AU2013263453A1

AU2013263453A1 - Lead-free ammunition for small-bore weapons

Info

Publication number: AU2013263453A1
Application number: AU2013263453A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Ake Andersson; Fredrik ERNINGE; Henrik Johansson; Thomas MAURITZSON
Original assignee: NAMMO VANASVERKEN AB
Current assignee: NAMMO VANASVERKEN AB
Priority date: 2012-05-18
Filing date: 2013-05-16
Publication date: 2014-12-04
Anticipated expiration: 2033-05-16
Also published as: EP2850382A4; WO2013172759A1; CA2873839A1; EP2850382B1; SE1200305A1; ES2628971T3; SE536525C2; AU2013263453B2; US20150144019A1; BR112014028635A2; EP2850382A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a lead-free projectile (5) having improved performance and intended for small-bore weapons, configured so that the quantity of toxic metal particles and gases which is formed by the friction between the projectile (5) and the inner side of the weapon upon firing of the projectile (5) is reduced, at the same time as the performance of the projectile (5) is improved or maintained. The projectile (5) is characterized in that the core (6) of the projectile (5) comprises a front core part (7), constituting the penetrator part of the projectile (5), and a rear core part (8), constituting the ballast part of the projectile (5), wherein the front and the rear core part (7, 8) are detachably joined together with each other by a radial guide (9) configured for mutual freedom of rotation between the front and rear core part (7, 8), and in that the rear core part (8) comprises, on the one hand, a cylindrical part and, on the other hand, a conical part having a cone angle a within the range 5° - 9°, wherein the contact surface between the cylindrical part and the inner side of the weapon 1 upon firing of the projectile (5) constitutes less than 30% of the total surface area of the projectile (5). The invention also relates to an improved cartridge (1) and an improved method.

Description

WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 LEAD-FREE AMMUNITION FOR SMALL-BORE WEAPONS 5 The present invention relates to a lead-free ammunition with improved performance, especially intended for small-bore weapons of the firearm and machine gun type. BACKGROUND 10 One problem with modern-day conventional ammunition, also referred to as conventional cartridge ammunition, is the presence of toxic heavy metals, especially lead, which is found in the projectile, propellant powder and priming system of the cartridge. The use of 15 conventional ammunition in training and conflict areas means considerable loads on the environment, with subsequent risks for animals and humans. Large-scale use additionally means costly clean-ups for the restoration of the environment. In the USA it is 20 calculated that the American army uses 300 to 400 million lead-containing cartridges per annum, the majority of which are used in practice firings on practice ranges close to military bases. 25 The cost of cleaning up contaminated training areas is calculated at nine billion dollars. The cost of cleaning up contaminated training and conflict areas in other parts of the world is thought to be even higher. 30 A further problem with said conventional ammunition is the toxic gases and particles/dust which are formed in the combustion of the priming composition and propellant powder of the ammunition. Furthermore, environmentally hazardous metal particles, above all 35 lead particles from the lead core of the projectile, but also zinc and copper particles from the tombac jacket of the projectile are generated by the friction which arises between the projectile and the rifled inner side of the weapon barrel upon firing of the 40 projectile.

WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 -2 Minor quantities of lead and copper dust are also formed when the projectile hits a target. 5 Discharge of toxic particles and gases poses a risk not only for the marksman but also for humans in the surroundings. There is therefore a need for ammunition in which 10 environmentally hazardous heavy metals in the projectile, the propellant powder and the priming system are replaced with other materials, or in which the proportion of environmentally hazardous metals has been reduced to a level which is as low as possible and 15 which is acceptable. In the light of the above, a new generation of projectiles has recently been developed, in which lead has been replaced with other materials. In patent 20 specification US 20060107863 is described a projectile in which the core of the projectile is made up of a compacted metal powder comprising a mixture, or mixtures, of iron powder, copper powder and tin powder. In patent specification US 2008 0000 379 is described a 25 projectile whose core is made up of a composite material comprising a mixture of compacted metal and mineral powder. One problem with these composite-based projectiles is, 30 however, their low penetrability. The, generally speaking, lower strength of the composite material compared with solid metals means that composite projectiles are more easily splintered when they hit their target, compared with lead projectiles. 35 In order to improve the penetrability and, at the same time, address the environmental problem, projectiles having solid steel cores have been developed. In patent specification US6973879 is described a lead-free WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 -3 projectile in which the core consists of a hardened steel. The projectile lacks a conventional jacket, and has 5 therefore been replaced with a surface coating constituted by a soft metal, copper, nickel, zinc, aluminum or mixtures thereof, plated directly onto the steel core. 10 One problem with said steel projectile is the environmentally hazardous metal particles and metal dust which are generated by the friction which arises between the projectile and the inner side of the weapon when the projectile is fired from the weapon. The 15 friction adversely affects the performance of the projectile, at the same time as discharge of harmful metal particles, primarily copper, nickel and zinc, is at risk of exceeding permitted limit values, for example 2 mg/m 3 for respirable copper dust. 20 A further problem is the toxic substances which are formed in the combustion of the priming and propellant compositions of the ammunition. 25 Another problem is difficulties in adapting the projectile to the different demands which are made with respect to performance and the environment for different weapon applications. 30 OBJECT OF THE INVENTION AND DISTINGUISHING FEATURES THEREOF A principal object of the present invention is an improved lead-free projectile for small-bore weapons, configured such that the friction between the 35 projectile and the barrel of the weapon upon firing of the projectile is reduced such that the proportion of environmentally hazardous gases and metal particles is reduced, at the same time as the performance of the projectile is maintained or improved.

WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 -4 A further object of the present invention is a lead free cartridge for small-bore weapons, configured such that, when a projectile is fired from the weapon, the 5 quantity of toxic substances in the combustion gases from the priming and propellant compositions of the cartridge is reduced, at the same time as the performance of the weapon is maintained or improved. 10 Another object of the present invention is a method for, when a projectile is fired from a small-bore weapon, reducing the wear between the projectile and the barrel of the weapon so that the quantity of environmentally hazardous gases and metal particles is 15 reduced, at the same time as the performance of the projectile is maintained or improved. Yet another object of the present invention is a projectile configuration which can easily be adapted to 20 different performance and environmental demands in different weapon applications. Said objects, and other aims which have not been enumerated here, are satisfactorily met by that which 25 is stated in the present independent patent claims. Embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent patent claims. Thus, according to the present invention, a lead-free 30 projectile, having the length Ltot, for small-bore weapons has been provided, comprising a hard-metal core, wholly or partially enclosed by a metal jacket, wherein the projectile is configured for a lower friction between the projectile and the weapon upon 35 firing of the projectile, so that the quantity of metal particles and environmentally hazardous gases from the projectile is reduced, at the same time as the performance of the projectile is maintained or improved, wherein the core of the projectile comprises WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 a front core part, constituting the penetrator part of the projectile, and a rear core part, constituting the ballast part of the projectile. 5 The projectile is characterized - in that the front and the rear core part are detachably joined together with each other by a radial guide configured for mutual freedom of 10 rotation between the front and rear core part, - in that the rear core part comprises a cylindrical core part having the length Lc and a conical core part having the length Lk, wherein 15 the angle a for the conical core part lies within the range 50 - 9, and wherein the contact surface between the jacket of the cylindrical core part and the inner side of the weapon 1 constitutes less than 30% of the total 20 surface area of the projectile, - in that the distance (LTp) between the tip of the projectile and the center of gravity TP of the projectile lies within the range 0.55Ltot 25 LTP 0.60Lt, - in that the length Lc of the cylindrical part of the rear core part lies within the range 0.25Leot Lc 0.3lLtot. 30 According to further aspects of the lead-free projectile, it is the case according to the invention: that the rear core part comprises at least 90% 35 unhardened steel, that the jacket comprises at least 90% steel plated with a thin layer of copper, WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 -6 that the jacket is divided into a front jacket part, an intermediate jacket part and a rear jacket part, wherein the thickness of the intermediate jacket part is at least twice as thick as the thickness of the 5 front jacket part and the rear jacket part, and that the three jacket parts constitute three separate components joined together with one another on the core of the projectile by shrinkage or threading, 10 that the intermediate jacket part is surface-treated by sulfating in order to minimize the wear in the weapon, that at least 30% of the rear core part is conical, 15 that the jacket comprises inner longitudinal rifling or grooves for preventing rotation of the front and rear core parts of the projectile inside the jacket, that the jacket comprises outer longitudinal rifling or 20 grooves for reducing the friction between the projectile and the weapon, that the jacket comprises outer transverse rifling or grooves for reducing the friction between the 25 projectile and the weapon. According to the present invention, a lead-free cartridge for small-bore weapons, in which the proportion of toxic substances in the combustion gases 30 from the priming and propellant compositions of the cartridge upon firing has been eliminated or heavily reduced, at the same time as the performance of the cartridge is maintained or improved, has also been provided. 35 The cartridge is characterized in that the cartridge comprises a lead-free propellant powder, a lead-free primer comprising a zinc-free priming composition, a lead-free case and a lead-free projectile.

WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 -7 According to the present invention, a method has been provided for reducing the wear between a projectile, comprising a hard-metal core wholly or partially 5 enclosed by a metal jacket, and a weapon, wherein the quantity of environmentally hazardous gases and metal particles which are generated upon firing of the projectile from the weapon is reduced, at the same time as the performance of the projectile is maintained or 10 improved, wherein the core of the projectile is configured with a front core part, constituting the penetrator part of the projectile, and a rear core part, constituting the ballast part of the projectile. 15 The method is characterized: - in that the front and the rear core part are arranged detachably joined together with each other by a radial guide for mutual freedom of 20 rotation between the front and rear core part, - in that the rear core part is configured with a cylindrical part and a conical part, so that the contact surface between the jacket of the cylindrical part and the inner side of the 25 weapon upon firing of the projectile constitutes less than 30% of the total surface area of the projectile, _ in that the distance (LTP) between the tip of the projectile and the center of gravity TP of 30 the projectile is chosen within the range 0.55Lot LTP 0.60Ltot, - in that the length Lc of the cylindrical part of the rear core part is chosen within the range 0.25 L 0 ot Lc 0.31L ot. 35 According to further aspects of the method, it is the case according to the invention: WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 -8 that the thickness of the jacket is made thicker on that part of the projectile which is in contact with the inner side of the barrel of the weapon, 5 that the intermediate jacket part (12) is surface treated by sulfating in order to minimize the wear in the weapon, that at least 30% of the rear core part is configured 10 as a truncated cone, that the jacket is configured with inner longitudinal rifling or grooves for preventing rotation of the front and rear core parts of the projectile inside the 15 jacket, that the jacket is configured with outer longitudinal rifling or grooves for reducing the wear between the projectile and the barrel of the weapon, 20 that the jacket is configured with outer transverse rifling or grooves for reducing the wear between the projectile and the barrel of the weapon. 25 ADVANTAGES AND EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION The invention implies a number of advantages and effects, of which the most important are: The replacement of environmentally hazardous heavy 30 metals, such as lead, in all the various parts of the cartridge, with non-hazardous metals such as steel means that the adverse effect of the lead on the environment can be eliminated, which in turn eliminates the need for clean-up measures for restoration of the 35 environment. By configuring the projectile such that the friction between the projectile and the inner side of the barrel is reduced, at the same time as the air resistance of WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 -9 the projectile is reduced, the quantity of environmentally hazardous metal particles and dust from the projectile can be reduced, whilst, at the same time, the ballistics and performance of the projectile 5 are improved. The fact that the priming and propellant compositions of the cartridge are configured such that the proportion of toxic substances in the combustion gases 10 from the weapon is eliminated or reduced means that the risks for the marksman and for humans in the surroundings can be heavily reduced. The modular structure of the projectile having a two 15 part core with mutual freedom of rotation between the cores enables simple and rapid adaptation, fitting/exchange, of the front core with regard to different environmental and performance demands which can conceivably be placed on the projectile for 20 different applications. For example, a projectile configuration can be chosen in which the front core part/the penetrator is made of hardened steel or tungsten carbide and the rear core 25 part/the ballast is made of cheaper unhardened steel. The modular structure of the projectile with three-part jacket enables simple and rapid fitting by shrinkage or threading of the different jacket parts, with regard to 30 the demands which are placed on the jacket. For example, a jacket configuration can be chosen in which the intermediate part of the jacket is constituted by a softer metal, whilst the front and the 35 rear jacket part are made of a harder metal. Said modifications of the cartridge and of the projectile result in increased safety for the marksman and for persons in the vicinity. For example, the WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 10 safety distance to the weapon can be reduced, as can the ventilation requirements in shooting galleries, which implies environmental advantages and cost savings. 5 Further advantages and effects of the invention will emerge from a study and consideration of the following, detailed description of the invention, with simultaneous reference to the drawing figures, in 10 which: fig. 1 shows schematically a longitudinal section of a cartridge comprising a projectile, a propellant powder, a primer and a case, 15 fig. 2a shows schematically a longitudinal section of a projectile comprising a projectile core and a jacket. 20 fig. 2b shows schematically a special embodiment of the cylindrical part of the projectile core in fig. 2a, configured with longitudinal grooves. 25 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS As stated earlier, an overall aim of the present invention is to eliminate or heavily reduce the proportion of environmentally hazardous heavy metals in the various parts of a cartridge and to reduce the 30 proportion of toxic substances, gaseous as well as particulate, which are formed in the combustion of the priming and propellant compositions of the cartridge, at the same time as the performance of the cartridge is maintained or improved. 35 Historically, the emphasis on product development for small-bore ammunition has primarily been focused on improving the performance of the ammunition. Only more WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 11 recently have we begun to study the impact of the ammunition on the environment. Totally lead-free, civil or military small-bore 5 ammunition represents a relatively small niche in the current market, yet the market is growing rapidly. Historically, heavy metals such as mercury and lead, above all lead, have been and are still today the most common type of material found in cartridge 10 constructions. It is not fully clear how a lead-free cartridge acts in a ballistic respect, in terms of the weapon, the trajectory or the target. 15 At present, there is only one 5.56 x 45 mm lead-free cartridge which is NATO-qualified, namely: NAMMO's 5.56 x 45 mm Ball Non Toxic 4 High Performance (NATO design AC/225-128A). 20 In order to manage to reproducibly produce a new lead free cartridge with fully encased steel core, having new lead-free components in the priming chain, in the priming cartridge, in the propellant powder, and in the 25 projectile, so that the discharges of toxic heavy metals are eliminated or lowered, at the same time as the performance of the cartridge is maintained or improved, it is not sufficient to change only the material, but rather changes to the design of the 30 projectile are also required. Figure 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a cartridge 1 according to the invention. The cartridge 1 comprises a lead-free powder charge 2, a lead-free primer 3, a 35 lead-free case 4 and a lead-free projectile 5. The powder charge 2 preferably comprises an extruded single-base powder free from harmful heavy metals. The powder is impregnated and is surface-treated in an environmentally friendly process in water. The primer 3 WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 12 comprises a priming composition 6 free from harmful heavy metals and zinc peroxide so as to reduce the proportion of toxic substances in the combustion gases. 5 The choice of powder type and priming composition 6 has been made with a view to, on the one hand, minimizing the proportion of toxic substances in the combustion gases and, on the other hand, matching the ballistic properties of the projectile. The cartridge case 4 is 10 of standard type, free from environmentally hazardous heavy metals. Experimental tests show that said propellant powder means a reduction of the ammonia proportion in the combustion gases by more than 50%, of the hydrogen cyanide proportion by about 75%, and of 15 the copper proportion by about 40%, compared with a conventional propellant powder. Experimental tests also show that said priming composition means a reduction of the zinc proportion in the combustion gases by about 50%, compared with a priming composition containing 20 zinc peroxide. In figure 2 is shown a preferred embodiment of a projectile 5 according to the invention. The projectile 5 comprises a hard-metal core 6, wholly or partially 25 enclosed by a jacket 10 made of a metallic material. The core 6 is divided into two core parts, a front core part 7, constituting the penetrator of the projectile 6, and a rear core part 8, constituting the ballast of the projectile 6. The two core parts 7, 8 are 30 detachably joined together with each other by a radial guide 9 configured for mutual freedom of rotation between the core parts 7, 8. The guide 9 can be constituted, for example, by a lockable and openable friction coupling. Other types of couplings can also 35 possibly be used. The modular structure of the core 6 means that different core parts can easily be combined in dependence on the target type. For example, the front WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 13 core part 7 can comprise tungsten carbide for target types in which high demands are placed on the penetrability of the projectile 5. The modular structure also means that the center of gravity (TP) of 5 the projectile 5 can easily be adjusted by combining different core parts with different configuration, length, width, etc., which means easier optimization of the ballistics of the projectile during its trajectory. The joining together of the core parts 7, 8 is effected 10 via a coupling which achieves radial guidance and mutual freedom of rotation. The two core parts 7, 8 are configured to minimize the contact surface between the projectile 5 and the inner 15 side of the weapon in order thus to reduce the quantity of metal particles which is torn away from the projectile 5 in connection with the projectile 5 being fired from a barrel. 20 At the same time, the rear core part 8 is configured to reduce the air resistance of the projectile 5 and thus improve the external ballistics of the projectile 5. The front core part 7 is configured as an oblong cone 5, which accounts for approximately half the total 25 length Lt, of the projectile 5. The rear core part 8 comprises, on the one hand, a cylindrical part and, on the other hand, a conical part having the cone angle aY. The length Lk of the conical core part amounts to maximally 0.24 x LTOT and the cone angle a shall lie 30 within the range 5-9'. Tests have shown that the cone angle a of the projectile is optimally, given lowest possible air resistance, 60 +/- 0.1'. The cylindrical portion of the rear core part 8 is 35 weakly conical, with a cone angle a within the range 0 < a < 10, preferably 0.55'. The reason is that the conical shape reduces the obtuse angle between the core 6 and the jacket 10, thereby reducing the friction WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 14 forces between the projectile 5 and the barrel of the weapon. A short cylindrical portion achieves, however, a strong 5 reduction of the inner friction surface between the rear core part 8 and the jacket 10, which poses a problem, since the core 6 can then acquire a different rotational velocity from the jacket 10, causing the projectile 5 to become unstable. In order to prevent 10 different rotational velocities and thus the risk of instability, the core 6, in a special embodiment in figure 2b, has been provided with longitudinal grooves 14 or rifling. The grooves 14 produce an increased friction between the core 6 and the jacket 10 and thus 15 act as a friction joint. The joint is rotationally locked and ensures that the core 6 rotates at the same speed as the jacket 10. The groove length on the core 6 should be at least 0.15 x Lc. When the jacket 10 is missing, for example when the jacket 10 has come off 20 following impact against a hard target, or when the jacket 10 is not yet fitted, no rotational locking is in force, however, between the tip of the projectile, i.e. the front core part 8, and the rear core part 8. Between the tip and the core 6, radial guidance and 25 freedom of rotation is in force. The grooves 14 also imply an advantage from the production viewpoint, since the grooves 14 act as a tool in the fitting of the core 6 and jacket 10. 30 The external ballistics/flying ability of the projectile 5 is determined in large part by the center of gravity T of the projectile 5. For a 5.56 caliber projectile 5, the distance (LTp) between the tip of the 35 projectile 5 and the center of gravity TP of the projectile shall ideally lie within the range: 0.55Leot LTP 0.60Ltot.

WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 15 Furthermore, the length Lc of the cylindrical part of the rear core part 8 shall be as short as possible and lie within the range 5 0.25 Lot Lc 0.31 Lto t . The front core part 7, i.e. the penetrator, is preferably produced from a hardened steel having a hardness of at least 500 Hv3. Other materials too, such 10 as tungsten carbide, can advantageously be used. The rear core part 8 is preferably produced from a steel having a maximum hardness of 160 Hv3. The jacket 10 of the projectile is preferably produced from a standard copper-based material, also referred to as tombac. 15 Preferably, the tombac jacket 10 comprises a mixture of 90% copper and 10% zinc. In an alternative embodiment, the jacket comprises at least 90% steel plated with a thin layer of copper. The jacket 10 is produced, preferably, by a standardized method, for example by 20 cold pressing and upsetting. In order to minimize the discharge of metals to the environment, the thickness of the jacket 10 is greatest on the cylindrical part of the jacket 10, that is to 25 say on that part of the jacket 10 which is in contact with the inner side of the barrel upon firing of the projectile 5. The thickness of the jacket 10 is expediently optimized 30 by being made thicker on the cylindrical part of the jacket where the wear against the barrel occurs, preferably twice as thick as the other parts of the jacket 10. 35 In a special embodiment, the jacket 10 is divided into a front jacket part 11, an intermediate jacket part 12 and a rear jacket part 13, wherein the intermediate jacket part 12 is at least twice as thick as the front and the rear jacket part 12, 13. The three jacket parts WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 16 are here constituted by three separate components, which can be joined together on the core of the projectile 5, for example by shrinkage, welding or threading. The advantage with a modularly constructed 5 jacket 10, as with a modularly constructed core 6, is that the jacket 10 can easily be configured with regard to different ballistic and environmental demands which can be placed on the projectile 5. For example, the intermediate jacket part 12 can be made of a tombac 10 material, whilst the front jacket part 11 and the rear jacket part 13 are made of a non-metallic material, for example a composite material. Furthermore, the different jacket parts 11, 12, 13 can be surface treated in different ways. For example, the 15 intermediate jacket part 12 can be surface-treated, in order to minimize the wear in the barrel, by sulfating or tinning, for example, whilst the front jacket part 11 and the rear jacket part 13 are surface-treated for the sole purpose of minimizing the air resistance of 20 the projectile 5 during its trajectory. In a further special embodiment of the jacket 10, the jacket 10 comprises inner longitudinal rifling or grooves (not shown) for preventing rotation of the core 25 6 of the projectile 5 inside the jacket 10, compare with the earlier described special embodiment of the cylindrical part of the core with grooves 14 or rifling producing the same effect. 30 In a further special embodiment of the jacket 10, the jacket 10 comprises outer longitudinal grooves or rifling (not shown) for reducing the wear between the projectile 5 and the barrel of the weapon. 35 In another special embodiment of the jacket 10, the jacket 10 comprises outer transverse grooves or rifling (not shown) for reducing the wear between the projectile 5 and the barrel of the weapon.

WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 17 The configuration of the projectile with extended and optimized rear core part and smaller contact surface, in combination with the higher strength of the projectile, has been shown in tests to reduce the 5 proportion of metal particles from the projectile by 10-20%, at the same time as the ballistic properties of the projectile have been improved. For example, the decrease in velocity of the projectile during its trajectory has been reduced, at the same time as the 10 penetration in plate shooting is very good up to at least 725 m. The described configuration means that the projectile, in tests according to NATO standard, can penetrate a 15 steel plate of 3.5 mm thickness (SAE 1010/1020 having a hardness of 99-124 HB) at a distance of at least 725 m, which is 27% better than is required according to NATO standard at a firing distance of 570 m. 20 The improved ammunition inclusive of projectile has been shown in tests to meet internal, external and terminal ballistic requirements and other requirements according to NATO's STANAG 4172 and NATO Multi Manual Of Proof & Inspection PFP(NAAG-LG/1-SG/1)D(2004)1 for 25 5.56-caliber military ammunition. This means that the ammunition meets the demands placed by NATO on precision, pressure level, temperature, ballistic trajectory consistency and safety when used 30 in functional weapons. The invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but can be varied in different ways within the scope of the patent claims. It will be appreciated, inter alia, 35 that the number, size, material choice and form of the materials included in the ammunition and the component which are of importance to the invention, for example propellant powder, priming composition, can be adapted WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 18 with regard to one another and with regard to other included elements and components in the ammunition.

Claims

1. A lead-free projectile (5), having the length Ltot, for small-bore weapons, comprising a hard-metal core 5 (6), wholly or partially enclosed by a metal jacket (10), wherein the projectile (5) is configured for a lower friction between the projectile (5) and the weapon upon firing of the projectile (5), so that the quantity of metal particles and environmentally 10 hazardous gases from the projectile (5) is reduced, at the same time as the performance of the projectile (5) is maintained or improved, wherein the core (6) of the projectile (5) comprises a front core part (7), constituting the penetrator part of the projectile (5), 15 and a rear core part (8), constituting the ballast part of the projectile (5), characterized: - in that the front and the rear core part (7, 8) are detachably joined together with each other 20 by a radial guide (9) configured for mutual freedom of rotation between the front and rear core part (7, 8), - in that the rear core part (8) comprises a 25 cylindrical core part having the length Lc and a conical core part having the length Lk, wherein the angle a for the conical core part lies within the range 5' - 90, and wherein the contact surface between the jacket (10) of the 30 cylindrical core part and the inner side of the weapon 1 constitutes less than 30% of the total surface area of the projectile (5), - in that the distance (LTp) between the tip of 35 the projectile (5) and the center of gravity TP of the projectile (5) lies within the range 0.55 Ltot LTP 0. 60Ltot, WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 20 - in that the length Lc of the cylindrical part of the rear core part (8) lies within the range 0.25L 0 ot Lc 0.31Leot. 5

2. The lead-free projectile (5) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the rear core part (8) comprises at least 90% unhardened steel. 10

3. The lead-free projectile (5) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in th a t the jacket (10) comprises at least 90% steel plated with a thin layer of copper. 15

4. The lead-free projectile (5) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the jacket (10) is divided into a front jacket part (11), an intermediate jacket part (12) and a rear jacket part (13), wherein the thickness of the intermediate jacket part (12) is 20 at least twice as thick as the thickness of the front jacket part (11) and the rear jacket part (13), and in that the three jacket parts (11, 12, 13) constitute three separate components joined together with one another on the core (6) of the projectile (5) by 25 shrinkage or threading.

5. The lead-free projectile (5) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in th a t the intermediate jacket part (12) is surface-treated by sulfating in 30 order to minimize the wear in the weapon.

6. The lead-free projectile (1) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in t h a t at least 30% of the rear core part (8) is conical. 35

7. The lead-free projectile (5) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in t h a t the jacket (10) comprises inner longitudinal rifles or grooves for WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 21 preventing rotation of the front and rear core parts (7, 8) of the projectile (5) inside the jacket (10).

8. The lead-free projectile (5) as claimed in claim 5 1, characterized in that the jacket (10) comprises outer longitudinal rifles or grooves for reducing the friction between the projectile (5) and the weapon. 10

9. The lead-free projectile (5) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in tha t the jacket (10) comprises outer transverse rifles or grooves for reducing the friction between the projectile (5) and the weapon. 15

10. A Lead-free cartridge (1) for small-bore weapons, in which the proportion of toxic substances in the combustion gases from the priming and propellant compositions of the cartridge 1 upon firing has been 20 eliminated or heavily reduced, at the same time as the performance of the cartridge 1 is maintained or improved, characterized in th a t the cartridge (1) comprises a lead-free propellant powder (2), a lead-free primer (3) comprising a zinc-free 25 priming composition (6), a lead-free case (4) and a The lead-free projectile (5), wherein the projectile (5) is configured as claimed in any one of patent claims 1 9. 30

11. A method for reducing the wear between a projectile (5), comprising a hard-metal core (6) wholly or partially enclosed by a metal jacket (10), and a weapon, wherein the quantity of environmentally hazardous gases and metal particles which are generated 35 upon firing of the projectile (5) from the weapon is reduced, at the same time as the performance of the projectile (5) is maintained or improved, wherein the core (6) of the projectile (5) is configured with a front core part (7), constituting the penetrator part WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 22 of the projectile (5), and a rear core part (8), constituting the ballast part of the projectile (5), characterized 5 - in that the front and the rear core part (7, 8) are arranged detachably joined together with each other by a radial guide (9) for mutual freedom of rotation between the front and rear core part (7, 8) 10 - in that the rear core part (8) is configured with a cylindrical part and a conical part, so that the contact surface between the jacket (10) of the cylindrical part and the inner side of the weapon (1) upon firing of the projectile (5) 15 constitutes less than 30% of the total surface area of the projectile (5) - in that the distance (LTP) between the tip of the projectile (5) and the center of gravity TP of the projectile (5) is chosen within the range 20 0.55L 0 ot LTP:0.60Ltot - in that the length Lc of the cylindrical part of the rear core part 8 is chosen within the range 0.25 Ltot Lc 0.31Ltot. 25

12. The method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in th a t the thickness of the jacket (10) is made thicker on that part of the projectile (5) which is in contact with the inner side of the barrel of the weapon. 30

13. The method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in th a t the intermediate jacket part (12) is surface-treated by sulfating in order to minimize the wear in the weapon. 35

14. The method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in th a t at least 30% of the rear core part (8) is configured as a truncated cone. WO 2013/172759 PCT/SE2013/000077 - 23

15. The method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in th a t the jacket (10) is configured with inner longitudinal rifles or grooves for preventing rotation of the front and rear core 5 parts (7, 8) of the projectile (5) inside the jacket (10).

16. The method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in t h a t the jacket (10) is 10 configured with outer longitudinal rifles or grooves for reducing the wear between the projectile (5) and the barrel of the weapon.

17. The method as claimed in claim 11, 15 characterized in th a t the jacket (10) is configured with outer transverse rifles or grooves for reducing the wear between the projectile (5) and the barrel of the weapon.