AU2013201539C1 - System for producing electromagnetic radiation. - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract Disclosed is a drift tube formed of a hollow cylindrical conductive element having a having an inner surface and a pair of ends. A periodic grating surface is formed on the inner surface of the hollow cylindrical element and the ends are radiused to minimize electrical stress buildup. The interaction between a relativistic electron beam from an electron source passing through the inner space of the hollow element and the internal grating produces RF radiation by the Smith-Purcell Effect. Spacing, face angle and shape of the grating, and the energy of the electron beam are determinants of the frequency of the RF radiation. Coi C)K COo

Description

- 1 SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a divisional application of U.S. Patent Application No. 11/754,928, filed May 29, 2007, for Method and System for Controlled Fusion Reactions, claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/809,453 entitled "Method & Apparatus for Controlled Fusion Reactions" filed May 30, 2006. The foregoing applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to a system for producing electromagnetic radiation incorporating a drift tube modified to enable output of higher frequencies from a high power RF source incorporating the drift tube. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Prior art Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillators (MILOs) are high power RF sources, which have typical outputs between 300 MHz and 3.5 GHz. For various applications, it would be desirable to provide a high power RF sources that can achieve even higher frequencies. [0004] Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise", "comprising", and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to". [0006] The present invention relates to a system for producing electromagnetic radiation incorporating a drift tube which includes a hollow cylindrical conductive element having a -2 grating surface formed on its inner surface, with the ends of the cylindrical conductive element being radiused to minimize electrical stress buildup. [0007] The present invention provides a system for producing electromagnetic radiation with enhancement from a drift tube containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell structure, comprising: a) a magnetically insulated linear oscillator having a cylindrical resonant cavity containing a traveling wave electron gun and cooperating anode, and further containing a drift tube positioned between the traveling wave electron gun and the cooperating anode; b) the drift tube being formed of a hollow cylindrical conductive element that is positioned within saidmarked up resonant cavity and that is electrically isolated from the traveling wave electron gun, wherein a cylindrical axis of the drift tube is coaxial with a main axis of the resonant cylindrical cavity in a region between said electron gun and said anode; c) the drift tube having an inner surface and a pair of ends; the hollow cylindrical conductive element being enhanced by containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell grating surface formed on the inner surface of the drift tube; said grating surface comprising a reflection grating surface having a series of ridges spaced apart by respective grooves; said reflection grating surface extending for at least a majority of the length of the drift tube; d) the drift tube being adapted so that an electron beam, from the electron gun, passes through the inner space of the drift tube and interacts with the internal Smith-Purcell grating surface, so as to produce RF radiation by Smith-Purcell Effect; and e) the drift tube being further adapted so that spacing, face angle and shape of the Smith Purcell grating surface, and an energy of the electron beam are determinants of the frequency of the RF radiation. [0008] The interaction between a relativistic electron beam from an electron source passing through the inner space of the hollow element and the internal grating produces RF radiation by the Smith-Purcell Effect. The spacing, face angle and shape of the grating, and the energy of the electron beam, are determinants of the frequency of the RF radiation. [0009] The foregoing drift tube, having a periodic grating on the inner surface of a cylindrical drift tube, can be used advantageously to increase the frequency output of such devices as a Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillator (MILO) beyond the aforementioned range of 300 MHz to 3.5 GHz mentioned for a MILO. [0010] Other advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from reading the detailed description in conjunction with the drawing figures.

-3 DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] FIG. 1 is a sectional view along the length of a combined SXE-MILO driver. [0012] FIG. 2 is a partly sectional view along the length of the MILO RF head of FIG 1. [0013] FIG. 3A is a sectional view along the length of a Drift Tube used in the MILO RF head of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3B is an enlarged view of the circled region in FIG. 3A entitled "FIG. 31B". DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0014] A list of drawing reference numbers, their associated parts and preferred materials for the parts can be found near the end of this description of the preferred embodiments. Combined SXE and RF Energy Drivers [0015] In an example of a fusion reaction taken from U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0063132 Al, energy drivers produce X-ray beams at high fluency which symmetrically compress a target to initiate and sustain the fusion reaction. In one example, such energy drivers are preferably Stimulated X-ray Emitters (SXE) as first described by the inventor of this current invention in U.S. Patent No. 4,723,263. In a preferred embodiment, the mentioned SXE drivers are fitted with an RF producing means which provides a simultaneous pulse of RF energy to provide additional heat to the reaction. [0016] FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of an SXE combined with a Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillator (MILO) at the output (right-shown) end of the SXE. The MILO is another well known, high power RF source, similar to the Vircator. The significant difference is that it can produce much higher frequencies than the Vircator. Structurally, the major difference is the incorporation of a drift tube 122 of FIG. 3A and use of a Traveling Wave Electron Gun (TWEG) instead of the planar cathode 90 and grid 92 of the Vircatron. There is a resonant cavity 98 and its dimensions in conjunction with the dimensions of the drift tube 122 (FIG. 3A) determine the output range. Conventional MILO devices have outputs between 300 MHz and 3.5 GHz. The inventor of the present invention has experimentally verified that by placing a grating surface on the inner face of the drift tube 122 (FIG. 3A), as shown in FIG. 3B, it is possible to generate RF at much higher frequencies than those available from a smooth bore drift tube 122. The source of this RF is due to the Smith-Purcell effect which describes the interaction of -4 a relativistic electron beam with a grating surface 123. Outputs in the THz range are possible. The grating surface can be formed by many methods. The spacing, face angle and grating geometry all are determinants in the frequency achieved (FIG. 3B). It has been determined that the preferred embodiment of the drift tube grating is an internal thread as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. By altering the thread parameters, the output frequency is changed. The ends of the Drift Tube 125 are radiused to minimize formation of undesirable electric field perturbations inside the Resonant Cavity 98. [0017] The balance of the SXE-MILO driver is the same as the SXE-Vircator. In fact, the RF heads-Vircator and MILO-can be interchanged. As in the case of the SXE-Vircator, the TWEG of the MILO has a hollow center through which the x-rays pass. The electron output from the TWEG is compressed by the drift tube 122 and oscillates in the resonant cavity 98. Drawing Reference Numbers [0018] The following list of drawing reference numbers has three columns. The first column includes drawing reference numbers; the second column specifies the parts associated with the reference numbers; and the third column mentions a preferred material (if applicable) for the parts. REFERENCE NUMBER LIST PREFERRED MATERIAL 64 Anode Refractory Metal; Hi-Z 66 Grid Refractory Metal 68 Cathode Graphite (Preferred Embodiment) 70 Coaxial Capacitor Dielectric/Metal Layers 72 Cathode Feedthrough Ceramic & Metal 74 Grid Feedthrough Ceramic & Metal 78 Radiation Shield Lead 94 Anode Mesh Refractory Metal 96 Output Window RF Transparent Low-Z Ceramic 98 Resonant Circular Cavity Stainless Steel or Copper 100 Mounting Flange Stainless Steel 102 Cathode Feedthrough Ceramic & Metal 106 Grid Feedthrough Ceramic & Metal 110 Getter Pump n/a 112 Getter Pump Feedthrough Ceramic & Metal 114 MILO Cathode Graphite 116 MILO Cathode Support Refractory Metal 118 MILO Grid Refractory Metal 120 MILO Grid support refractory Metal 122 Drift Tube Refractory Metal 123 Grating Surface Refractory Metal 124 Drift Tube Support Ceramic 125 Radiused end of Drift Tube Refractory Material 126 Internal Anode Insulator Ceramic 142 Grid Output Terminal Refractory Metal [0019] The foregoing adescribes a drift tube where the inclusion of a periodic grating surface on the inner surface of the tube generates higher frequencies of RF radiation. [0020] While the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments by way of illustration, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true scope and spirit of the invention.

Claims (4)

1. System for producing electromagnetic radiation with enhancement from a drift tube containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell structure, comprising: a) a magnetically insulated linear oscillator having a cylindrical resonant cavity containing a traveling wave electron gun and cooperating anode, and further containing a drift tube positioned between the traveling wave electron gun and the cooperating anode; b) the drift tube being formed of a hollow cylindrical conductive element that is positioned within said resonant cavity and that is electrically isolated from the traveling wave electron gun, wherein a cylindrical axis of the drift tube is coaxial with a main axis of the resonant cylindrical cavity in a region between said electron gun and said anode; c) the drift tube having an inner surface and a pair of ends; the hollow cylindrical conductive element being enhanced by containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell grating surface formed on the inner surface of the drift tube; said grating surface comprising a reflection grating surface having a series of ridges spaced apart by respective grooves; said reflection grating surface extending for at least a majority of the length of the drift tube; d) the drift tube being adapted so that an electron beam, from the electron gun, passes through the inner space of the drift tube and interacts with the internal Smith-Purcell grating surface, so as to produce RF radiation by Smith-Purcell Effect; and e) the drift tube being further adapted so that spacing, face angle and shape of the Smith-Purcell grating surface, and an energy of the electron beam are determinants of the frequency of the RF radiation.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the Smith-Purcell grating surface comprises an internal thread extending for at least a majority of length of the drift tube.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein each ridge of the reflection grating surface has a cross-section, taken along a plane passing through said cylindrical axis of the drift tube, comprising a triangle having one side parallel to said cylindrical axis.

4. A system for producing electromagnetic radiation with enhancement from a drift tube containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell structure, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the embodiments of the invention illustrated in the accompanying drawings and/or examples.