AU2014271304A1

AU2014271304A1 - Method for heating a metal material in an industrial furnace

Info

Publication number: AU2014271304A1
Application number: AU2014271304A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Rudiger Eichler
Original assignee: Linde GmbH
Current assignee: Linde GmbH
Priority date: 2013-12-12
Filing date: 2014-12-04
Publication date: 2015-07-02
Also published as: BR102014030393A2; CN104713352A; KR20150068918A; EP2891859A1; RU2014150371A; JP2015114101A

Description

1 Method for heating a metal material in an industrial furnace The present invention relates to a method for heating metal material in an industrial furnace. The invention also relates to a method for upgrading an air burner heated industrial furnace in order to increase the combustion efficiency. 5 Metal materials, such as slabs, billets and blooms, are conventionally heated in industrial furnaces which are heated using air burners, where combustion of a fuel takes place with air supplied by the burner. In counter-flow furnaces, the combustion products flow upstream in relation to the transport direction of the 10 metal material, thereby heating the material which is approaching the air burners. In such furnaces, there is conventionally a so-called dark zone, in which loaded metal material is pre-heated by the counter-currently flowing combustion gases before entering the heating zone or zones of the furnace. 15 A problem is that air combustion is inefficient, since large volumes of nitrogen are heated in the process. It is therefore desirable to use high-oxygen oxidants to replace air in the above described furnaces. It has for such furnaces been suggested to replace air burners with so-called 20 oxyfuel burners, that is, burners fed with a high-oxygen oxidant rather than with air. However, in addition to such burners being expensive to install, this leads to smaller volumes of combustion products flowing through the furnace and the dark zone, and therefore that the loaded metal products are preheated less efficiently. In order to solve this problem, it has been proposed to lower the 25 ceiling in the dark zone, thereby decreasing the volume of the dark zone and improving the preheating of the metal products therein per unit volume of combustion products. However, this leads to increased pressures in the main furnace space, downstream of the dark zone, increasing the risk of leaks therein. 30 2 Another possibility is to arrange additional burners in the dark zone. However, this has proven expensive and complicated, not least since many furnaces are quite broad and it is difficult to obtain even heating across the whole width of the metal products to be preheated without risking overheating of the metal material 5 surface. Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field. 10 It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative. Thus, the invention relates to a method for heating a metal material in an 15 industrial furnace comprising a dark zone and at least one heating zone arranged downstream of the dark zone, which heating zone is heated using at least one burner, wherein said metal material is transported through the dark zone and thereafter through the heating zone, and wherein combustion gases circulate counter-currently through the industrial furnace through the at least 20 one heating zone and thereafter through the dark zone, and is characterised in that the lambda value, in other words the ratio of the actual oxygen-to-fuel ratio and the stoichiometric oxygen-to-fuel ratio, of the combustion in at least one of said at least one heating zones is below one, and in that an oxidant comprising at least 85 percentages by weight oxygen is supplied through at least one lance 25 into the dark zone, so that at least one stream of the said oxidant is directed towards the metal material and so that the said oxidant in the dark zone combusts combustible gases originating from the at least one heating zone. According to a first aspect, there is provided a method for heating a metal 30 material in an industrial furnace comprising a dark zone and at least one heating zone arranged downstream of the dark zone, which heating zone is heated using at least one burner, wherein said dark zone is arranged upstream 3 of all fuel supply points in the industrial furnace, wherein said metal material is transported through the dark zone and thereafter through the heating zone, and wherein combustion gases circulate counter-currently through the industrial furnace through the at least one heating zone and thereafter through the dark 5 zone, wherein the lambda value, in other words the ratio of the actual oxygen to-fuel ratio and the stoichiometric oxygen-to-fuel ratio, of the combustion in at least one of said at least one heating zones is below one, and in that an oxidant comprising at least 85 percentages by weight oxygen is supplied through at least one lance into the dark zone, so that at least one stream of the said 10 oxidant is directed towards the metal material and so that the said oxidant in the dark zone combusts combustible gases originating from the at least one heating zone. According to a second aspect, there is provided a method for upgrading an 15 existing industrial furnace, which industrial furnace before the upgrade is arranged to be heated only by the use of one or several existing burners and which comprises a dark zone and at least one heating zone arranged downstream of the dark zone, which heating zone is arranged to be heated using at least one burner, wherein a metal material to be heated is arranged to 20 be transported through the dark zone and thereafter the heating zone, and wherein combustion gases are arranged to circulate counter-currently through the industrial furnace through the at least one heating zone and thereafter through the dark zone, wherein industrial furnace is supplemented by at least one oxidant lance arranged to supply a stream of an oxidant comprising at least 25 85% oxygen to the dark zone, and in that the industrial furnace is then operated according to the method of any one of the preceding claims, whereby the amount of oxygen supplied via the at least one existing burner is decreased as compared to the operation before the upgrade and the resulting decrease in oxygen supply is compensated for by the lanced oxidant. 30 According to a third aspect, there is provided a metal material produced by the method according to the first aspect.

4 According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an upgraded industrial furnace produced by the method according to the second aspect. 5 Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise", "comprising", and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to". 10 In the following, the invention will be described in detail, with reference to exemplifying embodiments of the invention and to the appended drawings, where: Figure la is a simplified, partly removed side view of a conventional industrial 15 furnace which is heated using air burners; Figure 1 b is a simplified, partly removed top view of the furnace of figure 1 a; Figure 2a is a simplified, partly removed side view of an industrial furnace arranged for operation using a method according to the present invention; and Figure 2b is a simplified, partly removed top view of the furnace of figure 2a. 20 Figures la and lb show, using common reference numbers, an industrial furnace 100, which is heated by burners 110 and comprising a dark zone 101 and two fired heating zones 102, 103. Hot combustion gases from burners 110 arranged in the zones 102, 103 circulate counter-currently through the furnace 25 100, in a general upstream direction 111, in order through the heating zone 103, through the heating zone 102 and thereafter through the dark zone 101, after which they escape through a flue or chimney 104. Burners 110 may be air burners, which is the preferred case in an upgrade according to below, but other burner types are also possible, including oxygen-assisted air burners or even 30 burners driven directly with an oxidant comprising more oxygen than air. A mixture of such burners with air burners is also foreseeable. In the following, it is understood that burners 110 may be of such different types.

5 Metal material 106 to be heated is transported in a general downstream direction 109, opposite to the direction 111, on a transport device 105 such as a conveyor belt or the like (see below), from a loading point 107 to an exit point 5 108. It is preferred that the metal material is in the form of blanks, slabs or billets, and is preferably constituted by steel, preferably stainless steel, preferably a steel material displaying low emissivity, such as for example a steel material having a grinded surface. Namely, such steels are particularly suitable for use with the improved thermal energy transfer efficiency offered by the 10 method of the present invention. The furnace 100 is preferably a walking beam furnace, a pusher furnace or an annular furnace, and the transport device 105 is thus of a suitable type for the type of furnace in question. Herein, the term "dark zone" is to be interpreted as a zone which preferably is 15 arranged upstream, in relation to the travel direction 109 of the metal material 106, of any heating zone 102, 103 which is heated using one or several burners 110. Preferably, the dark zone 101 is arranged upstream, as seen in direction 109, of all fuel supply points in the industrial furnace 100. The dark zone 101 is arranged to preheat metal material 106 which has been loaded into the furnace 20 100 before reaching the first fired heating zone 102. Both heating zones 102, 103 are thus heated using a series of burners 110 arranged along the side walls of the furnace 100. Preferably, the burners are operated using a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel which is combusted with the 25 supplied oxidant, such as air, thus heating spaces 102, 103. The combustion products, comprising nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water etc., circulate counter currently, in direction 111, through the furnace 100 upstream towards the exit 104. 30 It is realized that the furnace may comprise only one heating zone, or more than two heating zones.

6 Figures 2a and 2b show, with shared reference numbers, an industrial furnace 200 according to the present invention. That what has been said in relation to the furnace 100 is, in applicable cases, true also in relation to the furnace 200. Thus, similarly to the furnace 100 the furnace 200 comprises a dark zone 201 5 and two heating zones 202, 203. Metal material 206 is transported, in a general direction 209, by a transport device 205 from a loading entry point 207 to an exit 208. Combustion gases, originating from a series of burners 210 arranged in the heating zones 202, 203, circulate counter-currently, in a general upstream direction 211, along the furnace 200 and are evacuated through a flue or 10 chimney 204. Similarly to burners 110, burners 210 are preferably air burners, most preferably only air burners, but may also be driven partly or completely, or be assisted, by an oxidant comprising more oxygen than air. In the following, the differences between the conventional furnace 100 and the 15 furnace 200 according to the invention will be described. According to the invention, the lambda value of the combustion in at least one of the said at least one heating zones 202, 203 is below one. The lambda value is the ratio of the actual oxygen-to-fuel ratio and the oxygen-to-fuel ratio when at 20 stoichiometric equilibrium. In the conventional industrial furnace 100 of figures 1 a and 1 b, the supply of oxygen and fuel to the burners 110 is balanced, so that combustion is performed at stoichiometric equilibrium. However, in contrast thereto, the supply of oxygen and/or fuel to the burners 210 which heat the zones 202, 203 of furnace 200 has been modified so that comparatively less 25 oxygen is supplied in relation to the amount of supplied fuel. As a consequence, the resulting combustion gases circulating from the most upstream located heating zone 202 and into the dark zone 201 will carry a surplus of combustible gases. It is realized that such combustible gases may be in the form of non combusted fuel gases and/or combustible gases in the form of CO, H 2 or the 30 like, resulting from incomplete combustion of fuel in the heating zones 202, 203.

7 It is understood that in the preferred embodiment in which the burner 210 is an air burner, the said lambda value of below one is achieved by decreasing the amount of air supplied to the said air burner 210. 5 Furthermore, according to the invention, an oxidant comprising at least 85 percentages by weight, preferably at least 95 percentages by weight, preferably industrially pure, oxygen is supplied through at least one oxidant lance 212 arranged to open out into the dark zone 201. As a consequence, at least one stream 213 of the said high-oxygen oxidant is directed towards the metal 10 material 206. Also, the said high-oxygen oxidant will, in the dark zone 201, combust the above-described combustible surplus gases originating from the at least one upstream heating zone 202, 203. It is preferred that the total combustion, counting combustion in all heating 15 zones 202, 203 and the dark zone 201, will add up to stoichiometric equilibrium, or at least near stoichiometric equilibrium, so that essentially all fuel is combusted before the combustion products are evacuated through the flue 204. By decreasing the amount of oxygen supplied through the burners, and 20 replacing the decreased amounts of oxygen resulting from the smaller amounts of oxygen using the lanced high-oxygen oxidant in the dark zone, the nitrogen ballast decreases, which in turn increases the efficiency of the furnace 200. The additional combustion taking place as the lanced oxidant comes into contact with the combustible gases from the heating zones 202, 203 will result in a 25 temperature increase in the dark zone. This solves the problem of low thermal transfer rates to the metal material 206 in the dark zone 201 when only replacing air burners 210 with oxyfuel burners, as discussed initially. As the combustion in the dark zone 201 involves a lower-grade fuel (namely, 30 diluted incomplete combustion products) than the combustion in the heating zones 202, 203, which involves the above described fuel directly, the flame temperature in the dark zone 201 will consequently also be lower. This leads to 8 less NOx formation. As a result, the total NOx footprint of the process will be decreased as compared to the corresponding conventional case. Moreover, since the high-oxygen oxidant is lanced towards the surface of the 5 still relatively cold metal material 206, the extra heat is directed onto the said surface, whereby the metal material will be efficiently preheated. The fact that the surface of the metal material 206 is still relatively cold while still in the dark zone makes it less prone to overheating. 10 On the other hand, the lancing of the high-oxygen oxidant should preferably not result in said oxidant coming into direct contact with the metal material 206 surface. According to one preferred embodiment, the relation between on the one hand the amount of the oxygen lanced per time unit and per oxidant lance 15 212 in the lanced high-oxygen oxidant, and on the other hand the distance between the lance 212 orifice and the metal material 206, is such that the lanced oxidant mixes with the combustible gases present in the dark zone 201 before it strikes the surface of the metal material 206, and so that no unmixed oxidant comes into direct contact with the metal material 206. In other words, 20 the amount of lanced oxygen is sufficiently small and the distance between the lance 212 orifice and the metal material 206 is sufficiently large so that the oxidant will mix with the combustible gases in the dark zone 201 sufficiently, so that essentially no un-mixed high-oxygen oxidant reaches the metal material 206 surface. It is preferred that the said small amount of lanced oxygen and 25 said large distance between lance orifice 212 and material 206 is to be established given a certain lancing velocity, which should be high (see below), and possibly also a given oxygen concentration in the lanced oxidant. The distance H between the lance 212 orifice and the metal material 206, as 30 measured in the direction of the lance 212, is preferably at least 1.5 meters, more preferably at least 2 meters. In figure 2a, H indicates the vertical distance 9 since the lance 212 is directed vertically. It is realized that if the lance is inclined, the distance H will be measured in a direction which is not vertical. This way, the lancing action will push the high-temperature gases in the dark 5 zone 201 towards the surface of the metal material 206 without risking overheating of the latter as a consequence. Instead, a "soft" flame can be arranged across a large portion of, or essentially the whole, width of the metal material 206, efficiently preheating the same while passing through the dark zone 201. In the figures, the flame is illustrated by a combustion zone 214, 10 throughout which the secondary combustion, between lanced oxidant and incompletely combusted gases, takes place. To accomplish this, it is preferred that at least one row, preferably at least two essentially parallel rows, arranged essentially perpendicularly to the direction 15 209, of high-oxygen oxidant lances 212 are arranged with at least three lances in each row, thus achieving an essentially uniform concentration of high-oxygen oxidant across the whole width, perpendicularly to the direction 209, of the metal material 206. 20 It is especially preferred that at least one such lance 212 is arranged in the ceiling of the dark zone 201, and that the associated stream 213 of oxidant is directed essentially downwards towards the metal material 206 surface. However, the stream 213 may also be slightly inclined in the direction 209, such that the stream 213 is offset from the vertical towards the heating zone 202. 25 Suitable angles are about 5 -152 from the vertical. It is also realized that roof mounted lances may be supplemented by lances mounted in the side walls of the dark zone 201, in order to achieve an even more uniform temperature profile of the gases surrounding the metal material 206. 30 Alternatively, the lances can be inclined so that the lanced high-oxygen oxidant propels the furnace gases in the downstream direction 209. This increases the turbulence, and hence increases the flame size, which in turn decreases the 10 risk of overheating. In particular, such inclined lances may be useful in the downstream-most arranged part of the dark zone 201, in order to improve the mixing of the combustion products arriving from the heated zones 202, 203 with the lanced high-oxygen oxidant. Preferred lancing angles are in this case 5 between 30 and 450 in relation to the vertical and inclined with the lance 212 orifice towards the downstream direction 209. In order to avoid the risk of overheating the metal material 206 surface, it is preferred that only a minor part of the totally supplied oxygen originates from 10 the lanced high-oxygen oxidant. According to one preferred embodiment, the combustion power of the combustion reaction involving the lanced high-oxygen oxidant and the excess fuel supplied by burners 210 is at most about 10% of the total combustion power of the furnace 200. Thus, the total amount of supplied oxidant per unit time is small, preferably only between 1/10 and 1/100 15 of the volume, in comparison to the amount of combustion gases circulating through the dark zone 201 per unit time. Furthermore, it is preferred the velocity of the oxidant at the orifice of the or each lance 212 is at least 100 m/s, more preferably between 300 m/s and 450 20 m/s. The combination of relatively small lanced volumes and high lancing velocities will produce a very high-turbulence, diluted, "soft" flame which is pushed downwards towards the surface of the metal material 206, efficiently preheating the same without risking overheating. It is preferred that about between 200-500 Nm 3 /h high-oxygen oxidant is provided through each lance. 25 According to a particularly preferred embodiment, a conventional furnace, such as the furnace 100, is upgraded for operation according to the present invention. In other words, an industrial furnace 100 which before the upgrade is arranged to be heated only by the use of one or several existing burners 110 30 and which comprises a dark zone 101 and at least one heating zone 102, 103 arranged downstream of the dark zone 101, which heating zone 102, 103 is arranged to be heated using said burners 110, wherein metal material 106 is 11 transported through the dark zone 101 and thereafter through the heating zone 102, 103, and wherein combustion gases circulate counter-currently through the furnace 100 through the heating zones 103 and 102 and thereafter through the dark zone 101, is upgraded by supplementing it with at least one oxidant lance 5 212 arranged to supply a stream 213 of an oxidant comprising at least 85%, preferably at least 95%, preferably industrially pure, oxygen to the dark zone 101. Thereafter, the furnace 100 is operated as described above in connection with figures 2a and 2b. Thus, the amount of oxygen supplied via the at least one burner 110 is decreased as compared to the operation before the upgrade, 10 whereby the lambda value of the heating zones 102, 103 is decreased, and the resulting decrease in oxygen supply is compensated for by the lanced high oxygen oxidant. Preferably, about 10%-50%, more preferably about 20%-30% of the total oxygen requirement of those burners which are operated in an oxygen-decreased state will be provided by the lanced high-oxygen oxidant. 15 It is understood that in the preferred embodiment in which at least one of the at least one existing burners 110 is an existing air burner, that the said decreased supplied oxygen amount is achieved by decreasing the amount of air supplied to the said at least one existing air burner. 20 Such an upgrade is very cost efficient as compared to the replacement of some or all of the burners 110 with corresponding oxyfuel burners, and solves the initially discussed problems. 25 Since the total amounts of combustion gases escaping through the flue 104 will be less than before the upgrade at a given total combustion power, it is preferred that the amount of metal material 106 loaded per time unit during the operation is increased as compared to operation before the upgrade, so as to maintain essentially the same flue gas temperature at the flue gas exit 104 from 30 the dark zone 201. In other words, the efficiency increase caused by the introduction of high-oxygen oxidant is preferably used to increase the production rate rather than to decrease the amount of fuel used.

12 Instead of, or in addition to, the above described decrease of the oxygen provided to the burners 210, the amount of the above described fuel provided to the heated zones 202, 203 per time unit can be increased in order to achieve 5 the said lambda values below one. Furthermore, it is preferred that the loading rate is adjusted so that the gas temperature at the exit 104 is kept at about 8 00- 9 002C. 10 As an example, an air burner fired furnace with 3 heating zones (in order of material transport direction Z1 = 20 MW, Z2 = 20 MW and Z3 = 5 MW) was upgraded according to the present invention by mounting high-oxygen oxidant lances in the roof of the dark zone. 15 After the upgrade, the most downstream arranged zones Z2 and Z3 were fired in a conventional manner with 26819 Nm 3 /h air and 2457 Nm 3 /h natural gas (total combustion power 25 MW). The resulting combustion products had the following composition: 20 Exhaust gas composition %-wet Nm 3 /h C02 8,7 2568

H

2 0 16,7 4915

SO

2 0,0 0 02 2,0 587 25 N 2 72,6 21310 In contrast to zones Z2 and Z3, the originally 20 MW zone Z1 was fired with an oxygen deficit, so that only 18 MW was combusted with air supplied via the existing air burners. 1966 Nm 3 /h natural gas was combusted with 17745 Nm 3 /h 30 air. The combustion gases resulting from this combustion, with lambda = 0,924, in zone Z1 had the following composition: 13 Exhaust gas composition %-wet Nm 3 /h C02 8,6 1725

H

2 0 18,2 3650

SO

2 0,0 0 5 02 0,0 0

H

2 1,4 282 CO 1,64 329

N

2 70,2 14113 10 The resulting content of incompletely combusted, combustible gases (CO and

H

2 ) corresponds to 2 MW, which was combusted using 320 Nm 3 /h lanced industrially pure oxygen in the dark zone. The final, total combustion products composition was: 15 Exhaust gas composition %-wet Nm 3 /h C02 9,3 4622

H

2 0 17,9 8847

SO

2 0,0 0 02 1,2 601 20 N 2 71,6 35423 Above, preferred embodiments have been described. However, it is apparent to the skilled person that many modifications may be made to the described embodiments without departing from the idea of the invention. 25 As an example, the introduction of high-oxygen oxidant lances in the dark zone also results in increased control over the temperature profile along the length of the furnace. In case several rows of such lances are installed, the amount of lanced high-oxygen oxidant via each such row may be adjusted depending on 30 the desired such temperature profile. Also, the proportion of the total oxygen supplied via lancing may be adjusted during operation or between batches, depending on the desired preheating in the dark zone.

14 Thus, the invention shall not be limited to the described embodiments, but may be varied within the scope of the enclosed claims. 5

Claims

1. Method for heating a metal material in an industrial furnace comprising a dark zone and at least one heating zone arranged downstream of the dark zone, which heating zone is heated using at least one burner, wherein said dark 5 zone is arranged upstream of all fuel supply points in the industrial furnace, wherein said metal material is transported through the dark zone and thereafter through the heating zone, and wherein combustion gases circulate counter currently through the industrial furnace through the at least one heating zone and thereafter through the dark zone, wherein the lambda value, in other words 10 the ratio of the actual oxygen-to-fuel ratio and the stoichiometric oxygen-to-fuel ratio, of the combustion in at least one of said at least one heating zones is below one, and in that an oxidant comprising at least 85 percentages by weight oxygen is supplied through at least one lance into the dark zone, so that at least one stream of the said oxidant is directed towards the metal material and so 15 that the said oxidant in the dark zone combusts combustible gases originating from the at least one heating zone.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the said burner is an air burner, and that the said lambda value of below one is achieved by decreasing the amount 20 of air supplied to the said air burner.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one lance is arranged in the ceiling of the dark zone, and in that said at least one stream of oxidant is directed downwards towards the metal material. 25

4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the combustion power of the combustion involving the said oxidant and the excess fuel provided in the at least one heating zone is at most about 10% of the total combustion power of the industrial furnace. 30 16

5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the industrial furnace is a walking beam furnace, a pusher furnace or an annular furnace. 5

6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the relation between on the one hand the amount of the oxygen lanced per time unit and per oxidant lance in the lanced high-oxygen oxidant and on the other hand the distance between each lance orifice and the metal material is such that, for a given lancing velocity, the oxidant mixes with the combustible gases present in 10 the dark zone before it strikes the surface of the metal material, and so that essentially no unmixed oxidant comes into direct contact with the metal material.

7. Method according to claim 6, wherein the distance between the lance 15 orifice and the metal material as measured in the lancing direction is at least 2 meters.

8. Method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the velocity of the oxidant at the orifice of the lance is at least 100 m/s. 20

9. Method according to claim 8, wherein the velocity of the oxidant at the orifice of the lance is between 300 m/s and 450 m/s.

10. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the oxidant 25 comprises at least 95 percent oxygen.

11. Method for upgrading an existing industrial furnace, which industrial furnace before the upgrade is arranged to be heated only by the use of one or several existing burners and which comprises a dark zone and at least one 30 heating zone arranged downstream of the dark zone, which heating zone is arranged to be heated using at least one burner, wherein a metal material to be heated is arranged to be transported through the dark zone and thereafter the heating zone, and wherein combustion gases are arranged to circulate counter currently through the industrial furnace through the at least one heating zone 17 and thereafter through the dark zone, wherein industrial furnace is supplemented by at least one oxidant lance arranged to supply a stream of an oxidant comprising at least 85% oxygen to the dark zone, and in that the industrial furnace is then operated according to the method of any one of the 5 preceding claims, whereby the amount of oxygen supplied via the at least one existing burner is decreased as compared to the operation before the upgrade and the resulting decrease in oxygen supply is compensated for by the lanced oxidant. 10

12. Method according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the said at least one existing burners is an existing air burner, and that the said decreased supplied oxygen amount is achieved by decreasing the amount of air supplied to the said at least one existing air burner. 15

13. Method according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the amount of metal material loaded per time unit during the operation according to any one of claims 1-9 is increased as compared to operation before the upgrade, so as to maintain essentially the same flue gas temperature at a flue gas exit from the dark zone. 20

14. Method according to any one of claims 11-13, wherein the lance is arranged in the ceiling of the dark zone, so that that said stream of oxidant is arranged to be directed downwards towards the metal material.

15. A metal material produced by the method according to any one of claims 1 25 to 10.

16. An upgraded industrial furnace produced by the method according to any one of claims 11 to 13.