AU2014297994A1

AU2014297994A1 - Process utilizing synergistic mixture of fuels to produce energy and reduce emissions in boilers

Info

Publication number: AU2014297994A1
Application number: AU2014297994A
Authority: AU
Inventors: David Andrew JOHNSTON; Lindsay Randall PUKALLUS
Original assignee: FUTURENERGY Pty Ltd
Current assignee: FUTURENERGY Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2013-07-30
Filing date: 2014-07-30
Publication date: 2016-03-17
Also published as: EP3027968A1; US20160195264A1; CN106537034A; EP3027968A4; WO2015015447A1; KR20160096584A

Abstract

Emissions from the primary combustion process are captured, cooled (in order to avoid premature combustion before reaching the combustion chamber), compressed, mixed with Magnegas, and then re-combusted in a secondary combustion chamber.

Description

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 1 PROCESS UTILIZING SYNERGISTIC MIXTURE OF FUELS TO PRODUCE ENERGY AND REDUCE EMISSIONS IN BOILERS Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a clean burning dual fuel combination in a secondary combustion process resulting in greater heat output and lower emissions, and a process for the production thereof. Background of the Invention Solid fuels (coal, wood or bio char) or liquid fuels (oil, LPG or natural gas) are used extensively to produce heat in boilers. The boiler emits heat and the heat is used to produce steam for a wide range of applications. The burning of these fuels to produce heat for a wide range of applications results in a high volume of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (C02) emissions and much has been published on the effect of such pollution on the atmosphere and the environment. One such effect is the "greenhouse gas effect" causing climate changes and which may eventually result in catastrophic climactic events. A further consequence of the burning of carbon based fuels and consumption of Oxygen (02) in the production of C02 is oxygen depletion in the atmosphere as plants cannot keep pace with the production of excess C02. The emissions from the burning of these fuels typically also include a range of carcinogens and other toxic substances with a range of well recognized health consequences. The object of this invention seeks to address some or all of the above issues by providing a dual fuel which is able to produce high levels of heat output with substantially lower CO and C02 emissions.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 2 Magnegas is a clean burning fuel as described and formed by the process in US 6,663,752. This fuel is comprised of 65% hydrogen with a calorific value of 28 Mega joules per cubic Metre (MJ/m3) and a pressure of 18,000 kPa per bottle. Electromagnecules are stable clusters of individual atoms such as H (Hydrogen), C (Carbon) and 0 (Oxygen), parts of molecules called dimers (such as OH and CH), and ordinary molecules (such as CO and H-H-O) bonded together by internal attractive forces due to the electric and magnetic polarizations of the orbits of peripheral atomic electrons. Magnegas acts as a catalyst. Molecular valence bonds are broken and the Magnegas converts or drawing atoms from the molecules in the primary fuel emissions into electromagnegular clusters. These molecules include those in the emissions targets such as CO and C02. Types of Magnegas Methanol Magnegas is a hydrogen based fuel sourced from Magnegas Corporation in Tarpon Springs, Florida, USA. This was the form of Magnegas used in all tests conducted in Australia. Unless otherwise specified, any reference to Magnegas in this document refers to Magnegas (Methanol). Ethylene glycol and oil based Magnegas are fuels with a higher calorific value (than Methanol). Magnegas (glycol) was used in the tests conducted in the USA. Where Magnegas (Glycol) is used, this is specified. Research Equipment The following research equipment procured, built and used in the experiments were: Testo Analyzer data WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 3 The emissions are recorded in flue gases using a testo 350 Analyzer. The equipment records the data from the flue gases into the Analyzer. Recorded Testo data is transferred into a computer software program. Data from flow meters are also recorded and merged with testo data to show flow rates and flue measurements using Excel spreadsheets. Flow Meter data Serra flow meters purpose built to test different gases are linked to a totalizer box to change mixing rates. Data logging devices collect pulses from the totalizer and this data is downloaded onto a computer. Trendreader software collects the data from the data logger used in the boiler. Data was then analyzed on a spreadsheet program. Summary of the Invention According to the present invention, emissions from the primary combustion process are captured, cooled (in order to avoid premature combustion before reaching the combustion chamber), compressed, mixed with Magnegas, and then re-combusted in a secondary combustion chamber at a temperature of at least 140 degrees Celsius. The most effective temperature range is between 140 and 220 degrees Celsius. A chart of the data showing the most effective temperatures for Magnegas heating in combustion process is shown in Figure 1. A Testo report is not provided as the machine was unavailable for this test. Further graphs showing the most effective temperatures and emissions for Magnegas (Glycol) are shown in Figure 1A. At temperatures below 140 degrees Celsius, combustion is less effective and higher levels of CO are formed. The use of Magnegas in combination with the emissions, from these traditional fuels as a dual fuel under the above conditions results in high levels of energy output and substantially lower emissions than that achieved for traditional fuels.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 4 This dual fuel is not a simple mixture of fuels. When Magnegas is mixed with the emissions so that it bonds to the emissions to form a structured dual fuel combination with unexpected effects. The availability of isolated and unbonded atoms is of paramount importance because these atoms are then able to recombine at the time of combustion and release large amounts of energy. Electromagnecules and their properties are explained in detail in US patent no. 6,663,752 Santilli, RM and in 2005, Santilli RM, The New Fuels with Magnecular Structure, and the contents thereof are incorporated by reference. Magnegas reforms the emissions into a clean burning fuel. It also changes the structure of the molecules allowing the reformed molecules to burn at a higher temperature and Detailed Description Magnegas & Coal Below is a diagram of an example of the preferred process design in which coal is the primary fuel in a 100 HP boiler.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 5 FuturEnergy Post Combustion Plan Flu ase... Prim, o bsin_ m H eat e 2to educe emartureh ifue r a Combustion Cm Ot -e t ndlo Posr -om coal~~~H- 100 Hp-dCro unn Co ipe r rep e Fa no Greejelctionn Drawn By: Davd Jhso VrinDae 7t Feb 2014 Copyrih a :eoi Nagree r Ptyt 1 x 125 kwh ORpCerhor. Oxyensede in the primary combustioncHaber.Fueisonhangeh rneofapoxmtl 260-300 Deg C emissins Oxygen 7% c CO2 reduction. Waste.... hMixing 1-:----- valve >2,700 Deg C Flue Compression Feedstock Combustion emissions Po r0 coal 100 Hp and u*o* Cr o B*sur*nng1 125 kg/hr boiler Green Energy nCabnBrig..... Green electi-y . -avn= 2.8 mWh/yr % Feedstok Magnegas bottles waste oil Magnegas refinery A description of the above process is as follows: Coal feedstock is added to the primary combustion chamber (in this example, the boiler) at a rate of approx. 125 kg per hour. Oxygen is used to provide combustion in the primary combustion chamber. Flue emissions are in the range of approximately 140 to 300 degrees Celsius. Emissions from the primary combustion chamber is used when Magnegas is added creating a fuel for the secondary combustion chamber. Waste heat is captured and sent to a heat exchange system (in this example, a clean WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 6 cycle generator). This can produce up to approx. 125 KWh of electricity which may be used in the electricity grid. The emissions from the boiler are cooled using a heat exchange to a temperature in the range of approx. 125 degrees Celsius to 150 degrees Celsius. The emissions are then condensed in the pipe and compressed before being transferred via a further pipe to the post combustion chamber. Magnegas is added to the emissions/feedstock. A mixing valve is used to control the rate of flow of the feedstock into the post combustion chamber. The ignition of the fuel and the emissions occurs in the post combustion chamber. This chamber is shaped to allow for expansion of the fuel during combustion. The chamber comprises an enlarged cylinder with an input opening for injection of feedstock at one end and an output opening at the other end for the release of heat and remaining emissions. A traditional coal fired boiler will emit the following emissions. Results from tests conducted on 21/09/2012 are shown in Figures 2 (graph of emissions data) & 2A (Testo data for the flue gas measurement). Results are from a Coal Fired Boiler from the Wyalla feedlot, based in Texas, Queensland, Australia. A preferred embodiment of the invention is described in detail below: Table 1 compares Coal emission produced from the primary boiler combustion system (traditional coal fired boiler emissions) to emissions from the Post Combustion process of the present invention. The results show oxygen is higher and that Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide, Nitric Oxide and Carbon Dioxide emissions are all lower when emissions from the primary combustion process are combined with Magnegas in post combustion process over coal in a primary burning process. In this case, temperatures from the post combustion process were not measured as the temperature equipment was not designed for the temperatures achieved.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 7 Table 1 Coal and Magnegas Coal Magnegas and Change Coal Oxygen (02) 4.21 % 11.17% 6.96% improvement Carbon Monoxide (CO) 58 ppm 28 ppm 30 ppm Improvement Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) 161 ppm 46 ppm 115 ppm decrease Nitric Oxide (NO) 161 ppm 46 ppm 115 ppm decrease Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) 0 ppm 0 ppm Carbon Dioxide (C0 2 ) 15% 9% 6.10% decrease Exhaust Temp C NA NA Estimated temp over 3,000 degrees C. Coal particulates Outside Temperature C 19.8 C 20.1 C fully burnt in post combustion process. 0.9 C increase This dual fuel meets the following 1/. European Communities Council Directive 1999/30 EC relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air. The max amount of NO 2 is 200 mg/m3 ~ 98.7 ppm. 2/. Exceeding the European Communities Council Directive 2000/76 EC relating to minimum values of incineration of waste over 850 C for 2 seconds and NO and No2 below 400 mg/m3 ~ 197 ppm for incineration plants of 6 tonnes per hour or less. The limit for over 6 tonnes per hour is 200mg/m3 ~ 98.7 ppm. Both limits have been met using Magnegas.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 8 Coal is fed into in the primary combustion chamber and fired. At this point the vent is closed and the flu is partly closed to increase the C02 to its maximum. We need the emissions to become as intense as possible. Once C02 is at 15% no atmospheric oxygen is allowed to enter the process, because this would reduce and even stop the post combustion burn. The amount of coal placed in the primary combustion chamber is 1 kilo per 20 minutes. The coal is high-grade coal. However, it can be lower-grade coal. Copper or stainless steel pipe from the primary combustion chamber to the post combustion chamber is 1.6mm in thickness 100mm in diameter. Because the pipe is relatively thin it allows the emissions that are hot, to be cooled in the heat exchange down from between 120c and 140c. Cooling is required in order to avoid extreme heat in the pipes and early reaction before reaching the combustion chamber. The copper pipe coming down from the Primary combustion chamber is directed into a heat exchange process containing water. The pipe is built into a heat exchange chamber, which cools the pipes as the emissions flows through the pipes. The copper pipe is sealed, no water mixes with the emissions. The copper pipe then leads into the compressor station. The compressor station is a 7 inch x 3 inch diameter fan that moves 41 0m3 per hour of air. The emissions from the Primary combustion chamber through the heat exchange and condenses the emissions into a smaller pipe which compressors the emissions which increases the emissions concentration (more smoke is made) ready for Magnegas to be mixed with the compressed emissions. After the Compressor station the Copper pipe is reduced from 100mm down to 50mm(50%reduction) before reaching the 2.5 inch emissions control valve which controls the speed of emissions flowing through the pipe and controls how much we send into the final post combustion chamber.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 9 The pipe from the tap to the post combustion chamber is 75mm and an inlet is provided through which Magnegas is added to the emissions. The rate of flow of Magnegas into the pipe is 85 standard litres per minute at a pressure of 180 kpa. The post combustion chamber is a purpose built machine made from refractory Fosico cement. The chamber is made with a diffuser action, which helps to swirl the mixture and mixes it. The chamber is larger in the middle than in the end, this expands in the middle then it contracts after combustion, which then gives it thrust. The measurements of the post combustion chamber are 75mm inlet into a cone of 100mm This causes the particulates to mix and burn properly. The chemical by-products comprise CO particulates carbon CO, NOx, SOx, heavy metals 02, and N02. Magnegas is then mixed with Coal flue emissions , then it is ignited. The exhaust gases are C02 7% 02 11%, NOx 40 parts per million. The NOx and 02 will be the controls. No blending of air into the system, otherwise increases in CO, occurs. When the control valve is turned off the colour of the flame turns blue. When the experiment is running correctly (eg when splitting of C02), the flame is bright orange and there is little smoke. When Magnegas is added it pulls apart the molecules, NOx, SOX and CO. This has now turned into a structured fuel or bonded fuel. When the mix is correct (85 litres of Magnegas per minute is used) with the right amount of coal emissions. The Post-combustion chamber - 75mm grows out to 100mm then it forms a cone then a reverse cone on the backside back down to 75mm out. The reverse makes the chamber a 1:5 ratio 100 diameter to 500 long it allows for the gas to expand and then burn. The reaction time tube has got to be cooled the bond built in the magnecules is not structured the new Magnegas fuel (H4) may not need as much cooling. No Nitrates. Emissions from the chemical reaction process is CO, particulates (carbon), NOx, SOx, all sorts of heavy metals C02, 02 N02 and NO, Hydrogen and CO are added and WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 10 that is ignited. Results recorded are: C02 7%, 02 11%, NOx 46 ppm, and an increase in 02 which is released and supports the combustion process. Carbon provides heat energy rather than forming CO. Particulates are lowered. Coal and Magnegas v Coal emissions data A detailed description of post combustion trials conducted on 4 August 2012 is as follows: High-grade coal from Acland mine Queensland Australia was burned in the primary combustion chamber. Magnegas was added to the emissions prior to the combustion chamber. The trial ran from 17:08 to 17:50 and we had a Testo 350 analyser (www.testo.corn) this data was brought into the computer recording at second intervals. The following emissions 02, CO, NOX, NO, N02, C02 are recorded on the file 20120804 Coal Magnegas Post Combustion test 2.xlsx. Magnegas Flow rate for this test ranged between 79.9 litres/minute and 84.8 litres/minute (refer to 20120804 Magnegas and Coal Post Combustion Flow rate of fuel.xlsx tab Magnegas Flow Rate) The process for this test was: add coal to the Primary combustion chamber and burnt it, this was repeated over and over and shows on the graph the times we opened the flue to add more coal or to stoke the primary combustion furnace, or we checked the flue. The example of this can be seen on the seconds run line between 230 and 460 seconds. Another example is at 678 to 792 seconds the same event occurred. This occurred regularly throughout the test and is the oxygen blue line. At the same time the C02 (red line) and the NOX (purple line) decreased and resumed non-activity levels. Also at the same time the CO (mauve line) it also decreased. The greatest amount of emissions becomes available for processing when the machine is running at near to full capacity. An example of this can be seen on the seconds run line between 467 to 673 second mark. Another example is at 1153 to 1388 seconds. The measurements taken in the post combustion chamber show in this event WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 11 the C02 (burgundy line) and NOX (purple line) are declining and at the same time the 02 (blue line) increasing. This occurred consistently through the tests. The C02 decline and the 02 increase are counter-proportional. However other Oxygen atoms from N02, NO and CO also become available as oxygen and this increases oxygen readings. This allows for more combustion and increases in heat in the post combustion chamber. Graphs 2 & 3 showing increases in 02 and declines in C02. Thrust - The post combustion chamber makes an air blowing noise similar to the thrust motor and produces heat. The flame, which exhausts out of the chamber is only visible in low light due to the high levels of Hydrogen in the feedstock. The end of the flame is actually which is clear extends approx. 1 metre from the end of the chamber. Tests were conducted in the early evening so the flame could be viewed, filmed and recorded. The temperature where the exhaust leaves the post combustion chamber reached 3,000 degrees Celsius as the ceramic tip of the Testo 350 Analyser ceramic measuring equipment glowed bright orange. No smoke was able to be detected as particulates were incinerated in the chamber. Graphs showing the results of Coal and Magnegas post combustion trials conducted on 4 August 2012 are provided in Figure 3. The data for these results is shown in Figures 3A (Testo flue gas measurement) and 3B (Magnegas flow rate). A graph showing the flow rate in the combustion chamber is shown in Figure 4. Details of the results of recordings for NOx and CO are shown in Figure 5. Details of the results of recordings for 02 and C02 in the flue are shown in Figure 6 (02 increasing and C02 declining). Graphs showing the results of Coal and Magnegas (Glycol) post combustion trials are shown in Figure 7. Testo data results are shown in Figure 8. In relation to this, it is important to note that the fuel is Magnegas (Glycol) as opposed to the fuel WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 12 used in the tests conducted earlier in Australia (methanol feedstock). The coal grade is of a lower grade than the Australian coal sourced from Acland in Queensland. The post combustion chamber was an exhaust pipe from a car and not a custom made post combustion chamber as used in Australia. The results are similar except that presumably due the makeshift nature of the equipment, there was a large amount of unburnt fuel in the exhaust pipe and higher CO and H2 emissions were recorded. Importantly, the results indicate a lowering of S02. Magnegas & Bitumen Tests were conducted on Magnegas and Bitumen on 25 August 2012. Graphs of the test results for Magnegas and bitumen dual fuel are shown in Figure 9. Flue gas measurements are shown in Figure 10, and flow rates are shown in Figure 11. Magnegas & Rubber Tests were conducted on Magnegas and Rubber on 21 February 2013. Graphs of the test results for Magnegas and rubber dual fuel are shown in Figure 12. Flue gas measurements are shown in Figure 13. Magnegas & LPG Tests were conducted on Magnegas and LPG on 21 May 2012. Graphs of the test results of recordings for 02, C02 and temperature, fuel use and temperature, CO and NOx for Magnegas and LPG dual fuel are shown in Figure 14. Flue gas measurements are shown in Figure 15. 02, CO and C02 measurements are shown in Figure 16. The testo data is in second intervals and the flow meter data for the Magnegas is in minutes. Further graphs with the data linked together is shown in Figure 17.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 13 The above test results are for Magnegas blended (mixed) with LPG as a dual fuel. Under the conditions when the temperature reaches 580 degrees Celsius in the boiler. Magnegas runs at 2.25 litre per minute and LPG runs at 1 litre per minute. A lower temperature of 470 degrees is reached when we mix 2.9 litres per minute of Magnegas with .65 litres per minute of LPG. A surprisingly high temperature output was achieved with this dual fuel combination. Details of the results of further tests for Magnegas blended (mixed) with LPG conducted on 29 May 2012 are also provided. Graphs of these results are shown in Figure 18. Flue gas measurements are shown in Figure 19, and emissions and flow rate is shown in Figure 20. The increase in 02 occurs when Magnegas flow rates increase resulting in C02 declining. N02 is lower than NO, bottom of page 1 due to splitting. In fact all C02, CO, N02 are split during combustion using Magnegas. These emissions are lower when using Magnegas. Chamber Design A drawing of a preferred form of the post combustion chamber design is shown in Figure 21. Preferably, the chamber is made from steel or copper pipe on the intake side of the chamber. The combustion cylinder in this case is manufactured from refactory, a cement based product used in the boiler industry. The chamber has a cylindrical shape, with an inlet end and outlet end. The chamber is tapered at the outlet end. Preferably, the chamber is tapered at both ends. The chamber has an inlet and preferably, the inlet into the chamber is at about a 30 degree angle. This directs flow to the larger proportion of the chamber where combustion occurs. This angle ensures that all emissions are forced into the centre of the chamber for combustion. Without the angle in the secondary combustion chamber, cooler air is trapped which circulates WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 14 before the combustion flame. This lowers the temperature in the flame and chamber. This reduces the effectiveness of splitting of C02 and other emissions. The emissions from the primary combustion chamber are captured, cooled, and compressed. Magnegas is injected and mixed with the emissions in the mixing chamber before being sent to the secondary combustion chamber to ensure appropriate bonding of Magnegas to the emissions prior to secondary combustion. This needs to occur at least one metre before being fed into the secondary combustion chamber. Preferably, this is at approximately one metre before being fed into the secondary combustion chamber. No additional atmospheric oxygen added to the sytem and combusted a second time using Magnegas. The inlet and chamber are connected and sealed in order to avoid the entry of additional oxygen into the post combustion chamber. Preferably, the inlet is flared so as to provide a diffuser action and to help swirl the mixture. A circular motion occurs in the chamber during combustion. The chamber, when ignited, pushes out the emissions. A thrust noise, generated from the escaping combustion. Some of the combustion occurs otside the chamber. The hydrogen flame, being partly invisible froms part of the combustion. Particulates and small carbon flakes from the primary combustion process are ignited in the secondary combustion process. These embers fall both inside and outside the secondary combustion chamber. System Design A Drawing showing an outline of a preferred form of the secondary combustion dual fuel system is shown in Figure 22. This drawing includes the design of the secondary combustion chamber. A drawing of a further preferred form of the dual fuel system designed for Magnegas and LPG is shown in Figure 23.

WO 2015/015447 PCT/IB2014/063565 15 Applicant: Futurenergy Pty Ltd By: IP Link, Registered Patent and Trade Mark Attorney 30 July 2014

Claims

Claims

Claim 1

A process for the production of a clean burning dual fuel combination in which emissions from primary combustion of solid and/or gaseous fuels are captured, cooled, compressed, Magnegas is mixed with the emissions so that it bonds to the emissions to create a structured dual fuel combination, and then re-combusted in a secondary combustion chamber.

Claim 2

A process according to claim 1 in which the primary fuels comprise coal, rubber bitumen, LPG and natural gas.

Claim 3

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which Magnegas reforms the emissions into a cleaner burning structured fuel which provides more effective combustion resulting in greater heat output and reducing emissions.

Claim 4

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which Magnegas converts or draws atoms from the molecules in the primary fuel emissions (including those in emissions targets) into electromagnecular clusters (stable clusters of isolated and unbonded atoms, dimers and molecules) which then recombine during the course of combustion in the secondary combustion chamber.

Claim 5

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which, depending on the fuel, the molecules in emissions targets are any one or all of CO and C02, NOx (NO & N02), SOx.

Claim 6

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which smoke and particulates are also reduced. Claim 7

A process according to any one of the preceding claims, whereby no additional atmospheric oxygen is required.

Claim 8

A process according to any one of the preceding claims whereby oxygen is released during the secondary combustion process.

Claim 9

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the emissions from primary combustion are mixed with Magnegas before/prior to being fed into the secondary combustion chamber.

Claim 10

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the emissions from primary combustion are mixed with Magnegas at least one metre before being fed into the secondary combustion chamber.

Claim 1 1

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the emissions from primary combustion are mixed with Magnegas at about approximately one metre before the secondary combustion chamber.

Claim 12

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the temperature in the mixing chamber leading to the secondary combustion chamber must be at least at ambient temperature.

Claim 13

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the temperature in the mixing chamber leading to the secondary combustion chamber is in the range of ambient temperature to 250 degrees Celsius. A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the temperature in the mixing chamber leading to the secondary combustion chamber must be at least 140 degrees Celsius.

Claim 14

A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the temperature in the mixing chamber leading to the secondary combustion chamber is in the range of approximately 140-220 degrees Celsius

Claim 15

A secondary combustion chamber designed for combustion of a dual fuel comprising a mixture of Magnegas and the emissions from primary combustion and particulates having a cylindrical shape, with an inlet end and outlet end and being tapered at the outlet end.

Claim 16

A secondary combustion chamber in accordance with claim 15 in which the inlet into the chamber is at about a 30 degree angle.

Claim 17

A secondary combustion chamber in accordance with claim 15 or 16 being tapered at both ends.

Claim 18

A secondary combustion chamber in accordance with any one of claims 15 to 17 in which the inlet is flared so as to provide a diffuser action and to help swirl the mixture.

Claim 19

A secondary combustion chamber in accordance with the drawing in Figure 22. Claim 20

A process designed for combustion of emissions from primary combustion and particulates in accordance with the drawing in Figure 22..

Claims 21 An apparatus designed for combustion of emissions from primary combustion and particulates in accordance with that in Figure 22..

Claims 22

An apparatus designed for combustion of emissions from primary combustion and particulates in accordance with that in Figure 23

Claim 23

A process or apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims in which a control valve adjusts the flow of emissions at the inlet to the mixing chamber to ensure that combustion is optimized.