AU2013200040A1 - A Method of Allocating Advertising Space & System Therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

A built structure having an upward facing surface; said built structure supporting a first image and a second image; said upward facing surface overlaid by said first 5 image in the form of first advertising indicia; said first image arranged for visibility from overflying craft; and wherein revenue is derived from said upward facing surface; and wherein said revenue is a function of a cone of legibility; said cone comprising an inverted conical 10 section of a sphere whose generator is equal to the distance of resolution of the smallest discrete detail of said image; said second image in the form of a substantially vertically oriented sign having second advertising indicia thereon adapted for viewing from ground 15 level and for which separate signage rights may be negotiated; said upwardly facing surface mechanically associated with both said first image and said second image.

Description

P/00/009 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Invention Title: A METHOD OF ALLOCATING ADVERTISING SPACE & SYSTEM THEREFOR The invention is described in the following statement together with the best method of performing it known to us: Our Ref: 022147 2 A METHOD OF ALLOCATING ADVERTISING SPACE & SYSTEM THEREFOR The present invention relates to the commercialization and application of images on roof surfaces for the purpose of advertising products, services, corporate names or the 5 like to viewers in over-flying craft or the like. BACKGROUND In the competitive world of advertising there is a continual search for available space which may be used to 10 bring a product, service or corporate name to the attention of the public. In many cases this drive to advertise has led to an overcrowding of signage in public places, often to the detriment of the environment and a devaluation of impact of an individual advertising image. 15 It is an object of the present invention to address or ameliorate one or more of the abovementioned disadvantages or at least provide a useful alternative. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 20 In this specification the term "craft" is to be interpreted broadly to include most if not all forms of device for conveying persons above or over the top of built structures. In particular forms this will include aircraft.

3 Accordingly, in one broad form of the invention there is provided a built structure having an upward facing surface; said built structure supporting a first image and a second image; said upward facing surface overlaid by said 5 first image in the form of first advertising indicia; said first image arranged for visibility from overflying craft; and wherein revenue is derived from said upward facing surface; and wherein said revenue is a function of a cone of legibility; said cone comprising an inverted conical 10 section of a sphere whose generator is equal to the distance of resolution of the smallest discrete detail of said image; said second image in the form of a substantially vertically oriented sign having second advertising indicia thereon adapted for viewing from ground 15 level and for which separate signage rights may be negotiated; said upwardly facing surface mechanically associated with both said first image and said second image. Preferably said first image and said second image are 20 supported on a support structure which, in turn, is supported on said upward facing surface. Preferably said first image and said second image comprise an active image in communication with a local 4 controller whereby each respective image can be replaced by loading a fresh image from a local controller. Preferably said local controller is in communication with a remote computer; said remote computer adapted to 5 communicate one or more of said first image and said second image to said local controller. Preferably said first image and said second image are formed on or in a flexible planar material. Preferably said flexible planar material comprises 10 electronic digital paper. Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 100 - 2 000 feet. Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 100 - 10 000 feet. 15 Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 30,000 - 40,000 feet. Preferably said built structure is a roof. Preferably said built structure is a pontoon. Preferably said revenue is derived by the steps of: 20 (a) procuring said upward facing surface and obtaining signage rights to said surface; (b) offering to a third party said surface as a platform for said first and second advertising indicia for a predetermined period of time.

5 Preferably revenue is derived therefrom by the steps of procuring the application of said first advertising indicia to said surface in such manner as to be observable from craft passing over said surface at a predetermined 5 legibility distance; wherein said predetermined legibility distance is defined by and lies within the volume of said cone of legibility. Accordingly, in a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system for the application of an image 10 to an upper surface of a built structure, said image arranged for visibility from over-flying craft. Preferably said upper surface comprises a rooftop. Preferably characteristics of said image define a cone of legibility. 15 Preferably said image is displayed for a predetermined time at a predetermined revenue rate. Preferably said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 12 months. Preferably said image is displayed for a time period 20 in the range of 1 to 5 years. Preferably said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 10 years. Preferably said image is in the form of a company name or logo.

6 Preferably said image is displayed in the form of an advertisement for a product or service. Preferably the step of commercialization includes leasing of space on said rooftops. 5 Preferably said space is made available on a commercial basis to third parties for the display of advertising indicia thereon. Preferably said image is displayed in the form of textual or graphic information. 10 Preferably said image comprises a series of images displayed consecutively. Preferably said image is a moving image. Preferably said image is applied as a film. Preferably said image is applied by way of projection 15 onto said rooftops. Preferably the subtended angle of said cone is determined according to a parameter based on roof surface texture and discontinuities of the roof surface. Preferably the commercial value of an advertisement 20 applied to said rooftops is a function of the cone of legibility. Preferably commercial value of said image is a function of the number and characteristics of aircraft flight paths intersecting said cone.

7 Preferably each said image is applied as paint by an applicator adapted to traverse a roof surface. Preferably each said image is formed from an array of coloured panels, segments, dots or pixels. 5 Preferably the panels, segments, dot or pixel size and spacing is determined according to information theory. Preferably the resolution of each said image allows for roof discontinuities such as sky lights. Preferably the resolution of each said image allows 10 for roof discontinuities such as changes of roof angle. Preferably each said image is provided with day and/or night time illumination. Preferably said applicator is in modular form arranged to be lifted to a rooftop in sections for reassembly. 15 Preferably the applicator is provided with traversing means for progressively applying an image to a roof surface. Preferably said applicator is provided with a rail system arranged to guide said applicator over an expanse of 20 roof. Preferably the applicator is provided with support wheels and propulsion means. Preferably the applicator is provided with a plurality of paint, toner or ink dispensing nozzles disposed along an 8 axis transverse to the direction of the guide rails of the applicator. Preferably the applicator is provided with digital and/or mechanical control means. 5 Preferably the control means determines the sequence, colour, duration and the nozzle from which paint, toner or ink is dispensed. Preferably the pixel panel, segment or dot size delivered by the nozzles may be varied according to the 10 required resolution of the image to be applied. In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method of allocating advertising space, the method comprising the steps of: (a) Procuring a roof surface and obtaining signage 15 rights to the roof surface; (b) Offering the roof surface as a platform for advertising indicia for a predetermined period of time; (c) Procuring the application of the advertising 20 indicia in such manner as to be observable from over flying aircraft. In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided an upper surface of a built structure incorporating indicia thereon or therein; said indicia 9 constructed so as to be discernable by observers in craft passing over said built structure when said craft is within a predetermined legibility distance of said built structure. 5 Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 100 - 2 000 feet. Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 100 - 10 000 feet. Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is 10 in the range 30 000 - 40 000 feet. Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is defined by and lies within the volume of a cone of legibility. Preferably said built structure is a roof. 15 Preferably said built structure is a pontoon. In yet a further broad form of the invention there- is provided a method of deriving revenue from advertising space, the method comprising the steps of: procuring an upward facing surface and obtaining signage rights to the 20 surface; offering to a third party the surface as a platform for advertising indicia for a predetermined period of time; procuring the application of the advertising indicia to said surface in such manner as to be observable 10 from craft passing over said surface at a predetermined legibility distance. Preferably said revenue is directly linked to the benefit derived by said third party from the visibility and 5 discernability of said indicia to viewers in said craft as it passes over said surface at said predetermined legibility distance. In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided a surface to which the above method is applied. 10 In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided media programmed to allow a computer to execute the above-described method. In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided a built structure having an upward facing surface; 15 said built structure supporting an image; said upward facing surface overlaid by said image in the form of advertising indicia; said image arranged for visibility from overflying craft; said image applied indirectly as a separate layer; said image applied as a film; said image 20 formed from an array of coloured elements selected from the group consisting of panels, segments, dots and pixels, the coloured elements applied by an applicator provided with digital control means.

11 Preferably a cone of legibility associated with said image comprises an inverted conical section of a sphere whose generator is equal to a distance of resolution of a smallest discrete detail of said image, the advertising 5 indicia applied to said surface in such manner as to be observable from craft passing over said surface at a predetermined legibility distance; wherein said predetermined legibility distance is defined by and lies within a volume of the cone of legibility. 10 Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is in the range of 100 to 2,000 feet. Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is in the range of 100 to 10,000 feet. Preferably said predetermined legibility distance is 15 in the range of 30,000 to 40000 feet. Preferably said built structure comprises a roof. Preferably said built structure comprises a pontoon. Preferably said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 12 months. 20 Preferably said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 5 years. Preferably said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 10 years.

12 Preferably said image is in the form of a company name or logo. Preferably said image is displayed in the form of an advertisement for a product or service. 5 Preferably said image is displayed in the form of textual or graphic information. Preferably said image comprises a series of images displayed consecutively. Preferably said image is a moving image. 10 Preferably the cone of legibility is determined according to a parameter based on texture and discontinuities of the upper surface. Preferably said image is provided with night time illumination. 15 Preferably said image is provided with day time illumination. In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method for the application of advertising indicia to an upper surface of a built structure, the 20 method comprising the steps of: (a) determining an area of the upper surface available; (b) determining an angle of the upper surface to the horizontal plane; 13 (c) determining a maximum size of elements of the indicia to be displayed; (d) constructing a 3-dimensional computer model of the upper surface; 5 (e) positioning a digital representation of the indicia on the computer model of the upper surface; (f) empirically determining parameters of maximum distance and angle of inclination at which the indicia is resolved by scaling and spatial rotation of the computer 10 model; and (g) determining a spatial orientation and extent of a cone of legibility associated with the indicia, the cone of legibility having an axis generally centered on the upper surface and generally normal to the upper surface. 15 Preferably said method further comprises determining the cone of legibility according to a parameter based on texture and discontinuities of the upper surface. 20 Preferably said method further comprises determining a number and characteristics of any flight paths intersecting the cone of legibility. Preferably the upper surface comprises a rooftop.

14 BRIEF DECRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an illustration of a roof top displaying 5 an image as it may be seen from an aircraft in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 shows a cone of visibility relative to the roof and image of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a perspective view of an image applicator 10 traversing a roof section for the creation of an image of the type shown in Figure 1. Figure 4 is an illustration of a relationship between the effective areas of pixels and interpixel spacing as used to form an image of the type shown in Figure 1, 15 Figure 5 is a flow chart of an exemplary leasing/renting procedure for use in accordance with a particular example of embodiments of the present invention, Figure 6 is a flow chart of a valuation method in accordance with an example of embodiments of the present 20 invention, Figure 7 is a flow chart of an advertiser valuation method in accordance with a further example of embodiments of the present invention, and 15 Figure 8 illustrates an application of an example of the present invention to a floating pontoon in association with an adjacent airport facility. Figure 9 illustrates a built structure having first 5 and second images applied to it in accordance with a preferred embodiment for the invention, Figure 10 is a diagram of a built structure having two images applied to it in accordance with a further embodiment for the present invention, 10 Figures 11 and 11a illustrate support structures to which images may be applied, and Figure 12 illustrates diagrammatically embodiments of the invention implemented on a computer platform. Figure 13 illustrates diagrammatically an automated 15 signage system in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, Figure 14 illustrates a particular implementation of the system of Figure 13, Figure 15 illustrates an alternative particular 20 implementation of the system of Figure 13, Figure 16 illustrates an alternative particular implementation of the system of Figure 13, Figure 17 illustrates an alternative particular implementation of the system of Figure 13.

16 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 5 In Figure 1 a roof 10 has an image 11 applied to it. Roof 10 is oriented such that its surface is readily visible from an aircraft 13 flying a path through a "cone of legibility" 12 as shown in Figure 2. The cone of legibility 12 is a function of the 10 smallest discrete detail which is considered useful to the impact and intelligibility of the image 11. The dimension of the cone is then determined by the distance at which the unaided human eye can resolve that detail. In one form, cone 12 is an inverted conical section of 15 a sphere whose generator is equal to the distance of resolution of the smallest discrete detail of the image 11. The subtended angle of the cone is also determined by the minimum inclination at which the image can be resolved. The determination of the angle may include a parameter based on 20 the nature of the roof surface and discontinuities of that surface. The apex of the cone is centered on the image. Figure 2 shows a cone of legibility 12 relative to roof 10 and image 11 with an aircraft 13 on flight path 14 intersecting 17 the cone for a distance 15 as shown by dashed line 16. Also in Figure 2 are shown other flight paths 17 which are known to pass through the cone. The size of the cone of legibility, the number of 5 flight paths, number and types of aircraft passing through the cone as well as the duration of each such passage, are contributing factors to the commercial value of the image. In use, the commercial value of a roof space and a proposed image may be calculated from the cone of 10 legibility, local flight paths intersecting the cone, flight frequencies and durations, types of aircraft and other relevant data. Figure 3 illustrates the general principle according to which an image may be applied to a roof surface 10. An 15 applicator 20 is arranged to follow a parallel rail system 21. Rail system 21 is relocated to allow respective bands 22 of image 11 to be applied. In a preferred embodiment applicator 20 is in the form of a beam structure straddling the guide rails 21 20 comprising rail system 24 and provided with support wheels 23 and drive means to propel the applicator along the guide rails. The beam structure is provided with a plurality of nozzles 25, paint reservoirs 26 and control means to direct 18 paint to selected nozzles according to a control program based on the digitized image to be applied. In a further preferred embodiment the applicator is of modular construction to allow it to be lifted to the roof 5 in sections. Its modular construction is further adapted to allow multiples of beam segments to be joined together to provide various lengths of beam to suit different roof and image sizes. In a further preferred embodiment the image is made up 10 of pixels. The pixel size and interpixel spacing are determined according to the principles of information theory and are functions of the roof size and image detail as well as discontinuities in the roof surface. By way of a non limiting example, figure 4 illustrates some of these 15 relationships where a roof surface 30 has discontinuities in the form of skylights 31 of surface area "A". Pixels 32 are then selected as having surface area A/2 with interpixel spacing 33 a percentage of pixel diameter "D". In use, the image to be applied is digitized and 20 segmented into parallel bands 22, if required, for an applicator to cover the surface area of the image. By means of software, the digitized image is translated into a control program for the dispensing of different coloured 19 paints from the applicator nozzles as it traverses a roof section. Also in use in commercial applications a typical commercial implementation involves the steps of: 5 1. Procuring a roof surface and obtaining signage rights to the roof surface; 2. Offering the roof surface as a platform for advertising indicia for a predetermined period of time; 10 3. Procuring the application of the advertising indicia in such manner as to be observable from over flying aircraft. The above describes only some embodiments of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those 15 skilled in the art, can be made thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, it is to be understood that the image to be applied to the rooftop can be applied in many ways other than by direct physical application. For example, the 20 image may be applied indirectly as a separate layer overlaid upon the rooftop. In alternative forms the image may be applied indirectly by, for example, the projection of light onto the rooftop.

20 In yet other forms the image may be applied as an "active" image, which is to say in the form of a light emitting system such as can be provided by an array of lights, a CRT panel or the like. 5 Furthermore, analogous built structures may act effectively as rooftops for the purpose of forming a base for advertising display of the kind envisaged in this specification. Specific examples of implementations of procedures 10 compatible with one or more of the described embodiments will now be provided in detail: Example 1 - method of deriving revenue 15 With reference to Figure 5 a basic renting/leasing procedure is demonstrated in block diagram form. In this arrangement the steps in a method 50 of deriving revenue from an upward facing surface are put into effect by the following steps: 20 In a first step 51 an upward facing surface is identified as a potential candidate to receive indicia thereon for viewing at a legibility distance by observers in an overflying craft. In typical instances this upward facing surface may be located near an airport but can be 21 located elsewhere subject only to satisfying the basic requirement that the surface can be viewed by overflying craft and that indicia can be applied in a way such that they are made visible and discernable to observers in the 5 craft looking down upon the upward facing surface and, more particularly, the indicia thereon. In second step 52 signage rights are negotiated to the upward facing surface. In some instances it may be that the surface is, for example, a rooftop surface which 10 already has a substantially vertically disposed sign thereon adapted for viewing from ground level. Any rights third parties may have to the substantially vertically disposed signage can be thought of as completely independent from rights to be negotiated for the 15 substantially upward facing surfaces upon which, indeed, the substantially vertical sign may sit. It is conceivable in some instances that the substantially vertically oriented sign may remain and not interfere with indicia placed on the upward facing surfaces and for which separate 20 signage rights may be negotiated in accordance with step 52. Having negotiated signage rights both rights can be offered to third parties in a third step 53, usually for a predetermined period of time.

22 Once these basic steps have been performed agreement with the third party can be formalized and then given effect by causing the application of substantially upwardly directed indicia to the upward facing surfaces whereby the 5 indicia are discernable by observers in craft passing over the upward facing surfaces at a legibility height. COMBINED VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SIGN DISPOSITION By way of specific example Fig 9 illustrates the use 10 of a first substantially upward facing image 101 applied to built structure 102 in conjunction with a second substantially horizontally facing image 103 also mechanically associated with built structure 102 and, more particularly the facing surface 104. In this instance the 15 second image 103 formS part of a sign structure mechanically connected to and projecting substantially upwardly from each portion 105 of upwardly facing surface 104. 20 INTERPOSED MECHANICAL SIGN SUPPORT With reference to Fig 10 a further embodiment of a dual image arrangement is illustrated wherein like components are numbered as for Fig 9. In this instance second image 103 forms part of a signage structure which 23 projects substantially vertically downwardly from each portion 105 of upwardly facing surface 104 and is mechanically anchored thereto. The arrangement of Figs 9 and 10 permits increased 5 utilization of upwardly facing surface 104 for signage purposes. With reference to Fig 11, signage may be applied to a permanent support structure or lattice 70 mounted to an upward facing surface 71 of a built structure 72. Such a 10 lattice allows the ready exchange of indicia printed onto sheeting (not shown). In at least one preferred form of the invention, the same or related indicia printed on sheet material, may be applied to a combined lattice structure 75 (as shown in Fig 1la) exposing the indicia both to 15 observers in over-flying aircraft and observers at ground level or in nearby buildings. Apart from offering a more convenient means of exchanging advertising indicia, a further advantage offered by a supporting lattice or support is that the aspect of 20 the support may be tilted to optimize the visibility of the applied indicia independent of the slope of the upwardly facing surface of the built structure. Thus the axis of a cone of legibility may be inclined at any desired angle to 24 maximize exposure of the indicia to a particular flight path or bundle of flight path situations. Sheeting to which indicia has been applied, for example by a suitable printing process, may be releasably 5 fastened to the support lattice by any suitable fastener system, such as screws or nuts and bolts or by means of clamps incorporated in the lattices structure. An alternative means of using the structure for display of interchangeable indicia may be provided by the 10 indicia being applied to flexible sheeting wound onto a roller assembly in the manner of a Holland blind. One or more fixtures for support of one or more roller assemblies can be provided at an upper edge of the lattice structure thus allowing a rapid exchange of advertising indicia to be 15 effected. Example 2 - value to an advertiser With reference to Figure 6 a surface available for advertising purposes has a surface area Am 2 and is angled at 20 aO to the horizontal. A potential client wishes to display a certain logo in the form of a text string which, to fit in the available area, demands that the letters of the logo have a maximum height of x metres. Several factors then need to be taken into account in 25 determining the maximum resolution distance and maximum 25 angle of inclination to the roof surface at which the logo can be resolved by the naked eye including: (a) the maximum text height, (b) the colours of the logo text and background to 5 give a contrast factor, (c) the texture and any discontinuities of the roof surface or the texture of sheeting or other media (if the logo is not to be applied directly to the existing roof surface). 10 These parameters of distance and angle may be determined empirically by reference for example to suitable computer modeling of the logo and roof surface area with scaling and spatial rotation of the image to simulate its appearance and legibility at various viewing distance and 15 angles. With these parameters established the cone of legibility is defined and any intersecting flight paths, their frequencies and passenger densities may be determined. The value then of the roof space for 20 advertising purposes can be calculated on the basis of the number of potential viewers over a given period. Not all potential viewers need be valued equally however; for example a large passenger jet passing through the cone on a descent towards landing at an average height 26 of 500ft will have greater value than a similar jet passing through the cone at for example 5,000ft even if the passengers of both jets would be able to resolve the logo. Furthermore, the cone of legibility may contain flight 5 paths which are curved and during the transit of which an aircraft is banked so as to afford the maximum viewing potential of the rooftop to at least half of its passengers. Thus scaling factors may be introduced which take 10 account of the actual average distance from the roof and the benefits of any curvature of a flight path as inputs into the calculations of the value of an advertising space. In this example the valuation is performed for the benefit of the potential advertiser in that an assessment 15 may now be made as to whether the cost of leasing the space is warranted in view of the potential audience which may view the advertiser's logo over the period of the lease. Example 3 - value to a leasing agent and surface owner With reference to Figure 7 clearly, the larger the 20 indicia applied to a given surface the larger will be the cone of legibility and the potential viewing audience, other factors being equal. Therefore the method performed in Example 1 may not confer an adequate value on the surface area offered if the cone of legibility is 27 relatively small because of small indicia specified by the advertiser. For the purpose of assigning a base value to a given available surface area, a leasing agent may perform a 5 similar operation as described in Example 1 but use a cone of legibility based on a standard indicia size applied to a standard surface. By applying this "standard cone" to the available surface, the potential viewing audience is ascertained from the number and characteristics of flight 10 paths through the cone and so establish a market value for the surface. Example 4 - floating surface With reference to Figure 8, by way of an example 15 intended to clarify the breadth of meaning to be given to the term "built structure" and "roof" in this specification there is illustrated a built structure 60 in the form of a pontoon or like floating structure having a substantially upwardly directed surface 61 upon which or into which 20 indicia 62 can be inscribed and sized so as to be visible to observers in an overflying craft, in this instance aeroplane 63 during a take off or landing phase from runway 64 and following trajectory 65 which has associated with it a cone of legibility 66 associated with indicia 62 which 28 permits the discernment of the indicia 62 by the passengers or other persons in aeroplane 63. This particular example can be used with airports which lie adjacent bodies of water 67 as shown in this example. 5 The predetermined legibility distance H inherent in the cone of legibility 66 associated with flight path 65 can, for example, lie in the range 100 - 2 000 feet. In alternative arrangements the predetermined legibility distance can be in the range 100 - 10 000 feet. In yet 10 alternative arrangements the legibility distance H can be the typical cruising height range for an aircraft, typically in the range 30 000 - 40 000 feet. Computer Platform Implementation 15 With reference to Fig 12 the methods of utilisation of a substantially upwardly facing surface as described earlier in this specification may be implemented on a computer platform 110. In this instance the platform 110 includes microprocessor 111 in communication with memory 20 112 and in communication with removable media 113. In use a programme 114 is loaded from the media 113 into memory 112 for execution on microprocessor 111 and subsequent display of results on display 115. The programme 114 includes reference data including a lookup table which can be 29 represented graphically as Graph 116 whereby there is an association between letter or indicia height for upwardly facing indicia 117 on upwardly facing surface 118 and the length or radius of generator 119. 5 In addition for any given built structure 120 flight path information as previously described may be input either by media 113 or by other means such as download from the internet whereby all flight paths 121 which pass through a cone of legibility 122 are available to the 10 programme 114. A difficulty in evaluating a roof or other upwardly directed surface for the purpose of displaying advertising indicia, is the quantifying of the exposure of the indicia to observers or potential consumers of the goods or 15 services being advertised. The present invention provides a method whereby computer modelling is used in the evaluation of such advertising spaces. The quantification requires the determination of a region, or three dimensional volume of space, centred on 20 the indicia, within which an observer may sufficiently resolve the indicia so as to understand its content. It is therefore postulated that this region comprises what may be called a cone of legibility.

30 For the purposes of this specification, a cone of legibility is a conical section of a sphere centred on the surface to be evaluated and with the axis of the cone normal to that surface. Such a notional cone may be said to 5 be inherent to any set of indicia but without defining the limits of the cone, the number and characteristics of the potential observers cannot be determined. The limits of legibility of the indicia, and hence the parameters of a cone of legibility, will depend on a number 10 of factors, among which may be enumerated the texture and any discontinuities of the surface, characteristics of the indicia, a minimum angle to the surface, and maximum distance from the surface. The combination of minimum angle and maximum distance 15 at that angle for the purpose of this specification, defines the generator of the cone of legibility. With these parameters established, the number of observers potentially exposed to the indicia may be derived from an analysis of the flight paths and characteristics of the craft passing 20 through the cone. A first phase, according to the present invention, in evaluating the proposed surface, is determining the parameters of the cone of legibility and makes use of computer modelling of the above factors. With suitable 31 graphic software, the proposed indicia are applied to a three dimensional, to-scale, computer model of the surface, making the indicia as large as the extent of the surface will permit. The model may incorporate as many of the 5 detailed characteristics of the surface as the software permits including surface texture and discontinuities such as skylights, vents and so forth. In this step the size of the discrete components of the indicia, such as that of individual letters or image 10 details is determined. Where the surface under consideration may be affected by other nearby and higher structures, these should also be added to the three dimensional model. The computer model may then be rotated in three 15 dimensional model space and reduced in scale (by "zooming out") to simulate the appearance of the surface at increasing distances and angles. By this means the parameters of distance and minimum angle of the cone of legibility generator may be determined empirically and a 20 representation of the cone superimposed on the model. In a further step, the model is augmented by placing the surface and associated cone of legibility in correct orientation relative the horizontal plane, and in the correct geographical relationship with any nearby airport 32 or flight corridor. Actual average flight paths as published on aeronautical charts are then added to the model and coded for frequency and type of aircraft. Appropriate solid modelling software is able to 5 compute length of the flight paths intersecting the cone and hence the duration of the passage of an aircraft along these modelled flight paths, given the typical ground speeds for the aircraft concerned. Duration, frequency and type of aircraft can provide an initial estimation of the 10 number of observers which may be potentially exposed to the advertising indicia of the surface. Clearly, the modelling may be refined in a number of ways to give more accurate estimations of the number of observers. For example, the actual angle of an aircraft's 15 flight path subtended at the roof surface will affect the ease of viewing of observers on the aircraft. Ease of viewing will be minimal if the angle is 90 degrees or near 90 degrees; that is if the flight path is normal to the surface, with ease of viewing tending to optimum as the 20 angle decreases. As well, only those passengers at window seats along that side of the plane facing towards the surface are likely to be observers.

33 AUTOMATED SIGNAGE SYSTEM With reference to Figs 13 through to 17 the various embodiments previously referred to in this specification can be brought together to form an automated signage system 5 200 as shown in generalised form in Fig 13. In the embodiments illustrated in Figs 13 through to 17 like components are numbered as for previous embodiments. In this instance the upwardly facing indicia 117 will be in the form of an "active" image as defined earlier in 10 this specification. Being in this form it is possible to arrange the active image to be controlled electronically so as to be varied by local controller 201. Local controller 201 incorporates a processor 202 in communication with a local memory 203. The controller 201 is further adapted to 15 communicate with a remote computer or like device by way of communications module 204 which is also in communication with global processor 202. In use processor 202 loads a predetermined active image to display driver 205 which, in turn, causes the predetermined active image 206 to be 20 loaded for viewing as upwardly facing indicia 117. In one form memory 203 is loaded with more than one predetermined active image 206, each image having previously been determined and its commercial value evaluated in accordance with previously described 34 embodiments. Selected ones of the predetermined active images 206 are then displayed in accordance with a particular revenue function and as agreed with the respective entity which desires the display of the 5 predetermined active image 206. For example, in a simple scenario, a first image is loaded to display driver 205 for display for a first predetermined period of time followed by the loading of a second predetermined active image into display driver 205 10 for a second predetermined period of time following the expiry of which the first predetermined image is loaded once more and so on in cyclic fashion. In a further form memory 203 can be loaded with predetermined active images 206 from a remote computer for 15 example via communication enabled via the internet 207. In one particular instance a computer platform 110 can be utilised as the remote computer incorporating processor 111 and memory 112. In this instance processor 111 communicates predetermined active image data corresponding to a 20 predetermined active image 206 via remote communications module 208 which communicates via internet 207 with local communications module 204 of local controller 201. In a preferred form the predetermined active image data 209 is transmitted in blocks 210 of digital data, each block 35 comprising a header 210A and a data portion 210B wherein, for example, the header 210A includes IP address information of the type recognised by the TCP/IP protocol as currently used for a major portion of internet digital 5 traffic. As will be described in the specific examples of Figs 14 to 17 the active image 206 may be represented as upwardly facing indicia 117 in the form of an electronically manipulable image which may -itself comprise 10 active light sources (such as the phosphors of a CRT panel) or may be of the type which requires a separate light source, to, in effect, be shone through it (as, for example, certain forms of current LED panel technology) . In this second form the illumination component may only be 15 necessary, or at least will render the image most effectively, in a darkened environment (for example at night). With reference to Fig 14 (and when like components are numbered as for previous embodiments) the automated signage 20 system 200 is implemented as an active LED matrix 211 mounted to support structure 70 which comprises an interposed mechanical support between the LED matrix 211 and upward facing surface 71. The LED matrix 211 is itself in electronic communication with local controller 201 36 thereby to be loaded with predetermined active image data in the manner previously described. With reference to Fig 15 the active LED matrix 211 is, in this instance, affixed to support structure 75 so as to 5 function to provide both upwardly facing indicia and outwardly facing indicia, thereby to make dual use of the available upwardly facing surface. With reference to Fig 16 an alternative form of implementation comprises application of a flexible sheet 10 212 of signage material to which indicia 213 has been applied. The flexible sheet overlays and is affixed to support structure 70 which, in turn, is affixed to the upwardly facing surface 71. A light source 214 can be placed within the support structure and arranged so as to 15 selectively shine through portions of the flexible sheet 212. The light source 214 is selectively controlled by local controller 201. A similar arrangement applies to the dual use arrangement shown in Fig 17. In a further particular form of Figs 16 and 17 the 20 flexible sheet 212 comprises "flexible digital paper" as for example described in United States Patent Application US20020054033, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by cross-reference. Alternative forms of the flexible digital paper comprise a laminate incorporating an 37 image memory function. As previously described the electronic digital paper, once placed on the support structure 70, 75 is placed in electronic communication with local controller 201 thereby to allow loading of a 5 predetermined active image in the manner previously described.

Claims (32)

1. A system for the application of an image to an upper surface of a built structure, said image arranged for 5 visibility from over-flying craft; and wherein characteristics of said image define a cone of legibility; and wherein the commercial value of said image applied to said surface is a function of said cone of legibility. 10 2. The system of Claim 1 wherein said upper surface comprises a rooftop.

3. The system of any previous claim wherein said image is displayed for a predetermined time at a predetermined revenue rate defined with reference to said cone of 15 legibility.

4. The system of Claim 3, wherein said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 12 months.

5. The system of Claim 3, wherein said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 5 years. 20 6. The system of Claim 3, wherein said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 10 years.

7. The system according to any previous claim wherein said image is in the form of a company name or logo. 39

8. The system of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein said image is displayed in the form of an advertisement for a product or service.

9. The system of any previous claim wherein a step of 5 commercialization includes leasing of space on said rooftop.

10. The system of Claim 9 wherein said space is made available on a commercial basis to third parties for the display of advertising indicia thereon. 10 11. The system of any previous claim wherein said image is displayed in the form of textual or graphic information.

12. The system of any previous claim wherein said image comprises a series of images displayed consecutively. 15 13. The system of any previous claim wherein said image is a moving image.

14. The system of any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein said image is applied as a film.

15. The system of any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein said 20 image is applied by way of projection onto said rooftops.

16. The system of Claim 3 wherein the subtended angle of said cone is determined according to a parameter based 40 on roof surface texture and discontinuities of the roof surface.

17. The system of Claim 16 wherein said commercial value of said image is a function of the number and 5 characteristics of aircraft flight paths intersecting said cone.

18. The system of any previous claim wherein each said image is applied as paint by a mechanical applicator adapted to traverse a roof surface. 10 19. The system of any previous claim wherein each said image is formed from an array of coloured panels, segments, dots or pixels.

20. The system of Claim 19, wherein the panels, segments, dot or pixel size and spacing is determined according 15 to information theory.

21. The system of any previous claim wherein the resolution of each said image allows for roof discontinuities such as sky lights or a change of roof angle.

22. The system of any previous claim wherein each said 20 image is provided with day and/or night time illumination.

23. The system of Claim 18 wherein said mechanical applicator is in modular form arranged to be lifted to a rooftop in sections for reassembly. 41

24. The system of Claim 18 wherein said mechanical applicator is provided with traversing means for progressively applying an image to a roof surface.

25. The system of Claim 18 wherein said mechanical 5 applicator is provided with a rail system arranged to guide said applicator over an expanse of roof.

26. The system of Claim 18 wherein said mechanical applicator is provided with support wheels and propulsion means. 10 27. The system of Claims 18 wherein said mechanical applicator is provided with a plurality of paint, toner or ink dispensing nozzles disposed along an axis transverse to the direction of the guide rails of the applicator. 15 28. The system of any one of Claim 18 wherein said mechanical applicator is provided with digital and/or mechanical control means.

29. The system of Claim 29 wherein the control means determines the sequence, colour, duration and the 20 nozzle from which paint, toner or ink is dispensed.

30. The system of Claim 28 wherein the pixel, panel, segment or dot size delivered by the nozzles may be varied according to the required resolution of the image to be applied. 42

31. A method of allocating advertising space of an upper surface of a built structure for an image arranged for visibility from over-flying aircraft wherein characteristics of said image define a cone of 5 legibility for said image; said method comprising the steps of: (a) procuring a roof surface and obtaining signage rights to the roof surface; (b) offering the roof surface as a platform for 10 advertising indicia for a predetermined period of time; (c) procuring the application of the advertising indicia in such manner as to be observable from over flying aircraft. 15 32. A method for the valuation of a surface for advertising purposes by means of a cone of legibility, said method comprising the steps of: (a) determining the area of the surface available, (b) determining the angle of said surface to an 20 horizontal plane, (c) determining a factor for the surface texture of said surface or media to which advertising indicia is to be applied, 43 (d) determining the maximum size of elements of the indicia to be displayed, (e) determining the maximum distance and inclination angle at which said elements of the indicia may 5 be resolved by an unaided eye of an observer of said indicia, (f) determining the spatial orientation and extent of said cone of legibility, said cone having an axis centred on the surface and normal to said 10 surface, (g) determining the number and characteristics of any flight paths intersecting said cone of legibility, thereby determining a potential number of viewers of 15 said indicia so as to establish said valuation.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein said step for the determination of said cone of legibility further includes the steps of: (a) the construction of a 3-dimensional computer 20 model of said surface area, (b) positioning a digital representation of said indicia on said model of said surface area, (c) empirically determining the parameters of maximum distance and angle of inclination at which said 44 indicia may be resolved by the scaling and spatial rotation of the computer model.

35. An upper surface of a built structure incorporating indicia thereon or therein; said indicia constructed so 5 as to be discernable by observers in craft passing over said built structure when said craft is within a predetermined legibility distance of said built structure and wherein said legibility distance is determined by a cone of legibility. 10 36.The upper surface of claim 34 wherein said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 100 - 2 000 feet.

37.The upper surface of claim 34 wherein said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 15 100 - 10 000 feet.

38.The upper surface of claim 34 wherein said predetermined legibility distance is in the range 30,000 - 40,000 feet.

39.The upper surface of claim 34 wherein said 20 predetermined legibility distance is defined by and lies within the volume of said cone of legibility.

40.The upper surface of claim 34 wherein said built structure is a roof. 45

41.The upper surface of claim 34 wherein said built structure is a pontoon.

42.A method of deriving revenue from advertising space wherein said revenue is a function of a cone of 5 legibility; said method comprising the steps of: (a) procuring an upward facing surface and obtaining signage rights to the surface; (b) offering to a third party the surface as a platform for advertising indicia for a 10 predetermined period of time; (c) procuring the application of the advertising indicia to said surface in such manner as to be observable from craft passing over said surface at a predetermined legibility distance. 15 43 The method of claim 41 or 42 wherein said revenue is directly linked to the benefit derived by said third party from the visibility and discernability of said indicia to viewers in said craft as it passes over said surface at said predetermined legibility distance. 20 44 A built structure having an upward facing surface; said built structure supporting an image; said upward facing surface overlaid by said image in the form of advertising indicia; said image arranged for visibility 25 from overflying craft; said image applied indirectly as a separate layer; said image applied as a film; said image formed from an array of coloured elements selected from the group consisting of panels, segments, dots and pixels, the coloured elements applied by an applicator provided with 30 digital control means. 45 The built structure of claim 44, wherein a cone of legibility associated with said image comprises an inverted 46 conical section of a sphere whose generator is equal to a distance of resolution of a smallest discrete detail of said image, the advertising indicia applied to said surface in such manner as to be observable from craft passing over 5 said surface at a predetermined legibility distance; wherein said predetermined legibility distance is defined by and lies within a volume of the cone of legibility. 46 The built structure of claim 45, wherein said 10 predetermined legibility distance is in the range of 100 to 2,000 feet. 47 The built structure of claim 45, wherein said predetermined legibility distance is in the range of 100 to 15 10,000 feet. 48 The built structure of claim 45, wherein said predetermined legibility distance is in the range of 30,000 to 40000 feet. 20 49 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 48, wherein said built structure comprises a roof. 50 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 48, 25 wherein said built structure comprises a pontoon. 51 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 50, wherein said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 12 months. 30 52 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 50, wherein said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 5 years. 35 53 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 50, wherein said image is displayed for a time period in the range of 1 to 10 years. 54 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 53, 40 wherein said image is in the form of a company name or logo. 55 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 53, wherein said image is displayed in the form of an 45 advertisement for a product or service. 47 56 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 53, wherein said image is displayed in the form of textual or graphic information. 5 57 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 56, wherein said image comprises a series of images displayed consecutively. 58 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 56, 10 wherein said image is a moving image. 59 The built structure any one of claims 44 to 58, wherein the cone of legibility is determined according to a parameter based on texture and discontinuities of the upper 15 surface. 60 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 59, wherein said image is provided with night time illumination. 20 61 The built structure of any one of claims 44 to 60, wherein said image is provided with day time illumination. 62 A method for the application of advertising indicia to 25 an upper surface of a built structure, the method comprising the steps of: (a) determining an area of the upper surface available; (b) determining an angle of the upper surface to the horizontal plane; 30 (c) determining a maximum size of elements of the indicia to be displayed; (d) constructing a 3-dimensional computer model of the upper surface; (e) positioning a digital representation of the indicia on 35 the computer model of the upper surface; (f) empirically determining parameters of maximum distance and angle of inclination at which the indicia is resolved by scaling and spatial rotation of the computer model; and (g) determining a spatial orientation and extent of a cone 40 of legibility associated with the indicia, the cone of legibility having an axis generally centered on the upper surface and generally normal to the upper surface. 63 The method of claim 62, further comprising determining 45 the cone of legibility according to a parameter based on texture and discontinuities of the upper surface. 48 64 The method of claim 62 or 63, further comprising determining a number and characteristics of any flight paths intersecting the cone of legibility. 5 65 The method of any one of claims 62 to 64, wherein the upper surface comprises a rooftop.