AU2014259503B2 - Animal pest control method - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for protecting an animal from a parasitic invertebrate pest comprising treating an animal orally or by injection with a pesticidally effective amount of a 5 compound of Formula 1, R R/ N 4 0 6 wherein R 1 is halogen, CI-C 3 haloalkyl or CI-C 3 haloalkoxy; 10 R2 is H, halogen, CI-C 3 alkyl, CI-C 3 haloalkyl or cyano; R 3 is H, halogen, CI-C 3 haloalkyl or CI-C 3 haloalkoxy; R4 is halogen, CI-C 3 alkyl, CI-C 3 haloalkyl or CI-C 3 haloalkoxy; R5 is H, CH 3, C2-C 4 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C 4 haloalkylcarbonyl, C2-C 5 alkoxycarbonyl or CH2 O(Ci-C 3 alkyl); 15 R6 is CI-C 6 alkyl, CI-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl or C3-C 6 halocycloalkyl, each group substituted with one R 7 ; or R 6 is (CH 2 )mQ; and Q, R 7 , R 8 a and R8b are as defined in the disclosure.

Description

P/00/011 Regulation 3.2 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

FOR A DIVISIONAL PATENT ORIGINAL

Name of Applicant: E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY

Actual Inventor(s): George Philip LAHM

Jeffrey Keith LONG Ming XU

Address for Service: Houlihan2, Level 1, 70 Doncaster Road, Balwyn North, Victoria 3104, Australia

Invention Title: ANIMAL PEST CONTROL METHOD

The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to the Applicant:-

TITLE

ANIMAL PEST CONTROL METHOD

The present application is a divisional application from Australian patent application number 2008268321. The entire disclosures of Australian patent application number 2008268321 and its corresponding International application, PCT/US2008/068268, are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method for protecting an animal from a parasitic pest and parasitic pest infestation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The control of animal parasites in animal health is essential, especially in the areas of food production and companion animals. Existing methods of treatment and parasite control are being compromised due to growing resistance to many current commercial parasiticides. The discovery of more effective ways to control animal parasites is therefore imperative. In addition, it is advantageous to discover ways to apply pesticides to animals orally or parenterally so as to prevent the possible contamination of humans or the surrounding environment. PCT Patent Publication WO 05/085216 discloses isoxazoline derivatives of Formula i as insecticides

wherein, inter alia, each of A1, A2 and A3 are independently C or N; G is a benzene ring; W is O or S; and X is halogen or Cj-Cg haloalkyl.

The method of the present invention is not disclosed in this publication.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to a method for protecting animals from a parasitic invertebrate pest comprising orally or parenterally administering to the animal a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 (including all geometric and steroisomers), an A-oxide or a salt thereof

wherein R1 is halogen, C1-C3 haloalkyl or C1-C3 haloalkoxy; R2 is H, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl or cyano; R3 is H, halogen, C1-C3 haloalkyl or C1-C3 haloalkoxy; R4 is halogen, Q-C3 alkyl, C|-C3 haloalkyl or C1-C3 haloalkoxy; R5 is H, CH3, C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C4 haloalkylcarbonyl, C2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl or CT^O^-Cg alkyl); R6 is C|-C6 alkyl, C^-Cg haloalkyl, C^-C^ cycloalkyl or C3-C6 halocycloalkyl, each group substituted with one R7; or R6 is (CH2)mQ; Q is a 4- to 6-membered saturated ring containing carbon atoms and one O or S(0)n as ring members and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R8a and one R8b; R7 is OR9, S(0)nR10 or C(0)NR11R12; or R7 is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; each R8a is independently halogen, cyano or C jC2 alkyl; R8b is OR9, S(O)nR!0 or C(0)NRnR12; R9 is H, CHO, C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C4 haloalkylcarbonyl or C2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl; or R9 is C1-C4 alkyl or C4-C4 haloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13; or R9 is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; R10 is C|-C4 alkyl or Cj-04 haloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13; or R10 is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; R11 is H, CHO, CX-CA alkyl, C,-C4 haloalkyl, CH20(C1-C3 alkyl), C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C4 haloalkylcarbonyl or C2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl; R12 is C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl or C^-Cf, cycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13; or R12 is H, C3-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 haloalkenyl, C3~C6 alkynyl or OR14; R13 is cyano, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 halocycloalkyl, OH, OR14 or S(0)nR16; or R13 is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; R14 is C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl; each R15 is independently halogen, cyano, C] C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl or C^-C^ haloalkoxy; R16 is C1-C4 alkyl or Cj-C4 haloalkyl; m is 0 or 1; and n is 0, 1 or 2.

This invention also relates to such method wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest or its environment is contacted with a composition comprising a biologically effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an //-oxide or a salt thereof, and at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents, said composition optionally further comprising a biologically effective amount of at least one additional biologically active compound or agent.

This invention further provides a method for treating, preventing, inhibiting and/or killing ecto- and/or endoparasites comprising administering to and/or on the animal a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an /V-oxide or a salt thereof, (e.g., as a composition described herein). This invention also relates to such method wherein a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an //-oxide or a salt thereof, (e.g., as a composition described herein) is administered to the environment (e.g., a stall or blanket) in which an animal resides.

This invention also relates to a composition when used for protecting a mammal from a flea, the composition comprising a compound of Formula 1

and at least one pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable carrier, wherein the composition is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal, with the proviso that parenteral administration does not include topical administration.

This invention also relates to use of a composition for protecting a mammal from a flea, the composition comprising a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 1

and at least one pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable carrier, wherein the composition is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal, with the proviso that parenteral administration does not include topical administration.

DETAILS OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

As referred to in this disclosure, the terms “pest”, “invertebrate pest” and “parasitic invertebrate pest” include arthropods, gastropods and nematodes of economic importance as pests. The term “arthropod” includes insects, mites, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, pill bugs and symphylans. The term “gastropod” includes snails, slugs and other Stylommatophora. The term “nematode” includes all of the helminths, such as roundworms, heartworms, and phytophagous nematodes (Nematoda), flukes (Tematoda), Acanthocephala, and tapeworms (Cestoda).

In the context of this disclosure “invertebrate pest control” means inhibition of invertebrate pest development (including mortality, feeding reduction, and/or mating disruption), and related expressions are defined analogously. The terms “pesticidal” and “pesticidally” refer to observable effects on a pest to provide protection of an animal from the pest. Pesticidal effects typically relate to diminishing the occurrence or activity of the target parasitic invertebrate pest. Such effects on the pest include necrosis, death, retarded growth, diminished mobility or lessened ability to remain on or in the host animal, reduced feeding and inhibition of reproduction. These effects on parasitic invertebrate pests provide control (including prevention, reduction or elimination) of parasitic infestation or infection of the animal. A parasite "infestation" refers to the presence of parasites in numbers that pose a risk to humans or animals. The infestation can be in the environment (e.g., in human or animal housing, bedding, and surrounding property or structures), on agricultural crops or other types of plants, or on the skin or fur of an animal. When the infestation is within an animal (e.g., in the blood or other internal tissues), the term infestation is also intended to be synonymous with the term "infection" as that term is generally understood in the art, unless otherwise stated.

In the above recitations, the term “alkyl”, used either alone or in compound words such as “haloalkyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkyls, such as methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, z'-propyl, or the different butyl, pentyl or hexyl isomers. “Alkenyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkenes such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, and the different butenyl, pentenyl and hexenyl isomers. “Alkenyl” also includes polyenes such as 1,2-propadienyl and 2,4-hexadienyl. “Alkynyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkynes such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl and the different butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl isomers. “Alkynyl” can also include moieties comprised of multiple triple bonds such as 2,5-hexadiynyl. “Cycloalkyl” includes, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. The term “cyclopropylmethyl” denotes cyclopropyl substitution on a methyl moiety.

The term “halogen”, either alone or in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, or when used in descriptions such as “alkyl substituted with halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Further, when used in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, or when used in descriptions such as “alkyl substituted with halogen” said alkyl may be partially or fully substituted with halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Examples of “haloalkyl” or “alkyl substituted with halogen” include CF3, CH2C1, CH2CF3 and CCI2CF3. The terms “halocycloalkyl”, “haloalkoxy”, “haloalkenyl”, and the like, are defined analogously to the term “haloalkyl”. Examples of “haloalkoxy” include OCF3, OCH2CCI3, OCH2CH2CHF2 and OCH2CF3. Examples of “haloalkenyl” include CH2CH=C(C1)2 and ch2ch=chch2cf3. “Alkylcarbonyl” denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl moiety bonded to a C(O) moiety. The chemical abbreviation C(O) as used herein represents a carbonyl moiety. Examples of “alkylcarbonyl” include C(0)CH3, C(0)CH2CH2CH3 and C(0)CH(CH3)2.

The total number of carbon atoms in a substituent group is indicated by the “Cj-Cj” prefix where i and j are numbers from 1 to 6. For example, CjC3 alkyl designates methyl through propyl.

When a group contains a substituent which can be hydrogen, for example R5 or R11, then when this substituent is taken as hydrogen, it is recognized that this is equivalent to said group being unsubstituted.

The term “ring member”, as used in the definition of the substituent Q in the Summary of the Invention, refers to an atom or other moiety (e.g., O or S(0)n) forming the backbone of a ring. Examples of Q include

Compounds of Formula 1 can exist as one or more stereoisomers. The various stereoisomers include enantiomers, diastereomers and atropisomers. One skilled in the art will appreciate that one stereoisomer may be more active and/or may exhibit beneficial effects when enriched relative to the other stereoisomer(s) or when separated from the other stereoisomer(s). Additionally, the skilled artisan knows how to separate, enrich, and/or to selectively prepare said stereoisomers. The compounds Formula 1 may be present as a mixture of stereoisomers, individual stereoisomers or as an optically active form. For example, two possible enantiomers of Formula 1 are depicted as Formula la and Formula lb involving the isoxazoline chiral center identified with an asterisk (*). Analogously, other chiral centers are possible at, for example, R1, R6, R9 and R1 C

la lb

Molecular depictions drawn herein follow standard conventions for depicting stereochemistry. To indicate stereoconfiguration, bonds rising from the plane of the drawing and towards the viewer are denoted by solid wedges wherein the broad end of the wedge is attached to the atom rising from the plane of the drawing towards the viewer. Bonds going below the plane of the drawing and away from the viewer are denoted by dashed wedges wherein the narrow end of the wedge is attached to the atom further away from the viewer. Constant width lines indicate bonds with a direction opposite or neutral relative to bonds shown with solid or dashed wedges; constant width lines also depict bonds in molecules or parts of molecules in which no particular stereoconfiguration is intended to be specified.

The more biologically active enantiomer is believed to be Formula la. Formula la has the (5) configuration at the chiral carbon, and Formula lb has the (R) configuration at the chiral carbon.

The method of this invention comprises racemic mixtures, for example, equal amounts of the enantiomers of Formulae la and lb. In addition, the method of this invention includes compounds that are enriched compared to the racemic mixture in an enantiomer of Formula 1. Also included are the essentially pure enantiomers of compounds of Formula 1, for example, Formula la and Formula lb.

When enantiomerically enriched, one enantiomer is present in greater amounts than the other, and the extent of enrichment can be defined by an expression of enantiomeric excess (“ee”), which is defined as (2χ-1)·100 %, where x is the mole fraction of the dominant enantiomer in the mixture (e.g., an ee of 20 % corresponds to a 60:40 ratio of enantiomers).

Preferably the compositions of Formula 1 have at least a 50 % enantiomeric excess; more preferably at least a 75 % enantiomeric excess; still more preferably at least a 90 % enantiomeric excess; and the most preferably at least a 94 % enantiomeric excess of the more active isomer. Of particular note are enantiomerically pure embodiments of the more active isomer.

Compounds of Formula 1 can comprise additional chiral centers. The method of this invention comprises racemic mixtures as well as enriched and essentially pure stereoconfigurations at these additional chiral centers. Compounds of Formula 1 can exist as one or more conformational isomers due to restricted rotation about the amide bond in Formula 1. The method of this invention comprises mixtures of conformational isomers. In addition, the method of this invention includes compounds that are enriched in one conformer relative to others.

Embodiments of the present invention as described in the Summary of the Invention include those described below. In the following Embodiments, reference to “a compound of Formula 1” includes the definitions of substituents specified in the Summary of the Invention unless further defined in the Embodiments.

Embodiment 1. The method described in the Summary of the Invention wherein the pesticidally effective compound is selected from an isoxazoline of Formula 1 (including all geometric and steroisomers), an iV-oxide or a salt thereof

1 wherein R1 is halogen, C [-C3 haloalkyl or C3-C3 haloalkoxy; R2 is H, halogen, C3-C3 alkyl, C3-C3 haloalkyl or cyano; R3 is H, halogen, C3-C3 haloalkyl or C3-C3 haloalkoxy; R4 is halogen, C3-C3 alkyl, C3-C3 haloalkyl or C1-C3 haloalkoxy; R5 is H, CH3, C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C4 haloalkylcarbonyl, C2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl or CT^O^-Cg alkyl); R6 is C|-C6 alkyl, Cj-Cg haloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl or C3-Cg halocycloalkyl, each group substituted with one R7; or R6 is (CH2)mQ; Q is a 4- to 6-membered saturated ring containing carbon atoms and one O or S(0)n as ring members and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R8a and one R8b; R7 is OR9, S(O)nR!0 or C(0)NR11R12; or R7 is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; each R8a is independently halogen, cyano or C j-C2 alkyl; R8b is OR9, S(0)nR10 or C(0)NRnR12; R9 is H, CHO, C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C4 haloalkylcarbonyl or C2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl; or R9 is C3-C4 alkyl or C3-C4 haloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13; or R9 is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; R10 is C1-C4 alkyl or C[-C4 haloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13; or RiO is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; R11 is H, CHO, C,-C4 alkyl, C,-C4 haloalkyl, CH20(C1-C3 alkyl), C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C4 haloalkylcarbonyl or C2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl; R12 is C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl or Cy-C^ cycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13; or R12 is H, C3-Cg alkenyl, C3~C6 haloalkenyl, C3-Cg alkynyl or OR14; R13 is cyano, Cg-Cg cycloalkyl, Cg-Cg halocycloalkyl, OH, OR14 or S(0)nR16; or R13 is pyridine or thiazole, each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R15; R14 is C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl; each R15 is independently halogen, cyano, C [-C3 alkyl, C3-C3 haloalkyl or C3-C3 haloalkoxy; R16 is C,-C4 alkyl or C,-C4 haloalkyl; m is 0 or 1; and n is 0, 1 or 2.

Embodiment 2. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R1 is Cl, Br, CF3, OCF3 or OCH2CF3.

Embodiment 3. The method of Embodiment 2 wherein R1 is Cl, Br or CF3.

Embodiment 4. The method of Embodiment 3 wherein R1 is Cl.

Embodiment 5. The method of Embodiment 3 wherein R1 is Br.

Embodiment 6. The method of Embodiment 3 wherein R1 is CF3.

Embodiment 7. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R2 is H, F or Cl.

Embodiment 8. The method of Embodiment 7 wherein R2 is H.

Embodiment 9. The method of Embodiment 7 wherein R2 is F.

Embodiment 10. The method of Embodiment 7 wherein R2 is Cl.

Embodiment 11. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R3 is H, F, Cl, Br or CF3. Embodiment 12. The method of Embodiment 11 wherein R3 is H, Cl, Br or CF3. Embodiment 13. The method of Embodiment 12 wherein R3 is Cl, Br or CF3. Embodiment 14. The method of Embodiment 11 wherein R3 is H.

Embodiment 15. The method of Embodiment 11 wherein R3 is Cl.

Embodiment 16. The method of Embodiment 11 wherein R3 is Br.

Embodiment 17. The method of Embodiment 11 wherein R3 is CF3.

Embodiment 18. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R4 is halogen or C3-C3 alkyl. Embodiment 19. The method of Embodiment 18 wherein R4 is halogen or methyl. Embodiment 20. The method of Embodiment 19 wherein R4 is halogen.

Embodiment 21. The method of Embodiment 20 wherein R4 is Cl.

Embodiment 22. The method of Embodiment 19 wherein R4 is methyl.

Embodiment 23. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R5 is H.

Embodiment 24. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R6 is halogen or C^-Cg alkyl. Embodiment 25. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R6 is C^-Cg alkyl substituted with one R7;

Embodiment 26. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R7 is OR9, S(0)nR10 or C(0)NRnR12.

Embodiment 27. The method of Embodiment 26 wherein R7 is OR9.

Embodiment 28. The method of Embodiment 26 wherein R7 is S(0)nR10.

Embodiment 29. The method of Embodiment 26 wherein R7 is C(0)NR11R12.

Embodiment 30. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R9 is H or C1-C4 alkyl.

Embodiment 31. The method of Embodiment 30 wherein R9 is H or methyl.

Embodiment 32. The method of Embodiment 31 wherein R9 is H.

Embodiment 33. The method of Embodiment 31 wherein R9 is methyl.

Embodiment 34. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R19 is C1-C4 alkyl.

Embodiment 35. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R11 is H.

Embodiment 36. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R12 is C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13.

Embodiment 37. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R12 is C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl.

Embodiment 38. The method of Embodiment 37 wherein R12 is C1-C4 haloalkyl.

Embodiment 38a. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R12 is cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl.

Embodiment 39. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R13 is cyano, OH, OR14 or S(0)nRl6.

Embodiment 40. The method of Embodiment 39 wherein R13 is cyano.

Embodiment 41. The method of Embodiment 39 wherein R13 is OH.

Embodiment 42. The method of Embodiment 39 wherein R13 is OR14.

Embodiment 43. The method of Embodiment 39 wherein R13 is S(0)nR16.

Embodiment 44. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 is administered orally.

Embodiment 45. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 is administered parenterally.

Embodiment 46. The method of Embodiment 45 wherein the pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 is administered by injection.

Embodiment 47. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the animal to be protected is a vertebrate.

Embodiment 48. The method of Embodiment 47 wherein the vertebrate to be protected is a mammal, avian or fish.

Embodiment 49. The method of Embodiment 48 wherein the vertebrate to be protected is a mammal.

Embodiment 50. The method of Embodiment 48 wherein the vertebrate to be protected is an avian.

Embodiment 51. The method of Embodiment 48 wherein the vertebrate to be protected is a fish.

Embodiment 52. The method of Embodiment 49 wherein the mammal to be protected is a human.

Embodiment 53. The method of Embodiment 49 wherein the mammal to be protected is livestock.

Embodiment 54. The method of Embodiment 49 wherein the mammal to be protected is a canine.

Embodiment 55. The method of Embodiment 49 wherein the mammal to be protected is a feline.

Embodiment 56. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is an ectoparasite.

Embodiment 57. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is an endoparasite.

Embodiment 58. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is an helminth.

Embodiment 59. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is an arthropod.

Embodiment 60. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a fly, mosquito, mite, tick, louse, flea, true bug or maggot.

Embodiment 61. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a fly, mosquito, mite, tick, louse, flea, bed bug, kissing bug or maggot.

Embodiment 62. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a fly or maggot.

Embodiment 63. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a mosquito.

Embodiment 64. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a tick or mite.

Embodiment 65. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a louse.

Embodiment 66. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a flea.

Embodiment 67. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a true bug.

Embodiment 68. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the parasitic invertebrate pest is a bed bug or kissing bug.

Embodiment 69. The method of Embodiment 61 wherein the animal to be protected is a cat or dog and the parasitic invertebrate pest is a flea, tick or mite.

Embodiment 70. The method of Embodiment 44 wherein the parasiticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 is administered orally two times a year.

Embodiment 71. The method of Embodiment 44 wherein the parasiticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 is administered orally once a month.

Embodiment 72. The method of Embodiment 44 wherein the parasiticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 is administered orally two times a month. Embodiments of this invention, including Embodiments 1-72 above as well as any other embodiments described herein, can be combined in any manner.

Combinations of Embodiments 1-43 are illustrated by:

Embodiment A. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein R1 is Cl, Br or CF3; R2 is H, F or Cl; and R3 is H, Cl, Br or CF3.

Embodiment B. A method of Embodiment A wherein R1 and R3 are Cl; and R2 is H.

Embodiment C. A method of Embodiment A wherein R1 and R3 are Br; and R2 is H.

Embodiment D. A method of Embodiment A wherein R1 and R3 are CF3; and R2 is H.

Embodiment E. A method of Embodiment A wherein Rl, R2 and R3 are Cl.

Embodiment F. A method of Embodiment A wherein R1 and R3 are Cl; and R2 is F.

Embodiment G. A method of Embodiment A wherein R1 is CF3; and R2 and R3 are H.

Embodiment H. A method of Embodiment A wherein R4 is methyl; and R3 is H.

Embodiment I. A method of Embodiment A wherein R3 is H; R6 is C^-Cg alkyl substituted with one R7; and R7 is OR9, S(0)nR10 or C(0)NRnR12.

Embodiment J. A method of Embodiment A wherein R7 is C(0)NRnR12; and R12 is C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one R13. Embodiment K. A method of Embodiment A wherein R4 is Cl or CH3; R5 is H; R6 is C^-Cg alkyl substituted with one R7; and R7 is OR9, S(0)nR10 or C(0)NRnR12.

Embodiment L. A method of Embodiment K wherein R1 is Cl, Br, CF3, OCF3 or OCH2CF3; R2 is H; and R2 is H, F, Cl, Br or CF3.

Embodiment M. A method of Embodiment L wherein R4 is CH3; and R7 is C(0)NRnR12.

Embodiment N. A method of Embodiment M wherein R1 is CF3; and R2 is Cl, Br or CF3.

Embodiment O. A method of Embodiment M wherein R11 is H; and R12 is C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl.

Embodiment P. A method of Embodiment M wherein R11 is H; and R12 is cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl.

Specific embodiments include the method of Embodiment 1 wherein compounds of Formula 1 are selected from the group consisting of: 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-/V-(2-pyridinylmethyl)benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2- methyl-A-[2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl]benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2- methyl-/V-[2-(methylthio)ethyl]benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2- methyl-/V-[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl]benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-/V-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]benzamide, and 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-mcthyl-A-[ 1 -methyl-3-(mcthylthio)propylJbcnzamidc.

Further specific embodiments include the method of Embodiment 1 wherein compounds of Formula 1 are selected from Table A and B. The following abbreviation is used in Table A: c-Pr means cyclopropyl.

TABLE A

TABLE B

The compounds of Formula 1 or any of Embodiments 1^13 or Embodiments A-P can be used for the protection of an animal from an invertebrate parasitic pest by oral or parenteral administration of the compound.

Therefore, the invention is understood to include the compounds of Formula 1 or any of Embodiments 1-43 or Embodiments A-P (and compositions containing them) for use as an animal medicament, or more particularly a parasiticidal animal medicament. The animals to be protected are as defined in any of Embodiments 47-55. The invertebrate parasitic pests are as defined in any of Embodiments 56-68. The medicament may be in oral or parenteral dosage forms.

The invention is also understood to include the use of compounds of Formula 1 or any of Embodiments 1-43 or Embodiments A-P in the manufacture of medicaments for the protection of an animal from a an invertebrate parasitic pest. The animals to be protected are as defined in any of Embodiments 47-55. The invertebrate parasitic pests are as defined in any of Embodiments 56-68. The medicament may be in oral or parenteral dosage forms.

The invention is also understood to include compounds of Formula 1 or any of Embodiments 1-43 or Embodiments A-P for use in the manufacture of medicaments for the protection of an animal from an invertebrate parasitic pest. The animals to be protected are as defined in any of Embodiments 47-55. The invertebrate parasitic pests are as defined in any of Embodiments 56-68. The medicament may be in oral or parenteral dosage forms.

The invention is also understood to include compounds of Formula 1 or any of Embodiments 1-43 or Embodiments A-P packaged and presented for the protection of an animal from an invertebrate parasitic pest. The animals to be protected are as defined in any of Embodiments 47-55. The invertebrate parasitic pests are as defined in any of Embodiments 56-68. The compounds of the invention may be packaged and presented as oral or parenteral dosage forms.

The invention is also understood to include a process for manufacturing a composition for protecting an animal from an invertebrate parasitic pest characterized in that a compound of Claim 1 is admixed with at least one pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier. The animals to be protected are as defined in any of Embodiments 47-55. The invertebrate parasitic pests are as defined in any of Embodiments 56-68. The compositions of the invention may be packaged and presented as oral or parenteral dosage forms.

Isoxazolines of Formula 1 can be prepared as described in PCT Patent Publication WO 2005/085216.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that not all pyridine heterocycles can form /V-oxides; one skilled in the art will recognize those pyridine heterocycles which can form /V-oxides. Synthetic methods for the preparation of /V-oxides of pyridine heterocycles are very well known by one skilled in the art including the oxidation of heterocycles with peroxy acids such as peracetic and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides such as /-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium perborate, and dioxiranes such as dimethyldioxirane. These methods for the preparation of /V-oxides have been extensively described and reviewed in the literature, see for example: T. L. Gilchrist in Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, vol. 7, pp 748-750, S. V. Ley, Ed., Pergamon Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 3, pp 18-20, A. J. Boulton and A. McKillop, Eds., Pergamon Press; M. R. Grimmett and B. R. T. Keene in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 43, pp 149-161, A. R. Katritzky, Ed., Academic Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 9, pp 285-291, A. R. Katritzky and A. J. Boulton, Eds., Academic Press; and G. W. H. Cheeseman and E. S. G. Werstiuk in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 22, pp 390-392, A. R. Katritzky and A. J. Boulton, Eds., Academic Press.

One skilled in the art recognizes that because in the environment and under physiological conditions salts of chemical compounds are in equilibrium with their corresponding nonsalt forms, salts share the biological utility of the nonsalt forms. Thus a wide variety of salts of the compounds of Formula 1 are useful for control of invertebrate pests and animal parasites. The salts of the compounds of Formula 1 include acid-addition salts with inorganic or organic acids such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetic, butyric, fumaric, lactic, maleic, malonic, oxalic, propionic, salicylic, tartaric, 4-toluenesulfonic or valeric acids. Accordingly, the method of the present invention comprises compounds selected from Formula 1, /V-oxides and salts thereof.

By the procedures described in PCT Patent Publication WO 2005/085216 together with methods known in the art, the following compounds of Tables 1-4 can be prepared. These tables disclose specific compounds illustrative of compounds of Formula 1 useful in the present method. The following abbreviations are used in the Tables which follow: Me means methyl, Et means ethyl, n-Pr means CH2CH2CH3, i-Pr means CH(CH3)2, c-Pr means cyclopropyl, /-Bu means CF^CH/CHj^, s-Bu means CH(CH3)CH2CH3, /-Bu means C(CH3)3, S(O) means sulfinyl, S(0)2 means sulfonyl, and C(O) means carbonyl. ja

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Compositions of Formula 1 compounds may also contain formulation auxiliaries and additives, known to those skilled in the art as formulation aids (some of which may be considered to also function as solid diluents, liquid diluents or surfactants). Such formulation auxiliaries and additives may control: pH (buffers), foaming during processing (antifoams such polyorganosiloxanes), sedimentation of active ingredients (suspending agents), viscosity (thixotropic thickeners), in-container microbial growth (antimicrobials), product freezing (antifreezes), color (dyes/pigment dispersions), wash-off (film formers or stickers), evaporation (evaporation retardants), and other formulation attributes. Film formers include, for example, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers and waxes. Examples of formulation auxiliaries and additives include those listed in McCutcheon’s Volume 2: Functional Materials, annual International and North American editions published by McCutcheon’s Division, The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.; and PCT Publication WO 03/024222.

Of note is the present method using a combination of a compound of Formula 1 with at least one other parasitic invertebrate pest control active ingredient. Of particular note is such a method where the other parasitic invertebrate pest control active ingredient has a different site of action from the compound of Formula 1. In certain instances, a combination with at least one other parasitic invertebrate pest control active ingredient having a similar spectrum of control but a different site of action will be particularly advantageous for resistance management. Thus, a composition comprising a compound of Formula 1 useful in the present method can further comprise a biologically effective amount of at least one additional parasitic invertebrate pest control active ingredient having a similar spectrum of control but a different site of action.

The compounds of Formula 1 can be applied without other adjuvants, but most often application will be of a formulation comprising one or more active ingredients with suitable carriers, diluents, and surfactants and possibly in combination with a food depending on the contemplated end use. One method of application involves spraying a water dispersion or refined oil solution of a compound of Formula 1. Combinations with spray oils, spray oil concentrations, spreader stickers, adjuvants, other solvents, and synergists such as piperonyl butoxide often enhance compound efficacy. Such sprays can be applied from spray containers such as a can, a bottle or other container, either by means of a pump or by releasing it from a pressurized container, e.g., a pressurized aerosol spray can. Such spray compositions can take various forms, for example, sprays, mists, foams, fumes or fog. Such spray compositions thus can further comprise propellants, foaming agents, etc. as the case may be. Of note is a spray composition comprising a biologically effective amount of a compound or a composition of Formula 1 and a carrier. One embodiment of such a spray composition comprises a biologically effective amount of a compound or a composition of Formula 1 and a propellant. Representative propellants include, but are not limited to, methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, butene, pentane, isopentane, neopentane, pentene, hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, dimethyl ether, and mixtures of the foregoing. Of note is a spray composition (and a method utilizing such a spray composition dispensed from a spray container) used to control at least one parasitic invertebrate pest selected from the group consisting of mosquitoes, black flies, stable flies, deer flies, horse flies, wasps, yellow jackets, hornets, ticks, spiders, ants, gnats, and the like, including individually or in combinations.

The controlling of animal parasites includes controlling external parasites that are parasitic to the surface of the body of the host animal (e.g., shoulders, armpits, abdomen, inner part of the thighs) and internal parasites that are parasitic to the inside of the body of the host animal (e.g., stomach, intestine, lung, veins, under the skin, lymphatic tissue). External parasitic or disease transmitting pests include, for example, chiggers, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, flies, mites and fleas. Internal parasites include heartworms, hookworms and helminths. Compounds and compositions of Formula 1 are particularly suitable for combating external parasitic pests. Compounds and compositions of Formula 1 are suitable for systemic and/or non-systemic control of infestation or infection by parasites on animals.

Compounds and compositions of Formula 1 are suitable for combating parasitic invertebrate pests that infest animal subjects including those in the wild, livestock and agricultural working animals. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally) to a domesticated animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to make produce such as food or fiber, or for its labor; examples of livestock include cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffalo, rabbits, hens, turkeys, ducks and geese (e.g., raised for meat, milk, butter, eggs, fur, leather, feathers and/or wool). By combating parasites, fatalities and performance reduction (in terms of meat, milk, wool, skins, eggs, etc.) are reduced, so that applying a composition comprising a compound of Formula 1 allows more economic and simple husbandry of animals.

Compounds and compositions of Formula 1 are especially suitable for combating parasitic invertebrate pests that infest companion animals and pets (e.g., dogs, cats, pet birds and aquarium fish), research and experimental animals (e.g., hamsters, guinea pigs, rats and mice), as well as animals raised for/in zoos, wild habitats and/or circuses.

In an embodiment of this invention, the animal is preferably a vertebrate, and more preferably a mammal, avian or fish. In a particular embodiment, the animal subject is a mammal (including great apes, such as humans). Other mammalian subjects include primates (e.g., monkeys), bovine (e.g., cattle or dairy cows), porcine (e.g., hogs or pigs), ovine (e.g., goats or sheep), equine (e.g., horses), canine (e.g., dogs), feline (e.g., house cats), camels, deer, donkeys, buffalos, antelopes, rabbits, and rodents (e.g., guinea pigs, squirrels, rats, mice, gerbils, and hamsters). Avians include Anatidae (swans, ducks and geese), Columbidae (e.g., doves and pigeons), Phasianidae (e.g., partridges, grouse and turkeys), Thesienidae (e.g., domestic chickens), Psittacines (e.g., parakeets, macaws, and parrots), game birds, and ratites (e.g., ostriches).

Birds treated or protected by the compounds of Formula 1 can be associated with either commercial or noncommercial aviculture. These include Anatidae, such as swans, geese, and ducks, Columbidae, such as doves and domestic pigeons, Phasianidae, such as partridge, grouse and turkeys, Thesienidae, such as domestic chickens, and Psittacines, such as parakeets, macaws and parrots raised for the pet or collector market, among others.

For purposes of the present invention, the term "fish" shall be understood to include without limitation, the Teleosti grouping of fish, i.e., teleosts. Both the Salmoniformes order (which includes the Salmonidae family) and the Perciformes order (which includes the Centrarchidae family) are contained within the Teleosti grouping. Examples of potential fish recipients include the Salmonidae, Serranidae, Sparidae, Cichlidae, and Centrarchidae, among others.

Other animals are also contemplated to benefit from the inventive methods, including marsupials (such as kangaroos), reptiles (such as farmed turtles), and other economically important domestic animals for which the inventive methods are safe and effective in treating or preventing parasite infection or infestation.

Examples of parasitic invertebrate pests controlled by administering a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 to an animal to be protected include ectoparasites (arthropods, acarines, etc.) and endoparasites (helminths, e.g., nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, acanthocephalans, etc.).

The disease or group of diseases described generally as helminthiasis is due to infection of an animal host with parasitic worms known as helminths. The term ‘helminths’ is meant to include nematodes, trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans. Helminthiasis is a prevalent and serious economic problem with domesticated animals such as swine, sheep, horses, cattle, goats, dogs, cats and poultry.

Among the helminths, the group of worms described as nematodes causes widespread and at times serious infection in various species of animals. Nematodes that are contemplated to be treated by the compounds of this invention and by the inventive methods include, without limitation, the following genera: Acanthocheilonema, Aelurostrongylus, Ancylostoma, Angiostrongylus, Ascaridia, Ascaris, Brugia, Bunostomum, Capillaria, Chabertia, Cooperia, Crenosoma, Dictyocaulus, Dioctophyme, Dipetalonema, Diphyllobothrium, Dirofilaria, Dracunculus, Enterobius, Filaroides, Haemonchus, Heterakis, Lagochilascaris, Loa, Mansonella, Muellerius, Necator, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, Oxyuris, Parafilaria, Parascaris, Physaloptera, Protostrongylus, Setaria, Spirocerca, Stephanofilaria, Strongyloides, Strongylus, Thelazia,

Toxascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella, Trichonema, Trichostrongylus, Trichuris, Uncinaria and Wuchereria.

Of the above, the most common genera of nematodes infecting the animals referred to above are Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Cooperia, Ascaris, Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia, Trichuris, Strongylus, Trichonema, Dictyocaulus, Capillaria, Heterakis, Toxocara, Ascaridia, Oxyuris, Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Toxascaris and Parascaris. Certain of these, such as Nematodirus, Cooperia and Oesophagostomum attack primarily the intestinal tract while others, such as Haemonchus and Ostertagia, are more prevalent in the stomach while others such as Dictyocaulus are found in the lungs. Still other parasites may be located in other tissues such as the heart and blood vessels, subcutaneous and lymphatic tissue and the like.

Trematodes that are contemplated to be treated by the compounds of this invention and by the inventive methods include, without limitation, the following genera: Alaria, Fasciola, Nanophyetus, Opisthorchis, Paragonimus and Schistosoma.

Cestodes that are contemplated to be treated by the compounds of this invention and by the inventive methods include, without limitation, the following genera: Diphyllobothrium, Diplydium, Spirometra and Taenia.

The most common genera of parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of humans are Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Capillaria, Trichuris and Enterobius. Other medically important genera of parasites which are found in the blood or other tissues and organs outside the gastrointestinal tract are the filarial worms such as Wuchereria, Brugia, Onchocerca and Loa, as well as Dracunculus and extra intestinal stages of the intestinal worms Strongyloides and Trichinella.

Numerous other helminth genera and species are known to the art, and are also contemplated to be treated by the compounds of Formula 1. These are enumerated in great detail in Textbook of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Volume 1, Helminths, E. J. L. Soulsby, F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa, (6th Edition of Monnig’s Veterinary Helminthology and Entomology), E. J. L. Soulsby, The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.

The compounds of Formula 1 are effective against a number of animal ectoparasites (e.g., arthropod ectoparasites of mammals and birds).

Insect and acarine pests include, e.g., biting insects such as flies and mosquitoes, mites, ticks, lice, fleas, true bugs, parasitic maggots, and the like.

Adult flies include, e.g., the hom fly or Haematobia irritans, the horse fly or Tabanus spp., the stable fly or Stomoxys calcitrans, the black fly or Simulium spp., the deer fly or Chrysops spp., the louse fly or Melophagus ovinus, and the tsetse fly or Glossina spp. Parasitic fly maggots include, e.g., the bot fly {Oestrus ovis and Cuterebra spp.), the blow fly or Phaenicia spp., the screw worm or Cochliomyia hominivorax, the cattle grub or

Hypoderma spp., the fleeceworm and the Gastrophilus of horses. Mosquitoes include, for example, Culex spp., Anopheles spp. and Aedes spp.

Mites include Mesostigmata spp. e.g., mesostigmatids such as the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae; itch or scab mites such as Sarcoptidae spp. for example, Sarcoptes scabier, mange mites such as Psoroptidae spp. including Chorioptes bovis and Psoroptes ovis\ chiggers e.g., Trombiculidae spp. for example the North American chigger, Trombicula alfreddugesi.

Ticks include, e.g., soft-bodied ticks including Argasidae spp. for example Argas spp. and Ornithodoros spp.; hard-bodied ticks including Ixodidae spp., for example Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor andersoni, Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes scapularis and other Rhipicephalus spp. (including the former Boophilus genera).

Lice include, e.g., sucking lice, e.g., Menopon spp. and Bovicola spp.; biting lice, e.g., Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp. and Solenopotes spp.

Fleas include, e.g., Ctenocephalides spp., such as dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis) and cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis); Xenopsylla spp. such as oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)', and Pulex spp. such as human flea (Pulex irritans).

True bugs include, e.g., Cimicidae or e.g., the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius)·, Triatominae spp. including triatomid bugs also known as kissing bugs; for example Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma spp.

Generally, flies, fleas, lice, mosquitoes, gnats, mites, ticks and helminths cause tremendous losses to the livestock and companion animal sectors. Arthropod parasites also are a nuisance to humans and can vector disease-causing organisms in humans and animals.

Numerous other parasitic invertebrate pests are known to the art, and are also contemplated to be treated by the compounds of Formula 1. These are enumerated in great detail in Medical and Veterinary Entomology, D. S. Kettle, John Wiley & Sons, New York and Toronto; Control of Arthropod Pests of Livestock: A Review of Technology, R. O. Drummand, J. E. George, and S. E. Kunz, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.

In particular, the compounds of Formula 1 are especially effective against ectoparasites including Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly); ticks such as Ixodes spp., Boophilus spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Amblyomma spp., Dermacentor spp., Hyalomma spp. and Haemaphysalis spp.; and fleas such as Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) and Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea).

The compounds of Formula 1 may also be effective against ectoparasites including: flies such as Haematobia (Lyperosia) irritans (horn fly), Simulium spp. (blackfly), Glossina spp. (tsetse flies), Hydrotaea irritans (head fly), Musca autumnalis (face fly), Musca domestica (house fly), Morellia simplex (sweat fly), Tabanus spp. (horse fly), Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum, Lucilia sericata, Lucilia cuprina (green blowfly), Calliphora spp. (blowfly), Protophormia spp., Oestrus ovis (nasal botfly), Culicoides spp. (midges), Hippobosca equine, Gastrophilus intestinalis, Gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis and Gastrophilus nasalis', lice such as Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis, Bovicola equi, Haematopinus asini, Felicola subrostratus, Heterodoxus spiniger, Lignonathus setosus and Trichodectes cams', keds such as Melophagus ovinus; and mites such as Psoroptes spp., Sarcoptes scabei, Chorioptes bovis, Demodex equi, Cheyletiella spp., Notoedres cati, Trombicula spp. and Otodectes cyanotis (ear mites).

Other biologically active compounds or agents may be administered at the same or different times as the compounds of Formula 1. Such compounds, for example, may be useful adjuncts in Formula 1 compositions for the present method. As noted below, such biologically active compounds may be included in the composition of Formula 1. Such biologically active compounds for use in the present invention include the organophosphate pesticides. This class of pesticides has very broad activity as insecticides and, in certain instances, anthelminitic activity. Organophosphate pesticides include, e.g., dicrotophos, terbufos, dimethoate, diazinon, disulfoton, trichlorfon, azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, malathion, oxydemeton-methyl, methamidophos, acephate, ethyl parathion, methyl parathion, mevinphos, phorate, carbofenthion and phosalone. Compositions of Formula 1 compounds for the present method are also comtemplated to include carbamate-type pesticides, including, e.g., carbaryl, carbofuran, aldicarb, molinate, methomyl, carbofuran, etc., as well as combinations with the organochlorine type pesticides. Compositions of Formula 1 compounds are further contemplated to include combinations with biological pesticides, including repellents, the pyrethrins (as well as synthetic variations thereof, e.g., allethrin, resmethrin, permethrin, tralomethrin), and nicotine, that is often employed as an acaricide. Other contemplated combinations are with miscellaneous pesticides including: Bacillus thuringiensis, chlorobenzilate, formamidines (e.g., amitraz), copper compounds (e.g., copper hydroxide and cupric oxychloride sulfate), cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, dicofol, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methoxychlor and sulfur.

Of note are additional biologically active compounds or agents selected from art-known anthelmintics, such as, for example, avermectins (e.g., ivermectin, moxidectin, milbemycin), benzimidazoles (e.g., albendazole, triclabendazole), salicylanilides (e.g., closantel, oxyclozanide), substituted phenols (e.g., nitroxynil), pyrimidines (e.g., pyrantel), imidazothiazoles (e.g., levamisole) and praziquantel.

Other biologically active compounds or agents useful in the Formula 1 compositions for the present method can be selected from Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Juvenile Hormone Analogues (JHAs) such as diflubenzuron, triflumuron, fluazuron, cyromazine, methoprene, etc., thereby providing both initial and sustained control of parasites (at all stages of insect development, including eggs) on the animal subject, as well as within the environment of the animal subject.

Of note are biologically active compounds or agents useful in the Formula 1 compositions for the present method selected from the avermectin class of antiparasitic compounds. As stated above, the avermectin family of compounds includes very potent antiparasitic agents known to be useful against a broad spectrum of endoparasites and ectoparasites in mammals. A preferred compound for use within the scope of the present invention is ivermectin. Ivermectin is a semi-synthetic derivative of avermectin and is generally produced as a mixture of at least 80% 22,23-dihydroavermectin Bla and less than 20% 22,23-dihydroavermectin Blb. Ivermectin is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,199,569.

Abamectin is an avermectin that is disclosed as avermectin Bla/Blb in U.S. Patent No. 4,310,519. Abamectin contains at least 80% of avermectin Bla and not more than 20% of avermectin Blb.

Another preferred avermectin is doramectin, also known as 25-cyclohexyl-avermectin Bj. The structure and preparation of doramectin is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,089,480.

Another preferred avermectin is moxidectin. Moxidectin, also known as LL-F28249 alpha, is known from U.S. Patent No. 4,916,154.

Another preferred avermectin is selamectin. Selamectin is 25-cyclohexyl-25-de(l-methylpropyl)-5-deoxy-22,23-dihydro-5-(hydroxyimino)-avermectin Bj monosaccharide.

Milbemycin, or B41, is a substance which is isolated from the fermentation broth of a milbemycin-producing strain of Streptomyces. The microorganism, the fermentation conditions and the isolation procedures are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,950,360 and 3,984,564.

Emamectin (4"-deoxy-4"-epi-methylaminoavermectin B j), which can be prepared as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,288,710 and 5,399,717, is a mixture of two homologues, 4"-deoxy-4"-epi-methylaminoavermectin Bla and 4"-deoxy-4"-epi-methylaminoavermectin Blb. Preferably, a salt of emamectin is used. Non-limiting examples of salts of emamectin which may be used in the present invention include the salts described in U.S. Patent No. 5,288,710, e.g., salts derived from benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, and the like. Most preferably, the emamectin salt used in the present invention is emamectin benzoate.

Eprinomectin is chemically known as 4"-epi-acetylamino-4"-deoxy-avermectin Bj. Eprinomectin was specifically developed to be used in all cattle classes and age groups. It was the first avermectin to show broad-spectrum activity against both endo- and ectoparasites while also leaving minimal residues in meat and milk. It has the additional advantage of being highly potent when delivered topically.

The Formula 1 compositions for the present method optionally comprise combinations of one or more of the following antiparasite compounds: imidazo[l,2-b]pyridazine compounds as described by U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0182059 Al; 1- (4-mono and di-halomethylsulphonylphenyl)-2-acylamino-3-fluoropropanol compounds, as described by U.S. Patent No. 7,361,689; trifluoromethanesulfonanilide oxime ether derivatives, as described by U.S. Patent No. 7,312,248; and n-[(phenyloxy)phenyl]-1,1,1 -trifluoromethanesulfonamide and n-[(phenylsulfanyl)phenyl] -1,1,1 -trifluoromethane- sulfonamide derivatives, as described by PCT Patent Application Publication WO 2006/135648.

The Formula 1 compositions may also further comprise a flukicide. Suitable flukicides include, for example, triclabendazole, fenbendazole, albendazole, clorsulon and oxibendazole. It will be appreciated that the above combinations may further include combinations of antibiotic, antiparasitic and anti-fluke active compounds.

In addition to the above combinations, it is also contemplated to provide Formula 1 compositions, as described herein for the present method, with other animal health remedies such as trace elements, anti-inflammatories, anti-infectives, hormones, dermatological preparations, including antiseptics and disinfectants, and immunobiologicals such as vaccines and antisera for the prevention of disease.

For example, such antinfectives include one or more antibiotics that are optionally coadministered during treatment using the inventive methods, e.g., in a combined composition and/or in separate dosage forms. Art-known antibiotics suitable for this purpose include, for example, those listed herein below.

One useful antibiotic is florfenicol, also known as D-(threo)-1-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-2-dichloroacetamido-3-fluoro- 1-propanol. Another preferred antibiotic compound is D-(threo)-l-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-2-difluoroacetamido-3-fluoro-1-propanol. Another useful antibiotic is thiamphenicol. Processes for the manufacture of these antibiotic compounds, and intermediates useful in such processes, are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,31,857; 4,582,918; 4,973,750; 4,876,352; 5,227,494; 4,743,700; 5,567,844; 5,105,009; 5,382,673; 5,352,832; and 5,663,361. Other florfenicol analogs and/or prodrugs have been disclosed and such analogs also can be used in the compositions and methods of the present invention (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 7,041,670 and 7,153,842).

Another useful antibiotic compound is tilmicosin. Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic that is chemically defined as 20-dihydro-20-deoxy-20-(ds-3,5-dimethylpiperidin-l-yl)-desmycosin and is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,820,695.

Another useful antibiotic for use in the present invention is tulathromycin. Tulathromycin may be prepared in accordance with the procedures set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,825,327.

Further antibiotics for use in the present invention include the cephalosporins such as, for example, ceftiofur, cefquinome, etc. The concentration of the cephalosporin in the formulation of the present invention optionally varies between about 1 mg/mL to 500 mg/mL.

Another useful antibiotic includes the fluoroquinolones, such as, for example, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, orbifloxacin and marbofloxacin. In the case of enrofloxacin, it may be administered in a concentration of about 100 mg/mL. Danofloxacin may be present in a concentration of about 180 mg/mL.

Other useful macrolide antibiotics include compounds from the class of ketolides, or, more specifically, the azalides. Such compounds are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,514,945; 6,472,371; 6,270,768; 6,437,151; 6,271,255; 6,239,12; 5,958,888; 6,339,063; and 6,054,434.

Other useful antibiotics include the tetracyclines, particularly chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline. Other antibiotics may include β-lactams such as penicillins, e.g., penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, or a combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid or other beta lactamase inhibitors.

Treatments of the invention are by conventional means such as by enteral administration in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, drinks, drenching preparations, granulates, pastes, boli, feed-through procedures, or suppositories; or by parenteral administration, such as, for example, by injection (including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal) or implants; or by nasal administration.

The compounds of Formula 1 may be administered in a controlled release form, for example in subcutaneous or orally adminstered slow release formulations.

Typically a parasiticidal composition according to the present invention comprises a mixture of a compound of Formula 1, an N-oxide or a salt thereof, with one or more pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries selected with regard to the intended route of administration (e.g., oral or parenteral administration such as injection) and in accordance with standard practice. In addition, a suitable carrier is selected on the basis of compatibility with the one or more active ingredients in the composition, including such considerations as stability relative to pH and moisture content. Therefore of note is a composition for protecting an animal from an invertebrate parasitic pest comprising a parasitically effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 and at least one carrier.

For parenteral administration including intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injection, a compound of Formula 1 can be formulated in suspension, solution or emulsion in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain adjuncts such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. The compounds of Formula 1 may also be formulated for bolus injection or continuous infusion. Pharmaceutical compositions for injection include aqueous solutions of water-soluble forms of active ingredients (e.g., a salt of an active compound), preferably in physiologically compatible buffers containing other excipients or auxiliaries as are known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared in a lipophilic vehicle. Suitable lipophilic vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters such as ethyl oleate and triglycerides, or materials such as liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.

In addition to the formulations described supra, the compounds of Formula 1 may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. The compounds of Formula 1 may be formulated for this route of administration with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for instance, in an emulsion with a pharmacologically acceptable oil), with ion exchange resins, or as a sparingly soluble derivative such as, without limitation, a sparingly soluble salt.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds of Formula 1 can be delivered in the form of an aerosol spray using a pressurized pack or a nebulizer and a suitable propellant, e.g., without limitation, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane or carbon dioxide. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be controlled by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of, for example, gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

Compounds of Formula 1 have been discovered to have surprisingly favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties providing systemic availability from oral administration and ingestion. Therefore after ingestion by the animal to be protected, parasiticidally effective concentrations of compounds of Formula 1 in the bloodstream protect the treated animal from blood-sucking pests such as fleas, ticks and lice. Therefore of note is a composition for protecting an animal from an invertebrate parasite pest in a form for oral administration (i.e. comprising, in addition to a parasiticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, one or more carriers selected from binders and fillers suitable for oral administration and feed concentrate carriers).

For oral administration in the form of solutions (the most readily available form for absorption), emulsions, suspensions, pastes, gels, capsules, tablets, boluses, powders, granules, rumen-retention and feed/water/lick blocks, a compound of Formula 1 can be formulated with binders/fillers known in the art to be suitable for oral administration compositions, such as sugars and sugar derivatives (e.g., lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol), starch (e.g., maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch), cellulose and derivatives (e.g., methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, ethylhydroxycellulose), protein derivatives (e.g., zein, gelatin), and synthetic polymers (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone).

If desired, lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate), disintegrating agents (e.g., cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidinone, agar, alginic acid) and dyes or pigments can be added. Pastes and gels often also contain adhesives (e.g., acacia, alginic acid, bentonite, cellulose, xanthan gum, colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate) to aid in keeping the composition in contact with the oral cavity and not being easily ejected. A preferred embodiment is a composition of the present method formulated into a chewable and/or edible product (e.g., a chewable treat or edible tablet). Such a product would ideally have a taste, texture and/or aroma favored by the animal to be protected so as to facilitate oral administration of the compound of Formula 1.

If the parasiticidal compositions are in the form of feed concentrates, the carrier is typically selected from high-performance feed, feed cereals or protein concentrates. Such feed concentrate-containing compositions can, in addition to the parasiticidal active ingredients, comprise additives promoting animal health or growth, improving quality of meat from animals for slaughter or otherwise useful to animal husbandry. These additives can include, for example, vitamins, antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, bacteriostats, fungistats, coccidiostats and hormones.

The compounds of Formula 1 may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, using, e.g., conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

The formulations for the method of this invention may include an antioxidant, such as BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene). The antioxidant is generally present in amounts of at 0.1-5% (wt/vol). Some of the formulations require a solubilizer, such as oleic acid, to dissolve the active agent, particularly if spinosad is included. Common spreading agents used in these pour-on formulations include isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, caprylic/capric acid esters of saturated C12-C18 fatty alcohols, oleic acid, oleyl ester, ethyl oleate, triglycerides, silicone oils and dipropylene glycol methyl ether. The pour-on formulations for the method of this invention are prepared according to known techniques. Where the pour-on is a solution, the parasiticide/insecticide is mixed with the carrier or vehicle, using heat and stirring if required. Auxiliary or additional ingredients can be added to the mixture of active agent and carrier, or they can be mixed with the active agent prior to the addition of the carrier. Pour-on formulations in the form of emulsions or suspensions are similarly prepared using known techniques.

Other delivery systems for relatively hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds may be employed. Liposomes and emulsions are well-known examples of delivery vehicles or carriers for hydrophobic drugs. In addition, organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide may be used, if needed.

The rate of application required for effective parasitic invertebrate pest control (i.e. “pesticidally effective amount”) will depend on such factors as the species of parasitic invertebrate pest to be controlled, the pest’s life cycle, life stage, its size, location, time of year, host crop or animal, feeding behavior, mating behavior, ambient moisture, temperature, and the like. One skilled in the art can easily determine the pesticidally effective amount necessary for the desired level of parasitic invertebrate pest control.

In general for veterinary use, a compound or composition of Formula 1 is administered in a pesticidally effective amount to an animal, particularly a homeothermic animal, to be protected from parasitic invertebrate pests. A pesticidally effective amount is the amount of active ingredient needed to achieve an observable effect diminishing the occurrence or activity of the target parasitic invertebrate pest. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the pesticidally effective dose can vary for the various compounds and compositions useful for the method of the present invention, the desired pesticidal effect and duration, the target parasitic invertebrate pest species, the animal to be protected, the mode of application and the like, and the amount needed to achieve a particular result can be determined through simple experimentation.

For oral or parenteral administration to animals, a dose of a compound of the present invention administered at suitable intervals typically ranges from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, and preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg of animal body weight.

Suitable intervals for the administration of compounds of the present invention to animals range from about daily to about yearly. Of note are administration intervals ranging from about weekly to about once every 6 months. Of particular note are monthly adminstration intervals (i.e. administering the compound to the animal once every month).

The following Tests demonstrate the control efficacy of compounds of Formula 1 on specific pests. “Control efficacy” represents inhibition of parasitic invertebrate pest development (including mortality) that causes significantly reduced feeding. The pest control protection afforded by the compounds is not limited, however, to these species. See Index Tables A and B for compound descriptions.

INDEX TABLE A

* See Index Table B for NMR data.

INDEX TABLE B

Compound l]-[ NMR Data (CDCI3 solution unless indicated otherwise)a 2 δ 7.52 (m, 4H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 6.20 (br s, 1H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 3.72 (d, 1H), 3.66 (m, 2H), 2.76 (t, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H). 3 δ 7.43-7.54 (m, 6H), 6.99 (br t, 1H), 6.75 (br t, 1H), 4.21 (d, 2H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 3.95 (m, 2H), 3.70 (d, 1H), 2.47 (s, 3H). 4 δ 7.51 (m, 4H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 5.74 (br d, 1H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 3.70 (d, 1H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.3 (d, 3H). 5 δ 7.5 (m, 4H), 7.43 (m, 1H), 7.0 (s, 1H), 6.84 (br s, 1H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 4.0 (m, 2H), 3.71 (d, 1H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 2.91 (m, 1H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.49 (s, 3H). 6 δ 7.5 (m, 4H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.0 (s, 1H), 6.58 (br s, 1H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 4.0 (m, 2H), 3.71 (d, 1H), 3.36 (m, 2H), 3.0 (s, 3H), 2.49 (s, 3H). 7 δ 8.6 (d, 1H), 8.2 (t, 1H), 8.1 (m, 1H), 7.7 (dt, 1H), 7.6-7.4 (m, 5H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 4.8 (d, 2H), 4.1 (d, 1H), 3.7 (d, 1H). 8 δ 7.5 (m, 4H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 5.75 (br s, 1H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 3.71 (d, 1H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 6H). 9 δ 7.36-7.51 (m, 7H), 6.85 (dd, 1H), 4.83 (m, 1H), 4.09 (d, 1H), 3.88 (m, 2H), 3.71 (d, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.51 (d, 3H). 10 δ 7.5 (m, 5H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 6.03 (br s, 1H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.71 (d, 1H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 1.69 (s, 6H). a NMR data are in ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane. Couplings are designated by (s)-singlet, (d)-doublet, (t)-triplet, (q)-quartet, (dd)-doublet of doublets, (dt)-doublet of triplets, (br)-broad peaks, (m)-multiplet.

Methods for preparing the compounds listed in Index Table A are disclosed in PCT Patent Publication WO 2005/085216. To the extent necessary to teach the methods of preparing the compounds Formula 1, (and only to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the disclosure herein) this patent publication is herein incorporated by reference.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION

TESTA

For evaluating control of the cat flea {Ctenocephalides felis), a CD-I® mouse (about 30 g, male, obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) was orally dosed with a test compound in an amount of 10 mg/kg solubilized in propylene glycol/glycerol formal (60:40). Two hours after oral administration of the test compound, approximately 8 to 16 adult fleas were applied to each mouse. The fleas were then evaluated for mortality 48 hours after flea application to the mouse.

Of the compounds tested, the following compounds resulted in at least 50% mortality: 1, 2, 3 and 4.

TEST B

For evaluating control of the cat flea {Ctenocephalides felis), a CD-I® mouse (about 30 g, male, obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) was orally dosed with a test compound in an amount of 10 mg/kg solubilized in propylene glycol/glycerol formal (60:40). Twenty four hours after oral administration of the test compound, approximately 8 to 16 adult fleas were applied to each mouse. The fleas were then evaluated for mortality 48 hours after flea application to the mouse.

Of the compounds tested, the following compounds resulted in at least 20% mortality: 1, 2 and 3. The following compounds resulted in at least 50% mortality: 2 and 3.

TEST C

For evaluating control of the cat flea {Ctenocephalides felis), a CD-I® mouse (about 30 g, male, obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) was subcutaneously dosed with a test compound in an amount of 10 mg/kg solubilized in propylene glycol/glycerol formal (60:40). Two hours after oral administration of the test compound, approximately 8 to 16 adult fleas were applied to each mouse. The fleas were then evaluated for mortality 48 hours after flea application to the mouse.

Of the compounds tested, the following compounds resulted in at least 20% mortality: 1, 2 and 3. The following compounds resulted in at least 50% mortality: 1 and 3.

TEST D

For evaluating control of the cat flea {Ctenocephalides felis), a test compound was solubilized in propylene glycol/glycerol formal (60:40) and then diluted in bovine blood to a final test rate of 30 ppm. The treated blood was placed in a tube, and the bottom of the tube was covered with a membrane. Approximately 10 adult cat fleas were allowed to feed through the membrane on the treated blood. The adult fleas were then evaluated for mortality 72 hours later.

Of the compounds tested, the following compounds resulted in at least 50% mortality: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Further, any prior art reference or statement provided in the specification is not to be taken as an admission that such art constitutes, or is to be understood as constituting, part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

Claims (46)

1. The Claims defining the Invention are as follows:

   1. A composition when used for protecting a mammal from a flea, the composition comprising a compound of Formula 1

   and at least one pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable carrier, wherein the composition is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal, with the proviso that parenteral administration does not include topical administration.
2. 2. The composition of Claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a pesticidally effective amount of the compound to protect the mammal for 24 hours after oral or parenteral administration.
3. 3. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal about once a day to about once a year.
4. 4. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal about once a week to about once every six months.
5. 5. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal once a day.
6. 6. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal once a week.
7. 7. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal two times a month.
8. 8. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal once a month.
9. 9. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal once every six months.
10. 10. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal two times a year.
11. 11. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal once a year.
12. 12. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal in an amount effective to protect the mammal against a flea for one month.
13. 13. The composition of Claim 1 or 2, which is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal in an amount effective to protect the mammal against a flea for six months.
14. 14. The composition of any one of Claims 1 to 13, wherein the mammal to be protected is livestock.
15. 15. The composition of any one of Claims 1 to 13, wherein the mammal to be protected is a dog.
16. 16. The composition of any one of Claims 1 to 13, wherein the mammal to be protected is a cat.
17. 17. The composition of any one of Claims 1 to 16, which is for oral administration.
18. 18. The composition according of Claim 17, wherein the composition is a chewable, edible product.
19. 19. A composition according to claim 18, wherein the chewable, edible product further comprises components that impart flavour and/or aroma favoured by the mammal to facilitate oral administration.
20. 20. The composition of any one of Claims 1 to 16, which is for parenteral administration.
21. 21. The composition of Claim 20, which is for administration by injection.
22. 22. A composition of any one of Claims 1 to 21, which comprises about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of the compound of Formula 1 per kg weight of the mammal.
23. 23. The composition of any one of Claims 1 to 21, which comprises about 100 mg of the compound per kg weight of the mammal.
24. 24. Use of a composition for protecting a mammal from a flea, the composition comprising a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1

    and at least one pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable carrier, wherein the composition is for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal, with the proviso that parenteral administration does not include topical administration.
25. 25. The use according to Claim 24, wherein the composition comprises a pesticidally effective amount of the compound to protect the mammal for 24 hours after oral or parenteral administration.
26. 26. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is about once a day to about once a year.
27. 27. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is about once a week to about once every six months.
28. 28. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is once a day.
29. 29. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is once a week.
30. 30. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is two times a month.
31. 31. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is once a month,
32. 32. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is once every six months.
33. 33. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is two times a year.
34. 34. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is once a year.
35. 35. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is in an amount effective to protect the mammal against a flea for one month.
36. 36. The use according to Claim 24 or 25, wherein for oral or parenteral administration to the mammal is in an amount effective to protect the mammal against a flea for six months.
37. 37. The use according to any one of Claims 24 to 36, wherein the mammal to be protected is livestock.
38. 38. The use according to any one of Claims 24 to 36, wherein the mammal to be protected is a dog.
39. 39. The use according to any one of Claims 24 to 36, wherein the mammal to be protected is a cat.
40. 40. The use according to any one of Claims 24 to 39, which is for oral administration.
41. 41. The use according to Claim 40, wherein the composition is a chewable, edible product.
42. 42. The use according to Claim 41, wherein the chewable, edible product further comprises components that impart flavour and/or aroma favoured by the mammal to facilitate oral administration.
43. 43. The use according to any one of Claims 24 to 39, which is for parenteral administration.
44. 44. The use according to Claim 43, which is for administration by injection.
45. 45. The use according to any one of Claims 24 to 44, which comprises about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of the compound of Formula 1 per kg weight of the mammal.
46. 46. The use according to any one of Claims 24 to 44, which comprises about 100 mg of the compound per kg weight of the mammal.