AU2014256363B2

AU2014256363B2 - Method for extracting and separating rare earth elements

Info

Publication number: AU2014256363B2
Application number: AU2014256363A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Takehisa Minowa; Hirochika Naganawa; Kazuaki Sakaki; Kojiro Shimojo; Hiroto Sugahara
Original assignee: Shin Etsu Chemical Co Ltd
Current assignee: Shin Etsu Chemical Co Ltd
Priority date: 2009-06-17
Filing date: 2014-10-30
Publication date: 2015-11-19
Anticipated expiration: 2030-06-09
Also published as: AU2014256362B2; AU2014256362A1; AU2014256363A1

Abstract

Solvent extraction from an aqueous phase containing 5 first and second rare earth elements is carried out by contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic acid as an extractant and a hydrocarbon or a low-polar alcohol as a solvent, with the aqueous phase below pH 3 for extracting the first rare earth element into the organic phase, back 10 extracting from the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution for recovering the first rare earth element, and recovering the second rare earth element which has not been extracted into the organic phase and has remained in the aqueous phase.

Description

METHOD FOR EXTRACTING AND SEPARATING RARE EARTH ELEMENTS This is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No. 2010202408, the entire contents of which are incorporated 5 herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a method for extracting and 10 separating rare earth elements, specifically at least two of light rare earth elements La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu, or at least one of the light rare earth elements and at least one of other rare earth elements inclusive of Y. 15 BACKGROUND ART Nowadays, rare earth magnets as typified by Nd magnets are widely used in various motors, sensors and other components mounted in hard disk drives, air conditioners, hybrid vehicles, and the like. As to the rare earth elements from which rare 20 earth magnets are manufactured, their resources are found only in limited countries. A resource crisis is exclaimed because it is expected that the demand will exceed the supply in the near future. There is a strong demand for the reuse of magnet powder, debris and scraps associated with the manufacture of 25 rare earth magnets, the recovery by recycling of rare earth elements from municipal wastes, and the research and development of new rare earth mineral deposits. Rare earth elements for use in rare earth magnets include 30 cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), and the like. -1- Known techniques for the separation of these rare earth elements include ion-exchange resins (liquid to solid extraction) and solvent extraction (liquid to liquid extraction). For the purification and separation of rare 5 earth elements in an industrial manner, the solvent extraction technique is often used because consecutive steps enable efficient large volume processing. In the solvent extraction technique, an aqueous phase in the form of an aqueous solution containing a metal element to be separated 10 is contacted with an organic phase containing an extractant for extracting the specific metal element and an organic solvent for diluting the extractant, for thereby extracting the metal element with the extractant. The metal element is separated in this way. 15 A variety of extractants are used in the art, for example, tributyl phosphate (TBP), carboxylic acid (Versatic acid 10), phosphoric acid esters, phosphonic acid and phosphinic acid compounds. An exemplary phosphoric acid ester is di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA), a typical 20 phosphonic acid compound is 2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester (PC-88A by Daihachi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphoric acid (Cyanex 272 by American Cyanamid) is commercially available as a phosphinic acid compound. They are commonly used in the 25 industry. The separation efficiency of the solvent extraction technique depends on the ability of an extractant, especially its separation factor. The greater the separation factor, the higher becomes the separation efficiency of the solvent 30 extraction technique, which leads to simplification of separation steps and downsizing of the separation system, and eventually to an improvement of the process efficiency and a cost reduction. Inversely, if the separation factor is lower, the separation process becomes more complicated and 35 the separation system becomes of larger size. Of the commercially available extractants, PC-88A which is known to have a high separation factor for rare -2earth elements has a low separation factor between neighboring elements, for example, a separation factor of less than 2, specifically about 1.4 between neodymium and praseodymium which are believed most difficult to separate 5 among the rare earth elements. The separation factor of this order is not sufficient to facilitate separation between neodymium and praseodymium. To separate them at an acceptable purity, a large size system is necessary and capital-intensive. For the purpose of purifying and 10 separating such rare earth elements, it is desired to have an extractant having a higher separation factor than ever and an extraction/separation method using the same. One extractant known to have a high separation factor for rare earth elements, especially light rare earth elements: 15 lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), and samarium (Sm) is a diglycolamic acid as disclosed in JP-A 2007-327085. Solvent extraction using this extractant makes more efficient the process of extracting and separating rare earth elements, especially light rare earth elements. 20 The process of extracting and separating rare earth elements using this extractant demonstrated better results in an experiment, which was conducted at an extractant (diglycolamic acid) concentration of 0.03 M and a rare earth element concentration of 0.1 mM. The latter concentration corresponds 25 to about 1/1,000 of the rare earth element concentration found in actual rare earth element separation processes. The process cannot comply with the treatment of high concentration aqueous rare earth solutions. Using the extractant in a concentration which is 100 to 1,000 times the rare earth 30 concentration is not industrially acceptable because the extraction/separation process must deal with a large solution volume which requires a larger size of separation system and hence an increased expense. Although the process of extracting and separating rare earth elements using the 35 diglycolamic acid demonstrated better results in an experiment, various conditions under which extraction may be practically effected with this extractant in the industry have -3- H:\ACG\nlnenvoven\NRPortbl\DCC\ACG\692132 I l.docx-24/10/2014 Not yet been determined because this extractant differs in chemical properties from the commercially available extractants, D2EHPA, PC-88A and Cyanex 272. 5 Citation List Patent Document 1: JP-A 2007-327085 DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 10 The invention provides a method for extracting and separating rare earth elements which has overcome the above-discussed problem, and specifically a method for extracting and separating rare earth elements which enables more effective extraction and separation between neighbouring rare earth 15 elements, for example, between neodymium and praseodymium, than the prior art method. The inventors have found that the step of solvent extraction effected by contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic acid as an extractant with an aqueous phase 20 containing rare earth elements in a counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler is endowed with an ability to achieve separation between neighbouring light rare earth elements, for example, between neodymium and praseodymium when a concentration Co of the diglycolamic acid extractant in the 25 organic phase and a concentration CA of rare earth elements in the aqueous phase are controlled such that a ratio of Co to CA is in the range: 2 Co/CA 10. This method is effective for selectively separating a specific rare earth element from a mixture of rare earth elements. 30 The inventors have also found that the step of solvent extraction effected by contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic acid as an extractant and a low-polar alcohol as a solvent with an aqueous phase containing rare earth elements in a counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler is able to 35 achieve separation between neighbouring light rare earth elements, for example, between neodymium and praseodymium. This method is effective for selectively separating a specific rare earth element from a mixture of rare earth elements -4- The inventors have further found that a method for extracting and separating rare earth elements comprising the steps of contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic acid as an extractant with an aqueous phase 5 containing rare earth elements in a counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler for extracting a specific rare earth element into the organic phase, back-extracting the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution for selectively separating the specific rare earth element, and washing the 10 organic phase from which the specific rare earth element has been separated is able to achieve separation between neighboring light rare earth elements, for example, between neodymium and praseodymium. This method is effective for selectively separating a specific rare earth element from a 15 mixture of rare earth elements. In a first embodiment, the invention provides a method for extracting and separating rare earth elements, comprising the steps of: contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic 20 acid having the general formula (1): R z N-COCH 2 0CH 2 COOH (1) R 2 wherein R' and R 2 are alkyl groups independent of each other, at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a straight or branched alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms as an extractant and an 25 organic solvent with an aqueous phase containing at least first and second rare earth elements under acidic conditions of pH 3 or below, for extracting the first rare earth element into the organic phase, back-extracting from the organic phase with an aqueous 30 acid solution for recovering the first rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase, and -5recovering the second rare earth element which has not been extracted into the organic phase and has remained in the aqueous phase, wherein provided that CO is a concentration of the diglycolamic 5 acid extractant in the organic phase and C, is a concentration of rare earth elements in the aqueous phase, the extraction step is effected under the condition that a ratio of C 0 to C, is 2 s CO/C, s 10 and CO is 0.1 mol/L s C 0 s 1.5 mol/L. 10 In a second embodiment, the invention provides a method for extracting and separating rare earth elements, comprising the steps of: contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic acid having the general formula (1) defined above as an 15 extractant and a low-polar alcohol having the general formula (2): CnHn10H (2) 20 wherein n is an integer of 5 to 8 as a solvent, with an aqueous phase containing at least first and second rare earth elements under acidic conditions of pH 3 or below, for extracting the first rare earth element into the organic phase, 25 back-extracting from the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution for recovering the first rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase, and recovering the second rare earth element which has not been extracted into the organic phase and has remained in the 30 aqueous phase. In a third embodiment, the invention provides a method for extracting and separating rare earth elements, comprising the steps of: contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic 35 acid having the general formula (1) defined above as an extractant with an aqueous phase containing at least first and second rare earth elements under acidic conditions of pH -6- 3 or below, for extracting the first rare earth element into the organic phase, back-extracting from the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution for recovering the first rare earth element 5 once extracted into the organic phase, and recovering the second rare earth element which has not been extracted into the organic phase and has remained in the aqueous phase, wherein the organic phase resulting from the step of 10 back-extracting from the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution for recovering the rare earth element extracted into the organic phase is washed with water or an aqueous acid solution at pH 3 to 7 and reused in the extraction step. In the first embodiment, preferably the rare earth 15 concentration CA in the aqueous phase is 0.01 mol/L s CA s 0.7 mol/L. Preferably in the first, second and third embodiments, the extraction and back-extraction steps are performed in a counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler; and the step 20 of contacting the organic phase with the aqueous phase is at a temperature lower than the flash point of a solvent (organic solvent in the first embodiment or alcohol of formula (2) in the second embodiment) used in the organic phase. Typically, the rare earth elements contained in the 25 aqueous phase are at least two of light rare earth elements La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu, or at least one of the light rare earth elements and at least one of other rare earth elements inclusive of Y. More specifically, the rare earth elements contained in the aqueous phase are Nd and Pr, and in the 30 extraction step, Nd is extracted into the organic phase while Pr remains in the aqueous phase, whereby Nd and Pr are separated. In the third embodiment, the rare earth element concentration CA in the aqueous phase is preferably 0.01 35 mol/L s CA s 0.7 mol/L. -7- ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION The method for extracting and separating rare earth elements according to the invention offers a high separation factor, enables a high efficiency of extraction and 5 separation of rare earth elements, especially light rare earth elements, and reduces the initial investment. The method is of great worth in the industry. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 10 FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one exemplary counter current flow multistage mixer-settler. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another exemplary counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler. FIG. 3 is a graph showing percent extractability 15 versus number of cycles in Example 21 and Comparative Example 11. Like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views. 20 DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS As used herein, the terms "first," "second," and the like do not denote any order or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The extractant used herein is a diglycolamic acid 25 having the general formula (1). RI

N-COCH

2 0CH 2 COOH (1) R2 In formula (1), each of R" and R 2 which may be the same or different is an alkyl group, at least one of R' and R 2 is a straight or branched alkyl group of at least 6 carbon 30 atoms, preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and more preferably 7 to 12 carbon atoms. If both of the alkyl groups have less than 6 carbon atoms, a corresponding compound becomes less lipophilic so that an organic phase containing the same lacks -8stability and becomes less separable from an aqueous phase, and moreover, the compound itself becomes dissolved in an aqueous phase beyond a negligible level and fails to play the role of extractant. If the alkyl group has too much carbon 5 atoms, a corresponding compound may not be improved in the fundamental functions, i.e., extraction and separation abilities, despite an increased cost of its preparation. As long as one of R 1 and R 2 is an alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms, the other may be an alkyl group of less than 6 10 carbon atoms if the compound is kept lipophilic. Preferred is the compound having two octyl (-CH 7 ) groups incorporated, that is, N,N-dioctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-amic acid or dioctyldiglycolamic acid (also referred to as N,N-dioctyl-3 oxapentane-1,5-amido acid or dioctyldiglycolamic acid and 15 abbreviated as DODGAA, hereinafter). An ordinary organic phase consists essentially of an extractant and an organic solvent or diluent in which the extractant is dissolvable. The organic solvent is selected from those which have a low solubility in water, an 20 appropriate solubility of the extractant, and a low specific gravity, and help improve an extraction ability, for example, toluene, xylene, hexane, isododecane, kerosene, and higher alcohols. The organic phase used herein consists essentially of 25 the diglycolamic acid and an organic solvent in which the diglycolamic acid is dissolvable. Using this organic phase, an aqueous solution having a rare earth concentration as found in the industrial process can be treated. Differently stated, an ordinary organic phase consists 30 essentially of an extractant and a nonpolar solvent. The nonpolar solvent is selected from those which have a low solubility in water, a high solubility of the extractant, and a low specific gravity, and help improve an extraction ability, for example, toluene, xylene, hexane, isododecane, 35 and kerosene. However, toluene, xylene, hexane and analog solvents need careful handling because of high volatility and a flash point below 200C. On the other hand, isododecane, -9kerosene and analog solvents which are low volatile and have a flash point above 20 0 C have the problem that the flow rates of organic and aqueous phases are limited because phase separation takes a long time when a DODGAA extractant 5 concentration equal to or higher than the minimum DODGAA extractant concentration of 0.4 mol/L necessary to treat an aqueous solution having a rare earth concentration of about 0.2 mol/L as found in the industrial process is used. Thus productivity may not be increased. 10 In consideration of these problems, the second embodiment of the invention uses an organic phase containing the diglycolamic acid and a solvent which is a low-polar alcohol having the general formula (2): 15 CnH 2 n+IOH (2) wherein n is an integer of 5 to 8. This alcohol may be straight or branched and is liquid at room temperature. Using this alcohol, the organic phase may have an extractant 20 concentration of at least 0.4 mol/L, which enables to treat an aqueous solution having a rare earth concentration of about 0.2 mol/L as found in the industrial process. An alcohol of formula (2) wherein n is less than 5 is unsuitable because it is highly polar and highly hydrated so that it may 25 be dissolved in an aqueous phase during solvent extraction, leading to insufficient separation between organic and aqueous phases, and, in addition, the extractant concentration of the organic phase becomes unstable and difficult to control. The alcohol used herein may be either 30 straight or branched. A straight chain alcohol of formula (2) wherein n is 12 or more is unsuitable because it is solid at room temperature. Even if the alcohol (n a 12) becomes liquid at elevated temperature, the solubility of diglycolamic acid in the alcohol is reduced because of 35 incompatible polarity therebetween, inducing gelation of the liquid. The preferred straight chain alcohols are those of formula (2) wherein n is 5 to 8, namely, 1-pentanol, 1 -10hexanol, 1-heptanol, and 1-octanol. These alcohols are suitable because of a low solubility in water, a high solubility therein of the diglycolamic acid extractant, a low specific gravity, and a high flash point. 5 In the first embodiment, a concentration Co of the extractant in the organic phase is in the range: 0.1 mol/L s

C

0 s 1.5 mol/L. If Co < 0.1 mol/L, the extractant concentration is too low to treat an aqueous solution having a rare earth concentration as found in the industrial process. 10 Actually, at such a low extractant concentration, only an aqueous solution having a rare earth concentration of up to 0.05 mol/L can be treated, and thus the operation at such a low extractant concentration is inefficient, entailing enlargement of the separation system and an increased cost. 15 Because of the solubility of diglycolamic acid in the solvent (or diluent), it is difficult to provide an extractant concentration C, of higher than 1.5 mol/L. To attain such a high extractant concentration, a solvent serving as an entrainer and a surfactant such as sodium 20 dioctylsulfosuccinate must be added and as a result, it becomes more complicated to control the treatment conditions so as to ensure stable operation. For efficient extraction and separation, the extractant concentration Co in the organic phase is preferably in the range 0.2 mol/L s C 0 s 1.0 mol/L. 25 Rare earth elements to be extracted by the extractant are contained in an aqueous phase as an aqueous solution. Rare earth elements may be present in the form of water-soluble salts, for example, chlorides such as PrCl and NdCl 3 . Of the diglycolamic acids used herein as the 30 extractant, DODGAA is excellent in separation of among light rare earth elements, and separation between light rare earth elements and other rare earth elements. However, DODGAA is inferior in separation of among other rare earth elements, that is, heavy rare earth elements, to the commercially 35 available extractants, D2EHPA, PC-88A and Cyanex 272. In this sense, the rare earth elements in an aqueous phase which -11are extracted and separated by the inventive method are preferably at least two of light rare earth elements, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu, or at least one of the light rare earth elements and at least one of other rare earth elements 5 inclusive of Y. The other rare earth elements include Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. In the practice of the invention, a specific rare earth element (also referred to as "first rare earth element") may be extracted into the organic phase. In the case of extraction and separation of Nd and 10 Pr, for example, Nd is preferentially extracted into the organic phase. In solvent extraction, the extractability of a rare earth element depends on its ionic radius. In many cases, an element having a smaller ionic radius is extracted into the 15 organic phase. Therefore, when two neighboring light rare earth elements are subjected to solvent extraction treatment, for example, either one is preferentially extracted. Combination Element extracted in organic phase 20 La/Ce Ce Ce/Pr Pr Pr/Nd Nd Nd/Sm Sm Sm/Eu Eu 25 In one preferred embodiment, a concentration CA of rare earth elements in the aqueous phase is in the range 0.01 mol/L s CA s 0.7 mol/L. If CA < 0.01 mol/L, the extraction and separation abilities in the extraction/separation operation 30 are satisfactory. At such a low rare earth element concentration, however, a large volume of aqueous phase must be treated until a sufficient amount of the target rare earth element is recovered. This may lead to enlargement of the separation system and an increased cost. If CA > 0.7 mol/L, 35 it may be difficult to obtain an organic phase having a diglycolamic acid concentration compliant with such a high rare earth element concentration. Consequently, the amount of diglycolamic acid extractant which is available for such a -12high rare earth element concentration is insufficient, resulting in solidification of the organic phase and a failure of solvent extraction to effect separation and purification. In the first embodiment, a ratio of the extractant 5 concentration CO in the organic phase to the rare earth element concentration C, in the aqueous phase is in the range: 2 s CO/C, s 10. If CO/CA < 2, the concentration of diglycolamic acid extractant is insufficient for the rare earth element concentration, resulting in solidification of 10 the organic phase and a failure of solvent extraction to effect separation and purification. A ratio CO/CA of higher than 10 does not contribute to improvements in the fundamental functions, i.e., extraction and separation abilities, and a higher organic phase concentration of the 15 extractant relative to an aqueous phase concentration of the rare earth element indicates a cost increase. During the extraction treatment, the extraction system (combined organic and aqueous phases) is maintained at pH 3 or below. Above pH 3, rare earth elements tend to form 20 hydroxides which precipitate. This becomes an impediment to extraction and separation when the organic phase is contacted with the aqueous phase. This also results in a failure of phase separation, impeding the extraction treatment. In the case of strong acidity, undesirably a base or the like must 25 be used in a larger amount to adjust to an equilibrium acid concentration. Therefore, the extraction system (combined organic and aqueous phases) is preferably adjusted to a pH range from 1 to 3 during the extraction treatment. During the extraction treatment, the extraction system 30 (combined organic and aqueous phases) is preferably maintained at a temperature equal to or lower than the flash point of the solvent in the organic phase. In general, a higher temperature leads to a higher solubility of the extractant into the organic phase and better separation 35 between organic and aqueous phases. However, to prevent a fire from being taken in excess of the flash point, the temperature should not exceed the flash point of the solvent. -13- Preferably the extraction system is controlled to a temperature lower than the flash point minus a value from 5 0 C to 10 0 C. Referring to FIG. 1, a counter-current flow multistage 5 mixer-settler is schematically illustrated which is preferably used to effect extraction and separation by effectively contacting the organic phase containing an extractant and a diluent with an aqueous solution containing rare earth elements to be separated. The mixer-settler 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes an extracting section A, a scrubbing section B, and a back-extracting section C, each of which may consist of one or multiple stages. Lines 1 to 8 depict input and output flows to and from the mixer-settler. The system feeds a rare earth element solution from line 1, 15 an extractant-containing organic phase from line 2, an aqueous alkaline solution (e.g., aqueous sodium hydroxide solution) from line 3, and an aqueous acid solution (e.g., aqueous hydrochloric acid) from lines 4 and 6. An aqueous phase containing residual rare earth elements (not extracted 20 into the organic phase) is recovered from line 5, and an aqueous solution in which the rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase is back-extracted is recovered from line 7. In extracting section A, the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted in accordance with the type of 25 rare earth elements so that first and second rare earth elements are separated to the organic and aqueous phases, respectively. In scrubbing section B, the organic phase is washed with an aqueous acid solution capable of selectively stripping only the second rare earth element a small fraction 30 of which is dissolved in the organic phase and which should be left in the aqueous phase. In back-extracting section C, the first rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase is back-extracted into an aqueous acid solution. The organic phase containing the extractant from which the first 35 rare earth element has been back-extracted may be recycled from line 8 to line 2 for reuse. -14- In extracting section A, aqueous rare earth element solution 1 is contacted with extractant-containing organic phase 2 for extraction. A first rare earth element in rare earth element solution 1 is extracted into organic phase 2 5 whereas aqueous phase 5 containing a second rare earth element (remaining therein without being extracted into organic phase 2) is discharged and collected from extracting section A. Understandably, aqueous alkaline solution 3 is fed for the purpose of adjusting to an equilibrium acid 10 concentration. The organic phase 2 into which the first rare earth element has been extracted is fed to scrubbing section B where organic phase 2 is washed with aqueous acid solution 4 whose pH is adjusted so as to selectively extract only the second rare earth element a small fraction of which is 15 dissolved in the organic phase and which is to be left in the aqueous phase (e.g., in the case of extraction and separation of Nd/Pr, aqueous acid solution 4 is adjusted to pH 1 or 2 so that Pr may be selectively separated). The aqueous acid solution 4, into which only the second rare earth element 20 ought to be left in the aqueous phase has been selectively back-extracted, is fed back to extracting section A, whereas the washed organic phase 2 is fed to back-extracting section C where the first rare earth element in organic phase 2 is back-extracted with aqueous acid solution 6 adjusted to the 25 desired pH. The resultant first rare earth element containing aqueous solution 7 is discharged and collected. The organic solution 8 (organic phase 2) from which the first rare earth element has been back-extracted may be recycled to extracting section A. 30 In the embodiment wherein the organic phase contains a diglycolamic acid as the extractant, a problem may arise when the organic phase from which the first rare earth element has been back-extracted into the acid aqueous solution is directly recycled. If such recycling is continued, then the 35 acid remaining in the organic phase functions to reduce the pH of the aqueous phase with which it contacts in the extracting section or the acid is extracted with the -15extractant into the organic phase. In either case, the extraction of the first rare earth element in the extracting section is impeded, resulting in a failure of stable extraction and separation. This may raise a problem to the 5 counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler adapted to circulate the organic phase. The method may be modified so as to attain more effective utilization of the organic phase by circulation. Specifically, a washing section of washing the organic phase 10 outflowing from the back-extracting section with water or an aqueous acid solution at pH 3 to less-than pH 7 is provided as the pre-stage before the organic phase is fed back to the extracting section. If the organic phase following the back extraction is washed with water or an aqueous acid solution 15 at pH 3 to less than pH 7, then the acid remaining in the organic phase may be washed away or the acid extracted by the extractant into the organic phase may be released. Then a variation of pH in the extracting section after feedback is minimized and the extraction of the first rare earth element 20 is not impeded, ensuring effective extraction and separation. FIG. 2 illustrates another exemplary counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler which may operate in the modified mode. In FIG. 2, reference characters A, B, C, 1 to 8 designate like parts in FIG. 1, and extraction and 25 back-extraction operations are performed in the same manner. The counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler in FIG. 2 is the same as in FIG. 1 except that a washing section D is added. The organic phase 8 from which the first rare earth element has been back-extracted and which is discharged 30 from back-extracting section C is fed to washing section D where it is washed with water or aqueous acid solution 9. After washing, organic phase 8 is fed back to extracting section A for circulation and reuse. The water or aqueous acid solution at pH 3 to less 35 than pH 7 used in washing section D may be reused as the aqueous acid solution in scrubbing section B, after pH adjustment if necessary. -16- The wash liquid used in washing section D is water or an aqueous acid solution at pH 3 to less than pH 7. If the wash liquid is below pH 3, the effect of washing away the acid remaining in the organic phase or releasing the acid 5 extracted by the extractant into the organic phase becomes insufficient. If the pH after washing exceeds 7, undesired emulsification may occur after mixing of organic and aqueous phases. To achieve a satisfactory washing effect, the wash liquid used in washing section D is water or an aqueous acid 10 solution at pH 3 to less than pH 7, preferably water or an aqueous acid solution at pH 5 to less than pH 7. EXAMPLE Examples of the invention are given below by way of 15 illustration and not by way of limitation. The concentration of rare earth elements in an aqueous solution was measured by an ICP atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-7500, Shimadzu Corp.). 20 Examples 1-7 and Comparative Examples 1-4 Mutual separation of rare earth elements Solvent extraction was performed on a mixture of rare earth elements according to the invention for examining the ability to separate rare earth elements. 25 DODGAA was dissolved in hexane to form solutions having the concentration shown in Table 1 as the organic phase. Praseodymium chloride and neodymium chloride were dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form mixed solutions having a rare earth element ratio Pr:Nd of 1:1 on a molar 30 basis and the concentration of Pr+Nd shown in Table 1. A separatory funnel was charged with 100 ml of the organic phase and 100 ml of the aqueous phase, shaken at room temperature (200C) for about 20 minutes to effect extraction, and allowed to stand until equilibrium was reached. The 35 organic phase was then separated from the aqueous phase. Next, 100 ml of the organic phase was fed to a separatory funnel together with 100 ml of 5N hydrochloric acid, which -17was shaken at 20 0 C for about 20 minutes to back-extract the rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase into the hydrochloric acid solution. A Nd/Pr separation factor and phase separation were examined. 5 Comparative Example 5 D2EHPA was dissolved in hexane to form a solution having a concentration of 1 mol/L as the organic phase. Praseodymium chloride and neodymium chloride were dissolved 10 in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a Pr:Nd molar ratio of 1:1 and a Pr+Nd concentration of 0.3 mol/L. The subsequent procedure was the same as in Example 1 whereby a Nd/Pr separation factor and phase separation were examined. 15 Comparative Example 6 PC-88A was dissolved in hexane to form a solution having a concentration of 1 mol/L as the organic phase. Praseodymium chloride and neodymium chloride were dissolved 20 in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a Pr:Nd molar ratio of 1:1 and a Pr+Nd concentration of 0.3 mol/L. The subsequent procedure was the same as in Example 1 whereby a Nd/Pr separation factor and phase separation were examined. 25 The concentration of praseodymium and neodymium in the aqueous phase and the hydrochloric acid solution after back extraction was measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer, with the results shown in Table 1. 30 Better results were obtained from Examples 1 to 7 where the ratio of the DODGAA concentration C 0 to the mixed rare earth element concentration CA is in the range: 3 s CO/CA s 10 and the DODGAA concentration C. is in the range: 0.1 s C, s 1.5. In Comparative Examples 1, 3 and 4 where the ratio of 35 the DODGAA concentration C, to the mixed rare earth element concentration CA is CO/CA < 2, indefinite separation occurred -18between organic and aqueous phases, that is, phase separation was poor. In Comparative Example 2 where the ratio is Co/CA > 10, phase separation and separation factor were satisfactory, but the cost of extractant was undesirably high because the 5 extractant concentration in the organic phase was extremely higher than the mixed rare earth element concentration in the aqueous phase. DODGAA had a Nd/Pr separation factor of 2.5 whereas D2EHPA had a Nd/Pr separation factor of 1.23 and PC-88A had a 10 Nd/Pr separation factor of 1.4 under the same conditions. DODGAA displayed definite Nd/Pr separation, surpassing the prior art extractants. Table 1 15 Influence of extractant concentration C, and mixed rare earth element concentration CA Separation Phase Extractant m/L mo L C/CA factor separation (Nd/Pr) Example 1 DODGAA 0.1 0.02 5.0 2.5 good Example 2 DODGAA 0.3 0.05 6.0 2.5 good Example 3 DODGAA 0.5 0.05 10.0 2.5 good Example 4 DODGAA 0.3 0.1 3.0 2.5 good Example 5 DODGAA 0.5 0.1 5.0 2.5 good Example 6 DODGAA 1.0 0.3 3.3 2.5 good Example 7 DODGAA 1.5 0.5 3.0 2.5 good Comparative DODGAA 0.05 0.03 1.7 - not Example 1 separated Compaltive DODGAA 1.0 0.05 20.0 2.5 good Comparative DODGAA 1.5 1.0 1.5 - not Example 3 separated Comparative DODGAA 2.0 1.2 1.7 - not Example 4 separated Comparative D2EHPA 1.0 0.3 3.3 1.23 good Example 5 _____ Comparative PC-88A 1.0 0.3 3.3 1.4 good Example 6 -19- Example 8 and Comparative Example 7 Solvent extraction was performed on a mixture of rare earth elements according to the invention using DODGAA. In the test, a separation factor between light rare earth 5 elements (Nd and Pr) by using DODGAA and a separation factor between heavy rare earth elements (Dy and Tb) by using DODGAA were determined. DODGAA was dissolved in hexane to form a solution having a concentration of 0.3 mol/L as the organic phase. As to the 10 light rare earth elements, praseodymium and neodymium sources were dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a Pr:Nd molar ratio of 1:1 and a Pr+Nd concentration of 0.1 mol/L as the aqueous phase. As to the heavy rare earth elements, terbium and dysprosium sources were 15 dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a Tb:Dy molar ratio of 1:1 and a Tb+Dy concentration of 0.1 mol/L as the aqueous phase. A separatory funnel was charged with 100 ml of the organic phase and 100 ml of the aqueous phase, shaken at room 20 temperature (200 C) for about 20 minutes to effect extraction, and allowed to stand until equilibrium was reached. The organic phase was then separated from the aqueous phase. Next, 100 ml of the organic phase was fed to a separatory funnel together with 100 ml of 5N hydrochloric acid, which 25 was shaken at room temperature (200 C) for about 20 minutes to back-extract the rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase into the hydrochloric acid solution. The concentration of praseodymium and neodymium or terbium and dysprosium remaining in the aqueous phase and back-extracted 30 into the hydrochloric acid solution was measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer. In Comparative Example 7, commercially available extractant PC-88A was dissolved in hexane to form a solution having a concentration of 1 mol/L as the organic phase. 35 Separation factors for light rare earth elements (Nd/Pr) and heavy rare earth elements (Dy/Tb) by using PC-88A were examined. The results are shown in Table 2. -20- Table 2 Extractants and separation factors for light rare earth elements (Nd/Pr) and heavy rare earth elements (Dy/Tb) Extractant Separation factor Separation factor (Nd/Pr) (Dy/Tb) Example 8 DoDGAA 2.5 1.3 Comparative Example 7 PC-88A 1.4 2.1 5 The extractant DODGAA effected a separation factor of 2.5 for light rare earth elements (Nd/Pr) which was superior to the commercial extractant PC-88A effecting a separation factor of 1.4. However, DODGAA effected a separation factor 10 of 1.3 for heavy rare earth elements (Dy/Tb) which was inferior to PC-88A effecting a separation factor of 2.1. It is evident from these results that the preferred rare earth elements contained in the aqueous phase are at least two of light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, 15 Eu), or at least one of the light rare earth elements and at least one of the other rare earth elements inclusive of Y. Example 9 Mutual separation of rare earth elements 20 Solvent extraction was performed on a mixture of rare earth elements according to the invention for examining the ability to separate rare earth elements. DODGAA was dissolved in 1-hexanol to form a solution having a concentration of 0.3 mol/L as the organic phase. 25 Praseodymium chloride and neodymium chloride were dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a rare earth element ratio Pr:Nd of 1:1 on a molar basis and a Pr+Nd concentration of 0.1 mol/L. A separatory funnel was charged with 100 ml of the organic phase and 100 ml of the 30 aqueous phase, shaken at room temperature (200 C) for about 20 minutes to effect extraction, and allowed to stand until equilibrium was reached. The organic phase was then separated from the aqueous phase. Next, 100 ml of the -21organic phase was fed to a separatory funnel together with 100 ml of 5N hydrochloric acid, which was shaken at room temperature (200 C) for about 20 minutes to back-extract the rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase into 5 the hydrochloric acid solution. The concentration of praseodymium and neodymium remaining in the aqueous phase and back-extracted into the hydrochloric acid solution was measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer, finding [Nd]org = 0.028 mol/L, 10 [Nd]aqua = 0.022 mol/L, [Pr]org = 0.017 mol/L, and [Pr]aqua = 0.033 mol/L. The 1-hexanol solution of DODGAA effected a separation factor Nd/Pr of 2.5 as calculated from these data. Examples 10-14 15 Organic/aqueous phase separation Solvent extraction was performed on a mixture of rare earth elements according to the invention for examining the temperature of organic and aqueous phases, and the time taken until organic/aqueous phase separation (phase separation 20 time). DODGAA was dissolved in 1-hexanol to form a solution having a concentration of 0.3 mol/L as the organic phase. Praseodymium chloride and neodymium chloride were dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a 25 rare earth element ratio Pr:Nd of 1:1 on a molar basis and a Pr+Nd concentration of 0.1 mol/L. A separatory funnel was charged with 100 ml of the organic phase and 100 ml of the aqueous phase, shaken at a selected temperature for about 20 minutes to effect extraction, and allowed to stand until 30 equilibrium was reached. The organic phase was then separated from the aqueous phase. The temperature of combined organic and aqueous phases and the time taken until organic phase/aqueous phase separation (phase separation time) were examined, with the results shown in Table 3. As 35 the temperature of combined organic and aqueous phases is closer to the flash point (about 630C) of 1-hexanol, the phase separation time is shorter, indicating a better result. -22- Table 3 Temperature of organic and aqueous phases and phase separation time on use of 1-hexanol as solvent Temperature of combined Phase separation time organic and aqueous phases (sec) ( C) Example 10 20 35 Example 11 30 29 Example 12 40 18 Example 13 50 12 Example 14 60 12 5 Examples 15-18 and Comparative Examples 8-9 Mutual separation of rare earth elements and organic/aqueous phase separation versus solvents Solvent extraction was performed on a mixture of rare 10 earth elements according to the invention for examining the relationship of solvents to the ability to separate rare earth elements and the time taken until organic phase/aqueous phase separation (phase separation time). DODGAA was dissolved in various solvents (alcohols) to 15 form solutions having a concentration of 0.3 mol/L as the organic phase. Praseodymium chloride and neodymium chloride were dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a rare earth element ratio Pr:Nd of 1:1 on a molar basis and a Pr+Nd concentration of 0.1 mol/L. A 20 separatory funnel was charged with 100 ml of the organic phase and 100 ml of the aqueous phase, shaken at room temperature (200 C) for about 20 minutes to effect extraction, and allowed to stand until equilibrium was reached. The organic phase was then separated from the aqueous phase. 25 Next, 100 ml of the organic phase was fed to a separatory funnel together with 100 ml of 5N hydrochloric acid, which was shaken at room temperature (200 C) for about 20 minutes to -23back-extract the rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase into the hydrochloric acid solution. The concentration of praseodymium and neodymium remaining in the aqueous phase and back-extracted into the hydrochloric acid 5 solution was measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer. The separation factor Nd/Pr and phase separation time are shown in Table 4. The solutions of DODGAA in 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol and 1-octanol had a separation factor Nd/Pr of 10 2.5. Of alcohols of formula (2): CnH 2 nl+.OH, those alcohols wherein n has a value of 5 to 8 facilitated separation of organic phase/aqueous phase, whereas nonanol (n=9) and decanol (n=10) failed in separation of organic phase/aqueous phase. 15 Table 4 Separation factor and phase separation versus solvent Solvent Separation factor Phase separation (Nd/Pr) Example 15 1-pentanol 2.5 separated Example 16 1-hexanol 2.5 separated Example 17 1-heptanol 2.5 separated Example 18 1-octanol 2.5 separated Comparative nonanol - not separated Example 8 Comparative decanol -not separated Example 9 20 Example 19 This example used a mixer-settler for extraction as shown in FIG. 1. DODGAA was dissolved in isododecane to form a solution having a concentration of 0.3 mol/L as the organic phase. 25 Neodymium chloride and praseodymium chloride and were dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a rare earth element ratio Nd:Pr of 1:1 on a -24molar basis and a Nd+Pr concentration of 0.1 mol/L as the aqueous phase. The counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler of FIG. 1 included an extracting section A of 24 stages, a 5 scrubbing section B of 24 stages, and a back-extracting section C of 8 stages. The organic phase and the aqueous phase were mixed at room temperature (400 C) to effect extraction. After the steady state was reached, the rare earth element in the organic phase was back-extracted into an 10 aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The concentration of neodymium and praseodymium remaining in the aqueous phase and back-extracted into the hydrochloric acid solution was measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer. The hydrochloric acid solution of the stripping liquid had a Nd 15 concentration of 0.2 mol/L and a Pr concentration of 0.0002 mol/L after the back-extraction, and the aqueous phase had a Pr concentration of 0.04 mol/L and a Nd concentration of 0.0002 mol/L. The hydrochloric acid solution after the back extraction had a neodymium purity [Nd/(Nd+Pr)] of 99.9%. The 20 isododecane solution of DODGAA effected a separation factor Nd/Pr of 2.5 as calculated from these data. In the mixer-settler of FIG. 1, the mixed solution of neodymium chloride and praseodymium chloride was fed at a flow rate of 15 L/h from line 1, the extractant solution, 25 0.3M DODGAA in isododecane was fed at a flow rate of 6 L/h from line 2, a 4 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was fed at a flow rate of 0.75 L/h from line 3, the aqueous phase was recovered at a flow rate of 16.75 L/h from line 5, a 4 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was fed at a flow 30 rate of 3 L/h from line 6, and the hydrochloric acid solution containing back-extracted neodymium was recovered at a flow rate of 3 L/h from line 7. The extractant was circulated from line 8 to line 2 for reuse. 35 Example 20 This example used a mixer-settler for extraction as shown in FIG. 1. -25- As in Example 9, a solution of 0.3 mol/L DODGAA in 1-hexanol was used as the organic phase, and a mixed solution of neodymium chloride and praseodymium chloride having a Nd:Pr ratio of 1:1 on a molar basis and a Nd+Pr concentration 5 of 0.1 mol/L was used as the aqueous phase. The counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler of FIG. 1 included an extracting section A of 24 stages, a scrubbing section B of 24 stages, and a back-extracting section C of 8 stages. The organic phase and the aqueous 10 phase were mixed at room temperature (200 C) to effect extraction. After the steady state was reached, the rare earth element in the organic phase was back-extracted into an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The concentration of neodymium and praseodymium remaining in the aqueous phase and 15 back-extracted into the hydrochloric acid solution was measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer. The hydrochloric acid solution after the back-extraction had a Nd concentration of 0.2 mol/L and a Pr concentration of 0.0002 mol/L, and the aqueous phase had a Pr concentration of 0.04 20 mol/L and a Nd concentration of 0.0002 mol/L. The hydrochloric acid solution after the back-extraction had a neodymium purity [Nd/(Nd+Pr)] of 99.9%. The 1-hexanol solution of DODGAA effected a separation factor Nd/Pr of 2.5 as calculated from these data. 25 In the mixer-settler of FIG. 1, the mixed solution of neodymium chloride and praseodymium chloride was fed at a flow rate of 15 L/h from line 1, the extractant solution, 0.3M DODGAA in 1-hexanol was fed at a flow rate of 6 L/h from line 2, a 4 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was fed 30 at a flow rate of 0.75 L/h from line 3, the aqueous phase was recovered at a flow rate of 16.75 L/h from line 5, a 4 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was fed at a flow rate of 3 L/h from line 6, and the hydrochloric acid solution containing back-extracted neodymium was recovered at a flow 35 rate of 3 L/h from line 7. The extractant was circulated from line 8 to line 2 for reuse. -26- Comparative Example 10 A solution of 1 mol/L PC-88A in kerosene was used as the organic phase. A mixed solution of neodymium chloride and praseodymium chloride having a Nd:Pr ratio of 1:1 on a 5 molar basis and a Nd+Pr concentration of 0.1 mol/L was used as the aqueous phase. The counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler of FIG. 1 included an extracting section A of 72 stages, a scrubbing section B of 72 stages, and a back-extracting 10 section C of 8 stages. The mixer-settler was operated as in Example 19. The concentration of neodymium and praseodymium in the aqueous phase and the hydrochloric acid solution after back-extraction was measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer. The hydrochloric acid solution after the back 15 extraction had a Nd concentration of 0.2 mol/L and a Pr concentration of 0.0002 mol/L, and the aqueous phase had a Pr concentration of 0.04 mol/L and a Nd concentration of 0.0002 mol/L. The hydrochloric acid solution after the back extraction had a neodymium purity [Nd/(Nd+Pr)J of 99.9%. The 20 kerosene solution of PC-88A effected a separation factor Nd/Pr of 1.4 as calculated from these data. Notably the solution of extractant PC-88A in kerosene was fed at a flow rate of 6 L/h as in Example 19. It is evident that use of an extractant effecting a 25 higher separation factor according to the invention is successful in reducing the number of extraction stages necessary to treat the same volume and purity of solution. This suggests a reduction of the initial investment. By implementing the solvent extraction method, 30 specifically by dissolving DODGAA in a low-polar alcohol in a high concentration, and treating an aqueous mixed rare earth solution of about 0.02 to 0.5 M therewith in a mixer-settler, rare earth elements can be purified and separated at a low cost. Similar results are obtainable when the solvent is a 35 mixture of low-polar alcohols or a mixture of a low-polar alcohol and an alkane. -27- Example 21 and Comparative Example 11 A solution of 0.3 mol/L DODGAA in isododecane was used as the organic phase. A mixed solution of neodymium chloride and praseodymium chloride having a Nd:Pr ratio of 1:1 on a 5 molar basis and a Nd+Pr concentration of 0.1 mol/L was used as the aqueous phase. Using them, a cyclic test was carried out in a counter-current flow multistage mixer-settler. The mixer-settler of FIG. 1 or 2 included an extracting section A of 24 stages, a scrubbing section B of 10 24 stages, and a back-extracting section C of 8 stages. The organic phase and the aqueous phase were mixed to effect extraction at 40 0 C below the flash point of isododecane. After the steady state was reached, a 100-ml sample was taken out of the organic phase in the back-extracting section C in 15 each cycle. Praseodymium chloride and neodymium chloride were dissolved in an aqueous acid solution to form a mixed solution having a rare earth element ratio Pr:Nd of 1:1 on a molar basis and a Pr+Nd concentration of 0.1 mol/L as the 20 aqueous phase. A separatory funnel was charged with 100 ml of the sample (organic phase) and 100 ml of the aqueous phase, shaken at room temperature (20* C) for about 20 minutes to effect extraction, and allowed to stand until equilibrium was reached. The organic phase was then separated from the 25 aqueous phase. Next, 100 ml of the organic phase was fed to a separatory funnel together with 100 ml of 5N hydrochloric acid, which was shaken at 20 0 C for about 20 minutes to back extract the rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase into the hydrochloric acid solution. The 30 concentrations of praseodymium and neodymium back-extracted into the hydrochloric acid solution were measured by the ICP atomic emission spectrometer. From the initial praseodymium and neodymium concentrations (0.1 mol/L, respectively) and the back-extracted praseodymium and neodymium concentrations, 35 a percent extractability was calculated. Example 21 is the test in a mixer-settler to which a washing section D for washing the organic phase with -28deionized water was added as shown in Fig. 2. Comparative Example 11 is the test in a mixer-settler without washing section D as shown in FIG. 1. In the graph of FIG. 3, a percent extractability is plotted relative to cycle number. 5 In the test where the organic phase was washed with deionized water in washing section D, a satisfactory percent extractability about 100% was maintained even after 10 cycles. In the test without washing section D, the percent extractability showed a noticeable drop after 3 cycles and decreased to 15% after 10 10 cycles, indicating a failure of extraction. The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or 15 information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates. Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and 20 variations such as "comprises", "comprising" and "containing", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. 25 30 -29-

Claims

1. A method for extracting and separating rare earth elements, comprising the steps of: 5 contacting an organic phase containing a diglycolamic acid having the general formula (1): wherein R and R2 are alkyl groups independent of each other, at least one of R and R2 is a straight or branched alkyl 10 group of at least 6 carbon atoms as an extractant and an organic solvent with an aqueous phase containing at least first and second rare earth elements under acidic conditions of pH 3 or below, for extracting the first rare earth element into the organic phase, 15 back-extracting from the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution for recovering the first rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase, and recovering the second rare earth element which has not been extracted into the organic phase and has remained in the 20 aqueous phase, wherein the organic phase resulting from the step of back extracting from the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution for recovering the rare earth element once extracted into the organic phase is washed with water or an aqueous acid 25 solution at pH 3 to less than pH 7 and reused in the extraction step.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the extraction and back-extraction steps are performed in a counter-current flow -30- multistage mixer-settler.

3. A method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the step of contacting the organic phase with the aqueous phase is at a 5 temperature lower than the flash point of a solvent used in the organic phase.

4. A method according to of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the rare earth elements contained in the aqueous phase are at 10 least two of light rare earth elements La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu, or at least one of the light rare earth elements and at least one of other rare earth elements inclusive of Y.

5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein 15 the rare earth elements contained in the aqueous phase are Nd and Pr, and in the extraction step, Nd is extracted into the organic phase while Pr remains in the aqueous phase, whereby Nd and Pr are separated. 20

6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein a concentration of rare earth elements in the aqueous phase, CA is 0.01 mol/L CA 0.7 mol/L.

7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein 25 the organic solvent is selected from toluene, xylene, hexane, isodecane and kerosene. -31-