AU2013205523A1 - Electronic casino gaming system with improved play capacity, authentication and security - Google Patents

Abstract

A casino gaming apparatus comprising: 5 a casino game console; a video display unit; a first memory providing an executable space for a processor in said casino game console; a second memory disposed in said casino game console, said second 10 memory having gaming data relating to a casino game stored therein; a third memory, being disposed in said casino game console, storing system logic for reading files in a file system stored on the second memory; the processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively coupled to said video display unit, said first memory, said second memory, and said 15 third memory; said processor operable to i) cause data relating to the system logic to be authenticated based on a comparison of a hash value generated from the data relating to the system logic and a known hash value and ii) to cause the gaming data relating to the casino game to be authenticated based on a comparison of a 20 first hash value generated from the gaming data transferred to the first memory with a known first hash value; wherein the system logic is authenticated prior to authenticating the gaming data relating to the casino game stored on the second memory.

Description

- 1 ELECTRONIC CASINO GAMING SYSTEM WITH IMPROVED PLAY CAPACITY, AUTHENTICATION AND SECURITY 5 FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to microprocessor based gaming systems used in gambling casinos. The present application is a divisional application of Australian patent application no. 2010201666, the contents of which are incorporated herein by way of reference. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Microprocessor based gaming systems are known which are used in gambling casinos to augment the traditional slot machine games (e.g. three reel single or multi-line games) and card games, such as poker and black jack. In a typical gaming system of this type, a microprocessor based system includes both 15 hardware and software components to provide the game playing capabilities. The hardware components include a video display for displaying the game play, mechanical switches for enabling player selection of additional cards or game play choices, coin acceptors and detectors and the electronic components usually found in a microprocessor based system, such as random access memory (RAM), read 20 only memory (ROM), a processor and one or more busses. The software components include the initialization software, credit and payout routines, the game image and rules data set, and a random number generator algorithm. In order to be acceptable for casino use, an electronic gaming system must provide both security and authentication for the software components. For this reason, gaming 25 commissions have heretofore required that all software components of an electronic gaming system be stored in unalterable memory, which is typically an unalterable ROM. In addition, a copy of the contents of the ROM or a message digest of the contents (or both) are normally kept on file in a secure location designated by the gaming commission so that the contents of an individual ROM removed from a 30 gaming machine can be verified against the custodial version.

-2 In a typical arrangement, a message digest of the ROM contents is initially generated prior to the installation of the ROM in the machine by using a known algorithm usually referred to as a hash function. A hash function is a computation procedure that produces a fixed-size string of bits from a variable-size digital input. 5 The fixed-sized string of bits is termed the hash value. If the hash function is difficult to invert--termed a one-way hash function--the hash function is also termed a message digest function, and the result is termed the message digest. The message digest is unique to any given variable size input data set. i.e. the game data set stored in the ROM. When it becomes necessary to later authenticate the 10 ROM from any given machine, the ROM is physically removed from the game console and the message digest of the ROM contents is computed directly from the ROM using the original hash function. The computed message digest is compared with the message digest on file at the designated custodial location (typically in the casino itself). This procedure is typically carried out whenever a machine produces 15 a payoff beyond a given threshold value. If the two message digests match, then the contents of the ROM are considered to be authenticated (verified) and the payout is made to the player. While such electronic casino gaming systems have been found to be useful in promoting casino game play, the restriction requiring that the casino game 20 program be stored in unalterable ROM memory, leads to a number of disadvantageous limitations. First, due to the limited capacity of the ROM storage media traditionally used to hold the program, the scope of game play available with such systems is severely limited. For sophisticated games using motion video and audio multi-media elements, much more memory capacity, on the order of 25 hundreds of megabytes, is necessary. However, physical verification of such a large quantity of physical devices is not practical, and has thus far been an impediment to creating sophisticated games with more player appeal. Second. the authentication check is only conducted on a limited basis (usually after a jackpot) or other significant winning game outcome, and the authentication procedure requires 30 that game play be halted until the ROM contents have been found to be authentic.

-3 A reference herein to a patent document or other matter which is given as prior art is not to be taken as an admission or a suggestion that that document or matter was known or that the information it contains was part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of any of the claims. 5 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to an aspect, the present invention provides a casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; a first memory providing an executable space for a processor in said casino game console; a second memory disposed in said casino game console, said second memory 10 having gaming data relating to a casino game stored therein; a third memory, being disposed in said casino game console, storing system logic for reading files in a file system stored on the second memory; the processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively coupled to said video display unit, said first memory, said second memory, and said third memory; said processor operable to i) cause 15 data relating to the system logic to be authenticated based on a comparison of a hash value generated from the data relating to the system logic and a known hash value and ii) to cause the gaming data relating to the casino game to be authenticated based on a comparison of a first hash value generated from the gaming data transferred to the first memory with a known first hash value; wherein 20 the system logic is authenticated prior to authenticating the gaming data relating to the casino game stored on the second memory. According to another aspect, the present invention provides a gaming machine comprising: a cabinet; at least one user-interface button; a value-receiving mechanism associated with said cabinet; a value-dispensing mechanism 25 associated with said cabinet; a video display unit associated with said cabinet; a touch-sensitive device associated with said video display unit; a processor disposed in said cabinet and operatively coupled to said user-interface button, said value receiving mechanism, said video display unit and said touch-sensitive device; a read-only memory disposed in said cabinet; basic input/output system (BIOS) 30 software stored in said read-only memory; a nonvolatile memory capable of storing critical system data; critical data storage software that causes critical system data to be stored in said nonvolatile memory; disk memory disposed in said cabinet and -4 operatively coupled to said processor; system software stored in said disk memory, said system software comprising a first software portion representing a first game that may be played by a player; encoded data stored in said disk memory, said encoded data having been generated from at least one message digest that was 5 generated based on using an encoding function with said system software; secure loading software stored in memory that loads system software from said disk memory into random-access memory and verifies correctness and authenticity of said system software, said secure loading software verifying correctness and authenticity of said system software based on a comparison of data generated from 10 said encoded data and data generated from said system software; and operating system (OS) software stored in memory, said operating system software comprising an application programming interface including a first application programming interface portion that provides a software interface to said video display unit and a second application programming interface portion that provides a software interface 15 to said touch-sensitive device. According to another aspect, the present invention provides a casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; a mass storage unit having gaming data relating to at least one casino game stored therein; a first memory storing a basic input/output system (BIOS) for initializing a 20 motherboard and a second memory; the second memory storing at least components of an operating system adapted for reading files in a file system on the mass storage unit wherein the components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the gaming data; and a processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively coupled to said video display unit, first memory 25 and said second memory, said motherboard and said mass storage unit, said processor operable to cause said gaming data to be authenticated by: 1) subjecting said gaming data to a one-way hash function to generate a first message digest and 2) comparing said first message digest to a second message digest previously generated by subjecting known gaming data to a one-way hash function, and said 30 processor operable to cause a remedial action to be taken if said gaming data is not authentic.

- 4a According to another aspect, the present invention provides a casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; a mass storage unit having first gaming data relating to a first casino game stored therein and having second gaming data relating to a second casino game stored therein; a 5 first memory storing a basic input/output system (BIOS) for initializing a motherboard and a second memory; the second memory storing at least components of an operating system adapted for reading files in a file system on the mass storage unit wherein the components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the first gaming data or second gaming data; an input 10 mechanism for receiving a selection of the first casino game or the second casino game; and a processor disposed in said casino game console and being operative coupled to said video display unit, first memory, said second memory, said input mechanism, said motherboard and said mass storage unit, said processor operable to authenticate said first gaming data or to authenticate said second gaming data 15 prior to generating the first casino game or generating the second casino game, said processor operable to generate a play of the first casino game in response to receiving a selection of the first casino game via the input mechanism and said processor operable to generate a play of the second game in response to receiving a selection of the second casino game via the input mechanism. 20 According to another aspect, the present invention provides a casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; a first memory providing an executable space for a processor, said first memory being disposed inside the casino game console; a second memory having gaming data relating to a casino game stored therein; a third memory storing a basic input/output 25 system (BIOS) for initializing a motherboard and initializing a fourth memory; the fourth memory storing at least components of an operating system for reading files in a file system on the second memory wherein the components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the gaming data; and the processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively coupled to said video display unit, 30 said first memory, said second memory, said third memory, said fourth memory and said motherboard; said processor operable to cause said gaming data to be checked based on a comparison of data generated by said processor from said - 4b gaming data being checked with previously generated data, and said processor operable to cause a remedial action to be taken based on an outcome of said checking of said gaming data. According to another aspect, the present invention provides a casino 5 gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; a Random Access Memory (RAM) for providing an executable space for a processor, said RAM being disposed in said casino game console; a mass storage unit having gaming data relating to a plurality of different casino games stored therein; and a first memory storing a basic input/output system (BIOS) for initializing a 10 motherboard and a second memory; the second memory storing at least components of an operating system adapted for allowing access to files in a file system on the mass storage unit wherein the components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the gaming data; and the processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively coupled to said video display unit, said 15 RAM, said mass storage unit, said first memory, said second memory and said motherboard; said processor operable to cause said gaming data to be checked based on a comparison of data generated from said gaming data with previously generated data. According to an embodiment, the electronic casino gaming apparatus 20 greatly expands casino game play capability and enhances security and authentication capabilities. More particularly, the embodiment comprises an electronic casino gaming system and method having greatly expanded mass storage capability for storing a multiplicity of high resolution, high sound quality casino type games, and provides enhanced authentication of the stored game 25 program information with a high security factor.

-5 According to an embodiment, authentication of a casino game data set may be carried out within the casino game console using an authentication program stored in an unalterable ROM physically located within the casino game console. 5 The casino game data set and a unique signature are stored in a mass storage device, which may comprise a read only unit or a read/write unit and which may be physically located either within the casino game console or remotely located and linked to the casino game console over a suitable network. The authentication program stored in the unalterable ROM performs an authentication check on the 10 casino game data set at appropriate times, such as prior to commencement of game play, at periodic intervals or upon demand. At appropriate occasions, the contents of the unalterable ROM can be verified by computing the message digest of the unalterable ROM contents and comparing this computed message digest with a securely stored copy of the message digest computed from the ROM contents prior 15 to installation in the casino game console. From a process standpoint, one embodiment may include a method of authenticating a data set of a casino style game which consists of two phases: a game data set preparation phase and a game data set checking phase. In the game data set preparation phase, the method proceeds by providing a data set for a 20 casino game, computing a first abbreviated bit string unique to the casino game data set, encrypting the first abbreviated bit string to provide an encrypted signature of the -6 casino game data set, and storing the casino game data set and the signature in a mass storage device. The first abbreviated bit string is preferably computed using a hash function to produce a message digest of the casino game data set. The signature is then encrypted from the message digest. After storage of the game data 5 set and unique signature, this information is installed in a casino game console. The casino game data set checking phase proceeds by computing a second abbreviated bit string from the stored casino game data set using the same hash function, decrypting the stored encrypted signature to recover the first abbreviated bit string, and comparing the first and second abbreviated bit strings to determine whether the 10 two strings match. If a match does occur, the casino game data set is deemed authentic; if there is no match, authentication is denied and game play is prohibited. The encryption/decryption process is preferably performed using a private key/public key technique in which the first abbreviated bit string is encrypted by the 15 game manufacturer using a private encryption key maintained in the custody of the game manufacturer. The decryption of the signature is performed using a public key which is contained in an unalterable read only memory element located in the game console, along with the casino game data set. The casino game data set is preferably stored in a mass storage device, such as a magnetic or CD-ROM disk drive unit or a 20 network file unit, the selected unit having a relatively large capacity. The actual size of the mass storage device will depend upon the casino game storage requirements and can be tailored to any specific application. Each time a casino game data set is transferred from the mass storage device 25 to the main memory of the system, the authentication routine is run. The authentication routine can also be run automatically on a periodic basis, or on demand--either locally by means of an operator switch mounted in the game console or remotely via a network. Consequently, the authenticity of the data set can be automatically checked whenever the transfer occurs and at other appropriate times. 30 In order to detect attempts to tamper with the contents of the unalterable read only memory element located in the game console, a message digest computed for the authentication program stored therein is stored in a secure manner in a different location from the game console, such as the casino operator's security facilities or the -7 facilities of a gaming commission (or both). The authenticity of the unalterable read only memory element is checked in the same way as that now performed in prior art devices: viz, computing the message digest directly from the unalterable read only memory device, and comparing the message digest thus computed with the custodial 5 version. From an apparatus standpoint, an embodiment may include an electronic casino gaming system having means for providing authentication of a game data set of a casino type game prior to permitting game play, the system including first means 10 for storing a casino game data set and a signature of the casino game data set, the signature comprising an encrypted version of a unique first abbreviated bit string computed from the casino game data set; second means for storing an authentication program capable of computing a second abbreviated bit string from the casino game data set stored in the first storing means and capable of decrypting the encrypted 15 signature stored in the first storing means to recover the first abbreviated bit string; processing means for enabling the authentication program to compute an abbreviated bit string from the casino game data set stored in the first storing means and for enabling the authentication program to decrypt the encrypted signature; and means for comparing the computed second abbreviated bit string with the decrypted 20 abbreviated bit string to determine whether a match is present. The first storing means preferably comprises a mass storage device, such as a disk drive unit, a CD ROM unit or a network storage unit. The second storing means preferably comprises an unalterable read only memory in which the authentication program is stored. 25 The authentication program stored in the unalterable ROM located within the casino game console may be used to test the authenticity of all other programs and fixed data stored in memory devices in the electronic casino gaming system, such as a system boot ROM, memory devices containing the operating system program, system drivers and executive/loader programs, and other memory devices 30 incorporated into the electronic casino game system architecture. The contents of each such memory device, whether program information or fixed data, include signatures encrypted from message digests computed using a hash function from the original program information or fixed data set. Upon system initialization, the authentication program in the unalterable ROM is used to authenticate the individual - 7a memory device contents in essentially the same fashion as that used to authenticate the casino game data sets. More specifically, the message digest for the given program or fixed data set is computed using the same hash function originally used to produce the message digest for that program or fixed data set. The encrypted 5 signature is decrypted using the proper decryption program and decryption key to recover the message digest. The two versions of the message digest are then compared and, if found to be matching, the concerned program or fixed data set is deemed authentic and is permitted to be used by the system. Once all of the concerned programs and fixed data sets have been so authenticated, the casino 10 game data set authentication procedure is run, after which game play is permitted (provided a match occurs). From a process standpoint, an embodiment may include a method of authenticating a program or data set of a casino style game which consists of two 15 phases: a program or fixed data set preparation phase, and a program or fixed data set checking phase. In the program or fixed data set preparation phase, the method proceeds by providing a program or fixed data set for a casino game, computing a first abbreviated bit string unique to the program or fixed data set, encrypting the first abbreviated bit string to provide an encrypted signature of the program or fixed data ?0 set, and storing the program or fixed data set and the signature in a memory device. The first abbreviated bit string is preferably computed using a hash function to produce a message digest of the program or fixed data set. The signature is then encrypted from the message digest. After storage of the program or fixed data set and unique signature in the memory device, the memory device is installed in a casino 25 game console. The casino game program or fixed data set checking phase proceeds by computing a second abbreviated bit string from the stored casino game program or fixed data set stored in the memory device using the same hash function, decrypting the encrypted signature stored in the memory device to recover the first abbreviated bit string, and comparing the first and second abbreviated bit strings to determine 30 whether the two strings match. If a match does occur, the casino game program or fixed data set is deemed authentic; if there is no match, authentication is denied and use of that casino game program or fixed data set is prohibited. The authentication routine is run each time a given casino game program or - 7b fixed data set needs to be called or used. The authentication routine can also be run automatically on a periodic basis, or on demand--either locally by means of an operator switch mounted in the casino game console or remotely via a network. Consequently, the authenticity of the casino game program or fixed data set can be 5 automatically checked whenever use of that program or fixed data set is required and at other appropriate times, such as in the course of a gaming commission audit. From an apparatus standpoint, an embodiment may include an electronic casino gaming system for providing authentication of a casino game program or fixed 10 data set prior to permitting system use of that casino game program or fixed data set, the system including first means for storing a casino game program or fixed data set and a signature of the casino game program or fixed data set, the -8 signature comprising an encrypted version of a unique first abbreviated bit string computed from the casino game program or fixed data set; second means for storing an authentication program capable of computing a second abbreviated bit string from the casino game program or fixed data set stored in the first storing means and 5 capable of decrypting the encrypted signature stored in the first storing means to recover the first abbreviated bit string; processing means for enabling the authentication program to compute an abbreviated bit string from the casino game program or fixed data set stored in the first storing means and for enabling the authentication program to decrypt the encrypted signature; and means for comparing 10 the computed second abbreviated bit string with the decrypted abbreviated bit string to determine whether a match is present. The first storing means preferably comprises a memory device, such as a read only memory or random access memory. The second storing means preferably comprises an unalterable read only memory in which the authentication program is stored. 15 Electronic casino game systems incorporating the invention provide a vastly expanded capacity for more sophisticated and attractive casino-style games, while at the same time improving the authentication of the games without compromising security. In addition, casino game systems incorporating the invention provide great flexibility in changing casino game play, since the casino game data sets representing the various 20 games can be stored in alterable media rather than read only memory units as with present casino game systems. By separating the authentication process from the casino game data set storage, the invention affords secure distribution and execution of program code and data, regardless of the particular distribution or storage technique employed. More 25 specifically, the invention allows the casino game data set to reside in any form of secondary storage media, such as the traditional ROM storage, hard magnetic disk drives and CD-ROM drives, or networked file systems. So long as the authentication procedure conducted on the game data set is performed using the authentication program stored in an unalterable ROM, and so long as that ROM can be verified 30 reliably, any casino game data set can be loaded from any source and can be verified by the system at any time: either prior to use, during runtime, periodically during runtime or upon demand. The large quantities of storage that can be made available in a secure fashion using the invention, facilitates the creation of casino gaming -9 systems offering both an increased diversity of games, and individual games of superior quality. In addition, the authentication of all casino game program and fixed data software ensures the integrity of all system software both prior to game play and thereafter at periodic or random intervals. 5 For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention, reference should be had to the ensuing detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system incorporating the 10 invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the contents of the read only memory and the mass storage device: FIG. 3 is a more detailed schematic view of the authentication program stored in the ROM and the game data stored in the mass storage unit; 15 FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the preparation of the game data set; FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the authentication procedure for the game data set; and FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an alternative approach to the secure loading of the software into the system. 20 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an electronic casino gaming system incorporating the invention. As seen in this figure, the system consists of several system components under software control. These system components include a microprocessor 12, 25 which may comprise any general purpose microprocessor, such as a Pentium-based microprocessor from Intel Corporation. A main memory unit 13 is provided, which is typically a random access memory having a capacity of between 32 and 64 megabytes for storing the majority of programs and graphics elements during game play. A system boot ROM 14 provides the 30 initialization software required when power is first applied to the system. ROM 14 contains additional programs in read only form, including the operating system, related drivers and the authentication software described in detail below. A non volatile RAM 17 is a battery backed static RAM capable of maintaining its contents - 10 through power cycling. NV RAM 17 stores significant information relating to game play, such as the number of player credits, the last game outcome and certain diagnostic and error information not critical to an understanding of the invention. A mass storage unit implemented in the FIG. 1 system as a magnetic hard 5 disk drive unit 18 is coupled to and controlled by a disk subsystem 19 of conventional design and operation. Disk drive unit 18 provides storage for the game specific data set, which includes both program data and image data specifying the rules of the various different casino games or single casino game variations, and the types of images and image sequences to be displayed to the game players. The size 10 of the disk drive unit 18 is a function of the number of games and game variations provided for a given system, as well as the amount of data required for each specific game. In general, the more motion video designed into a particular casino game, the more storage required for that casino game software. A disk drive unit 18 with a 4 gigabyte capacity will usually provide sufficient storage capacity. Disk subsystem 19 15 comprises a disk controller connected to a PCI bus 20 for controlling the disk drive unit 18. Controller 19 preferably supports SCSI-2, with options of fast and wide. It should be noted that a number of different types of locally-based disk drive units may be used in the FIG. 1 system, including a CD-ROM storage unit. Also, the mass storage unit need not be physically located within the game console along with the 20 other elements depicted in FIG. 1: the mass storage unit may be located remotely from the game console and coupled thereto by means of an appropriate network, such as an ethernet, an RS232 link, or some other hard wired or other network link. This latter alternate arrangement is indicated by the inclusion of a network subsystem 21 of appropriate configuration and functional characteristics, which may 25 have ethernet, RS232 serial, or other network compatibility. A video subsystem 22 is coupled to the PCI bus and provides the capability of displaying full colour still images and MPEG movies with a relatively high frame rate (e.g. 30 frames per second) on an appropriate monitor (not shown). Optional 3D texture mapping may be added to this system, if desired. 30 A sound subsystem 23 having a stereo sound playback capability with up to 16 bit CD quality sound is coupled to an ISA bus 24. A general purpose input/output unit 25 provides interfaces to the game mechanical devices (not illustrated) such as manually actuatable switches and display lights. A first bridge -11 circuit 27 provides an interface between microprocessor 12, ROM 14, main memory 13 and PCI bus 20. Bridge circuit 27 is preferably a TRITON chip set available from INTEL Corporation. A second bridge circuit 28 provides an interface between the PCI bus 20 and the ISA bus 24. Bridge circuit 28 is preferably a type 82378 chip available 5 from Intel Corporation. FIG. 2 illustrates the types of information stored in the system ROM 14 and the mass storage unit. As seen in FIG. 2, the ROM unit 14 used in the FIG. 1 system comprises two separate ROM elements: ROM 29 and ROM 30. ROM 29 must be an unalterable device, such as a Toshiba type C53400 512Kx8 bit mask programmed 10 ROM. ROM 30 is preferably an unalterable device like ROM 29, but may comprise a different type of ROM, such as a type 29FO40 field programmable flash ROM available from Intel Corp. ROM 29 contains the system initialization or boot code, an authentication program, a random number generator program and an initial portion of the executive/loader programs. ROM 30 contains the operating system program, the 15 system drivers and the remainder of the executive/loader programs as noted below. The mass storage unit contains the applications, which include the game image and sound data, rules of game play and the like, and the signature associated to each particular casino game. FIG. 3 illustrates the authentication and application program information in 20 more detail. As seen in this figure, the authentication program stored in unalterable ROM 29 comprises a message digest algorithm component 32, a decryption algorithm component 33, and a decryption key component 34. The message digest algorithm component 32 stored in ROM 29 comprises an exact copy of a hash function program routine used to originally compute a message digest from the loadable game data set 25 36 in the manner described below. The decryption algorithm component 33 stored in ROM 29 comprises the algorithm required to decrypt any encrypted casino game data set signature using the decryption key component 34. The decryption key component 34 comprises the decryption key that is required to decrypt any of the encrypted signatures 37 in the manner described below 30 during the authentication routine, FIG. 4 illustrates the manner in which an encrypted data set signature 37 is generated. A loadable casino game data set 36 is processed using a hash function 41 to generate a message digest 42 which is unique to the loadable game data set 36.

- 12 The hash function employed may be one of a number of known hash functions, such as the MD2, MD4, and MD5 hash functions and the SHS hash function; or any other suitable hash function capable of producing a unique abbreviated bit string from a variable size input data set. For further information about these hash functions, 5 reference should be had to the publication entitled "Answers To Frequently Asked Questions About Today's Cryptography", Revision 2.0, October 5, 1993, published by RSA Laboratories, Redwood City, California, and the publications listed in the references section thereof, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. After generation, the message digest 42 is then encrypted with an 10 encryption algorithm 43 using a private encryption key 44 to generate a signature 37 of the message digest. In the preferred embodiment, the two-key (private/public key) encryption technique developed by RSA Data Security, Inc., of Redwood City, California, is used. This technique is disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,200,770, 4,218,582 and 4,405,829, the disclosures of which are hereby 15 incorporated by reference. The signature 37 of.the message digest 42 is then stored in the mass storage unit along with the loadable data set 36. FIG. 5 illustrates the authentication routine carried out in accordance with the invention. When the authentication routine is called (see below), the loadable casino game data set 36 is transferred from the mass storage unit to main memory 13 20 (unless already there), and the message digest of casino game data set 36 is computed using the message digest algorithm 32, stored in ROM 29. Message digest algorithm 32 uses the same hash function 41 as that used by the manufacturer to prepare the original message digest 42. The result is an unencrypted version 46 of the message digest computed from the casino game data set 36 currently present in 25 the mass storage unit. The encrypted data set signature 37 is decrypted using the public decryption key 34 matching the private key 44 used to originally encrypt the message digest 42 of the casino game data set 36. The message digest 47 decrypted with decryption key 34 is then compared with the message digest 46 computed from the casino game data set 36. If the two message digests match, then the casino game 30 data set 36 is deemed authentic and game play may proceed. If there is no match, either the casino game data set 36 or the signature 37 is deemed corrupted and not authentic. Game play is prohibited and appropriate actions can be taken: e.g. alerting a security employee -13 using a suitable messaging system (an audible alarm, flashing lights, or a network message from the game console to a centml security area). In order to ensure that the authentication routine cannot be bypassed by tampering with the loader program stored in ROM 30, an initial part of the loader 5 program is incorporated into unalterable ROM 29. This initial portion of the loader program requires that the authentication program be called prior to the initiation of any casino game play. Since this initial portion of the loader program is located in the unalterable ROM 29, and since no casino game play can occur until the particular casino game application data set 36 is loaded into main memory 13, the 10 authentication procedure cannot be bypassed by tampering with the software stored in ROM 30. Since authentication of the game data set 36 and signature 37 is entrusted to the contents of ROM 29, a procedure must be provided to verify the ROM 29 contents. For this purpose, a message digest is computed for the authentication 15 program stored in ROM 29, and this message digest is stored in a secure manner with the casino operator or the gaming commission (or both) along with the hash function used to produce the message digest. This hash function may be the same hash function used to compute the message digest 42 of the casino game data set or a different hash function. In this way, the authenticity of the ROM 29 can be easily 20 checked in the same way as that now performed in prior art devices: viz. computing the message digest directly from the ROM 29 and comparing the message digest thus computed with the custodial version of the message digest. If required by a given gaming commission or deemed desirable by a casino operator, the system may also display the message digest 42 of each particular data set 36 or the encrypted 25 signature version 37 for auditing purposes. In addition, the system may transmit this information via networking subsystem 21 to an on-site or off-site remote location (such as the office of the gaming commission). The message digest displayed or transmitted may comprise the decrypted version or the computed version (or both). The authentication procedure carried out by means of the message digest 30 program 32, decryption program 33 and decryption key 34 stored in unalterable ROM 29 in the manner described above is also used to authenticate the contents of all memory devices In the FIG. 1 system, such as the contents of ROM 30 (see Fig. 2), the fixed data portions and program components stored in NV RAM 17 and the -14 program and fixed data contents of any memory devices stored in the networking subsystem 21, video subsystem 22, sound subsystem 23, PCI-ISA interface 24, and GPIO unit 25. Each program or fixed data set stored in any memory device in any of these units has an associated signature, which is encrypted from a message digest 5 of the original program or fixed data set using a hash function, which is preferably the same hash function used to prepare the message digest of the casino game data set. Prior to permitting any such program or fixed data set to participate in the system operation, that program or fixed data set is subjected to the authorization procedure to ensure that the message digest computed from the current version of the program 10 or fixed data set matches the message digest decrypted from the encrypted signature associated to the program or fixed data set. In addition, the authentication procedure can be run on each such program or fixed data set at periodic or random intervals (on demand) in a manner essentially identical to that described above with respect to the casino game data set authentication procedure. As a consequence, the 15 integrity of all software in the system is checked prior to the use of that particular software in order to reveal any unauthorized changes to the software portion of the casino gaming system. An alternative approach to the secure loading of software into the system is depicted in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the basic input/output system (BIOS) 20 software is stored in a ROM 50, the first of two ROMs making up the system boot ROM 14 (FIG. 1). The boot strap code, operating system code (OS), OS drivers and a secure loader are stored in a second ROM 52. An anchor application 54 including graphics and sound drivers, system drivers, money handling software, a second secure loader, and a signature is stored in the mass storage 18 (FIG. 1). 25 When power is initially applied to the system on start-up, or when the system experiences a warm restart, the CPU 12 will begin executing code from the BIOS ROM 50. The BIOS is responsible for initializing the motherboard and peripheral cards of the system. After the BIOS has completed the initialization, tit jumps to the boot strap code in ROM 52 causing the boot strap to copy the OS, OS drivers, and 30 the secure loader into RAM. Once in RAM, the OS is started and the secure loader stored in ROM 52 is used to load the anchor application 54 from disk 18. On disk, the anchor application -15has a signature that is used during the load to verify the validity of the anchor application. After the anchor application 54 is started, it will be used to load all other applications. The secure loader of the anchor application will check the validity of 5 an application to be loaded by computing the signature and comparing it against the one stored on disk with the application as described above. An important advantage of the invention not found in prior art systems is the manner in which the casino game data set can be authenticated. In prior art systems, authentication of the casino game data set is normally only done when a 10 payout lying above a given threshold is required by the outcome of the game play, and this requires that the game be disabled while the ROM is physically removed and the ROM contents are verified. In systems incorporating the invention, the authenticity of a given casino game data set can be checked in a variety of ways. For example, the game data set 36 can be automatically subjected to the authentication 15 procedure illustrated in FIG. 5 each time the game is loaded from the mass storage unit into the main memory 13. Thus, as a player selects a casino game for game play in the system, the authenticity of that game actually stored in the mass storage unit is automatically checked using the authentication procedure described above without removing the ROM 29. Further, if desired, the authentication procedure may be 20 initiated in response to the pull of a slot game handle, the detection of a coin insert, the payout of coins or issuing of credit, or any other detectable event related to game play. The authenticity of a given casino game data set 36 can also be checked on demand, either locally at the game console or remotely via a network, by providing a demand procedure. Such a procedure may be initiated, e.g. by providing a 25 manually operable switch in the game console, accessible only to authorized persons, for initiating the authentication routine. Alternatively, the FIG. 1 system may be configured to respond to a demand command generated remotely (e.g. in a security area in the casino or off-site) and transmitted to the game console over a network to the networking subsystem 21. 30 Another advantage of the invention lies in the fact that the game data set storage capacity of a system incorporating the invention is not limited by the size of a ROM, but is rather dictated by the size of the mass storage unit. As a consequence, games using high resolution, high motion video and high quality stereo sound can -16 be designed and played on systems incorporating the invention. Also, since the mass storage unit need not be a read-only device, and need not be physically located in the game console, the invention affords great flexibility in game content, scheduling and changes. For example, to change the graphic images in a particular casino game or 5 set of games, new casino game data sets can be generated along with new signatures and stored in the mass storage unit by either exchanging disk drives, replacing disks (for read only disk units), or writing new data to the media. In the networked mass storage application, these changes can be made to the files controlled by the network file server. Since the casino game data sets must pass the 10 authentication procedure test, either periodically or on demand, corrupted data sets cannot go undetected. Thus the invention opens up the field of electronic casino gaming systems to readily modifiable games with flexible displays and rules, without sacrificing the essential security of such systems. In fact, security is greatly enhanced by the ability of the invention to authenticate all game data sets both regularly (for 15 each handle pull) and at any time (on demand), without interfering with regular game play (unless no match occurs between the two forms of message digest). While the above provides a full and complete disclosure of the preferred embodiments of the invention, various modifications, alternate constructions and equivalents may be employed without departing from the true spirit and scope of the 20 invention. For example, while the RSA public/private key encryption technique is preferred (due to the known advantages of this technique), a single, private key encryption technique may be employed, if desired. In a system using this technique, the single key would be stored in ROM 29 in place of the public key 34. Also, the message digest 42 and signature 37 for a given application 36 need not be computed 25 from the entire casino game data set. For example, for some casino games it may be desirable to provide a fixed set of rules while permitting future changes In the casino game graphics, sound or both. For such casino games, it may be sufficient to compute the message digest 42 and signature 37 from only the rules portion of the applications program 36. In other cases, it may be desirable or convenient to 30 maintain the casino game video and audio portions constant, while allowing future changes to the rules of game play. For casino games of this category, the message digest 42 and signature 37 may be computed from the graphics and sound portions of the application program 36. It may also be desirable to compute a message digest -17 42 and signature 37 from a subset of the rules, graphics or sound portions of a given applications program 36, or from some other subset taken from a given applications program 36. Therefore, the above should not be construed as limiting the scope of the 5 invention, which is defined by the appended claims. Where the terms "comprise", "comprises", "comprised" or "comprising" are used in this specification (including the claims) they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components, but not precluding 10 the presence of one or more other feature, integer, step, component or group thereof.

Claims (9)

1. A casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; 5 a first memory providing an executable space for a processor in said casino game console; a second memory disposed in said casino game console, said second memory having gaming data relating to a casino game stored therein; a third memory, being disposed in said casino game console, storing 10 system logic for reading files in a file system stored on the second memory; the processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively coupled to said video display unit, said first memory, said second memory, and said third memory; said processor operable to i) cause data relating to the system logic to be 15 authenticated based on a comparison of a hash value generated from the data relating to the system logic and a known hash value and ii) to cause the gaming data relating to the casino game to be authenticated based on a comparison of a first hash value generated from the gaming data transferred to the first memory with a known first hash value; 20 wherein the system logic is authenticated prior to authenticating the gaming data relating to the casino game stored on the second memory.

2. The casino gaming apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the gaming data is authenticated while the casino gaming apparatus is available for game play. 25

3. The casino gaming apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein the portion of the gaming data is authenticated in response to an event generated while the casino gaming apparatus is available for game play.

4. A gaming machine comprising: a cabinet; 30 at least one user-interface button; a value-receiving mechanism associated with said cabinet; a value-dispensing mechanism associated with said cabinet; -19 a video display unit associated with said cabinet; a touch-sensitive device associated with said video display unit; a processor disposed in said cabinet and operatively coupled to said user interface button, said value-receiving mechanism, said video display unit and said 5 touch-sensitive device; a read-only memory disposed in said cabinet; basic input/output system (BIOS) software stored in said read-only memory; a nonvolatile memory capable of storing critical system data; critical data storage software that causes critical system data to be stored in 10 said nonvolatile memory; disk memory disposed in said cabinet and operatively coupled to said processor; system software stored in said disk memory, said system software comprising a first software portion representing a first game that may be played by 15 a player; encoded data stored in said disk memory, said encoded data having been generated from at least one message digest that was generated based on using an encoding function with said system software; secure loading software stored in memory that loads system software from 20 said disk memory into random-access memory and verifies correctness and authenticity of said system software, said secure loading software verifying correctness and authenticity of said system software based on a comparison of data generated from said encoded data and data generated from said system software; and 25 operating system (OS) software stored in memory, said operating system software comprising an application programming interface including a first application programming interface portion that provides a software interface to said video display unit and a second application programming interface portion that provides a software interface to said touch-sensitive device. 30

5. The gaming machine as defined in claim 4, wherein the system software further comprising: a second software portion representing a second game that may be played by a player; and a third software portion that causes a first icon representing said first game 35 and a second icon representing said second game to be generated on said video -20 display unit, said third software portion causing one of said first and second games to be initiated in response to a player touching one of said first and second icons.

6. A casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; 5 a video display unit; a mass storage unit having gaming data relating to at least one casino game stored therein; a first memory storing a basic input/output system (BIOS) for initializing a motherboard and a second memory; 10 the second memory storing at least components of an operating system adapted for reading files in a file system on the mass storage unit wherein the components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the gaming data; and a processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively 15 coupled to said video display unit, first memory and said second memory, said motherboard and said mass storage unit, said processor operable to cause said gaming data to be authenticated by: 1) subjecting said gaming data to a one-way hash function to generate a first message digest and 2) comparing said first message digest to a second message 20 digest previously generated by subjecting known gaming data to a one-way hash function, and said processor operable to cause a remedial action to be taken if said gaming data is not authentic.

7. A casino gaming apparatus comprising: 25 a casino game console; a video display unit; a mass storage unit having first gaming data relating to a first casino game stored therein and having second gaming data relating to a second casino game stored therein; 30 a first memory storing a basic input/output system (BIOS) for initializing a motherboard and a second memory; the second memory storing at least components of an operating system adapted for reading files in a file system on the mass storage unit wherein the -21 components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the first gaming data or second gaming data; an input mechanism for receiving a selection of the first casino game or the second casino game; and 5 a processor disposed in said casino game console and being operative coupled to said video display unit, first memory, said second memory, said input mechanism, said motherboard and said mass storage unit, said processor operable to authenticate said first gaming data or to authenticate said second gaming data prior to generating the first casino game or 10 generating the second casino game, said processor operable to generate a play of the first casino game in response to receiving a selection of the first casino game via the input mechanism and said processor operable to generate a play of the second game in response 15 to receiving a selection of the second casino game via the input mechanism.

8. A casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; a first memory providing an executable space for a processor, said first 20 memory being disposed inside the casino game console; a second memory having gaming data relating to a casino game stored therein; a third memory storing a basic input/output system (BIOS) for initializing a motherboard and initializing a fourth memory; 25 the fourth memory storing at least components of an operating system for reading files in a file system on the second memory wherein the components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the gaming data; and the processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively coupled to said video display unit, said first memory, said second memory, said 30 third memory, said fourth memory and said motherboard; said processor operable to cause said gaming data to be checked based on a comparison of data generated by said processor from said gaming data being checked with previously generated data, and said processor operable to cause a remedial action to be taken based on an 35 outcome of said checking of said gaming data. - 22

9. A casino gaming apparatus comprising: a casino game console; a video display unit; a Random Access Memory (RAM) for providing an executable space for a 5 processor, said RAM being disposed in said casino game console; a mass storage unit having gaming data relating to a plurality of different casino games stored therein; and a first memory storing a basic input/output system (BIOS) for initializing a motherboard and a second memory; 10 the second memory storing at least components of an operating system adapted for allowing access to files in a file system on the mass storage unit wherein the components of the operating system are authenticated prior to the gaming data; and the processor disposed in said casino game console and being operatively 15 coupled to said video display unit, said RAM, said mass storage unit, said first memory, said second memory and said motherboard; said processor operable to cause said gaming data to be checked based on a comparison of data generated from said gaming data with previously generated data.