AU2013206775A1 - Polyaxial bone anchor with pop-on shank and pivotable retainer - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract of the Disclosure A polyaxial bone screw assembly includes a threaded shank body having an integral upper portion receivable in a receiver, the receiver having an upper channel for receiving a longitudinal connecting member and a lower cavity cooperating with a lower opening. The shank upper portion expands a retaining member in the receiver cavity to capture the shank upper portion in the receiver. The retaining member and attached shank are pivotable with respect to the receiver until locked in place with respect to the receiver. A pre-assembled receiver, retaining member and compression insert may be popped-on or snapped-on to the shank upper portion prior to or after implantation of the shank into a vertebra.

Description

POLYAXIAL BONE ANCHOR WITH POP-ON SHANK AND PIVOTABLE RETAINER The present application is a divisional application from Australian patent application no. 2011324058, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Background of the Invention [0001] The present invention is directed to polyaxial bone screws for use in bone surgery, particularly spinal surgery and particularly to such screws with compression or pressure inserts. [0002] Bone screws are utilized in many types of spinal surgery in order to secure various implants to vertebrae along the spinal column for the purpose of stabilizing and/or adjusting spinal alignment. Although both closed-ended and open-ended bone screws are known, open-ended screws are particularly well suited for connections to rods and connector arms, because such rods or arms do not need to be passed through a closed bore, but rather can be laid or urged into an open channel within a receiver or head of such a screw. [0003] Typical open-ended bone screws include a threaded shank with a pair of parallel projecting branches or arms which form a yoke with a U-shaped slot or channel to receive a rod. Hooks and other types of connectors, as are used in spinal fixation techniques, may also include open ends for receiving rods or portions of other structure.

[0004] A common mechanism for providing vertebral support is to implant bone screws into certain bones which then in turn support a longitudinal structure such as a rod, or are supported by such a rod. Bone screws of this type may have a fixed head or receiver relative to a shank thereof. In the fixed bone screws, the rod receiver head cannot be moved relative to the shank and the rod must be favorably positioned in order for it to be placed within the receiver head. This is sometimes very difficult or impossible to do. Therefore, polyaxial bone screws are commonly preferred. [0005] Open-ended polyaxial bone screws allow rotation of the head or receiver about the shank until a desired rotational position of the head is achieved relative to the shank. Thereafter, a rod or other longitudinal connecting member can be inserted into the head or receiver and eventually the receiver is locked or fixed in a particular position relative to the shank. During the rod implantation process it is desirable to utilize bone screws or other bone anchors that have components that remain within the bone screw and further remain properly aligned during what is sometimes a very lengthy, difficult procedure. [0006] A reference herein to a patent document or other matter which is given as prior art is not to be taken as an admission or a suggestion that the document or matter was known or that the information it contains was part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of any of the claims.

Summary of the Invention [0007] The present invention aims to provide apparatus and methods directed to polyaxial bone screw assemblies with features that may be readily, securely fastened to each other and to bone. Furthermore, the invention aims to provide apparatus and methods that are easy to use and especially adapted for the intended use thereof and wherein the tools are comparatively inexpensive to produce. Various features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention [0008] Viewed from one aspect, the present invention provides a polyaxial bone anchor, including a receiver defining a chamber communicating with a channel, the channel sized and shaped for receiving a portion of a longitudinal connecting member, the chamber communicating with a lower opening and the chamber having a sidewall surface; a shank having a threaded body integral with an upper portion and a first axis being located centrally and parallel to the body, the upper portion having a first convex surface with a first radius with respect to the first axis, the shank having a second curved surface near the bottom of the upper portion, the second curved surface having a second radius with respect to the first axis that is the same as the first radius, the first convex surface located at substantially a top of the upper portion, the shank body extending out of and downwardly from the receiver lower opening; a resilient open retainer being located in the chamber prior to upward loading of the shank, the retainer having a third convex outer surface with a third radius with respect to the first axis, the third radius being substantially equal to the first radius when the retainer is in a substantially neutral, non-expanded state, the retainer being expandable in the chamber about the shank upper portion and receiving the first convex surface therethrough to capture the shank upper portion in the chamber, the retainer being joined to the shank at an interface located along the shank upper portion between the first convex surface and the shank body, the interface being at least one of cylindrical, frusto-conical and curved geometry, the retainer and shank being in joined relation to one another and in pivotal relationship with the receiver sidewall surface prior to locking of the retainer against the receiver; and a top loaded insert having a lower surface radiused to mate with the shank upper portion first radius in engagement with at least a portion of the shank first convex surface, the insert located between the shank upper portion and the portion of the longitudinal connecting member located in the receiver channel. [0009] In an embodiment, the insert may be spaced from the retainer in all angular orientations of the shank with respect to the receiver. Further, the insert may have an outer surface engaging an inner surface of the receiver. [0010] The receiver may have at least one of a crimped wall surface and a spring tab pressing onto the insert.

[0011] The receiver channel may be a first channel and the insert may have a second channel, the insert being top loaded into the receiver and then rotated into a position above the retainer with the second channel aligned with the first channel. [0012] Alternatively, the receiver channel may be a first channel and the insert may have a second channel, the insert being rotated into position above the retainer, the insert having a blocking feature and the receiver having a stop for abutment with the blocking feature when the second channel is aligned with the first channel. [0013] The retainer may be a discontinuous ring forming a through slit and from none to a plurality of grooves. The ring may have at least one planar surface. [0014] The polyaxial bone anchor may include an interface geometry that is curved with the shank upper portion partially defining a concave surface and the retainer having a convex inner surface mating with the concave surface . [0015] The retainer may have at least a first planar surface engaging a second planar surface of the shank. [0016] Also described herein is a polyaxial bone screw assembly according to the invention includes a shank having an upper portion and a body for fixation to a bone; a receiver defining an upper open channel, a cavity and a lower opening; a compression insert; and an open ring-like resilient retainer for capturing the shank upper portion in the receiver along a cylindrical, frusto-conical, curvate or combination interface, the upper portion and attached retainer thereafter being pivotable with respect to the receiver prior to locking of the shank into a desired configuration. The compression insert operatively engages the shank upper portion and may be configured to be spaced from the retainer at all angular orientations of the shank with respect to the receiver. According to an aspect of the invention, an outer radius of the shank upper portion is different than an outer radius of the retainer. In some embodiments, the shank and retainer have the same outer radius. In various embodiments of the invention, the compression insert and retainer may or may not be down- or top-loaded through the upper open channel of the receiver while the shank upper portion is always bottom- or up-loadable into the receiver lower cavity at the lower opening. The resilient retainer is sized and shaped to expand about the shank upper portion and then "snap" or "pop" into place about the upper portion within the receiver cavity. Illustrated receivers typically include structure prohibiting the compression insert from moving upwardly out of the receiver channel and the compression insert prohibits movement of the retainer out of the receiver. Thus, after the compression insert and retainer are loaded into the receiver, both the compression insert and the retainer are captured within the receiver. A pre-assembled receiver, compression insert and retainer may be "popped on" or "snapped-on" to the shank upper portion prior to or after implantation of the shank into a vertebra. Such a "popping on" procedure includes the steps of uploading the shank upper portion into the receiver lower opening, the shank upper portion pressing against and expanding the resilient retainer followed by contraction of the retainer to an original or near original shape thereof about the shank upper portion along a cylindrical, curvate or frusto-conical surface thereof. [0017] The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate various objects and features thereof. [0018] Where the terms "comprise", "comprises", "comprised" or "comprising" are used in this specification (including the claims) they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components, but not precluding the presence of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or group thereto. Brief Description of the Drawings [0019] Fig. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, an open retainer and a compression insert and also shown with a closure top and a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a hard rod. [0020] Fig. 2 is an enlarged top plan view of the shank of Fig. 1. [0021] Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of Fig. 2.

[0022] Fig. 4 is an enlarged side elevational view of the receiver of Fig. 1 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0023] Fig. 5 is an enlarged side elevational view of the retainer of Fig. 1. [0024] Fig. 6 is a top plan view of the retainer of Fig. 5. [0025] Fig. 7 is a bottom plan view of the retainer of Fig. 5. [0026] Fig. 8 is an enlarged front elevational view of the receiver of Fig. 1 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof and shown in an early stage of assembly with the retainer of Fig. 5. [0027] Fig. 9 is a top plan view of the receiver and retainer of Fig. 8. [0028] Fig. 10 is a front elevational view of the receiver, similar to Fig. 8, with portions broken away to show the detail thereof, further showing the retainer and also the compression insert of Fig. 1 in a later stage of assembly, the compression insert shown in side elevation. [0029] Fig. 11 is a perspective view, showing the receiver and compression insert of Fig. 10 in an assembled configuration. [0030] Fig. 12 is an enlarged side elevational view with portions broken away to show the detail thereof, showing the receiver, retainer and compression insert of Fig. 11. [0031] Fig. 13 is an enlarged and partial, partially exploded front elevational view of the shank of Fig. 1 and the receiver, retainer and compression insert as assembled as in Fig. 12, with portions broken away to show the detail thereof, the shank being shown implanted in a vertebra. [0032] Fig. 14 is a partial front elevational view, similar to Fig. 13, with portions broken away to show the detail thereof and showing the shank in a stage of assembly with the retainer. [0033] Fig. 15 is a partial front elevational view, similar to Fig. 14, with portions broken away to show the detail thereof and showing the shank in a subsequent stage of assembly with the retainer. [0034] Fig. 16 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view, similar to Fig. 15, with portions broken away to show the detail thereof, showing the shank fully assembled with the retainer and showing the compression insert in a subsequent rod receiving position. [0035] Fig. 17 is an enlarged and partially exploded side elevational view of the shank, retainer, receiver, compression insert, rod and closure of Fig. 1 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof, shown in a stage of assembly subsequent to that shown in Fig. 16 and with the shank disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver. [0036] Fig. 18 is a reduced and partial perspective view of the assembly of Fig. 17, shown fully assembled. [0037] Fig. 19 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 17 shown with the shank shown axially aligned with the receiver.

[0038] Fig. 20 is an enlarged and partial cross-sectional view taken along the line 20-20 of Fig. 19. [0039] Fig. 21 is an exploded perspective view of a second, alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0040] Fig. 22 is an enlarged side elevational view of the receiver of Fig. 21. [0041] Fig. 23 is an enlarged perspective view of the compression insert of Fig. 21. [0042] Fig. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the receiver taken along the line 24-24 of Fig. 22, with the compression insert of Fig. 21 shown in side elevation in an early stage of assembly and further shown with the retainer of Fig. 21 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0043] Fig. 25 is an enlarged front elevational view of the receiver, retainer and compression insert of Fig. 24 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof, the insert shown in a further stage of assembly. [0044] Fig. 26 is a partial front elevational view of the shank, receiver, retainer and compression insert of Fig. 25 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof and shown in a stage of assembly of the shank with the retainer. [0045] Fig. 27 is a partial front elevational view with portions broken away, similar to Fig. 26, showing the shank, retainer and compression insert fully assembled within the receiver and positioned for receiving the rod of Fig. 21. [0046] Fig. 28 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the shank, receiver, retainer, compression insert, rod and closure of Fig. 21 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof and shown fully assembled and with the shank disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver. [0047] Fig. 29 is an enlarged and partial cross-sectional view taken along the line 29-29 of Fig. 28. [0048] Fig. 30 is an exploded perspective view of a third, alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a deformable rod. [0049] Fig. 31 is an enlarged perspective view of the receiver of Fig. 30. [0050] Fig. 32 is an enlarged perspective view of the compression insert of Fig. 30. [0051] Fig. 33 is an enlarged exploded perspective view of the receiver and compression insert of Fig. 30 shown in a first stage of assembly. [0052] Fig. 34 is a perspective view of the receiver and compression insert of Fig. 33, shown assembled. [0053] Fig. 35 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 35-35 of Fig. 34. [0054] Fig. 36 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the shank, receiver, retainer and compression insert of Fig. 30 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof and showing the shank in an initial stage of assembly with the retainer. [0055] Fig. 37 is an enlarged and partial and partially exploded front elevational view of the shank, receiver, retainer, compression insert, rod and closure top of Fig. 30 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0056] Fig. 38 is a partial front elevational view with portions broken away, similar to Fig. 37, showing all the components of Fig. 30 fully assembled. [0057] Fig. 39 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the assembly shown in Fig. 30 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof and shown fully assembled as in Fig. 38 but with the shank disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver. [0058] Fig. 40 is an exploded perspective view of a fourth, alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0059] Fig. 41 is an enlarged top plan view of the shank of Fig. 40. [0060] Fig. 42 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 42-42 of Fig. 41. [0061] Fig. 43 is an enlarged top plan view of the retainer of Fig. 40.

[0062] Fig. 44 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 40 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0063] Fig. 45 is a reduced and partial cross-sectional view taken along the line 45-45 of Fig. 44. [0064] Fig. 46 is a reduced side elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 40 shown with the shank disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver. [0065] Fig. 47 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view, similar to Fig. 46, with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0066] Fig. 48 is an exploded perspective view of a fifth, alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0067] Fig. 49 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 48 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0068] Fig. 50 is a side elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 48 shown with the shank disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver. [0069] Fig. 51 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view, similar to Fig. 50, with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0070] Fig. 52 is an exploded perspective view of a sixth, alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a deformable rod. [0071] Fig. 53 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 52 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0072] Fig. 54 is an enlarged and partial cross-sectional view taken along the line 54-54 of Fig. 53. [0073] Fig. 55 is a perspective view of an alternative retainer for use with polyaxial bone screw assembles according to the invention. [0074] Fig. 56 is a bottom perspective view of the retainer of Fig. 55. [0075] Fig. 57 is a top plan view of the retainer of Fig. 55. [0076] Fig. 58 is a bottom plan view of the retainer of Fig. 55. [0077] Fig. 59 is an exploded perspective view of a seventh alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0078] Fig. 60 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 59 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0079] Fig. 61 is an exploded perspective view of a eighth alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly according to the present invention including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0080] Fig. 62 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 61 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0081] Fig. 63 is an exploded perspective view of a ninth alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0082] Fig. 64 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 63 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0083] Fig. 65 is an exploded perspective view of a tenth alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0084] Fig. 66 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 65 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0085] Fig. 67 is an exploded perspective view of a eleventh alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0086] Fig. 68 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 67 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0087] Fig. 69 is an exploded perspective view of a twelfth alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0088] Fig. 70 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 69 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. [0089] Fig. 71 is an exploded perspective view of a thirteenth alternative embodiment of a polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank, a receiver, a retainer, a compression insert and a closure top, and further shown with a longitudinal connecting member in the form of a rod. [0090] Fig. 72 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the assembly of Fig. 71 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof. Detailed Description of the Invention [0091] Features of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the embodiments described are merely exemplary and may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. It is also noted that any reference to the words top, bottom, up and down, and the like, in this application refers to the alignment shown in the various drawings, as well as the normal connotations applied to such devices, and is not intended to restrict positioning of the bone attachment structures in actual use. [0092] With reference to Figs. 1-20 the reference number 1 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 1 includes a shank 4, that further includes a body 6 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 8; a receiver 10; a retaining structure or retainer 12 and a compression or pressure insert 14. The receiver 10, retainer 12 and compression insert 14 are initially assembled and may be further assembled with the shank 4 either prior or subsequent to implantation of the shank body 6 into a vertebra 13, as will be described in greater detail below. Fig. 1 further shows a closure structure 18 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal member, for example, a rod 21 which in turn engages the compression insert 14 that presses against the shank upper portion 8 into fixed frictional contact with the retainer 12, so as to capture, and fix the longitudinal connecting member 21 within the receiver 10 and thus fix the member 21 relative to the vertebra 13. The illustrated rod 21 is hard, stiff, non-elastic and cylindrical, having an outer cylindrical surface 22. It is foreseen (and also will be described with respect to other embodiments) that the rod 21 may be elastic, deformable and/or of a different cross sectional geometry. The receiver 10 and the shank 4 cooperate in such a manner that the receiver 10 and the shank 4 can be secured at any of a plurality of angles, articulations or rotational alignments relative to one another and within a selected range of angles both from side to side and from front to rear, to enable flexible or articulated engagement of the receiver 10 with the shank 4 until both are locked or fixed relative to each other near the end of an implantation procedure. [0093] The shank 4, best illustrated in Figs. 1-3, is elongate, with the shank body 6 having a helically wound bone implantable thread 24 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 26 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 8, to a tip 28 of the body 6 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. During use, the body 6 utilizing the thread 24 for gripping and advancement is implanted into the vertebra 13 leading with the tip 28 and driven down into the vertebra with an installation or driving tool (not shown), so as to be implanted in the vertebra to near the neck 26, as more fully described in the paragraphs below. The shank 4 has an elongate axis of rotation generally identified by the reference letter A.

[0094] The neck 26 extends axially upward from the shank body 6. The neck 26 may be of the same or is typically of a slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 32 of the body 6 where the thread 24 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 26 is the shank upper portion 8 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 32 and thus at a distance from the vertebra 13 when the body 6 is implanted in such vertebra. [0095] The shank upper portion 8 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 4 (with attached retainer 12) and the receiver 10 prior to fixing of the shank 4 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 10. The shank upper portion 8 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 34 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 26 and terminates at a substantially planar ledge or shelf 36 that is annular and disposed perpendicular to the shank axis A. The spherical lower surface 34 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 12 as will be described in greater detail below, the surface 34 as well as the retainer 12 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 4 and attached retainer 12 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 10. Extending upwardly from the ledge 36 is a cylindrical surface 38, the surface 38 having a radius that is smaller than the radius of the lower spherical surface 34. Extending outwardly from the cylindrical surface 38 is another annular surface or upper ledge 40 that faces toward the ledge 36 and is also substantially perpendicular to the axis A. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the lower ledge 36, cylindrical surface 38 and upper ledge 40 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 12 to the shank upper portion 8, prohibiting movement of the retainer 12 along the axis A once the retainer 12 is located between the ledges 36 and 40. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 40 is a cylindrical surface 42 having a radius smaller than the radius of the spherical surface 34 but larger than the radius of the cylindrical surface 38. Extending upwardly from the surface 42 is an upper partially spherical or domed surface 44. The spherical surface 44 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 14 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 44. The radius of the surface 44 is smaller than the radius of the lower spherical surface 34. Located near or adjacent to the surface 44 is an annular top surface 46. In the illustrated embodiment a bevel 47 extends about the spherical surface 44 and is located between the spherical surface 44 and the annular planar top surface 46. [0096] A counter sunk substantially planar base or seating surface 49 partially defines an internal drive feature or imprint 50. The illustrated internal drive feature 50 is an aperture formed in the top surface 46 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 4. It is foreseen that such an internal tool engagement structure may take a variety of tool-engaging forms and may include one or more apertures of various shapes, such as a pair of spaced apart apertures or a multi-lobular or star-shaped aperture, such as those sold under the trademark TORX, or the like. The seat or base 49 of the drive feature 50 is disposed perpendicular to the axis A with the drive feature 50 otherwise being coaxial with the axis A. In operation, a driving tool is received in the internal drive feature 50, being seated at the base 49 and engaging the six faces of the drive feature 50 for both driving and rotating the shank body 6 into the vertebra 13, either before the shank 4 is attached to the receiver 10 as shown in Fig. 13 or after the shank 4 is attached to the receiver 10, with the shank body 6 being driven into the vertebra 13 with the driving tool extending into the receiver 10. [0097] The shank 4 shown in the drawings is cannulated, having a small central bore 51 extending an entire length of the shank 4 along the axis A. The bore 50 is defined by an inner cylindrical wall of the shank 4 and has a circular opening at the shank tip 28 and an upper opening communicating with the internal drive 50 at the surface 49. The bore 51 is coaxial with the threaded body 6 and the upper portion 8. The bore 51 provides a passage through the shank 4 interior for a length of wire (not shown) inserted into the vertebra 13 prior to the insertion of the shank body 6, the wire providing a guide for insertion of the shank body 6 into the vertebra 13. [0098] To provide a biologically active interface with the bone, the threaded shank body 6 may be coated, perforated, made porous or otherwise treated. The treatment may include, but is not limited to a plasma spray coating or other type of coating of a metal or, for example, a calcium phosphate; or a roughening, perforation or indentation in the shank surface, such as by sputtering, sand blasting or acid etching, that allows for bony ingrowth or ongrowth. Certain metal coatings act as a scaffold for bone ingrowth. Bio-ceramic calcium phosphate coatings include, but are not limited to: alpha-tri calcium phosphate and beta-tri-calcium phosphate (Ca 3

(PO

4 )2, tetra-calcium phosphate (Ca 4

P

2 0 9 ), amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite (Calo(P0 4

)

6

(OH)

2 ) . Coating with hydroxyapatite, for example, is desirable as hydroxyapatite is chemically similar to bone with respect to mineral content and has been identified as being bioactive and thus not only supportive of bone ingrowth, but actively taking part in bone bonding. [0099] With particular reference to Figs. 1, 4 and 8-11, the receiver 10 has a generally U-shaped appearance with a partially discontinuous substantially cylindrical inner profile and a partially cylindrical and partially faceted outer profile. The receiver 10 has an axis of rotation B that is shown in Fig. 1 as being aligned with and the same as the axis of rotation A of the shank 4, such orientation being desirable, but not required during assembly of the receiver 10 with the shank 4. After the receiver 10 is pivotally attached to the shank 4, either before or after the shank 4 is implanted in a vertebra 13, the axis B is typically disposed at an angle with respect to the axis A, as shown, for example, in Figs. 17 and 18. [00100] The receiver 10 includes a substantially cylindrical base 58 integral with a pair of opposed upstanding arms 60 forming a cradle and defining a U-shaped channel 62 between the arms 60 with an upper opening, generally 63, and a U-shaped lower seat 64, the channel 62 having a width for operably snugly receiving the rod 21 between the arms 60. Each of the arms 60 has an interior surface 66 that has a cylindrical profile and further includes a partial helically wound guide and advancement structure 68 extending radially inwardly from the surface 66 and located adjacent top surfaces 69 of each of the arms 60. In the illustrated embodiment, the guide and advancement structure 68 is a partial helically wound interlocking flangeform configured to mate under rotation with a similar structure on the closure structure 18, as described more fully below. However, it is foreseen that the guide and advancement structure 68 could alternatively be a square-shaped thread, a buttress thread, a reverse angle thread or other thread-like or non-thread-like helically wound discontinuous advancement structure for operably guiding under rotation and advancing the closure structure 18 downward between the arms 60, as well as eventual torquing when the closure structure 18 abuts against the rod 21. [00101] An opposed pair of tool receiving and engaging apertures 71 are formed on outer surfaces 72 of the arms 60. Furthermore, two additional pair of tool receiving and engaging apertures 73 are formed on the arm surfaces 72 between each top surface 69 and the aperture 71. Some or all of the apertures 71 and 73 may be used for holding the receiver 10 during assembly with the shank 4 and the retainer 12, during the implantation of the shank body 6 into a vertebra when the shank is pre-assembled with the receiver 10, and during assembly of the bone anchor assembly 1 with the rod 21 and the closure structure 18. It is foreseen that tool receiving grooves or apertures may be configured in a variety of shapes and sizes and be disposed at other locations on the receiver arms 62. As illustrated, the apertures 71 do not extend completely through the arms 60. At each aperture 71, a thin wall 75 partially defines the aperture 71, the wall 75 being pushed or crimped inwardly toward and into a cooperating aperture of the pressure insert 14 during assembly therewith as will be described in greater detail below. Alternatively, and as will be described in greater detail below, the receiver or the pressure insert may be equipped with spring tabs that bias against a respective pressure insert or receiver to prohibit rotational movement of the insert about the receiver axis once the insert is loaded in the receiver and positioned with the rod-receiving channel of the insert in alignment with the U-shaped channel of the receiver. [00102] Communicating with and located beneath the U-shaped channel 62 of the receiver 10 at the base portion 58 thereof is a chamber or cavity, generally 76, defined in part by a lower inner cylindrical surface 78, a substantially curved or spherical seating surface portion 80, a lower ledge 82, a central cylindrical portion 84, and an upper shelf, generally 86, further defined by a lower annular surface or stop 87, a cylindrical surface 88 and an upper frusto-conical surface 89. An annular surface 90 disposed perpendicular to the axis B spans between the surface 89 and the cylindrical surface 66 that substantially defines each of the receiver inner arms. In the illustrated embodiment, a frusto-conical or beveled surface 91 is located between the spherical seating surface 80 and the lower ledge 82. Opposed grooves 92 are formed in the shelf 86, the grooves 92 located near each U-shaped lower seat 64, the grooves 92 being sized and shaped for receiving the retainer 12 there through during assembly of the retainer 12 with the receiver 10 as will be described in greater detail below. The central cylindrical portion 84 is sized and shaped to allow for expansion of the retainer 12 about the surface 42 of the shank upper portion 8 during assembly while the upper shelf 86 acts as a stop, prohibiting upward movement of the retainer 12 out of the receiver cavity 76. The seating surface 80 is sized and shaped for slidably mating with the retainer 12 and also the surface 34 of the shank 4 and ultimately frictionally mating with the retainer 12 and or the surface 34 as will be described in greater detail below. The lower cylindrical surface 78 includes a bottom edge or neck 93 that forms a lower opening, generally 95, that communicates with both the cavity 76 and a receiver lower exterior or bottom 94 of the base 58. The neck 93 is substantially coaxially aligned with respect to the rotational axis B of the receiver 10. The lower neck 93 is also sized and shaped to be smaller than an outer radial dimension of the retainer 12 when the retainer 12 is fixed to the shank upper portion 8, so as to form a restriction to prevent the structure 12 and attached shank portion 8 from passing through the cavity 76 and out the lower exterior 94 of the receiver 10 during operation thereof. [00103] With particular reference to Figs. 1 and 5-10, the open retainer 12 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 8 within the receiver 10 has a central axis C that is operationally the same as the axis A associated with the shank 4 when the shank upper portion 8 and the retainer 12 are installed within the receiver 10. The retainer 12 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 12 may be expanded during assembly as will be described in greater detail below. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 12 during assembly, the opening or slit that allows for expansion of the retainer 12 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 8 and also between the retainer and the receiver seating surface 80. The retainer 12 has a central channel or hollow through bore, generally 101, that passes entirely through the structure 12 from a top surface 102 to a bottom surface 104 thereof. The bore 101 is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner cylindrical surface 105 that runs from the top surface 102 to the bottom surface 104. In some embodiments of the invention, as will be described in greater detail below, notches or grooves may be formed in the inner and/or bottom surfaces to more evenly distribute stress across the entire retainer during expansion thereof. The retainer 12 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 107 running between the top surface 102 and the bottom surface 104, the surface 107 having the same or similar radius as the receiver seating surface 80 and the shank lower spherical surface 34. The resilient retainer 12 further includes first and second end surfaces, 109 and 110 disposed in spaced relation to one another when the retainer is in a neutral state. Both end surfaces 109 and 110 are disposed substantially perpendicular to the top surface 102 and the bottom surface 104. The embodiment shown in Figs. 1-20 illustrates the surfaces 109 and 110 as substantially parallel, however, it is foreseen that it may be desirable to orient the surfaces obliquely or at a slight angle. [00104] With reference to Figs. 1 and 10-16, the compression insert 14 is illustrated that is sized and shaped to be received by and down-loaded into the receiver 10 through the channel 64 and then rotated (see arrow R) as best illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11. The compression insert 14 has an operational central axis that is the same as the central axis B of the receiver 10. With particular reference to Fig. 12, the compression insert 14 has a central channel or through bore substantially defined by an inner cylindrical surface 121 coaxial with an inner partially spherical surface 122. The compression insert 14 through bore is sized and shaped to receive a driving tool (not shown)therethrough that engages the shank drive feature 50 when the shank body 6 is driven into bone with the receiver 10 attached. The surface 122 is sized and shaped to slidingly receive and ultimately frictionally engage the substantially spherical or domed surface 44 of the shank upper portion 8 such that the surface 44 initially slidingly and pivotally mates with the spherical surface 122 to create a ball-and-socket type joint. The surfaces 44 and/or 122 may include a roughening or surface finish to aid in frictional contact between them once a desired angle of articulation of the shank 4 with respect to the receiver 10 is reached. [00105] The compression insert 14 has a substantially cylindrical body 126 integral with a pair of upstanding arms 127. The bore defined by the inner surface 121 is disposed primarily within and through the body 126 and communicates with a generally U-shaped through channel 131 that is defined by the upstanding arms 127. The channel 131 has a lower seat 132 sized and shaped to closely, snugly engage the rod 21. It is foreseen that an alternative embodiment may be configured to include planar holding surfaces that closely hold a square or rectangular bar as well as hold a cylindrical rod-shaped, cord, or sleeved cord longitudinal connecting member. The arms 127 disposed on either side of the channel 131 extend upwardly from the body 126 to top surfaces 133. The arms 127 are sized and configured for ultimate placement below the receiver guide and advancement structure 68. It is foreseen that in some embodiments of the invention, the arms may be extended and the closure top configured such the arms ultimately directly engage the closure top 18 for locking of the polyaxial mechanism, for example, when the rod 21 is made from a deformable material. In such embodiments, the insert 14 would include a rotation blocking structure or feature that abuts against cooperating structure located on an inner wall of the receiver 10 (such as the insert shown with the assembly shown in Figs. 30-39, for example), preventing rotation of the insert with respect to the receiver when the closure top is rotated into engagement with the insert. In the present embodiment, the top surfaces 133 of the arms 127 are ultimately positioned in spaced relation with the closure top 18, so that the closure top 18 frictionally engages the rod 21 only, pressing the rod 21 downwardly against the seating surface 132, the insert 14 in turn pressing against the shank 4 upper portion 8 that presses against the retainer 12 to lock the polyaxial mechanism of the bone screw assembly 1 at a desired angle. [00106] The insert body 126 has a bottom surface 135 that is adjacent to the inner spherical surface 122. In the illustrated embodiment, the surface 134 is disposed at an angle with respect to the cylindrical surface of the body 126, providing improved clearance between components of the assembly 1 (as shown, for example, in Fig. 12). In other embodiments, the bottom surface may be substantially perpendicular to the cylindrical body 126 or have more than one curved, conical or annular surfaces. [00107] The illustrated insert 14 further includes other features for manipulating and holding the insert 14 within the receiver 10. Each insert arm 127 includes an outer surface 137 having a substantially vertical groove 138 formed thereon, the grooves 138 cooperate with the receiver crimp wall 75 to aid in alignment of the insert channel 131 with the receiver channel 62. [00108] The insert body 126 has an outer diameter slightly smaller than a diameter between crests of the guide and advancement structure 68 of the receiver 10, allowing for top loading of the compression insert 14 into the receiver opening 63, with the arms 127 of the insert 14 being located between the receiver arms 60 during insertion of the insert 14 into the receiver 10. Once the arms 127 of the insert 14 are generally located beneath the guide and advancement structure 68, the insert 14 is rotated into place about the receiver axis B (see Fig. 11 and the arrow R) until the insert top surfaces 133 are located directly below the guide and advancement structure 68 of each receiver arm 60 as will be described in greater detail below.

[00109] With reference to Figs. 1 and 17-20, the illustrated elongate rod or longitudinal connecting member 21 (of which only a portion has been shown) can be any of a variety of implants utilized in reconstructive spinal surgery, but is typically a cylindrical, elongate structure having the outer substantially smooth, cylindrical surface 22 of uniform diameter. The rod 21 may be made from a variety of metals, metal alloys and deformable and less compressible plastics, including, but not limited to rods made of elastomeric, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and other types of materials, such as polycarbonate urethanes (PCU) and polyethylenes. [00110] Longitudinal connecting members for use with the assembly 1 may take a variety of shapes, including but not limited to rods or bars of oval, rectangular or other curved or polygonal cross-section. The shape of the insert 14 may be modified so as to closely hold the particular longitudinal connecting member used in the assembly 1. Some embodiments of the assembly 1 may also be used with a tensioned cord. Such a cord may be made from a variety of materials, including polyester or other plastic fibers, strands or threads, such as polyethylene-terephthalate. Furthermore, the longitudinal connector may be a component of a longer overall dynamic stabilization connecting member, with cylindrical or bar-shaped portions sized and shaped for being received by the compression insert 14 of the receiver having a U-shaped, rectangular- or other- shaped channel, for closely receiving the longitudinal connecting member. The longitudinal connecting member may be integral or otherwise fixed to a bendable or damping component that is sized and shaped to be located between adjacent pairs of bone screw assemblies 1, for example. A damping component or bumper may be attached to the longitudinal connecting member at one or both sides of the bone screw assembly 1. A rod or bar (or rod or bar component) of a longitudinal connecting member may be made of a variety of materials ranging from deformable plastics to hard metals, depending upon the desired application. Thus, bars and rods of the invention may be made of materials including, but not limited to metal and metal alloys including but not limited to stainless steel, titanium, titanium alloys and cobalt chrome; or other suitable materials, including plastic polymers such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), ultra-high-molecular weight-polyethylene (UHMWP), polyurethanes and composites, including composites containing carbon fiber, natural or synthetic elastomers such as polyisoprene (natural rubber), and synthetic polymers, copolymers, and thermoplastic elastomers, for example, polyurethane elastomers such as polycarbonate-urethane elastomers. [00111] With reference to Figs. 1 and 17-20, the closure structure or closure top 18 shown with the assembly 1 is rotatably received between the spaced arms 60 of the receiver 10. It is noted that the closure 18 top could be a twist-in or slide-in closure structure. The illustrated closure structure 18 is substantially cylindrical and includes an outer helically wound guide and advancement structure 182 in the form of a flange that operably joins with the guide and advancement structure 68 disposed on the arms 60 of the receiver 10. The flange form utilized in accordance with the present invention may take a variety of forms, including those described in Applicant=s U.S. Patent No. 6,726,689, which is incorporated herein by reference. Although it is foreseen that the closure structure guide and advancement structure could alternatively be a buttress thread, a square thread, a reverse angle thread or other thread like or non-thread like helically wound advancement structure, for operably guiding under rotation and advancing the closure structure 18 downward between the arms 60 and having such a nature as to resist splaying of the arms 60 when the closure structure 18 is advanced into the channel 62, the flange form illustrated herein as described more fully in Applicant=s U.S. Patent No. 6,726,689 is preferred as the added strength provided by such flange form beneficially cooperates with and counters any reduction in strength caused by the any reduced profile of the receiver 10 that may more advantageously engage longitudinal connecting member components. The illustrated closure structure 18 also includes a top surface 184 with an internal drive 186 in the form of an aperture that is illustrated as a star-shaped internal drive such as that sold under the trademark TORX, or may be, for example, a hex drive, or other internal drives such as slotted, tri-wing, spanner, two or more apertures of various shapes, and the like. A driving tool (not shown) sized and shaped for engagement with the internal drive 186 is used for both rotatable engagement and, if needed, disengagement of the closure 18 from the receiver arms 60. It is also foreseen that the closure structure 18 may alternatively include a break-off head designed to allow such a head to break from a base of the closure at a preselected torque, for example, 70 to 140 inch pounds. Such a closure structure would also include a base having an internal drive to be used for closure removal. A base or bottom surface 188 of the closure is planar and further includes a point 189 and a rim 190 for engagement and penetration into the surface 22 of the rod 21 in certain embodiments of the invention. The closure top 18 may further include a cannulation through bore (not shown) extending along a central axis thereof and through the top and bottom surfaces thereof. Such a through bore provides a passage through the closure 18 interior for a length of wire (not shown) inserted therein to provide a guide for insertion of the closure top into the receiver arms 60. [00112] Preferably, the receiver 10, the retainer 12 and the compression insert 14 are assembled at a factory setting that includes tooling for holding, alignment and manipulation of the component pieces, as well as crimping a portion of the receiver 10 toward the insert 14. In some circumstances, the shank 4 is also assembled with the receiver 10, the retainer 12 and the compression insert 14 at the factory. In other instances, it is desirable to first implant the shank 4, followed by addition of the pre-assembled receiver, retainer and compression insert at the insertion point (see, e.g., Fig. 13). In this way, the surgeon may advantageously and more easily implant and manipulate the shanks 4, distract or compress the vertebrae with the shanks and work around the shank upper portions or heads without the cooperating receivers being in the way. In other instances, it is desirable for the surgical staff to pre assemble a shank of a desired size and/or variety (e.g., surface treatment of roughening the upper portion 8 and/or hydroxyapatite on the shank 6), with the receiver, retainer and compression insert. Allowing the surgeon to choose the appropriately sized or treated shank 4 advantageously reduces inventory requirements, thus reducing overall cost. [00113] Pre-assembly of the receiver 10, retainer 12 and compression insert 14 is shown in Figs. 8-12. With particular reference to Figs. 8 and 9, first the retainer 12 is inserted into the upper receiver opening 63, leading with the outer surface 107, the top surface 102 facing one arm 60 and the retainer bottom surface 104 facing the opposing arm 60. The retainer 12 is then lowered in such sideways manner into the channel 62 and partially into the receiver cavity through the opposed grooves 92, followed by tilting the retainer 12 such that the top surface 102 is moved into a position within the receiver under the annular surface or ledge 87 as best shown in Fig. 10. The retainer 12 is now at least partially seated on the receiver spherical surface 80. [00114] Also with reference to Fig. 10 and with further reference to Figs. 11 and 12, the compression insert 14 is then downloaded into the receiver 10 through the upper opening 63 with the bottom surface 135 facing the receiver arm top surfaces 69 and the insert arms 127 located between the opposed receiver arms 60. The insert 14 is then lowered toward the channel seat 64 until the insert 14 arm upper surfaces 133 are adjacent the receiver arm inner surfaces 66 located below the guide and advancement structure 68. Thereafter, the insert 14 is rotated in a clockwise or counter-clockwise manner (see the arrow R) about the receiver axis B until the upper arm surfaces 133 are directly below the guide and advancement structure 68 of each arm as illustrated in Figs. 11 and 12 with the U-shaped channel 131 of the insert 14 aligned with the U-shaped channel 62 of the receiver 10. In some embodiments, the insert arms 127 may need to be compressed slightly during rotation to clear inner surfaces of the receiver arms 60. As shown in Figs. 12 and 13, the insert cylindrical base body 126 is received within the cylindrical surface 88 of the shelf 86 that defines an upper portion of the receiver base 58 with lower portions of the arms 127 in contact with the shelf surface 89. With reference to Fig. 13, the receiver thin walls 75 are then crimped inwardly toward the axis B by inserting a tool (not shown) through the receiver apertures 71, the tool pressing the walls 75 until the inner wall surfaces engage the insert 14 at the grooves 138 formed on the outer surface 137 of each of the insert arms 127 (see, e.g., Fig. 16). The crimping of the walls 75 into the grooves 138 keeps the insert 14 U-shaped channel 131 aligned with the receiver U-shaped channel 62. The crimping of the receiver walls 75 prohibits rotation of the insert 14 about the receiver axis B but allows for limited axial movement of the insert 14 with respect to the receiver 10 along the axis B when some force is exerted to slide the insert with respect to the receiver crimped walls up or down along the grooves 138. The insert 14 is fully captured within the receiver 10 by the guide and advancement structure 68 prohibiting movement of the insert 14 up and out through the receiver opening 63 as well as by retainer 12 located below the insert as shown in Fig. 12. Furthermore, as best shown in Fig. 12, during shipping and handling, the insert 14 prohibits the retainer 12 from escaping out of the receiver 10 through the opening 63 and also prohibits the retainer from moving out of alignment within the receiver chamber 76, and, in some embodiments from escaping out of the bottom opening 95. The receiver 10, retainer 12 and insert 14 combination is now pre assembled and ready for assembly with the shank 4 either at the factory, by surgery staff prior to implantation, or directly upon an implanted shank 4 as will be described herein. [00115] As illustrated in Fig. 13, the bone screw shank 4 or an entire assembly 1 made up of the assembled shank 4, receiver 10, retainer 12 and compression insert 14, is screwed into a bone, such as the vertebra 13, by rotation of the shank 4 using a suitable driving tool (not shown) that operably drives and rotates the shank body 6 by engagement thereof at the internal drive 50. Specifically, the vertebra 13 may be pre-drilled to minimize stressing the bone and have a guide wire (not shown) inserted therein to provide a guide for the placement and angle of the shank 4 with respect to the vertebra. A further tap hole may be made using a tap with the guide wire as a guide. Then, the bone screw shank 4 or the entire assembly 1 is threaded onto the guide wire utilizing the cannulation bore 51 by first threading the wire into the opening at the bottom 28 and then out of the top opening at the drive feature 50. The shank 4 is then driven into the vertebra using the wire as a placement guide. It is foreseen that the shank and other bone screw assembly parts, the rod 21 (also having a central lumen in some embodiments) and the closure top 18 (also with a central bore) can be inserted in a percutaneous or minimally invasive surgical manner, utilizing guide wires. When the shank 4 is driven into the vertebra 13 without the remainder of the assembly 1, the shank 4 may either be driven to a desired final location or may be driven to a location slightly above or proud to provide for ease in assembly with the pre-assembled receiver, compression insert and retainer. [00116] With further reference to Fig. 13, the pre-assembled receiver, insert and retainer are placed above the shank upper portion 8 until the shank upper portion is received within the opening 95. With particular reference to Figs. 14 and 15, as the shank upper portion 8 is moved into the interior 76 of the receiver base, the shank upper portion 8 presses upwardly against the retainer 12 in the recess partially defined by the cylindrical surface 84. As the portion 8 continues to move upwardly toward the channel 62, the surface 44 forces outward movement of the retainer 12 towards the cylindrical surface 84 in the receiver expansion chamber or area as the shank 4 presses the retainer 12 against the receiver lower annular ledge surface 87. The retainer 12 initially expands about the shank upper spherical surface 44 and then slides along the cylindrical surface 42, snapping or popping into the recessed cylindrical surface 38, the surface 105 of the retainer 12 fully contacting and frictionally engaging the cylindrical surface 38 between the shank lower ledge 36 and the upper ledge 40. At this time, the retainer 12 is in a neutral or slightly expanded state, fully snapped onto the shank upper portion 8 with both the retainer 12 and shank upper portion 8 in pivotal relation with the receiver 10. [00117] With reference to Fig. 16, the shank 4 and attached retainer 12 are then moved downwardly into a desired position with the retainer seated on the surface 80. The insert 14 may be pressed downwardly by a tool or by a rod and closure top as shown in Fig. 20. In some embodiments, the crimp walls 75 require that some force is used to press the inert 14 downwardly against the shank upper portion 8. In such embodiments, the insert 14 surface 122 is in frictional engagement with the shank upper portion surface 44 to an extent that the shank is pivotable with respect to the receiver, but in a non-floppy manner. In some embodiments, when the receiver 10 is pre-assembled with the shank 4, the entire assembly 1 may be implanted at this time by inserting the driving tool (not shown) into the receiver and the shank drive 50 and rotating and driving the shank 4 into a desired location of the vertebra 13.

[00118] The rod 21 is eventually positioned in an open or percutaneous manner in cooperation with the at least two bone screw assemblies 1. The closure structure 18 is then inserted into and advanced between the arms 60 of each of the receivers 10. The closure structure 18 is rotated, using a tool engaged with the inner drive 186 until a selected pressure is reached at which point the rod 21 engages the U-shaped seating surface 131 of the compression insert 14, further pressing the insert spherical surface 122 against the shank spherical surface 44, pressing the shank upper portion 8 and attached retainer 12 into locked frictional engagement with the receiver 10. With specific reference to Figs. 19 and 20, as the closure structure 18 rotates and moves downwardly into the respective receiver 10, the point 189 and rim 190 engage and penetrate the rod surface 22, the closure structure 18 pressing downwardly against and biasing the rod 21 into compressive engagement with the insert 14 that urges the shank upper portion 8 and attached retainer 12 into locking engagement with the receiver, the retainer 12 spherical surface 107 frictionally abutting the spherical seating surface 80 of the receiver 10. For example, about 80 to about 120 inch pounds of torque on the closure top may be applied for fixing the bone screw shank 6 with respect to the receiver 10. Also, for example, with reference to Figs. 17 and 18, when the shank 4 is disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver 10, the lower spherical surface 34 of the shank upper portion 8 may also be in frictional engagement with a portion of the receiver spherical seating surface 80.

The retainer 12 may also expand slightly upon locking, providing a full and secure frictional locking engagement with the receiver at the surface 80. [00119] If removal of the rod 21 from any of the bone screw assemblies 1 is necessary, or if it is desired to release the rod 21 at a particular location, disassembly is accomplished by using the driving tool (not shown) that mates with the internal drive 186 on the closure structure 18 to rotate and remove such closure structure from the cooperating receiver 10. Disassembly is then accomplished in reverse order to the procedure described previously herein for assembly. [00120] With reference to Figs. 21-29 the reference number 201 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 201 includes a shank 204, that further includes a body 206 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 208; a receiver 210; a retainer structure 212 and a compression or pressure insert 214. The receiver 210, retainer 212 and compression insert 214 are initially assembled and may be further assembled with the shank 204 either prior or subsequent to implantation of the shank body 206 into a vertebra (not shown), such as the vertebra 13 shown in Fig. 13 and described with respect to the assembly 1. Figs. 21 and 28-29 further show a closure structure 218 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 221 which in turn engages the compression insert 214 that presses against the shank upper portion 208 and popped-on retainer 212, so as to capture, and fix the longitudinal connecting member 221 within the receiver 210 and thus fix the member 221 relative to the vertebra (not shown). The illustrated rod 221 is hard, stiff, non-elastic and cylindrical, having an outer cylindrical surface 222. It is foreseen that in other embodiments, the rod 221 may be elastic, deformable and/or of a different cross sectional geometry as previously described herein with respect to the rod 21 of the assembly 1. The receiver 210 and the shank 204 cooperate in such a manner that the receiver 210 and the shank 204 can be secured at any of a plurality of angles, articulations or rotational alignments relative to one another and within a selected range of angles both from side to side and from front to rear, to enable flexible or articulated engagement of the receiver 210 with the shank 204 until both are locked or fixed relative to each other near the end of an implantation procedure. [00121] The shank 204, best illustrated in Figs. 21 and 26-29 is substantially similar to the shank 4 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. Thus, the shank 204 includes the shank body 206, upper portion or head 208, a shank thread 224, a neck 226, a tip 228, a top of thread 232, an upper portion lower spherical surface 234 a shelf or ledge 236, a cylindrical surface 238, and upper ledge 240 and upper spherical surface 244, a top surface 246, an internal drive 250 and a cannulation bore 251 the same or substantially similar to the respective body 6, upper portion or head 8, shank thread 24, neck 26, tip 28, top of thread 32, lower spherical surface 34, shelf 36, cylindrical surface 38, upper ledge 40, upper spherical surface 44, top surface 46, internal drive 50 and cannulation bore 51, as well as other features previously described herein with respect to the shank 4 of the assembly 1. [00122] With particular reference to Figs. 21, 22 and 24-29, the receiver 210 is substantially similar to the receiver 10 with the exception of opposed resilient spring tabs 275 that are provided in lieu of the thin walls 75 of the receiver 10. As shown in Fig. 25, for example, and discussed in greater detail below, the spring tabs 275 advantageously resiliently hold the insert 214 in an upper portion of the receiver until the insert 214 is pressed down by the user into a friction fit working position wherein the insert 214 is in frictional contact with the shank upper portion 208, the shank still movable with respect to the insert 214, but not in a loose or floppy manner. [00123] The receiver 210 includes a base 258 with integral upstanding arms 260, a U-shaped channel 262 having an upper opening 263 and a lower seat 264, an arm interior substantially cylindrical surface 266, a guide and advancement structure 268, arm top surfaces 269, an inner base cavity or chamber generally 276, a lower cylindrical surface 278, a spherical seating surface 280, a lower ledge 282, a central cylindrical portion 284, an upper shelf, generally 286 further defined by a lower annular surface 287, a cylindrical surface 288, and an upper frusto-conical surface 289, a pair of opposed grooves 292, a neck 293, a bottom surface 294 and a lower opening, generally 295, the same or substantially similar to the respective base 58 with integral upstanding arms 60, U-shaped channel 62, channel upper opening 63 and lower seat 64, arm interior substantially cylindrical surface 66, guide and advancement structure 68, arm top surfaces 69, inner base cavity or chamber generally 76, lower cylindrical surface 78, spherical seating surface 80, lower ledge 82, central cylindrical portion 84, upper shelf, generally 86 further defined by the lower annular surface 87, the cylindrical surface 88, and the upper frusto conical surface 89, opposed grooves 92, neck 93, bottom surface 94 and lower opening 95 of the receiver 10, and other features previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. [00124] Extending through each receiver arm 260 is an aperture 271 formed in an arm outer surface 272 and extending through each arm to the inner cylindrical surface 266. Each aperture 271 is in the form of a squared-off U-shape, thus forming each of the spring tabs 275 that are substantially rectangular in profile. Each tab 275 is integral with the respective receiver arm 260 at a location below and near the guide and advancement structure 268. Each tab 275 has an inner surface 273 that is an extension of the inner cylindrical surface 266 and is initially aligned with the surface 266 as shown, for example, in Fig. 24. A bottom surface 274 of each tab 275 is spaced from a remainder of the inner cylindrical surface 266 that extends downwardly to the shelf 286. As shown, for example, in Fig. 25, each spring tab 275 is bent inwardly toward a center axis of the receiver 210 either before or after the insert 214 is mounted within the receiver 210. In the illustrated embodiment, the tabs 275 are pressed inwardly toward grooves in the insert 214 after the insert 214 is located within the receiver as shown in Fig. 25 and as will be described in greater detail below. [00125] With reference to Figs. 21 and 24-29, the retainer 212 is the same or substantially similar in form and function to the retainer 12 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. Therefore, the retainer 212 includes a central through bore 301, a top surface 302, a bottom surface 304, an inner cylindrical surface 305, a spherical surface 307 and end surfaces 309 and 310 that are the same or similar to the respective central through bore 101, top surface 102, bottom surface 104, inner cylindrical surface 105, spherical surface 107 and end surfaces 109 and 110 previously described herein with respect to the retainer 12. [00126] With reference to Figs. 21 and 23-29, the compression insert 214 is substantially similar in form and function to the insert 14 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The insert 214 differs from the insert 14 only in a groove or flat 338 that has a different geometry than the groove 138 of the insert 14. Therefore, the insert 214 includes an inner cylindrical surface 321, an inner spherical surface 322, a cylindrical body 326, a pair of upstanding arms 327, a U-shaped channel 331 having a lower seat 332, arm top surfaces 333, a bottom surface 335 and arm outer surfaces 337 that are the same or substantially similar to the respective inner cylindrical surface 121, inner spherical surface 122, cylindrical body 126, upstanding arms 127, U-shaped channel 131 with lower seat 132, arm top surfaces 133, the bottom surface 135 and arm outer surfaces 137 of the insert 14 previously described herein. [00127] The flat 338 formed in each arm outer surface 337 runs from the top surface 333 to a lower ledge 340. As shown, for example, in Fig. 26, the flat 338 and the flat lower ledge 340 are sized and shaped to allow the insert 214 to be moved upwardly adjacent to the guide and advancement structure 268 during the "popping-on" of the shank 204 into the retainer 212 located within the receiver expansion chamber formed within the inner cylindrical surface 284. The receiver spring tabs 275 are in sliding frictional engagement with the flats 338 during all of the assembly steps with the shank 204 as well as when the shank 204 is manipulated with respect to the receiver 210, the insert surface 322 in frictional but movable engagement with the shank surface 244, providing non-floppy pivoting of the shank 204 with respect to the receiver 210 until the shank and receiver are locked together by action of the closure top 218 pressing against the rod 221 that in turn presses against the insert 214. [00128] With reference to Figs. 21 and 28-29, the closure top 218 is identical or substantially similar to the closure top 18 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1, having a flange form guide and advancement structure 382, a top surface 384, an internal drive 386, a base or bottom surface 388, a point 389 and a rim 390 the same or substantially similar to the respective guide and advancement structure 182, top surface 184, internal drive 186, base or bottom surface 188, point 189 and rim 190 of the closure top 18. [00129] Preferably, the receiver 210, the retainer 212 and the compression insert 214 are assembled at a factory setting that includes tooling for holding, alignment and manipulation of the component pieces, as well as pressing the receiver 210 spring tabs 275 toward the insert 214. In some circumstances, the shank 204 is also assembled with the receiver 210, the retainer 212 and the compression insert 214 at the factory. In other instances, it is desirable to first implant the shank 204, followed by addition of the pre-assembled receiver, retainer and compression insert at the insertion point, similar to what is shown with respect to assembly 1 at Fig. 13. In this way, the surgeon may advantageously and more easily implant and manipulate the shanks 204, distract or compress the vertebrae with the shanks and work around the shank upper portions or heads without the cooperating receivers being in the way. In other instances, it is desirable for the surgical staff to pre-assemble a shank of a desired size and/or variety (e.g., surface treatment of roughening the upper portion 208 and/or hydroxyapatite on the shank 206), with the receiver, retainer and compression insert. Allowing the surgeon to choose the appropriately sized or treated shank 204 advantageously reduces inventory requirements, thus reducing overall cost.

[00130] Pre-assembly of the compression insert 214 with the receiver 210 and retainer 212 is shown Figs. 24-25. First, however, the retainer 212 is inserted into the upper receiver opening 263, leading with the outer surface 307, the top surface 302 facing one arm 260 and the retainer bottom surface 304 facing the opposing arm 260. The retainer 212 is then lowered in such sideways manner into the channel 262 and partially into the receiver cavity through the opposed grooves 292, followed by tilting the retainer 212 such that the top surface 302 is moved into a position within the receiver under the annular surface or ledge 287 and the retainer is at least partially seated on the receiver spherical surface 280. Reference is made herein to Figs. 8-10 showing the insertion of the retainer 12 into the receiver 10 which is accomplished in an identical manner to the insertion of the retainer 212 into the receiver 210. [00131] With reference to Figs. 24 and 25, the compression insert 214 is then downloaded into the receiver 210 through the upper opening 263 with the bottom surface 335 facing the receiver arm top surfaces 269 and the insert arms 327 located between the opposed receiver arms 260. The insert 214 is then lowered toward the channel seat 264 until the insert 214 arm upper surfaces 333 are adjacent the receiver arm inner surfaces 266 located below the guide and advancement structure 268. Thereafter, the insert 214 is rotated in a clockwise or counter-clockwise manner about the receiver axis until the upper arm surfaces 333 are directly below the guide and advancement structure 268 of each arm as illustrated in Fig. 25 with the U-shaped channel 331 of the insert 214 aligned with the U-shaped channel 262 of the receiver 210. At this time, the receiver spring tabs 275 are pressed and bent inwardly until the spring tab surfaces 273 frictionally engage the insert flat surfaces 338. At this time, in some embodiments of the invention, frictional engagement between the tabs 275 and the insert surfaces 338 may be used to hold the insert 214 in an upper portion of the receiver 210, for example as shown in Fig. 26. In other embodiments, the spring tabs 275 function only to hold the insert 214 U-shaped channel 331 in alignment with the receiver U-shaped channel 262. Also, in other embodiments, the spring tabs 275 are bent inwardly before the insert 214 is loaded into the receiver, the tabs 275 being resilient enough to be pushed outwardly during rotation of the insert 214 and then snapping onto the flat surfaces 338 once the insert 214 is rotated into a desired aligned position. In other embodiments of the invention, the spring tabs 275 may be originally formed or machined to be directed inwardly and then are sprung outwardly during rotation of the insert 214, springing back to a neutral inwardly directed position once the flats 338 engage the inner surfaces 273 of the spring tabs 275. As shown in Fig. 24-27, the receiver spring tabs 275 prohibit rotation of the insert 214 about the receiver central axis but allow for limited up and down movement of the insert 214 with respect to the receiver 210 along the central axis thereof when some force is exerted to slide the insert with respect to the receiver spring tab surfaces 273 up or down along the flats 338. The insert 214 is fully captured within the receiver 210 by the guide and advancement structure 268 prohibiting movement of the insert 214 up and out through the receiver opening 263 as well as by the spring tabs 275 abutting against the ledge 340 of the flats 338. Furthermore, similar to what is shown with respect to the assembly 1 in Fig. 12, during shipping and handling, the insert 214 prohibits the retainer 212 from escaping out of the receiver 210 through the opening 263 and also prohibits the retainer from moving out of alignment within the receiver chamber 276, and, in some embodiments from escaping out of the bottom opening 295. The receiver 210, retainer 212 and insert 214 combination is now pre-assembled and ready for assembly with the shank 204 either at the factory, by surgery staff prior to implantation, or directly upon an implanted shank 204 as will be described herein. [00132] Similar to the description herein with respect to the assembly 1, the bone screw shank 204 or an entire assembly 201 made up of the assembled shank 204, receiver 210, retainer 212 and compression insert 214, is screwed into a bone, such as the vertebra 13, by rotation of the shank 204 using a suitable driving tool (not shown) that operably drives and rotates the shank body 206 by engagement thereof at the internal drive 250 and in a percutaneous or minimally invasive surgical manner. When the shank 204 is driven into the vertebra without the remainder of the assembly 201, the shank 204 may either be driven to a desired final location or may be driven to a location slightly above or proud to provide for ease in assembly with the pre-assembled receiver, compression insert and retainer. [00133] With reference to Figs. 13-15 (directed to identical or substantially similar assembly steps for the assembly 1) and with reference to Fig. 26, the pre-assembled receiver, insert and retainer are placed above the shank upper portion 208 until the shank upper portion is received within the opening 295. As the shank upper portion 208 is moved into the interior 276 of the receiver base, the shank upper portion 208 presses upwardly against the retainer 212 in the recess partially defined by the cylindrical surface 284. As the portion 208 continues to move upwardly toward the channel 262, the surface 244 forces outward movement of the retainer 212 towards the cylindrical surface 284 in the receiver expansion chamber or area as the shank 204 presses the retainer 212 against the receiver lower annular ledge surface 287. The retainer 212 initially expands about the shank upper spherical surface 244 and then slides along the cylindrical surface 242, snapping or popping into the recessed cylindrical surface 238, the surface 305 of the retainer 212 fully contacting and frictionally engaging the cylindrical surface 238 between the shank lower ledge 236 and the upper ledge 240. At this time, the retainer 212 is in a neutral or slightly expanded state, fully snapped onto the shank upper portion 208 with both the retainer 212 and shank upper portion 208 in pivotal relation with the receiver 210.

[00134] With reference to Fig. 27, the shank 204 and attached retainer 212 are then moved downwardly into a desired position with the retainer seated on the surface 280. The insert 214 may slide downwardly with the retainer 212, or in some embodiments, remain in an upper part of the receiver 210 retained by the spring tabs 275 until the insert 214 is pressed downwardly by a tool or by a rod and closure top as shown in Fig. 29. In such embodiments, the insert 214 surface 322 is in frictional engagement with the shank upper portion surface 244 to an extent that the shank is pivotable with respect to the receiver, but in a non-floppy manner. In some embodiments, when the receiver 210 is pre-assembled with the shank 204, the entire assembly 201 may be implanted at this time by inserting the driving tool (not shown) into the receiver and the shank drive 250 and rotating and driving the shank 204 into a desired location of the vertebra, such as the previously illustrated vertebra 13. [00135] The rod 221 is eventually positioned in an open or percutaneous manner in cooperation with the at least two bone screw assemblies 201. The closure structure 218 is then inserted into and advanced between the arms 260 of each of the receivers 210. The closure structure 218 is rotated, using a tool engaged with the inner drive 386 until a selected pressure is reached at which point the rod 221 engages the U-shaped seating surface 331 of the compression insert 214, further pressing the insert spherical surface 322 against the shank spherical surface 244, pressing the retainer 212 that is attached to the shank upper portion 208 into locked frictional engagement with the receiver 210. As the closure structure 218 rotates and moves downwardly into the respective receiver 210, the point 389 and rim 390 engage and penetrate the rod surface 222, the closure structure 218 pressing downwardly against and biasing the rod 221 into compressive engagement with the insert 214 that urges the shank upper portion 208 and attached retainer 212 into locking engagement with the receiver, the retainer 212 spherical surface 307 frictionally abutting the spherical seating surface 280 of the receiver 210. For example, about 80 to about 120 inch pounds of torque on the closure top may be applied for fixing the bone screw shank 206 with respect to the receiver 210. Also, for example, with reference to Figs. 28 and 29, when the shank 204 is disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver 210, the lower spherical surface 234 of the shank upper portion 208 may also be in frictional engagement with a portion of the receiver spherical seating surface 280. The retainer 212 may also expand slightly upon locking, providing a full and secure frictional locking engagement with the receiver at the surface 280. [00136] If removal of the rod 221 from any of the bone screw assemblies 201 is necessary, or if it is desired to release the rod 221 at a particular location, disassembly is accomplished by using the driving tool (not shown) that mates with the internal drive 386 on the closure structure 218 to rotate and remove such closure structure from the cooperating receiver 210. Disassembly is then accomplished in reverse order to the procedure described previously herein for assembly. [00137] With reference to Figs. 30-39 the reference number 401 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 401 includes a shank 404, that further includes a body 406 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 408; a receiver 410; an open retainer structure 412 and a compression or pressure insert 414. Figs. 30 and 37-39 further show a closure structure 418 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a deformable rod 421 within the receiver 410. The rod 421 may be elastic or inelastic, and is illustrated as a deformable PEEK rod. The assembly 401 is substantially identical to the assembly 1 with a few exceptions. The exceptions are a stop block or blocks 540 located on the insert 414, each cooperating with a receiver recess having a curved or planar stop wall 470 that prohibits rotation of the insert 414 with respect to the receiver 410 in a clock-wise manner, providing for secure and sturdy alignment between the insert 414 and the receiver 410 when the closure top 418 is rotated in a clock-wise manner to press down, not only upon the deformable rod 421, but also on the insert 414 as shown in Fig. 38, for example. Thus, even if the PEEK or other deformable rod 421 shifts or deforms with respect to the closure top 418, the polyaxial mechanism of the assembly 401 will remain locked in place because of the locking force of the closure top 418 on the insert 414 that in turns presses directly against the shank as will be described in greater detail below. [00138] With particular reference to Figs. 30 and 36-39, the shank 404 is substantially similar in form and function to the shank 4 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. Thus, the shank 404 includes the shank body 406, upper portion or head 408, a lower spherical surface 434, a cylindrical surface 438, an upper cylindrical surface 442, an upper spherical surface 444 and an internal drive 250 that are the same or substantially similar in form and function to the respective body 6, upper portion or head 8, lower spherical surface 34, cylindrical surface 38, upper cylindrical surface 42, upper spherical surface 44, internal drive 50, and all the other features previously described herein with respect to the shank 4 of the assembly 1. [00139] With particular reference to Figs. 30, 31 and 33-39, the receiver 410 is substantially similar to the receiver 10 previously described herein with the exception of the addition of the recessed stop wall 470 mentioned above. Thus, the receiver 410 includes a base 458 with integral upstanding arms 460, a U-shaped channel 462, arm interior substantially cylindrical surfaces 466, a guide and advancement structure 468, a pair of opposed tool apertures 471 each partially defined by a thin crimp wall 475, an inner base cavity or chamber generally 476, a lower cylindrical surface 478, a spherical seating surface 480, a central cylindrical expansion portion 484 and an upper shelf, generally 486, the same or substantially similar in form and function to the respective base 58 with integral upstanding arms 60, U-shaped channel 62, arm interior substantially cylindrical surfaces 66, guide and advancement structure 68, tool apertures 71, crimp walls 75, inner base cavity or chamber generally 76, lower cylindrical surface 78, spherical seating surface 80, central cylindrical expansion portion 84 and upper shelf, generally 86, and other features previously described herein with respect to the receiver 10 of the assembly 1. [00140] With particular reference to Fig. 31, the recess in the receiver that is partially defined by the blocking wall 470 is formed in each cylindrical inner surface 466 located below the guide and advancement structure 468. The recesses with blocking walls 470 are located opposite one another such that the insert 414 may only be rotated into place in a clock-wise manner as will be described in more detail below. [00141] With reference to Figs. 30 and 36-39, the open, expandable retainer 412 is the same or substantially similar in form and function to the retainer 12 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. Therefore, the retainer 212 includes a top surface 502, a bottom surface 504, an inner cylindrical surface 505, an outer spherical surface 507 and a through slit 508 that are the same or similar in form and function to the respective top surface 102, bottom surface 104, inner cylindrical surface 105, outer spherical surface 107 and slit formed by end surfaces 109 and 110 previously described herein with respect to the retainer 12.

[00142] With reference to Figs. 30 and 32-39, the compression insert 414 is substantially similar in form and function to the insert 14 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1 with the exception of the addition of the block or stop 540. Therefore, the insert 414 includes an inner cylindrical surface 521, an inner spherical surface 522, a cylindrical body 526, a pair of upstanding arms 527, a U-shaped channel 531 having a lower seat 532, arm top surfaces 533, a bottom surface 535 and arm outer surfaces 537, each with a groove 538 formed therein that are the same or substantially similar in form and function to the respective inner cylindrical surface 121, inner spherical surface 122, cylindrical body 126, upstanding arms 127, U-shaped channel 131 with lower seat 132, arm top surfaces 133, the bottom surface 135 and arm outer surfaces 137 with grooves 138 of the insert 14 previously described herein. The illustrated embodiment includes two stop blocks 540, each formed on the outside surface 537 of each arm 527 and located near the arm top surface 533. [00143] With reference to Figs. 30 and 37-39, the closure top 418 is substantially similar to the closure top 18 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1 with the exception of the lower rod contacting surfaces thereof. The closure top 418 has a flange form guide and advancement structure 582, a top surface 584 and an internal drive 586 that is the same of substantially similar in form and function to the respective guide and advancement structure 182, top surface 184 and internal drive 186 of the closure top 18 previously described herein. The closure top 418 further includes an annular outer base rim 588 and a central point or nub 589. The nub 589 is located centrally on a domed or spherical surface 590 that is surrounded by and extends from the base rim 588 downwardly away from the closure 418. [00144] The receiver 410 and the retainer 412 are assembled in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assembly of the receiver 10 and the retainer 12. As with the assembly 1, preferably, the receiver 410, the retainer 412 and the compression insert 414 are assembled at a factory setting that includes tooling for holding, alignment and manipulation of the component pieces, as well as crimping the receiver thin walls 475 into the insert grooves 538. [00145] Pre-assembly of the compression insert 414 with the receiver 410 and retainer 412 is shown Figs. 33-36. The compression insert 414 is downloaded (see arrow W) into the receiver 410 with the insert arms 527 located between the opposed receiver arms 460, the insert 414 being lowered toward the receiver base 458 until the insert 414 arm upper surfaces 533 are adjacent the receiver arm inner surfaces 466 located below the guide and advancement structures 468. Thereafter, the insert 414 is rotated in a clockwise direction shown by the arrow X about the receiver axis until the insert stop blocks 540 abut against each of the receiver recess stop walls 470. Such occurs when the upper arm surfaces 533 are directly below the guide and advancement structure 468 of each arm as illustrated in Fig. 34 with the U-shaped channel 531 of the insert 414 aligned with the U-shaped channel 462 of the receiver 410. At this time, the receiver thin crimp walls 475 are pressed inwardly into the insert grooves 538 as shown in Figs. 35 and 36. At this time, in some embodiments of the invention, frictional engagement between the crimp walls 475 and the insert surfaces grooves 538 may be used to hold the insert 414 in an upper portion of the receiver 410, for example as shown in Fig. 36. In addition to holding the insert 414 in a desired axial position within the receiver 410, the crimping of the walls 475 in the grooves 538 prohibits counter-clockwise rotation of the insert 414 with respect to the receiver 410. [00146] Similar to the description herein with respect to the assembly 1, the bone screw shank 404 or an entire assembly 401 made up of the assembled shank 404, receiver 410, retainer 412 and compression insert 414, is screwed into a bone, such as the vertebra 13, by rotation of the shank 404 using a suitable driving tool (not shown) that operably drives and rotates the shank body 406 by engagement thereof at the internal drive 450 and in a percutaneous or minimally invasive surgical manner, or otherwise as desired. When the shank 404 is driven into the vertebra without the remainder of the assembly 401, the shank 404 may either be driven to a desired final location or may be driven to a location slightly above or proud to provide for ease in assembly with the pre-assembled receiver, compression insert and retainer.

[00147] With reference to Figs. 36-37 (and the discussion previously provided herein with respect to the assembly 1), the pre-assembled receiver, insert and retainer are placed above the shank upper portion 408 and as the shank upper portion 408 is moved into the interior 476 of the receiver base, the shank upper portion 408 presses upwardly against the retainer 412 in the expansion recess partially defined by the cylindrical surface 484. As the portion 408 continues to move upwardly toward the channel 462, the surface 444 forces outward movement of the retainer 412 towards the cylindrical surface 484 in the receiver expansion chamber or area as the shank 404 presses the retainer 412 against the receiver lower annular ledge surface 487. The retainer 412 initially expands about the shank upper spherical surface 444 and then slides along the cylindrical surface 442, snapping or popping into the recessed cylindrical surface 438, the surface 505 of the retainer 412 fully contacting and frictionally engaging the cylindrical surface 438 between the surfaces 434 and 442. At this time, the retainer 412 is in a neutral or slightly expanded state, fully snapped onto the shank upper portion 408 with both the retainer 412 and shank upper portion 408 in pivotal relation with the receiver 410. [00148] With reference to Fig. 37, the shank 404 and attached retainer 412 are then moved downwardly into a desired position with the retainer seated on the surface 480. The insert 414 may slide downwardly with the retainer 412, or in some embodiments, remain in an upper part of the receiver 410 retained by the crimp walls 475 until the insert 414 is pressed downwardly by a tool or by a rod and closure top. In such embodiments, the insert 414 surface 522 is in frictional engagement with the shank upper portion surface 444 to an extent that the shank is pivotable with respect to the receiver, but in a non-floppy manner. In some embodiments, when the receiver 410 is pre-assembled with the shank 404, the entire assembly 401 may be implanted at this time by inserting the driving tool (not shown) into the receiver and the shank drive 450 and rotating and driving the shank 404 into a desired location of the vertebra, such as the previously illustrated vertebra 13. [00149] The rod 421 is eventually positioned in an open or percutaneous manner in cooperation with the at least two bone screw assemblies 401. The closure structure 418 is then inserted into and advanced between the arms 460 of each of the receivers 410. The closure structure 418 is rotated, using a tool engaged with the inner drive 586 until a selected pressure is reached at which point the rod 421 engages the U-shaped seating surface 531 of the compression insert 414. Also, as shown in Fig. 38, the closure top annular base rim 588 engages and presses down upon top surfaces 533 of the insert 414 arms 527, pressing the insert spherical surface 522 against the shank spherical surface 444, that in turn presses the shank upper portion 408 with attached retainer 412 into locked frictional engagement with the receiver 410 independently of any locking pressure placed by the rod 421 onto the insert 414.

As the closure structure 418 rotates and moves downwardly into the respective receiver 410, the point or nub 589 and dome 590 engage and penetrate or deform the rod surface 422, the closure structure 418 pressing downwardly against and biasing the rod 421 into compressive engagement with the insert 414 that also urges the shank upper portion 408 and attached retainer 412 into locking engagement with the receiver, the retainer 412 spherical surface 507 frictionally abutting the spherical seating surface 480 of the receiver 410. For example, about 80 to about 120 inch pounds of torque on the closure top may be applied for fixing the bone screw shank 406 with respect to the receiver 410 by direct locking engagement between the closure top 418, the insert 414, the shank upper portion 408 and attached retainer 412 with the receiver seating surface 480. Over- or undue deformation of the deformable rod 421 therefore does not occur because of the direct cooperation between the closure top 418 and the compression insert 414. Also, for example, with reference to Fig. 39, when the shank 404 is disposed at an angle with respect to the receiver 410, the lower spherical surface 434 of the shank upper portion 408 may also be in frictional engagement with a portion of the receiver spherical seating surface 480. The retainer 412 may also expand slightly upon locking, providing a full and secure frictional locking engagement with the receiver at the surface 480. [00150] If removal of the rod 421 from any of the bone screw assemblies 401 is necessary, or if it is desired to release the rod 421 at a particular location, disassembly is accomplished by using the driving tool (not shown) that mates with the internal drive 586 on the closure structure 418 to rotate and remove such closure structure from the cooperating receiver 410. Disassembly is then accomplished in reverse order to the procedure described previously herein for assembly. [00151] With reference to Figs. 40-47 the reference number 601 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 601 includes a shank 604, that further includes a body 606 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 608; a receiver 610; an open retainer structure 612 and a compression or pressure insert 614. Figs. 40 and 44-47 further show a closure structure 618 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 621 within the receiver 610. The rod 621 having an outer cylindrical surface 622 may be the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The assembly 601 is substantially identical to the assembly 1 with the exception of a feature of the shank 604 and a feature of the retainer 612. Specifically, the shank 604 does not include a lower spherical surface such as the surface 34 of the shank 4 and the retainer 612 inner cylindrical surface further includes inner vertical grooves. [00152] With particular reference to Figs. 40-42, the shank 604 is substantially similar in form and function to the shank 4 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1, and thus includes the shank body 606, upper portion or head 608, a lower cylindrical surface 638, a ledge 640, an upper cylindrical surface 642, an upper spherical surface 644 and an internal drive 650 that are the same or substantially similar in form and function to the respective body 6, upper portion or head 8, cylindrical surface 38, ledge 40, upper cylindrical surface 42, upper spherical surface 44, internal drive 50, and all the other features previously described herein with respect to the shank 4 of the assembly 1 with the exception of the lower spherical surface 34. The shank cylindrical surface 638 extends from the lower ledge 640 to adjacent a neck 626 that joins the shank upper portion 608 with the shank body 606. [00153] With particular reference to Figs. 40 and 44-47, the receiver 610 is substantially similar to the receiver 10 previously described herein and thus includes a base 658 with integral upstanding arms 660, a U-shaped channel 662, an arm interior substantially cylindrical surface 666, a guide and advancement structure 668, a tool aperture 671 partially defined by a thin crimp wall 675, an inner base cavity or chamber generally 676, a lower cylindrical surface 678, a spherical seating surface 680, a central cylindrical expansion portion 684 and an upper shelf, generally 686, the same or substantially similar in form and function to the respective base 58 with integral upstanding arms 60, U-shaped channel 62, arm interior substantially cylindrical surface 66, guide and advancement structure 68, tool aperture 71, crimp wall 75, inner base cavity or chamber generally 76, lower cylindrical surface 78, spherical seating surface 80, central cylindrical expansion portion 84 and upper shelf, generally 86, and other features previously described herein with respect to the receiver 10 of the assembly 1. [00154] With particular reference to Figs. 40, 43 and 44, the open, expandable retainer 612 is the same or substantially similar in form and function to the retainer 12 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1, with the addition of inner grooves. Therefore, the retainer 612 includes a top surface 702, a bottom surface 704, an inner cylindrical surface 705, an outer spherical surface 707 and a through slit 708 that are the same or similar in form and function to the respective top surface 102, bottom surface 104, inner cylindrical surface 105, outer spherical surface 107 and slit formed by end surfaces 109 and 110 previously described herein with respect to the retainer 12. Formed in the inner surface 705 are four equally spaced grooves 715. The grooves 715 aid during the expansion of the retainer 612 and furthermore in resiliency and gripping of the retainer 612 on the shank surface 638. As compared to the retainer 12, the spaced grooves 715 of the retainer 612 provide for a more even expansion during assembly with the shank upper portion 608, resulting in less stress in the area directly opposite the slit 708. The retainer 612 also requires less space for expansion about the upper portion 608 since not all of the expansion is occurring opposite the slit 708, but rather at each of the grooves 715. Less stress during expansion results in a stronger retainer 12 post-expansion. [00155] With reference to Figs. 40, 44, 45 and 47, the compression insert 614 is substantially similar in form and function to the insert 14 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. Therefore, the insert 614 includes an inner cylindrical surface 721, an inner spherical surface 722, a cylindrical body 726, a pair of upstanding arms 727, a U-shaped channel 731 having a lower seat 732, arm top surfaces 733, a bottom surface 735 and arm outer surfaces 737, each with a groove 738 formed therein that are the same or substantially similar in form and function to the respective inner cylindrical surface 121, inner spherical surface 122, cylindrical body 126, upstanding arms 127, U-shaped channel 131 with lower seat 132, arm top surfaces 133, the bottom surface 135 and arm outer surfaces 137 with grooves 138 of the insert 14 previously described herein. [00156] With reference to Figs. 40 and 44-47, the closure top 618 is identical to the closure top 18 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1 with the exception of the lower rod contacting surfaces thereof. The closure top 618 has a flange form guide and advancement structure 782, a top surface 784, an internal drive 786, a bottom surface 788, a point 789 and a rim 790 that is the same in form and function to the respective guide and advancement structure 182, top surface 184, internal drive 186, base 188, point 189 and rim 190 of the closure top 18 previously described herein.

[00157] The assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 601 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assembly 1. In operation, the retainer 612 inner surface 705 grips the shank surface 638 with the retainer top surface 702 abutting against the shank ledge 640 as shown, for example, in Figs. 44-47. The downward force applied on the shank upper spherical surface 644 by the compression insert surface 722 maintains the retainer 612 in engagement with the ledge 640 as the retainer spherical surface 707 is pressed against the receiver seating surface 680 at all desired angles of articulation between the shank 604 and the receiver 610 as shown, for example, in Fig. 47. [00158] With reference to Figs. 48-51 the reference number 801 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 801 includes a shank 804, that further includes a body 806 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 808; a receiver 810; an open retainer structure 812 and a compression or pressure insert 814. Figs. 48, 49 and 51 further show a closure structure 818 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 821 within the receiver 810. The rod 821 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The assembly 801 is a combination of the assembly 201 and the assembly 601, both previously described herein. Specifically, the shank 804, the retainer 812 and the closure top 818 are identical or substantially similar to the respective shank 604, retainer 612 and closure top 618 of the assembly 601 while the receiver 810 and the compression insert 814 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 210 and insert 214 of the assembly 201. In other words, the assembly 801 is identical to the previously described assembly 601 with the exception that receiver spring tabs 275 and insert flat surface portions 338 of the assembly 201 have replaced the receiver crimp walls 678 and insert grooves 738 of the assembly 601. The assembly 801 has designated spring tabs 875 and cooperating insert flat surface portions 838. The assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 801 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assembly 201. [00159] With reference to Figs. 52-54 the reference number 901 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 901 includes a shank 904, that further includes a body 906 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 908; a receiver 910; an open retainer structure 912 and a compression or pressure insert 914. Figs. 52-54 further show a closure structure 918 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a deformable rod 921 within the receiver 910. The rod 921 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 421 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 401. The assembly 901 is a combination of the assembly 401 and the assembly 601. Specifically, the shank 904 and the retainer 912 are identical or substantially similar to the respective shank 604 and retainer 612 of the assembly 601 while the receiver 910, the compression insert 914 and the closure top 918 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 410, insert 414 and closure top 418 of the assembly 401. The assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 901 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assembly 401. [00160] With reference to Figs. 55-58, an alternative open retainer 12' for use with any of the other assemblies described herein is substantially similar to the open retainer 12 previously described herein with the exception of grooves formed in the retainer 12'. Specifically, the retainer 12' includes a top surface 102', a bottom surface 104', an inner cylindrical surface 105', an outer spherical surface 107' and end surfaces 109' and 110' that are the same or similar in form and function to the respective top surface 102, bottom surface 104, inner cylindrical surface 105, outer spherical surface 107 and slit formed by end surfaces 109 and 110 previously described herein with respect to the retainer 12. Furthermore, four evenly spaced grooves 115' are formed in the bottom surface 104' and extend through the inner surface 105' and the outer spherical surface 107' about halfway toward the top surface 102'. It is foreseen that there may be more or fewer groves 1 1 5 '. The grooves 115' advantageously even out the stress on the retainer 12' during expansion thereof over a shank upper portion 8, 208, 408, 608, 808 or 908 previously described herein. Thus, the grooves 115' aid in making the retainer 12' more strong and resilient, deforming outwardly during expansion in a more even or uniform fashion at the grooves 115', resulting in less stress at the portion of the retainer located directly opposite the slit formed by the end surfaces 109' and 110'. [00161] With reference to Figs. 59-60 the reference number 1001 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 1001 includes a shank 1004, that further includes a body 1006 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 1008; a receiver 1010; an open retainer structure 1012 and a compression or pressure insert 1014. Figs. 59 and 60 further show a closure structure 1018 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 1021 within the receiver 1010. The rod 1021 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver 1010, the insert 1014, the closure top 1018 and the rod 1021 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 210, insert 214, closure top 218 and rod 221 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 201 shown in Figs. 21-29 and previously described herein. The shank 1004 and the retainer 1012 are similar to the respective shank 204 and retainer 212 of the assembly 201, but there are some differences. Primarily, the shank and retainer have been modified to have a frusto-conical interface as compared to the cylindrical interface shown between the shank 204 and the retainer 212. [00162] Specifically, the shank 1004, having the shank body 1006 includes a helically wound bone implantable thread 1024 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 1026 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 1008, to a tip 1028 of the body 1006 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. The neck 1026 extends axially upward from the shank body 1006. The neck 1026 may be of the same or is typically of a slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 1032 of the body 1006 where the thread 1024 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 1026 is the shank upper portion 1008 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 1032 and thus at a distance from a vertebra, such as the vertebra 13 when the body 1006 is implanted in such vertebra. [00163] The shank upper portion 1008 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 1004 (with attached retainer 1012) and the receiver 1010 prior to fixing of the shank 1004 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 1010. The shank upper portion 1008 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 1034 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 1026 and terminates at a frusto-conical surface 1038. In some embodiments of the invention, the spherical lower surface 1034 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 1012 so that the surface 1034 as well as the retainer 1012 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 1004 and attached retainer 1012 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 1010. However, in other embodiments, the radius of the shank portion 1034 may be different than a radius of the retainer 1012. Adjacent the spherical surface 1034 is the upwardly and inwardly extending frusto-conical surface 1038. Extending outwardly from the frusto-conical surface 1038 is an annular surface or upper ledge 1040 that faces downwardly toward the frusto-conical surface 1038 and is substantially perpendicular to a central axis of the shank 1004. The frusto-conical surface 1038 and the upper ledge 1040 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 1012 to the shank upper portion 1008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 1012 along the shank axis once the retainer 1012 is located beneath ledge 1040. The illustrated frusto-conical surface 1038 is narrower at a top thereof. In other words, a diameter of the surface 1038 near the upper ledge 1040 is smaller than a diameter of the surface 1038 near the lower spherical surface 1034. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 1040 is a spherical or domed surface 1044. The spherical surface 1044 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 1014 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 1044. The radius of the surface 1044 is smaller than the radius of the lower spherical surface 1034. Located near or adjacent to the surface 1044 is an annular top surface 1046. A counter sunk internal drive feature 1050 is formed in the top surface 1046 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 1004. [00164] The open retainer 1012 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 1008 within the receiver 1010 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 1012 may be expanded during assembly. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 1012 during assembly, an opening or slit, generally 1108 that allows for expansion of the retainer 1012 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 1008 and also between the retainer and the receiver 1010 seating surface. The retainer 1012 has a central channel or hollow through bore that passes entirely through the structure 1012 from a top surface 1102 to a bottom surface 1104 thereof. The bore is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner frusto-conical surface 1105 that runs from the top surface 1102 to the bottom surface 1104. The retainer 1012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 1107 running between the top surface 1102 and the bottom surface 1104, the surface 1107 having the same or similar radius (when the resilient retainer 1012 is in a non-expanded, neutral or near neutral state) as the receiver 1010 seating surface and the shank lower spherical surface 1034 and thus larger than the radius of the dome 1044 of the shank 1004 that engages the similarly radiused lower surface of the insert 1014. The resilient retainer 1012 further includes first and second end surfaces disposed in spaced relation to one another forming the slit 1108 when the retainer is in a neutral or near neutral state. [00165] The assembly 1001 is assembled in a manner similar to the assembly 1, 201 and 601, for example, as previously described herein, with the shank upper portion 1008 being snapped or popped into the receiver 1010 by pushing the shank spherical surface 1044 through the retainer 1012 already located within the receiver inner cavity. As shown in Fig. 60, once assembled, the frusto-conical surface 1038 of the shank 1004 contacts the frusto-conical surface 1105 of the retainer 1012 with the retainer top surface 1102 abutting against the shank ledge surface 1040, providing a secure fit between the shank 1004 and the retainer 1012, the retainer 1012 thus capturing the shank head 1008 within the receiver 1010. Further assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 1001 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assemblies 1, 201, 601 and 801, for example.

[00166] With reference to Figs. 61-62 the reference number 2001 generally represents another polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 2001 includes a shank 2004, that further includes a body 2006 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 2008; a receiver 2010; an open retainer structure 2012 and a compression or pressure insert 2014. Figs. 61 and 62 further show a closure structure 2018 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 2021 within the receiver 2010. The rod 2021 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver 2010, the insert 2014, the closure top 2018 and the rod 2021 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 10, insert 14, closure top 18 and rod 21 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1 shown in Figs. 1-20 and previously described herein. The shank 2004 and the retainer 2012 are similar to the respective shank 4 and retainer 12 of the assembly 1, but there are some differences. Primarily, the shank and retainer have been modified to have a frusto-conical interface as compared to the cylindrical interface shown between the shank 4 and the retainer 12. [00167] Specifically, the shank 2004, having the shank body 2006 includes a helically wound bone implantable thread 2024 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 2026 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 2008, to a tip 2028 of the body 2006 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. The neck 2026 extends axially upward from the shank body 2006. The neck 2026 may be of the same or is typically of a slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 2032 of the body 2006 where the thread 2024 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 2026 is the shank upper portion 2008 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 2032 and thus at a distance from a vertebra, such as the vertebra 13 when the body 2006 is implanted in such vertebra. [00168] The shank upper portion 2008 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 2004 (with attached retainer 2012) and the receiver 2010 prior to fixing of the shank 2004 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 2010. The shank upper portion 2008 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 2034 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 2026 and terminates at a lower ledge 2036. The spherical lower surface 2034 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 2012, the surface 2034 as well as the retainer 2012 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 2004 and attached retainer 2012 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 2010. Adjacent the surface 2034 is the annular, planar lower ledge surface 2036 positioned perpendicular to a central axis of the shank 2004. Extending outwardly and upwardly from the lower ledge 2036 is a frusto conical surface 2038. Extending from the frusto-conical surface 2038 is an annular surface or upper ledge 2040 that is opposite the lower ledge 2036, and faces downwardly toward the frusto-conical surface 2038, the upper ledge 2040 also being substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the shank 2004. The frusto-conical surface 2038 and the upper and lower ledges 2036 and 2040 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 2012 to the shank upper portion 2008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 2012 along the shank axis once the retainer 2012 is located between the ledges 2036 and 2040. The illustrated frusto-conical surface 2038 is narrower at a bottom thereof. In other words, a diameter of the surface 2038 near the upper ledge 2040 is larger than a diameter of the surface 2038 near the bottom ledge 2036. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 2040 is a spherical or domed surface 2044. The spherical surface 2044 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 2014 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 2044. The radius of the surface 2044 is smaller than the radius of the lower spherical surface 2034. Located near or adjacent to the surface 2044 is an annular top surface 2046. A counter sunk internal drive feature 2050 is formed in the top surface 2046 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 2004.

[00169] The open retainer 2012 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 2008 within the receiver 2010 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 2012 may be expanded during assembly. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 2012 during assembly, an opening or slit, generally 2108 that allows for expansion of the retainer 2012 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 2008 and also between the retainer and the receiver 2010 seating surface. The retainer 2012 has a central channel or hollow through bore that passes entirely through the structure 2012 from a top surface 2102 to a bottom surface 2104 thereof. The bore is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner frusto-conical surface 2105 that runs from the top surface 2102 to the bottom surface 2104. The retainer 2012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 2107 running between the top surface 2102 and the bottom surface 2104, the surface 2107 having the same or similar radius (when in a neutral or near neutral state) as the receiver 2010 seating surface and the shank lower spherical surface 2034 and thus larger than the radius of the dome 2044 of the shank 2004 that engages the similarly radiused lower surface of the insert 2014. The resilient retainer 2012 further includes first and second end surfaces disposed in spaced relation to one another forming the slit 2108 when the retainer is in a neutral or near neutral state.

[00170] The assembly 2001 is assembled in a manner similar to the assembly 1, for example, as previously described herein, with the shank upper portion 2008 being snapped or popped into the receiver 2010 by pushing the shank spherical surface 2044 through the retainer 2012 already located within the receiver inner cavity. As shown in Fig. 62, once assembled, the frusto-conical surface 2038 of the shank 2004 contacts the frusto-conical surface 2105 of the retainer 2012 with the retainer bottom surface 2104 seated on the shank lower ledge surface 2036 and a portion of the retainer top surface 2102 abutting against the shank upper ledge surface 2040, providing a secure fit between the shank 2004 and the retainer 2012, the retainer 2012 thus capturing the shank head 2008 within the receiver 2010. Further assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 2001 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assemblies 1, 201, 601 and 801, for example. [00171] With reference to Figs. 63-64 the reference number 3001 generally represents another polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 3001 includes a shank 3004, that further includes a body 3006 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 3008; a receiver 3010; an open retainer structure 3012 and a compression or pressure insert 3014. Figs. 63 and 64 further show a closure structure 3018 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 3021 within the receiver 3010. The rod 3021 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver 3010, the insert 3014, the closure top 3018 and the rod 3021 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 210, insert 214, closure top 218 and rod 221 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 201 shown in Figs. 21-29 and previously described herein. The shank 3004 and the retainer 3012 are similar to the respective shank 204 and retainer 212 of the assembly 201, but there are some differences. Primarily, the shank and retainer have been modified to have a sloping and curved interface as compared to the cylindrical interface shown between the shank 204 and the retainer 212. [00172] Specifically, the shank 3004, having the shank body 3006 includes a helically wound bone implantable thread 3024 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 3026 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 3008, to a tip 3028 of the body 3006 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. The neck 1026 extends axially upward from the shank body 1006. The neck 3026 may be of the same or is typically of a slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 3032 of the body 3006 where the thread 3024 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 3026 is the shank upper portion 3008 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 3032 and thus at a distance from a vertebra, such as the vertebra 13 when the body 3006 is implanted in such vertebra. [00173] The shank upper portion 3008 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 31004 (with attached retainer 3012) and the receiver 3010 prior to fixing of the shank 3004 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 3010. The shank upper portion 3008 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 3034 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 3026 and terminates at a curved surface 3038. The spherical lower surface 3034 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 3012 so that the surface 3034 as well as the retainer 3012 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 3004 and attached retainer 3012 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 3010. Adjacent the spherical surface 3034 the an upwardly and inwardly extending curved surface of revolution 3038 formed about a central axis of the shank 3004, the illustrated surface 3038 being somewhat trumpet-like in form, having at least one and up to a plurality a radii. Extending outwardly from the surface 3038 is an annular surface or upper ledge 3040 that faces downwardly toward the curved surface 3038 and is substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the shank 3004. The curved surface 3038 and the upper ledge 3040 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 3012 to the shank upper portion 3008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 3012 along the shank axis once the retainer 3012 is located beneath ledge 3040. The illustrated curved surface 3038 is narrower at a top thereof. In other words, a diameter of the surface 3038 near the upper ledge 3040 is smaller than a diameter of the surface 3038 near the lower spherical surface 3034. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 3040 is a spherical or domed surface 3044. The spherical surface 3044 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 3014 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 3044. The radius of the surface 3044 is smaller than the radius of the lower spherical surface 3034. Located near or adjacent to the surface 3044 is an annular top surface 3046. A counter sunk internal drive feature 3050 is formed in the top surface 3046 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 3004. [00174] The open retainer 3012 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 3008 within the receiver 3010 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 3012 may be expanded during assembly. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 3012 during assembly, an opening or slit, generally 3108 that allows for expansion of the retainer 3012 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 3008 and also between the retainer and the receiver 3010 seating surface. The retainer 3012 has a central channel or hollow through bore that passes entirely through the structure 3012 from a top surface 3102 to a bottom surface 3104 thereof. The bore is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner curved surface of rotation 3105 that runs from the top surface 3102 to the bottom surface 3104. The retainer 3012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 3107 running between the top surface 3102 and the bottom surface 3104, the surface 3107 having the same or similar radius (when the resilient retainer 3012 is in a non-expanded, neutral or near neutral state) as the receiver 3010 seating surface and the shank lower spherical surface 3034 and thus larger than the radius of the dome 3044 of the shank 3004 that engages the similarly radiused lower surface of the insert 3014. The resilient retainer 3012 further includes first and second end surfaces disposed in spaced relation to one another forming the slit 3108 when the retainer is in a neutral or near neutral state. [00175] The assembly 3001 is assembled in a manner similar to the assembly 1, 201 and 601, for example, as previously described herein, with the shank upper portion 3008 being snapped or popped into the receiver 3010 by pushing the shank spherical surface 3044 through the retainer 3012 already located within the receiver inner cavity. As shown in Fig. 64, once assembled, the curved surface 3038 of the shank 3004 matches and is in mating contact with the curved surface 3105 of the retainer 3012 with a portion of the retainer top surface 3102 abutting against the shank ledge surface 3040, providing a secure fit between the shank 3004 and the retainer 3012, the retainer 3012 thus capturing the shank head 3008 within the receiver 3010. Further assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 3001 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assemblies 1, 201, 601 and 801, for example. [00176] With reference to Figs. 65-66 the reference number 4001 generally represents another polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 4001 includes a shank 4004, that further includes a body 4006 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 4008; a receiver 4010; an open retainer structure 4012 and a compression or pressure insert 4014. Figs. 65 and 66 further show a closure structure 4018 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 4021 within the receiver 4010. The rod 4021 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver 4010, the insert 4014, the closure top 4018 and the rod 4021 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 10, insert 14, closure top 18 and rod 21 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1 shown in Figs. 1-20 and previously described herein. The shank 4004 and the retainer 4012 are similar to the respective shank 4 and retainer 12 of the assembly 1, but there are some differences. Primarily, the shank and retainer have been modified to have a curved, surface of rotation interface as compared to the cylindrical interface shown between the shank 4 and the retainer 12. [00177] Specifically, the shank 4004, having the shank body 4006 includes a helically wound bone implantable thread 4024 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 4026 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 4008, to a tip 4028 of the body 4006 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. The neck 4026 extends axially upward from the shank body 4006. The neck 4026 may be of the same or of a slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 4032 of the body 4006 where the thread 4024 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 4026 is the shank upper portion 4008 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 4032 and thus at a distance from a vertebra, such as the vertebra 13 when the body 4006 is implanted in such vertebra. [00178] The shank upper portion 4008 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 4004 (with attached retainer 4012) and the receiver 4010 prior to fixing of the shank 4004 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 4010. The shank upper portion 4008 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 4034 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 4026 and terminates at an annular surface 4036. The spherical lower surface 4034 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 4012, the surface 4034 as well as the retainer 4012 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 4004 and attached retainer 4012 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 4010. Adjacent the surface 4034 is the annular, planar lower ledge surface 4036 positioned perpendicular to a central axis of the shank 4004. Extending outwardly and upwardly from the lower ledge 4036 is a curved surface of rotation 4038 formed about the shank central axis. Unlike the trumpet like surface 3038 previously described with respect to the assembly 3001, the surface 4038 is uniform, defined by a curve with a single radius. Extending from the curved surface 4038 is an annular surface or upper ledge 4040 that is opposite the lower ledge 4036, and faces downwardly toward the curved surface 4038, the upper ledge 4040 also being substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the shank 4004. The curved surface 4038 and the upper and lower ledges 4036 and 4040 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 4012 to the shank upper portion 4008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 4012 along the shank axis once the retainer 4012 is located between the ledges 4036 and 4040. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 4040 is a spherical or domed surface 4044. The spherical surface 4044 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 4014 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 4044. The radius of the surface 4044 is smaller than the radius of the lower spherical surface 4034 and the outer radius of the retainer 4012. Located near or adjacent to the surface 4044 is an annular top surface 4046. A counter sunk internal drive feature 4050 is formed in the top surface 4046 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 4004. [00179] The open retainer 4012 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 4008 within the receiver 4010 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 4012 may be expanded during assembly. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 4012 during assembly, an opening or slit, generally 4108 that allows for expansion of the retainer 4012 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 4008 and also between the retainer and the receiver 4010 seating surface. The retainer 4012 has a central channel or hollow through bore that passes entirely through the structure 4012 from a top surface 4102 to a bottom surface 4104 thereof. The bore is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner curved surface 4105 that runs from the top surface 4102 to the bottom surface 4104. The retainer 4012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 4107 running between the top surface 4102 and the bottom surface 4104, the surface 4107 having the same or similar radius (when in a neutral or near neutral state) as the receiver 4010 seating surface and the shank lower spherical surface 4034 and thus larger than the radius of the dome 4044 of the shank 4004 that engages the insert 4014. The resilient retainer 4012 further includes first and second end surfaces disposed in spaced relation to one another forming the slit 4108 when the retainer is in a neutral or near neutral state. [00180] The assembly 4001 is assembled in a manner similar to the assembly 1, for example, as previously described herein, with the shank upper portion 4008 being snapped or popped into the receiver 4010 by pushing the shank spherical surface 4044 through the retainer 4012 already located within the receiver inner cavity. As shown in Fig. 66, once assembled, the curved surface 4038 of the shank 4004 aligns and closely contacts the curved surface 4105 the retainer 4012 with the retainer bottom surface 4104 seated on the shank lower ledge surface 4036 and a portion of the retainer top surface 4102 abutting against the shank upper ledge surface 4040, providing a secure fit between the shank 4004 and the retainer 4012, the retainer 4012 thus capturing the shank head 4008 within the receiver 4010. Further assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 4001 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assemblies 1, 201, 601 and 801, for example. [00181] With reference to Figs. 67-68 the reference number 5001 generally represents another polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 5001 includes a shank 5004, that further includes a body 5006 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 5008; a receiver 5010; an open retainer structure 5012 and a compression or pressure insert 5014. Figs. 67 and 68 further show a closure structure 5018 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 5021 within the receiver 5010. The rod 5021 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver 5010, the insert 5014, the closure top 5018 and the rod 5021 are substantially similar to the respective receiver 10, insert 14, closure top 18 and rod 21 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1 shown in Figs. 1-20 and previously described herein. It is noted that to accommodate the slightly taller retainer 5012, the receiver 5010 interior has also been slightly modified to create a slightly taller inner expansion chamber for the expansion of the retainer 5012 about the shank head 5008 within such chamber. The shank 5004 and the retainer 5012 are similar to the respective shank 4 and retainer 12 of the assembly 1, but there are some differences. Primarily, the shank and retainer have been modified to provide an assembly wherein the retainer 5012 has an outer radius that is the same as an upper outer radius of the shank 5010 that in turn engages the insert 5014 at a lower concave surface thereof, also having the same radius.

[00182] Specifically, the shank 5004, having the shank body 5006 includes a helically wound bone implantable thread 5024 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 5026 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 5008, to a tip 5028 of the body 5006 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. The neck 5026 extends axially upward from the shank body 5006. The neck 5026 may be of the same or of a slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 5032 of the body 5006 where the thread 5024 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 5026 is the shank upper portion 5008 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 5032 and thus at a distance from a vertebra, such as the vertebra 13 when the body 5006 is implanted in such vertebra. [00183] The shank upper portion 5008 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 5004 (with attached retainer 5012) and the receiver 5010 prior to fixing of the shank 5004 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 5010. The shank upper portion 5008 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 5034 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 5026 and terminates at an annular surface 5036. The spherical lower surface 5034 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 5012, the surface 5034 as well as the retainer 5012 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 5004 and attached retainer 5012 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 5010. Adjacent the surface 5034 is the annular, planar lower ledge surface 5036 positioned perpendicular to a central axis of the shank 5004. Extending upwardly from the lower ledge 5036 is a cylindrical surface 5038 formed about the shank central axis. Extending from the cylindrical surface 5038 is an annular surface or upper ledge 5040 that is opposite the lower ledge 5036, the upper ledge 5040 also being substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the shank 5004. The cylindrical surface 5038 and the upper and lower ledges 5036 and 5040 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 5012 to the shank upper portion 5008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 5012 along the shank axis once the retainer 5012 is located between the ledges 5036 and 5040. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 5040 is a spherical or domed surface 5044. The spherical surface 5044 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 5014 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 5044. The radius of the surface 5044 is the same or substantially the same as the radius of the lower spherical surface 5034 and the outer radius of the retainer 5012. Located near or adjacent to the surface 5044 is an annular top surface 5046. A counter sunk internal drive feature 5050 is formed in the top surface 5046 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 5004.

[00184] The open retainer 5012 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 5008 within the receiver 5010 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 5012 may be expanded during assembly. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 5012 during assembly, an opening or slit, generally 5108 that allows for expansion of the retainer 5012 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 5008 and also between the retainer and the receiver 5010 seating surface. The retainer 5012 has a central channel or hollow through bore that passes entirely through the structure 5012 from a top surface 5102 to a bottom surface 5104 thereof. The bore is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner cylindrical surface 5105 that runs from the top surface 5102 to the bottom surface 5104. The retainer 5012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 5107 running between the top surface 5102 and the bottom surface 5104, the surface 5107 having the same or similar radius (when in a neutral or near neutral state) as the receiver 5010 seating surface and the shank lower spherical surface 5034 and thus the same radius as the dome 5044 of the shank 5004 that engages the insert 5014. The resilient retainer 5012 further includes first and second end surfaces disposed in spaced relation to one another forming the slit 5108 when the retainer is in a neutral or near neutral state.

[00185] The assembly 5001 is assembled in a manner similar to the assembly 1, for example, as previously described herein, with the shank upper portion 5008 being snapped or popped into the receiver 5010 by pushing the shank spherical surface 5044 through the retainer 5012 already located within the receiver inner cavity. As shown in Fig. 68, once assembled, the cylindrical surface 5038 of the shank 5004 aligns and closely contacts the cylindrical surface 5105 the retainer 5012 with the retainer bottom surface 5104 seated on the shank lower ledge surface 5036 and the retainer top surface 5102 abutting against the shank upper ledge surface 5040, providing a secure fit between the shank 5004 and the retainer 5012, the retainer 5012 thus capturing the shank head 5008 within the receiver 5010. Further assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 5001 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assemblies 1, 201, 601 and 801, for example. [00186] With reference to Figs. 69-70 the reference number 6001 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 6001 includes a shank 6004, that further includes a body 6006 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 6008; a receiver 6010; an open retainer structure 6012 and a compression or pressure insert 6014. Figs. 69 and 70 further show a closure structure 6018 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 6021 within the receiver 6010. The rod 6021 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver 6010, the insert 6014, the closure top 6018 and the rod 6021 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 210, insert 214, closure top 218 and rod 221 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 201 shown in Figs. 21-29 and previously described herein. It is noted that the receiver 6010 has been slightly modified to accommodate the retainer 6012 that is taller than the retainer 212. The shank 6004 and the retainer 6012 are similar to the respective shank 204 and retainer 212 of the assembly 201, but there are some differences. Primarily, the shank and retainer have been modified to have a frusto-conical interface as compared to the cylindrical interface shown between the shank 204 and the retainer 212. Furthermore, the shank and retainer have been modified to provide an assembly wherein the retainer 6012 has an outer radius that is the same as an upper outer radius of the shank 6010 that in turn engages the insert 6014 at a lower concave surface thereof, also having the same radius. [00187] Specifically, the shank 6004, having the shank body 6006 includes a helically wound bone implantable thread 6024 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 6026 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 6008, to a tip 6028 of the body 6006 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. The neck 6026 extends axially upward from the shank body 6006. The neck 6026 may be of the same or is typically of a slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 6032 of the body 6006 where the thread 6024 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 6026 is the shank upper portion 6008 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 6032 and thus at a distance from a vertebra, such as the vertebra 13 when the body 6006 is implanted in such vertebra. [00188] The shank upper portion 6008 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 6004 (with attached retainer 6012) and the receiver 6010 prior to fixing of the shank 6004 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 6010. The shank upper portion 6008 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 6034 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 6026 and terminates at a cylindrical surface 6036. The spherical lower surface 6034 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 6012 so that the surface 6034 as well as the retainer 6012 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 004 and attached retainer 6012 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 6010. However, in other embodiments, the radius of the shank portion 6034 may be different than a radius of the retainer 6012. Adjacent the cylindrical surface 6036 is an upwardly and inwardly extending frusto-conical surface 6038. Extending outwardly from the frusto-conical surface 6038 is an annular surface or upper ledge 6040 that faces downwardly toward the frusto-conical surface 6038 and is substantially perpendicular to a central axis of the shank 6004. The frusto-conical surface 6038 and the upper ledge 6040 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 6012 to the shank upper portion 6008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 6012 along the shank axis once the retainer 6012 is located beneath ledge 6040. The illustrated frusto-conical surface 6038 is narrower at a top thereof. In other words, a diameter of the surface 6038 near the upper ledge 6040 is smaller than a diameter of the surface 6038 near the lower spherical surface 6034. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 6040 is a cylindrical surface 6042 followed by a spherical or domed surface 6044. The spherical surface 6044 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 6014 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 6044. The radius of the surface 6044 is the same or substantially similar to the radius of the lower spherical surface 6034 and the outer spherical surface of the retainer 6012. Located near or adjacent to the surface 6044 is an annular top surface 6046. A counter sunk internal drive feature 6050 is formed in the top surface 6046 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 6004. [00189] The open retainer 6012 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 6008 within the receiver 6010 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 6012 may be expanded during assembly. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 6012 during assembly, an opening or slit, generally 6108 that allows for expansion of the retainer 6012 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 6008 and also between the retainer and the receiver 6010 seating surface. The retainer 6012 has a central channel or hollow through bore that passes entirely through the structure 6012 from a top surface 6102 to a bottom surface 6104 thereof. The bore is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner frusto-conical surface 6105 that runs from the top surface 6102 to the bottom surface 6104. The retainer 6012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 6107 running between the top surface 6102 and the bottom surface 6104, the surface 6107 having the same or similar radius (when the resilient retainer 6012 is in a non-expanded, neutral or near neutral state) as the receiver 6010 seating surface, the shank lower spherical surface 6034 and the dome 6044 of the shank 6004 that engages the similarly radiused lower surface of the insert 6014. The resilient retainer 6012 further includes first and second end surfaces disposed in spaced relation to one another forming the slit 6108 when the retainer is in a neutral or near neutral state. [00190] The assembly 6001 is assembled in a manner similar to the assembly 1, 201 and 601, for example, as previously described herein, with the shank upper portion 6008 being snapped or popped into the receiver 6010 by pushing the shank spherical surface 6044 through the retainer 6012 already located within the receiver inner cavity. As shown in Fig. 70, once assembled, the frusto-conical surface 6038 of the shank 6004 closely contacts the frusto-conical surface 6105 of the retainer 6012 along an entire surface thereof with a portion of the retainer top surface 6102 abutting against the shank ledge surface 6040, providing a secure fit between the shank 6004 and the retainer 6012, the retainer 6012 thus capturing the shank head 6008 within the receiver 6010. Further assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 6001 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assemblies 1, 201, 601 and 801, for example. [00191] With reference to Figs. 71-72 the reference number 7001 generally represents a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly according to the present invention. The assembly 7001 includes a shank 7004, that further includes a body 7006 integral with an upwardly extending upper portion or capture structure 7008; a receiver 7010; an open retainer structure 7012 and a compression or pressure insert 7014. Figs. 71 and 72 further show a closure structure 7018 of the invention for capturing a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 7021 within the receiver 7010. The rod 7021 is the same or substantially similar to the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting members previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver 7010, the insert 7014, the closure top 7018 and the rod 7021 are identical or substantially similar to the respective receiver 210, insert 214, closure top 218 and rod 221 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 201 shown in Figs. 21-29. It is noted that the receiver 7010 has been slightly modified to accommodate the retainer 7012 that is taller than the retainer 212. The shank 7004 and the retainer 7012 are similar to the respective shank 204 and retainer 212 of the assembly 201, but there are some differences. Primarily, the shank and retainer have been modified to have a combination frusto-conical and cylindrical interface as compared to the cylindrical interface shown between the shank 204 and the retainer 212. Furthermore, the shank and retainer have been modified to provide an assembly wherein the retainer 7012 has an outer radius that is the same as an upper outer radius of the shank 7010 that in turn engages the insert 7014 at a lower concave surface thereof, also having the same radius. [00192] Specifically, the shank 7004, having the shank body 7006 includes a helically wound bone implantable thread 7024 (single or dual lead thread form) extending from near a neck 7026 located adjacent to the upper portion or capture structure 7008, to a tip 7028 of the body 7006 and extending radially outwardly therefrom. The neck 7026 extends axially upward from the shank body 7006. The neck 7026 may be of the same or slightly reduced radius as compared to an adjacent upper end or top 7032 of the body 7006 where the thread 7024 terminates.

Further extending axially and outwardly from the neck 7026 is the shank upper portion 7008 that provides a connective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upper end 7032 and thus at a distance from a vertebra, such as the vertebra 13 when the body 7006 is implanted in such vertebra. [00193] The shank upper portion 7008 is configured for a pivotable connection between the shank 7004 (with attached retainer 7012) and the receiver 7010 prior to fixing of the shank 7004 in a desired position with respect to the receiver 7010. The shank upper portion 7008 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical lower surface 7034 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 7026 and terminates at a cylindrical surface 7035. The spherical lower surface 7034 has an outer radius that is the same or substantially similar to an outer radius of the retainer 7012 so that the surface 7034 as well as the retainer 7012 outer surface participating in the ball and socket joint formed by the shank 7004 and attached retainer 7012 within the partially spherical surface defining an inner cavity of the receiver 7010. However, in other embodiments, the radius of the shank portion 7034 may be different than a radius of the retainer 7012. Adjacent the cylindrical surface 7035 is an annular surface 7036 disposed perpendicular to a central axis of the shank 7004. The surface 7036 is in turn adjacent to an upwardly and inwardly extending frusto-conical surface 7038. Extending outwardly from the frusto-conical surface 7038 is an annular surface or upper ledge 7040 that faces downwardly toward the frusto-conical surface 7038 and is substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the shank 7004. The cylindrical surface 7035, lower ledge 7036, frusto-conical surface 7038 and upper ledge 7040 cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 7012 to the shank upper portion 7008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 7012 along the shank axis once the retainer 7012 is located beneath ledge 7040. The illustrated frusto-conical surface 7038 is narrower at a top thereof. In other words, a diameter of the surface 7038 near the upper ledge 7040 is smaller than a diameter of the surface 7038 near the cylindrical surface 7035. Extending upwardly from the upper ledge 7040 is a cylindrical surface 7042 followed by a spherical or domed surface 7044. The spherical surface 7044 has an outer radius configured for sliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantially spherical concave surface of the compression insert 7014 that has the same or substantially similar radius as the surface 7044. The radius of the surface 7044 is the same or substantially similar to the radius of the lower spherical surface 7034 and the outer spherical surface of the retainer 7012. Located near or adjacent to the surface 7044 is an annular top surface 7046. A counter sunk internal drive feature 7050 is formed in the top surface 7046 and has a hex shape designed to receive a hex tool (not shown) of an Allen wrench type, into the aperture for rotating and driving the bone screw shank 7004. [00194] The open retainer 7012 that operates to capture the shank upper portion 7008 within the receiver 7010 is made from a resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 7012 may be expanded during assembly. However, because there is no need to compress the retainer 7012 during assembly, an opening or slit, generally 7108 that allows for expansion of the retainer 7012 is designed to be very narrow, advantageously providing substantial or almost full surface contact between the retainer and the shank upper portion 7008 and also between the retainer and the receiver 7010 seating surface. The retainer 7012 has a central channel or hollow through bore that passes entirely through the structure 7012 from a top surface 7102 to a bottom surface 7104 thereof. The bore is primarily defined by a discontinuous inner frusto-conical surface 7105 that runs from the top surface 7102 to a cylindrical surface 7106 that in turn is adjacent to the bottom surface 7104. The retainer 7012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 7107 running between the top surface 7102 and the bottom surface 7104, the surface 7107 having the same or similar radius (when the resilient retainer 7012 is in a non-expanded, neutral or near neutral state) as the receiver 7010 seating surface, the shank lower spherical surface 7034 and the dome 7044 of the shank 7004 that engages the similarly radiused lower surface of the insert 7014. The resilient retainer 7012 further includes first and second end surfaces disposed in spaced relation to one another forming the slit 7108 when the retainer is in a neutral or near neutral state.

[00195] The assembly 7001 is assembled in a manner similar to the assembly 1, 201 and 601, for example, as previously described herein, with the shank upper portion 7008 being snapped or popped into the receiver 7010 by pushing the shank spherical surface 7044 through the retainer 7012 already located within the receiver inner cavity. As shown in Fig. 72, once assembled, the frusto-conical surface 7038 of the shank 7004 closely contacts the frusto-conical surface 7105 of the retainer 7012 along an entire surface thereof with a portion of the retainer top surface 7102 abutting against the shank ledge surface 7040. Also, the retainer inner cylindrical surface 7106 closely mates with the shank outer cylindrical surface 7035, with a portion of the retainer being seated on the ledge surface 7036. Such a plurality of closely contacting surfaces provides a secure fit between the shank 7004 and the retainer 7012, the retainer 7012 thus capturing the shank head 7008 within the receiver 7010. Further assembly and disassembly, if desired, and implantation and operation of the assembly 7001 is performed in a manner identical to what has been described herein with respect to the assemblies 1, 201, 601 and 801, for example. [00196] It is to be understood that while certain forms of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown.

Claims (10)

1. A polyaxial bone anchor, including: a) a receiver defining a chamber communicating with a 5 channel, the channel sized and shaped for receiving a portion of a longitudinal connecting member, the chamber communicating with a lower opening and the chamber having a sidewall surface; b) a shank having a threaded body integral with an 10 upper portion and a first axis being located centrally and parallel to the body, the upper portion having a first convex surface with a first radius with respect to the first axis, the shank having a second curved surface near the bottom of the upper portion, the second curved surface having a second 15 radius with respect to the first axis that is the same as the first radius, the first convex surface located at substantially a top of the upper portion, the shank body extending out of and downwardly from the receiver lower opening; 20 c) a resilient open retainer being located in the chamber prior to upward loading of the shank, the retainer having a third convex outer surface with a third radius with respect to the first axis, the third radius being substantially equal to the first radius when the retainer is 25 in a substantially neutral, non-expanded state, the retainer being expandable in the chamber about the shank upper portion and receiving the first convex surface therethrough to capture the shank upper portion in the chamber, the retainer being joined to the shank at an interface located along the shank upper portion between the first convex surface and the shank body, the interface being at least one of cylindrical, frusto 5 conical and curved geometry, the retainer and shank being in joined relation to one another and in pivotal relationship with the receiver sidewall surface prior to locking of the retainer against the receiver; and d) a top loaded insert having a lower surface radiused 10 to mate with the shank upper portion first radius in engagement with at least a portion of the shank first convex surface, the insert located between the shank upper portion and the portion of the longitudinal connecting member located in the receiver channel. 15

2. The polyaxial bone anchor of claim 1 wherein the insert is spaced from the retainer in all angular orientations of the shank with respect to the receiver. 20

3. The polyaxial bone anchor of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the insert has an outer surface engaging an inner surface of the receiver.

4. The polyaxial bone anchor of claim 3 wherein the receiver 25 has at least one of a crimped wall surface and a spring tab pressing onto the insert.

5. The polyaxial bone anchor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the receiver channel is a first channel and the insert has a second channel, the insert being top loaded into the receiver and then rotated into a position 5 above the retainer with the second channel aligned with the first channel.

6. The polyaxial bone anchor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the receiver channel is a first 10 channel and the insert has a second channel, the insert is rotated into position above the retainer, the insert having a blocking feature and the receiver having a stop for abutment with the blocking feature when the second channel is aligned with the first channel. 15

7. The polyaxial bone anchor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the retainer is a discontinuous ring forming a through slit and from none to a plurality of grooves. 20

8. The polyaxial bone anchor of claim 7 wherein the ring has at least one planar surface.

9. The polyaxial bone anchor according to any one of the 25 preceding claims, wherein the interface geometry is curved with the shank upper portion partially defining a concave surface and the retainer having a convex inner surface mating with the concave surface.

10. The polyaxial bone anchor according to any one of the 5 preceding claims, wherein the retainer has at least a first planar surface engaging a second planar surface of the shank.