A includes several features that are generally similar in structure and function to the corresponding features of the injectors described above with reference to Figures 1-2B. For example, as shown in Figure 3A, the injector 300a includes a body 302 having a middle portion 304 extending between a first end portion or base portion 306 and a second end portion 30 or nozzle portion 308. The nozzle portion 308 at least partially extends into an injection port 307 in a cylinder head 310. In certain embodiments, the nozzle portion 308 is configured to fit within an injection port 307 having a diameter D of approximately 8.4 millimeters (0.33 inch) or less, such as modern diesel injection -13ports, for example. In other embodiments, however, the nozzle portion 308 can fit within a diameter D that is larger. The injector 300a also includes a valve operator assembly 325 carried by the base portion 306. The valve operator assembly 325 is operably coupled to a core assembly 313 for injecting and igniting fuel into a 5 combustion chamber 312. [0033] The core assembly 313 includes a stationary core insulator 316 coaxially disposed over a stationary ignition member or conductor 314. The ignition conductor 314 can include one or more sensors or fiber optic cables 317 extending longitudinally therethrough to transmit data from the combustion chamber 312 to the 10 valve operator assembly 325 or another controller. The core assembly 313 also includes a tube valve 318 coaxially disposed over the core insulator 316. The valve 318 includes a first end portion 323 at the base portion 306 that engages the valve operator assembly 325. The valve 318 also includes a second or sealing end portion 319 that engages or otherwise contacts a valve seat 321 carried by a body 15 insulator 342. The valve operator assembly 325 actuates or moves the valve 318 along the core insulator 316 between an open position (as shown in Figure 3A) and a closed position. In the open position, the sealing end portion 319 of the valve 318 is spaced apart from the valve seat 321 to allow fuel to flow from a fuel flow path or channel 324 past the valve seat 321 into the nozzle portion 308. The fuel flow 20 channel 324 extends through the body 302 in an annular space between the valve 318 and the body insulator 342. [0034] In the embodiment shown in Figure 3A, the sealing end portion 319 of the valve 318 is smaller than the injection port 307. More specifically, the sealing end portion 319 has a maximum outer diameter that is less than the diameter D of 25 the injection port 307. As also shown in the illustrated embodiment, the sealing end portion 319 is spaced apart from a combustion chamber interface 311 by a relatively large distance or length L. More specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the length L is approximately equal to a thickness of the engine head 310, which can be 12 or more inches in some cases. In other embodiments, however, and as 30 described in detail below with reference to Figure 3B, for example, the sealing end portion 319 of the valve 318 can be positioned at other locations relative to the interface 311. Accordingly, the injector 300a illustrated in Figure 3A is configured to -14account for a relatively large length L between the combustion chamber interface 311 and the sealing end portion 319 of the valve 318. In modern diesel engines or other large engines, for example, crowded intake and exhaust valve train mechanisms may require separation lengths L of 12-36 inches, or more. 5 [0035] According to additional features of the illustrated embodiment, the injector 300a also includes one or more ignition features 334 extending along a portion of the ignition conductor 314. The ignition features 334 are configured to generate an ionization, propulsive thrust and/or ignition event with the head 310. More specifically, as shown in Figure 3A the ignition features 334 can be made of a 10 conductive material that is spirally wound around the ignition conductor 314 in a coiled or corkscrew configuration including brush-like whisker or rod-like conductors. The ignition features 334 accordingly extend away from the ignition conductor 314 toward the inner surface of the injection port 307. When ignition energy is applied to the ignition features 334 via the ignition conductor 314, the ignition features 334 15 generate an ignition event (e.g., a plasma spark) to ignite or ionize fuel, air, and/or air and fuel mixtures. In embodiments where the ignition event is a plasma event, ignition by the plasma blast ionizes the fuel and accelerates the ionized fuel into the combustion chamber 312. [0036] Figure 3B is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated injector/igniter 20 300b ("injector 300b") configured in accordance with yet another embodiment of the disclosure. The illustrated injector 300b includes several of the same features of the injector 300a illustrated in Figure 3A. For example, the injector 300b illustrated in Figure 3B includes the core assembly 313 operably coupled to the valve operator assembly 325. The core assembly 313 includes the ignition conductor 314, the core 25 insulator 316, and the valve 318, and extends from the base portion 306 at least partially into the nozzle portion 308. In the illustrated embodiment, however, the sealing end portion 319 of the valve 318 is positioned adjacent to or slightly recessed from the interface 311 of the combustion chamber 312. More specifically, the valve seat 321 and the sealing end portion 319 of the valve 318 are positioned in 30 the injection port 307 at a location that is adjacent or proximate to the combustion chamber interface 311. Accordingly, the ignition conductor 314 includes one or more ignition features downstream from the sealing end portion 319 of the valve 318 -15and proximate to the combustion chamber interface 311 to generate the ignition event at the combustion chamber interface 311. [0037] Figure 4 is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated injector/igniter 400 ("injector 400") configured in accordance with another embodiment of the 5 disclosure. The injector 400 illustrated in Figure 4 includes several features that are generally similar in structure and function to the corresponding features of the injectors described above with reference to Figures 1-3B. For example, as shown in Figure 4, the injector 400 includes a body 402 having a middle portion 404 extending between a first end portion or base portion 406 and a second end portion or nozzle 10 portion 408. The nozzle portion 408 is configured to extend into a threaded 14 millimeter spark plug port in a cylinder head or it may have a nozzle such as shown in Figures 1, 3A, 3B, or 6 to fit within a port having a diameter of approximately 8.4 millimeters (0.33 inch) or less, as found in many modern diesel injection ports for example. In other embodiments, however, the nozzle portion 408 can be configured 15 for different sized injection ports. The nozzle portion 408 may further include another thread selection exterior surface 409 for suitable secure engagement with respect to the combustion chamber. [0038] The injector 400 also includes a valve operator assembly 425 carried by the base portion 406. The valve operator assembly 425 is operably coupled to a 20 core assembly 413 for injecting and igniting fuel in a combustion chamber. The core assembly 413 includes a stationary core insulator 416 coaxially disposed over a stationary ignition member or conductor 414. The ignition conductor 414 can include one or more sensors or fiber optic cables 417 extending longitudinally therethrough to transmit data from the combustion chamber to the valve operator assembly 425, 25 which can include a controller or processor 422 or a wireless or cable connected communication node to a suitable computer, controller or processor. In the illustrated embodiment, the ignition conductor 414 includes an enlarged or expanded end portion 433 configured to be proximate to the interface with the combustion chamber. The expanded end portion 433 provides an increased area for the fiber 30 optic cables 417 at the interface with the combustion chamber. The expanded end portion 433 also carries one or more ignition features 434 that are configured to generate an ignition event with an inner surface 437 of the nozzle portion 408. More -16specifically, in the illustrated embodiment the ignition features 434 can include a plurality of threads or acicular protrusions extending circumferentially around the expanded end portion 433 of the ignition conductor 414. The expanded end portion 433 also includes a valve seat 421, as described in further detail below. 5 [0039] The core assembly 413 extends through an insulative body 442 of the body 402. The insulative body 442 can be made from a ceramic or polymer insulator suitable for containing the high voltage developed in the injector 400. The core assembly 413 also includes a tube valve 418 coaxially disposed over the core insulator 416. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4, however, the valve 418 is 10 an inwardly opening valve (e.g., opening in a direction away from the combustion chamber) and is movable relative to the core insulator 414 to selectively introduce fuel from the nozzle portion 408 into the combustion chamber. More specifically, the valve 418 is configured to slide or otherwise move relative to the core insulator 416 in directions that are generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the injector 400. The 15 valve 418 can be similar in structure to the valve described above and can include, for example, a light weight but strong graphite structural core reinforced by a carbon carbon layer. The valve 418 includes a first end portion 423 in the base portion 406 that engages the valve operator assembly 425. The valve 418 also includes a second or sealing end portion 419 that engages or otherwise contacts a valve seat 20 421 in the nozzle portion 408 carried by an ignition conductor 414. The sealing end portion 419 and/or the valve seat 421 can include one or more elastomeric portions as described in detail above. The valve operator assembly 425 actuates the valve 418 relative to the core insulator 416 between an open position (as shown in Figure 4) and a closed position. In the open position, the sealing end portion 419 of the 25 valve 418 is spaced apart from the valve seat 421 to allow fuel to flow from a fuel flow path or channel 424 past the valve seat 421 and out of the nozzle portion 408. The fuel flow channel 424 extends through the middle portion 404 between the valve 418 and the core insulator 416. (0040] The valve operator assembly 425 includes a force generator 426 (e.g., 30 an electric, electromagnetic, magnetic, etc. force generator) that induces movement of a driver 420. The force generator 426 can also be operably coupled to a processor or controller 422, which can in turn also be coupled to the one or more -17fiber optic cables 417 extending through the ignition conductor 414. As such, the controller 422 can selectively energize or otherwise activate the force generator 426, for example, in response to one or more combustion chamber conditions or engine parameters. The driver 420 engages one or more stops 430 integrally formed with 5 or otherwise attached to the first end portion 423 of the valve 418 to move the valve 418 between the open and closed positions. The valve operator assembly 425 can also include a first biasing member 432 that contacts the valve 418 and at least partially urges the valve 418 to the closed position in a direction toward the nozzle portion 408. The valve operator assembly 425 can further include a second biasing 10 member 435 that at least partially urges the driver 420 toward the nozzle portion 408. In certain embodiments, the first biasing member 432 can be a spring, such as a coil spring, and the second biasing member 435 can be a magnet or a permanent magnet. In other embodiments, however, the first biasing member 432 and the second biasing member 435 can include other components suitable for providing a 15 biasing force against the valve 418 and the driver 420. [0041] According to additional features of the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4, the nozzle portion 408 can include additional features for detecting or otherwise collecting and transmitting data from the combustion chamber to one or more controllers via the injector 400. For example, the nozzle portion 408 can include one 20 or more openings 491 in the sealing end portion 419 of the valve 418, to allow relevant data from the combustion chamber to be at least partially transmitted through the injector 400. The nozzle portion 408 can further include a pressure seal 493 carried by the valve seat 421, as well as one or more temperature sensors 495 carried by the fiber optic cables 417. These detecting features can be configured for 25 detecting, sensing, or otherwise transmitting relevant combustion chamber data, such as temperature data, optical data, pressure data, thermal data, acoustic data, and/or any other data from the combustion chamber. [0042] In operation, fuel enters the base portion 406 via a fuel fitting or inlet 438. The fuel inlet 438 introduces the fuel into the force generator 426, and the fuel 30 exits the force generator 426 through multiple exit channels 440 fluidly coupled to the fuel flow path 424 extending longitudinally adjacent to the core assembly 413. As the valve operator assembly 425 moves the valve 418 from the closed position to -18the open position (e.g., in a direction away from the combustion chamber), the nozzle portion 408 injects and ignites the fuel. More specifically, when the force generator 426 induces the movement of the driver 420, the driver 420 moves a first distance D 1 prior to contacting the stop 430 carried by the valve 418. As such, the 5 driver 420 can gain momentum or kinetic energy before engaging the valve 418. After the driver 420 contacts the stop 430, the driver 420 continues to move to a second distance D 2 while engaging the valve 418 to exert a tensile force on the valve 418 and move the valve 418 to the open position. As such, when the valve is in the open position (as illustrated in Figure 4), the sealing end portion 419 of the 10 valve 418 is spaced apart form the valve seat 421 by an open distance generally equal to the second distance D 2 minus the first distance D 1 , As the fuel flows past the open sealing end portion 419 of the valve 418, the one or more ignition features 434 can generate a fuel ionization, air ionization and/or an ionization of mixed fuel and air event to combust the fuel as a stratified charge in the combustion chamber. 15 The drivers or actuators of any of the injectors described herein can accordingly move a predetermined distance to at least partially gain momentum before engaging the corresponding valve. [0043] Figure 5A is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated injector/igniter 500 ("injector 500") configured in accordance with another embodiment of the 20 disclosure. The injector 500 illustrated in Figure 5 includes several features that are generally similar in structure and function to the corresponding features of the injectors described above with reference to Figures 1-4. For example, as shown in Figure 5, the injector 500 includes a body 502 having a middle portion 504 extending between a first end portion or base portion 506 and a second end portion or nozzle 25 portion 508. The nozzle portion 508 is configured to extend into a threaded injection port in a cylinder head as shown, or it may be configured as shown in Figures 1, 3A or 3B or 6 to fit within a port having a diameter of approximately 8.4 millimeters (0.33 inch) or less, as found in many modern diesel injection ports for example. In other embodiments, however, the nozzle portion 508 can be configured for different sized 30 injection ports. The nozzle portion 508 may further include any number of alternate thread selections on the exterior surface 509 for suitable engagement with the combustion chamber. -19- [0044] The injector 500 also includes a valve operator assembly 525 at the base portion 506. The valve operator assembly 525 is configured to actuate multiple valves positioned throughout the body 502 of the injector 500. More specifically, the valve operator assembly 525 includes a force generator 526 (e.g., a piezoelectric, 5 electromagnetic, magnetic, etc. force generator) that induces movement of a driver 520. The force generator 526 can also be operably coupled to a processor or controller to selectively pulse or activate the force generator 526, for example, in response to one or more combustion chamber conditions or engine parameters. The driver 520 engages a first check valve or base valve 554 at the base portion 10 506. More specifically, the base valve 554 may include one or more stops 530 that engage the driver 520 such that the driver 520 moves the base valve 554 between open and closed positions (the base valve 554 is shown in the closed position in Figure 5A). The one or more stops 530 can be attached to or otherwise integrally formed with a first end portion 555 of the base valve 554. The base valve 554 also 15 includes a base valve head or sealing portion 556 opposite the first end portion 558 of conduit component 542 as shown. Thus base valve head 556 engages a corresponding valve seat 558 at a transition from the base portion 506 to the middle portion 504 of the injector 500. [0045] According to additional features of the illustrated embodiment, the 20 injector 500 also includes an insulative body 542 extending through at least the middle portion 504 and the nozzle portion 502. The insulative body 542 can be made from a ceramic or polymer insulator suitable for containing the high voltage developed in the injector 500. The injector 500 further includes a fuel flow path extending through the insulative body 542. More specifically, in the injector 500 25 includes a first fuel flow section 562 extending away from the check valve 554 into the middle portion 504. The first fuel flow section 562 is fluidly coupled to a second fuel flow section 564 and extends from the middle portion 504 into the nozzle portion 508. (0046] In certain embodiments, the first fuel flow section 562 and the second 30 fuel flow section 564 can be made from materials that accommodate fuel expansion and contraction to at least partially prevent fuel dribble from the nozzle portion 508 at the combustion chamber interface. More specifically, each of the first fuel flow path -20- 562 and the second fuel flow path 564 can include one or more channels extending through a closed cell spring, such as a closed cell foam spring, having a suitable cross-section to allow the fuel to flow therethrough. In certain embodiments, the first and second flow paths 562, 564 can be made from materials with suitable thermal 5 and chemical resistance, as well as fatigue resistance. More specifically, these materials can include silicone, fluorosilicone, and various fluoropolymers including, for example, PFA, PTFE, PVDF, and other copolymers. These components can be extruded or injection molded with numerous open or closed cells or closed volumes that are filled with a gas or working fluid. For example, such a gas can include 10 argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc, and such a working fluid can include ammonia, propane, butane, fluorinated methane, ethane, or butane. Moreover, this gas or working fluid provides an inventory of liquid and vapor that can serve as an evaporant upon heat addition, and a phase condenser upon heat loss, to thereby serve as a combined spring and thermal flywheel or barrier against adverse 15 expansion and fuel dribble at the combustion chamber interface. [0047] Figures 5B and 5D illustrate various embodiments of suitable cross sectional shapes of the first fuel flow path 562, and Figure 5C and 5E illustrate various embodiments of suitable cross-sectional shapes of the second fuel flow path 564. More specifically, Figure 5B is a cross-sectional view of the first flow path 562 20 taken substantially along lines 5B-5B of Figure 5A. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5B, the first fuel flow path 562 includes a first flow path guide 565 including multiple first flow passages or channels 567. The first guide 565 can be made from a closed cell spring material, and the channels 567 extend longitudinally through the first guide 565. Figure 5C is a cross-sectional view of the second flow path 564 25 taken substantially along lines 5C-5C of Figure 5A. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5C, the second flow path 564 includes a second flow path guide 569 including multiple separate regions or sections 563 with corresponding second flow passages or channels 571. Although six regions 563 are shown in the illustrated embodiment, in other embodiments the second guide 569 can include a greater or 30 lesser number of second channels 571. The second flow channels extend longitudinally through the second guide 569. Figure 5D is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the first flow path 562 taken substantially along lines 5B-5B of Figure 5A. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5D, the first fuel flow -21path 562 includes a first flow path guide 565 including a cross-shaped first flow passage or channel 567. The first guide 565 can be made from a closed cell spring material, and the channel 567 extends longitudinally through the first guide 565. Figure 5E is a cross-sectional view of the second flow path 564 taken substantially 5 along lines 5C-5C of Figure 5A. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5E, the second flow path 564 includes a second flow path guide 569 including multiple a second star shaped flow passages or channel 571. The second flow channel 571 extends longitudinally through the second guide 569. [0048] Referring again to Figure 5A, at the nozzle portion 508 the injector 500 10 further includes a radially expanding sleeve or flow valve 566 operably coupled to a core or ignition assembly 575. The ignition assembly 575 includes a stationary ignition conductor 576 coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the second flow section 564. In certain embodiments, the ignition conductor 576 can be a conductive casing or cover, such as a metallic casing or metallic plated ceramic, 15 disposed over the second flow section 564. The ignition conductor 576 is coupled to a voltage supply conductor 509 via a voltage terminal 574. The voltage supply conductor 509 is in turn coupled to a suitable voltage source. In one embodiment, the ignition terminal 574 can supply at least approximately 80KV (DC or AC) to the ignition conductor 576. In other embodiments, however, the ignition terminal 574 20 can supply a greater or lesser voltage to the ignition conductor 576. The ignition assembly 575 also includes an ignition adapter 578 coupled to the ignition conductor 576. The ignition adapter 578 provides one or more fuel passage ways 578H and is also coupled to a nozzle ignition conductor or rod 580. The ignition rod 580 is threadably received into the ignition adapter 578 and extends from the ignition 25 adapter 578 to a distal end portion of the nozzle portion 508 to be positioned at the interface with the combustion chamber. In the illustrated embodiment, the ignition rod 580 includes an ignition member or electrode 584 positioned at the nozzle portion 508. The ignition electrode 584 can be a separate component that is attached to the ignition rod 580. In other embodiments, however, the ignition 30 electrode 584 can be integrally formed with the ignition rod 580. Moreover, the ignition features 586 can include smooth portions and/or acicular threads or other types of projections extending circumferentially away from the ignition electrode 584. The ignition electrode 584 and corresponding ignition features 586 remain stationary -22and act as a first electrode. The inner diameter of the nozzle portion 508 acts as a corresponding second electrode for creating an ignition event, such as a plasma ignition event, with the ignition features 586. [0049] The ignition assembly 575 also includes an ignition insulator 582 5 coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the ignition electrode 584. The ignition insulator 582 can be made from a suitable insulative or dielectric material and accordingly insulates ignition rod 580 from the ignition electrode 509. The ignition insulator 582 includes an enlarged end portion 583 having a greater cross-sectional dimension (e.g., diameter) adjacent to the ignition electrode 584. The enlarged end 10 portion 583 is configured to contact the flow valve 566 as shown during the normally closed position. According to additional features of the illustrated embodiment, the nozzle portion 508 may also include one or more biasing members 581 configured to bias or otherwise attract portions of the flow valve 566. [0050] In the illustrated embodiment the flow valve 566 is a radially opening or 15 expanding flow valve. More specifically, the flow valve 566 is a deformable or elastomeric sleeve valve 566 that is coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the second fuel flow section 564, the ignition conductor 576, the ignition adapter 578, the ignition rod 580, and the ignition insulator 582 as shown. The flow valve 566 includes a first or stationary end portion 568 that is anchored, adhered, or otherwise 20 coupled to the ignition conductor 576 at a location downstream from the ignition insulator 582. For example, the first end portion 568 can be adhered to the ignition conductor 576 with a suitable adhesive, thermopolymer, thermosetting compound, or other suitable adhesive. The flow valve 566 further includes a second deformable or movable end portion 570 opposite the stationary end portion 568. The movable end 25 portion 570 contacts the enlarged end portion 583 of the ignition insulator 582 and is configured to at least partially radially expand, enlarge, or otherwise deform to allow fuel to exit the nozzle portion 508 of the injector 500. Further details of the embodiments of the flow valve 566 are discussed below with reference to Figures 5F and 5G. 30 [0051] Figure 5F is a side view of one embodiment of a first flow valve 566a configured in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure and that can be used in the nozzle portion 508 of the injector 500 of Figure 5A. In the embodiment -23shown in Figure 5F, the first flow valve 566a has a generally cylindrical or tubular sleeve shape that includes the first or stationary end portion 568 opposite the second deformable or movable end portion 570. The first flow valve 566a can include an attachment collar or stop 569 extending around at least a portion of the 5 stationary end portion 568. The attachment stop 569 is configured to help retain the stationary end portion 568 at the desired location on the ignition conductor 576 by at least partially engaging the insulative body 542 (Figure 5A). According to additional features of the illustrated embodiment, the deformable or movable end portion 570 can include multiple spaced apart deformable finger portions or reeds 571. The 10 reeds 571 are positioned in the nozzle portion 508 to at least partially overlap and contact the enlarged end portion 583 of the ignition insulator 582. Moreover, the reeds 571 are configured to deform or otherwise expand radially outwardly as illustrated by reeds 571 shown in broken lines. As such, the pressurized fuel and/or one or more actuators can deflect or deform one or more of the reeds 571 to allow 15 the fuel to exit through normally covered and closed ports to provide fuel injection from the nozzle portion 508 of the injector 500. In one embodiment, the first flow valve 566a can be made from a metallic material, such as spring steel. In other embodiments, however, the first flow valve can be made from a suitable elastomer. [0052] Figure 5G is a side view of a second flow valve 566b configured in 20 accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure and that can also be used in the nozzle portion 508 of the injector 500 (Figure 5A). The second flow valve 566b is generally similar in structure and function to the first flow valve 566a shown in Figure 5B. The second flow valve 566b, however, does not include separate deformable portions or reeds. Rather, the second flow valve 566b includes a second 25 deformable or movable end portion 570 that has a generally cylindrical or tubular sleeve shape. The deformable end portion includes multiple spaced apart deformable sections 573 that are deposited on the second flow valve 566b. More specifically, in one embodiment the second flow valve 566b can be made from a suitable elastomer or other deformable material, and the deformable sections 573 30 can include discrete sections or segments of a deposited ferromagnetic material, such as a metallic coating. For example, the deformable sections 573 can include a metallic coating comprised of materials such as glass iron, an iron cobalt alloy (e.g., approximately 48% cobalt and 52% iron), iron chrome silicon, or other suitable iron -24alloys. As such, the deformable sections 573 can selectively deform the second end portion 570 of the second flow valve 566 in response to a magnetic force applied to the second flow valve 566. [0053] Referring again to Figure 5A, according to additional features of the 5 illustrated embodiment, the injector 500 also includes a fuel exit passage 572 in the nozzle portion 508 positioned between the flow valve 566 and the ignition insulator 582. The fuel exit passage 572 is fluidly coupled to the second fuel flow section 564 via the ignition adapter 578. During operation, fuel is introduced into the fuel exit passage 572 and selectively dispersed from the nozzle portion 508 by actuation of 10 the flow valve 566. More specifically, during operation fuel enters the fuel injector 500 into the base portion 506 via a first fuel fitting or inlet 538a. The first fuel inlet 538a introduces the fuel into the force generator 526, and the fuel exits the force generator 526 through multiple exit channels 540. The exit channels 540 are fluidly coupled to a fuel flow path or channel 524. In other embodiments, however, the 15 base portion 506 can include an optional second fuel inlet 538b (shown in broken lines) to introduce the fuel directly into the fuel flow path 524, rather than through the force generator 526. The driver 520 includes multiple fuel flow channels or passages extending therethrough to allow the fuel to flow to an intermediate fuel flow volume 560. When the base valve head 556 rests against the valve seat 558, the 20 base valve head seals the intermediate fuel flow volume 560. [0054] As the valve operator assembly 525 moves the check valve or base valve 554 to the open position by lifting the base valve head 556 off of the valve seat 558, the pressurized fuel is introduced into the first fuel flow section 564. In certain embodiments, for example, the force generator 526 can actuate the driver 520 to 25 move a first distance prior to contacting the stop 530 on the base valve 554. After gaining momentum and contacting the stop 530, the driver 520 can move a second distance along with the base valve 554 to open the base valve head 556. The pressurized fuel then flows from the first fuel flow section 564 through the second fuel flow section 566 and through the ignition adapter 578 into the fuel exit passage 30 572. In one embodiment, the pressure of the fuel in the fuel exit passage 572 is sufficient to at least partially radially expand or otherwise deform the movable end portion 570 of the flow valve 566 to allow the fuel to flow past the enlarged end -25portion 583 of the ignition insulator 580. The position of the flow valve 566 in the nozzle portion 508 accordingly prevents dribble or undesired trickle of fuel from the nozzle portion 508. In other embodiments, one or more actuators, drivers, selective biasing members, or other suitable force generators can at least partially radially 5 expand or otherwise deform the movable end portion 570 of the flow valve 566. As the flow valve 566 selectively dispenses the fuel from the fuel exit passage 572, the fuel flows past the one or more ignition features 586 that can generate an ignition event to ignite and inject the fuel into the combustion chamber. [0055] Figure 6 is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated injector/igniter 10 600 ("injector 600") configured in accordance with yet another embodiment of the disclosure. As explained in detail below, the injector 600 is particularly suited for large engine applications including, for example, gas turbines and various high speed rotary combustion engines to operate with multiple fuel selections and/or multiburst applications. The injector 600 is also particularly suited for applications 15 including relatively small injection ports as described above. The injector 600 illustrated in Figure 6 includes several features that are generally similar in structure and function to the corresponding features of the injectors described above with reference to Figures 1-5G. For example, as shown in Figure 6, the injector 600 includes a body 602 having a middle portion 604 extending between a first or base 20 portion 606 and a second or nozzle portion 608. The nozzle portion 608 is configured to extend into an injection port in a cylinder head, such as a port having a diameter of approximately 8.4 millimeters (0.33 inch) or less, as found modern diesel injection ports for example. In other embodiments, however, the nozzle portion 608 can be configured for different sized injection ports. 25 [0056] The injector 600 further includes one or more base assemblies 629 (identified individually as a first base assembly 629a and a second base assembly 629b) configured to receive fuel into the base portion 606 of the injector 600 and selectively meter the fuel to the nozzle portion 608. More specifically, each base assembly 629 includes a valve operator assembly 625 configured to actuate a 30 corresponding poppet or base valve 654. More specifically, the valve operator assembly 625 includes a force generator 626 (e.g., an electric, electromagnetic, magnetic, etc. force generator) that induces movement of a driver 620. The force -26generator 626 can also be operably coupled to a corresponding controller or processor 622 (identified individually a first controller 622a and a second controller 622b) to selectively pulse or actuate the force generator 626, for example, in response to one or more combustion chamber conditions or other engine 5 parameters. The driver 620 engages a first check valve or base valve 654 at the base portion 606. More specifically, the base valve 654 includes one or more stops 630 that engage a biasing member 617 (e.g., a coil spring) positioned in a biasing member cavity 619 to bias the base valve towards a closed position as shown in Figure 6 (e.g., in a direction toward the nozzle portion 608). The base valve stop 10 630 also engages the driver 620 such that the driver 620 moves the base valve 654 between the open and closed positions. The base valve 654 also includes a base valve head or sealing portion 656 that engages a corresponding valve seat 658 in the normally closed position as shown. [0057] According to additional features of the illustrated embodiment, the 15 injector 600 also includes a fuel inlet fitting 638 (identified individually as a first fuel inlet fitting 638a and a second fuel inlet fitting 638b) operably coupled to the corresponding base assembly 629 to introduce the fuel into the base assembly 629. In each base assembly 629, the fuel flows through the force generators 626 and the driver 620 to move past the base valve head 656 when the base valve is in the open 20 position. The injector 600 further includes fuel connecting conduits 657 (identified individually as a first fuel connecting conduit 657a and a second fuel connecting conduit 657b) to transport the fuel from the base portion 606 to a fuel flow path or channel 624 extending through the middle portion 606 and the nozzle portion 608 of the body 602. The fuel flow channel 624 extends longitudinally adjacent to a core 25 assembly 613, which extends through the body 602 from the base portion 606 at least partially into the nozzle portion 608. The core assembly 613 includes a core insulator 616 coaxially disposed over an ignition member or conductor 614. The core assembly 613 also includes a cylindrical or tubular enclosure member 688 that at least partially defines the fuel flow channel 624 with the ignition insulator 616. 30 The core assembly 613 extends through an insulative body 642 of the body 402. The ignition conductor 614 is operably coupled to an ignition terminal 627 to supply an ignition voltage to the ignition electrode 684 having one or more ignition features 686. The ignition electrode 684 is a first electrode that can generate ignition events -27with a second electrode 685, which can be a conductive portion of the distal end of the nozzle portion 608. The ignition insulator 616 includes an enlarged end portion 683 having a greater cross-sectional dimension (e.g., a greater cross-sectional diameter) adjacent to the ignition electrode 684. 5 [0058] The enlarged end portion 683 of the ignition insulator 616 is configured to contact a flow control valve 666 carried by the nozzle portion 608. The flow valve 666 is a radially expanding valve that includes a first or stationary end portion 668 that is anchored, adhered, or otherwise coupled to the enclosure member 688 at a location downstream from the enlarged end portion 683 of the ignition insulator 616. 10 For example, the first end portion 668 can be adhered to an outer surface of the enclosure member 688 with a suitable adhesive, thermopolymer, thermosetting compound, or other suitable adhesive. The flow valve 666 further includes a second deformable or movable end portion 670 opposite the stationary end portion 668. The movable end portion 670 contacts the enlarged end portion 683 of the ignition 15 insulator 682 and is configured to at least partially radially expand, enlarge, or otherwise deform to allow fuel to exit the nozzle portion 608 of the injector 600. More specifically, the enclosure member 688 includes multiple fuel exit ports 669 adjacent to the movable end portion 670 of the flow valve 666. [0059] During operation, fuel is introduced into the base assembly 629 via the 20 fuel inlet fitting 638. The fuel flows through the force generator 626 and the driver 622 to arrive at the base valve head 656. When the valve operator assembly 625 moves the valve 654 to the open position to space the base valve head 656 apart from the valve seat 658, the fuel flows past the base valve head 656 and into the fuel connecting conduits 657. From fuel connecting conduits 657, the pressurized 25 fuel flows into the fuel flow channel 624. In one embodiment, the pressure of the fuel in the fuel flow channel 624 is sufficient to at least partially radially expand or otherwise deform the movable end portion 670 of the flow valve 666 to allow the fuel to flow past the enlarged end portion 683 of the ignition insulator 680. In other embodiments, however, one or more actuators, drivers, selective biasing members, 30 or other suitable force generators can at least partially radially expand or otherwise deform the movable end portion 670 of the flow valve 666. As the flow valve 666 selectively dispenses the fuel from the fuel exit ports 669, the fuel flows past the one -28or more ignition features 686 that can generate an ignition event to ignite and inject the fuel into the combustion chamber. [0060] In certain embodiments, each base assembly 629, as well as other fuel flow controllers, can be configured to perform: 1) control of fuel flow by opening any 5 of the valve assemblies, and 2) production of ionizing voltage upon completion of the valve opening function. To achieve both of these functions, in certain embodiments, for example, each force generator 626 can be a solenoid winding including a first or primary winding and a secondary winding. The secondary winding can include more turns than the first winding. Each winding can also include one or more layers of 10 insulation (e.g., varnish or other suitable insulators), however the secondary winding may include more insulating layers than the first winding. The force generator 626 can also be electrically coupled to the conductor 614. By winding a force generator 626 or solenoid as a transformer with a primary winding and a secondary winding of many more turns, the primary can carry high current upon application of voltage to 15 produce pull or otherwise induce movement of the driver 620 in of the plunger. Upon opening the relay to the primary winding, the driver 620 is released and a very high voltage will be produced by the secondary winding. The high voltage of the secondary winding can be applied to the plasma generation ignition event by providing the initial ionization after which relatively lower voltage discharge of a 20 capacitor that has been charged with any suitable source (including energy harvested from the combustion chamber by photovoltaic, thermoelectric, and piezoelectric generators) continues to supply ionizing current and thrust of fuel into the combustion chamber. [0061] Embodiments of the integrated injector igniters and, in particular, the 25 flow valves disclosed in detail herein provide several advantages over conventional injectors and igniters. One advantage, for example, is that these flow valves have a radially compact shape and configuration that is particularly suited to be positioned in the nozzle portion of an injector used in modern diesel engines or other large engines with very limited size restrictions at the injection port. As noted above, for 30 example, an injection port of a modern diesel engine often has an injection port diameter of about 8.4 mm (0.33 inch). As disclosed herein, these flow valves and associated actuating, insulating, and igniting components can operate within the -29limited available space. Moreover, positioning these valves at or proximate to the combustion chamber interface can at least partially prevent unwanted fuel dribble. In instances that heat gain tends to cause expansion of fuel to produce pressure between injection events, the embodiments similar to those shown in Figures 5B, 5 5C, 5D, and/or 5E may be used to prevent fuel dribble into the combustion chamber at undesirable times. Moreover, the embodiments of the flow valves disclosed herein are particularly suitable to resonate thereby achieving a very high rate of operation capability. Moreover, the embodiments disclosed herein are able to provide a rigid connection of a valve operator, such as a driver or plunger, with 10 corresponding valve in both inwardly and outwardly opening configurations. In addition, these embodiments provide high temperature operating capabilities for applications in adiabatic engines and other applications that require relatively high admissions of heat from the combustion chamber. Furthermore, these embodiments can provide stationary delivery of ignition voltage to thereby allow 15 delivery of very high voltage and consequent electrode gap currents to rapidly convert liquid fuels as they are injected into high speed blasts of ionized vapors and plasmas. These embodiments can also achieve much greater horsepower rates, such as 10,000 HP per injector for selected gas turbine and large piston engine applications that can accommodate extremely rapid completion of combustion to 20 eliminate the need/use of precombustion chambers and combustion cans. Moreover, these embodiments can also provide for the center ignition or electrode assembly to integrate components and provide composited functions including instrumentation by fibers 617 such as optical filaments, electrical current and voltage conduction to thereby serve as the stationary valve seat for normally closed valve. 25 What's more, these embodiments can have a significantly high dielectric strength capable of 50KV to 150KV of ionization voltage at current pulses of 1000 or more instantaneous amps through the ignition electrodes as shown. [0062] In addition, several of the embodiments described in detail above of the fuel injectors may be used in engines that are configured to combust a hydrogen 30 characterized fuel (e.g., ammonia) or other fuels with low energy density (e.g., carbon monoxide and hydrogen), which may be 3000 times less energy dense than diesel. For example, engines of oceanic tankers that transport liquid methane, propane, ammonia, methanol, and/or other commodities can have operating cost -30savings when they are equipped with several embodiments of the injectors disclosed herein. In one embodiment, for example, the carried commodity may be reformed using waste heat from the engines as follow: 2NH 3 ---> 3H 2 + N 2 5

CH

3 0H ---> CO + H 2 [0063] This is accomplished by converting the propulsion engines (including heat engines such as compression-ignition diesel type engines, various rotary combustion engines, and gas turbines) to operate on fuels that may be reformed from such commodities by endothermic reactions in which the heat rejected by such 10 heat engines is utilized to drive such reactions. In other embodiments, the injector may also be used in power plants, chemical plants, and/or other suitable locations with heat producing engines. [0064] In these types of embodiments, thermo-chemical regeneration using heat rejected by an engine provides attractive fuel savings because the hydrogen 15 characterized fuels that are produced yield 15 to 30% more energy upon combustion than their feedstock. In addition, the embodiments of the injectors disclosed herein can allow hydrogen characterized fuels to combust up to 12 times faster than diesel or bunker fuels, thus greatly improving engine efficiency and eliminating particulates in the exhaust of the engine. 20 [0065] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the dielectric strength of the insulators disclosed herein may be altered or varied to include alternative materials and processing means. The 25 actuators and drivers may be varied depending on fuel and/or the use of the corresponding injectors. Moreover, components of the injector may be varied including for example, the electrodes, the optics, the actuators, the valves, and the nozzles or the bodies may be made from alternative materials or may include alternative configurations than those shown and described and still be within the 30 spirit of the disclosure. -31- [0066] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise," "comprising," and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in a sense of "including, but not limited to." Words using the singular or plural 5 number also include the plural or singular number, respectively. When the claims use the word "or" in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. In addition, the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. 10 All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the disclosure can be modified, if necessary, to employ fuel injectors and ignition devices with various configurations, 15 and concepts of the various patents, applications, and publications to provide yet further embodiments of the disclosure. [0067] These and other changes can be made to the disclosure in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments disclosed 20 in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all systems and methods that operate in accordance with the claims. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the disclosure, but instead its scope is to be determined broadly by the following claims. -32-

Claims (20)

1. An injector igniter for replacing a diesel fuel injector in an internal combustion engine, the injector igniter comprising: an injector body configured to receive fuel and deliver the fuel into a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine; an ignition rod extending through at least a portion of the injector body; an ignition insulator coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the ignition rod; a valve coaxially disposed over at least a portion of the ignition insulator and operable from an open position to a closed position; and a driver configured to actuate the valve to move longitudinally relative to the ignition insulator to move the valve between the open position and the closed position.

2. The injector igniter of claim 1 wherein the injector igniter is positionable at least partially within an injector port of the internal combustion engine, wherein the ignition rod extends into the injector port when the injector igniter is installed in the internal combustion engine, and wherein the ignition rod is configured to ionize fuel that is injected into the injection port.

3. The injector igniter of claim 1 wherein the ignition rod extends into an injector port of the internal combustion engine when the injector igniter is installed in the internal combustion engine, and wherein the ignition rod is configured to generate an ionization event.

4. The injector igniter of claim 1 wherein the ignition rod comprises a first electrode positionable to extend into an injection port of the internal combustion engine, wherein the injection port comprises a second electrode, and wherein the first electrode is configured to operate with the second electrode to generate a plasma ignition event.

5. The injector igniter of claim 1 further comprising an electrode liner, wherein the ignition rod and the electrode liner extend into an injector port of the -33- internal combustion engine when the injector igniter is installed in the internal combustion engine, and wherein the injector igniter is configured to produce an ionization event between the ignition rod and the electrode liner.

6. The injector igniter of claim 1, further comprising an electrode liner, wherein the electrode liner is spaced apart from the ignition rod, and wherein the injector igniter is configured to produce a plasma ignition event between the ignition rod and the electrode liner.

7. The injector igniter of claim 1 wherein the ignition rod comprises a cylindrical member and an ignition feature, wherein the ignition feature comprises a projection extending circumferentially away from the cylindrical member, and wherein the injector igniter is configured to generate a plasma ignition event between the ignition feature and an electrode of the internal combustion engine.

8. An injector igniter comprising: an injector body positionable at least partially within an injector port in an internal combustion engine; a cylindrical ignition rod positioned at least partially within the injector body; a cylindrical ignition insulator encircling at least a portion of the cylindrical ignition rod; a valve encircling at least a portion of the cylindrical ignition insulator and operable from an open position to a closed position; and a driver configured to actuate the valve to move longitudinally relative to the cylindrical ignition insulator to move the valve between the open position and the closed position.

9. The injector igniter of claim 8 wherein the cylindrical ignition rod extends past the injrector body and into the injector port when the injector igniter is installed in the internal combustion engine, and wherein the injector igniter is configured to generate a plasma ignition event adjacent to the cylindrical ignition rod. -34-

10. The injector igniter of claim 8, further comprising a cylindrical electrode liner spaced apart from the cylindrical ignition rod, wherein the cylindrical electrode liner is positionable adjacent to a wall of the injector port, wherein the injector igniter is configured to generate a plasma ignition event between the cylindrical ignition rod and the cylindrical electrode liner, and wherein the cylindrical electrode liner is configured to protect the wall of the injector port from plasma erosion.

11. The injector igniter of claim 8, further comprising an ignition feature extending radially outwardly from the cylindrical ignition rod, and wherein the injector igniter is configured to generate a plasma ignition event between the ignition feature and an electrode of the internal combustion engine.

12. The injector igniter of claim 8 wherein the injector igniter is configured to produce an ionization event between the cylindrical ignition rod and the injector port.

13. The injector igniter of claim 8, further comprising an electrode liner extending from the body, wherein the electrode liner is adjacent to a wall of the injection port when the injector igniter is installed in the internal combustion engine, wherein the cylindrical ignition rod operates as a first electrode, wherein the electrode liner operates as a second electrode, and wherein the injector igniter is configured to generate plasma via the first electrode and the second electrode.

14. The injector igniter of claim 8 wherein the cylindrical ignition rod includes a plurality of ignition features extending radially outwardly, and wherein the injector igniter is configured to generate ionization events via the ignition features.

15. A method for injecting and igniting fuel in an internal combustion engine, the method comprising: introducing fuel into a body of an injector igniter; -35- longitudinally moving a valve relative to an ignition insulator from a closed position to an open position to release the fuel into a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, wherein the valve is coaxially disposed over the ignition insulator; and conducting an electrical signal via an ignition rod to ignite the fuel, wherein the ignition insulator is coaxially disposed over the ignition rod.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising protecting a wall of an injector port of the internal combustion engine via an electrode liner extending from the body of the injector igniter into the injector port.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein conducting an electrical signal via the ignition rod to ignite the fuel includes conducting the electrical signal via an ignition feature extending radially outwardly from the ignition rod.

18. The method of claim 15 wherein conducting an electrical signal via the ignition rod to ignite the fuel includes generating a plasma.

19. The method of claim 15 wherein conducting an electrical signal via the ignition rod to ignite the fuel includes generating an ionization event within an injector port of the internal combustion engine.

20. The method of claim 15 wherein conducting an electrical signal via the ignition rod to ignite the fuel includes generating an ionization event within a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. -36-