AU2012363682C1

AU2012363682C1 - Segregating flowable materials in a well

Info

Publication number: AU2012363682C1
Application number: AU2012363682A
Authority: AU
Inventors: James R. Lovorn; Jay K. Turner
Original assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Current assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Priority date: 2012-01-06
Filing date: 2012-12-24
Publication date: 2015-12-03
Anticipated expiration: 2032-12-24
Also published as: BR112014016663A8; EA201990544A1; EP2800864A1; AU2012363682A1; AU2012363682B2; BR112014016663A2; EA201491331A1; EP2800864A4; CA2858842A1; MX2014008281A; WO2013103561A1; CA2858842C

Abstract

A method of segregating flowable materials in conjunction with a subterranean well can include segregating flowable cement from a fluid by placing a flowable barrier substance between the cement and the fluid, and the barrier substance substantially preventing displacement of the cement by force of gravity through the barrier substance and into the fluid. Another method of segregating flowable materials can include flowing a barrier substance into a wellbore above a fluid already in the wellbore, and then flowing cement into the wellbore above the barrier substance. A system for use in conjunction with a subterranean well can include a flowable cement isolated from a fluid by a flowable barrier substance positioned between the cement and the fluid, whereby the barrier substance substantially prevents displacement of the cement by force of gravity through the barrier substance and into the fluid.

Description

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 5 SEGREGATING FLOWABLE MATERIALS IN A WELL 10 TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates generally to equipment and flowable materials utilized, and operations performed, in conjunction with a subterranean well and, in one example 15 described below, more particularly provides for wellbore pressure control with segregated fluid columns. BACKGROUND In various different types of well operations, it can 20 be beneficial to be able to isolate one flowable substance from another. In the past, this function has generally been performed by equipment, such as, plugs, packers, etc. It will be appreciated that improvements are continually needed in the art of isolating flowable 25 substances from one another. The improvements could be used in drilling, completion, abandonment and/or in other types of well operations.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a representative partially cross-sectional view of a system and associated method which can embody principles of the present disclosure. 5 FIG. 2 is a representative view of a pressure and flow control system which may be used with the system and method of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a representative cross-sectional view of the system in which initial steps of the method have been 10 performed. FIG. 4 is a representative cross-sectional view of the well system in which further steps of the method have been performed. FIG. 5 is a representative view of a flowchart for the 15 method. FIG. 6 is a representative cross-sectional view of another example of the system and method. DETAILED DESCRIPTION 20 Representatively and schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 is a system 10 for use with a well, and an associated method, which system and method can embody principles of this disclosure. The FIG. 1 example is configured for underbalanced or managed pressure drilling, but it should be 25 clearly understood that this is merely one example of a well operation which can embody principles of this disclosure. In the system 10, a wellbore 12 is drilled by rotating a drill bit 14 on an end of a tubular string 16. Drilling fluid 18, commonly known as mud, is circulated downward 30 through the tubular string 16, out the drill bit 14 and WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -3 upward through an annulus 20 formed between the tubular string and the wellbore 12, in order to cool the drill bit, lubricate the tubular string, remove cuttings and provide a measure of bottom hole pressure control. A non-return valve 5 21 (typically a flapper-type check valve) prevents flow of the drilling fluid 18 upward through the tubular string 16 (e.g., when connections are being made in the tubular string). Control of bottom hole pressure is very important in 10 managed pressure and underbalanced drilling, and in other types of well operations. Preferably, the bottom hole pressure is accurately controlled to prevent excessive loss of fluid into an earth formation 64 surrounding the wellbore 12, undesired fracturing of the formation, undesired influx 15 of formation fluids into the wellbore, etc. In typical managed pressure drilling, it is desired to maintain the bottom hole pressure just greater than a pore pressure of the formation 64, without exceeding a fracture pressure of the formation. In typical underbalanced 20 drilling, it is desired to maintain the bottom hole pressure somewhat less than the pore pressure, thereby obtaining a controlled influx of fluid from the formation 64. Nitrogen or another gas, or another lighter weight fluid, may be added to the drilling fluid 18 for pressure 25 control. This technique is especially useful, for example, in underbalanced drilling operations. In the system 10, additional control over the bottom hole pressure is obtained by closing off the annulus 20 (e.g., isolating it from communication with the atmosphere 30 and enabling the annulus to be pressurized at or near the surface) using a rotating control device 22 (RCD). The RCD 22 seals about the tubular string 16 above a wellhead 24.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -4 Although not shown in FIG. 1, the tubular string 16 would extend upwardly through the RCD 22 for connection to, for example, a rotary table (not shown), a standpipe line 26, kelley (not shown), a top drive and/or other conventional 5 drilling equipment. The drilling fluid 18 exits the wellhead 24 via a wing valve 28 in communication with the annulus 20 below the RCD 22. The fluid 18 then flows through fluid return line 30 to a choke manifold 32, which includes redundant chokes 34. 10 Backpressure is applied to the annulus 20 by variably restricting flow of the fluid 18 through the operative choke(s) 34. The greater the restriction to flow through the choke 34, the greater the backpressure applied to the annulus 20. 15 Thus, bottom hole pressure can be conveniently regulated by varying the backpressure applied to the annulus 20. A hydraulics model can be used, as described more fully below, to determine a pressure applied to the annulus 20 at or near the surface which will result in a desired bottom hole 20 pressure, so that an operator (or an automated control system) can readily determine how to regulate the pressure applied to the annulus at or near the surface (which can be conveniently measured) in order to obtain the desired bottom hole pressure. 25 Pressure applied to the annulus 20 can be measured at or near the surface via a variety of pressure sensors 36, 38, 40, each of which is in communication with the annulus. Pressure sensor 36 senses pressure below the RCD 22, but above a blowout preventer (BOP) stack 42. Pressure sensor 38 30 senses pressure in the wellhead below the BOP stack 42. Pressure sensor 40 senses pressure in the fluid return line 30 upstream of the choke manifold 32.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -5 Another pressure sensor 44 senses pressure in the standpipe line 26. Yet another pressure sensor 46 senses pressure downstream of the choke manifold 32, but upstream of a separator 48, shaker 50 and mud pit 52. Additional 5 sensors include temperature sensors 54, 56, Coriolis flowmeter 58, and flowmeters 62, 66. Not all of these sensors are necessary. For example, the system 10 could include only one of the flowmeters 62, 66. However, input from the sensors is useful to the 10 hydraulics model in determining what the pressure applied to the annulus 20 should be during the drilling operation. In addition, the tubular string 16 may include its own sensors 60, for example, to directly measure bottom hole pressure. Such sensors 60 may be of the type known to those 15 skilled in the art as pressure while drilling (PWD), measurement while drilling (MWD) and/or logging while drilling (LWD) sensor systems. These tubular string sensor systems generally provide at least pressure measurement, and may also provide temperature measurement, detection of 20 tubular string characteristics (such as vibration, weight on bit, stick-slip, etc.), formation characteristics (such as resistivity, density, etc.) and/or other measurements. Various forms of telemetry (acoustic, pressure pulse, electromagnetic, optical, wired, etc.) may be used to 25 transmit the downhole sensor measurements to the surface. Additional sensors could be included in the system 10, if desired. For example, another flowmeter 67 could be used to measure the rate of flow of the fluid 18 exiting the wellhead 24, another Coriolis flowmeter (not shown) could be 30 interconnected directly upstream or downstream of a rig mud pump 68, etc.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -6 Fewer sensors could be included in the system 10, if desired. For example, the output of the rig mud pump 68 could be determined by counting pump strokes, instead of by using flowmeter 62 or any other flowmeters. 5 Note that the separator 48 could be a 3 or 4 phase separator, or a mud gas separator (sometimes referred to as a "poor boy degasser"). However, the separator 48 is not necessarily used in the system 10. The drilling fluid 18 is pumped through the standpipe 10 line 26 and into the interior of the tubular string 16 by the rig mud pump 68. The pump 68 receives the fluid 18 from the mud pit 52 and flows it via a standpipe manifold (not shown) to the standpipe line 26, the fluid then circulates downward through the tubular string 16, upward through the 15 annulus 20, through the mud return line 30, through the choke manifold 32, and then via the separator 48 and shaker 50 to the mud pit 52 for conditioning and recirculation. Note that, in the system 10 as so far described above, the choke 34 cannot be used to control backpressure applied 20 to the annulus 20 for control of the bottom hole pressure, unless the fluid 18 is flowing through the choke. In conventional overbalanced drilling operations, a lack of circulation can occur whenever a connection is made in the tubular string 16 (e.g., to add another length of drill pipe 25 to the tubular string as the wellbore 12 is drilled deeper), and the lack of circulation will require that bottom hole pressure be regulated solely by the density of the fluid 18. In the system 10, however, flow of the fluid 18 through the choke 34 can be maintained, even though the fluid does 30 not circulate through the tubular string 16 and annulus 20. Thus, pressure can still be applied to the annulus 20 by restricting flow of the fluid 18 through the choke 34.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -7 In the system 10 as depicted in FIG. 1, a backpressure pump 70 can be used to supply a flow of fluid to the return line 30 upstream of the choke manifold 32 by pumping fluid into the annulus 20 when needed. Alternatively, or in 5 addition, fluid could be diverted from the standpipe manifold to the return line 30 when needed, as described in International Application Serial No. PCT/US08/87686, and in US Application Serial No. 12/638,012. Restriction by the choke 34 of such fluid flow from the rig pump 68 and/or the 10 backpressure pump 70 will thereby cause pressure to be applied to the annulus 20. Although the example of FIG. 1 is depicted as if a drilling operation is being performed, it should be clearly understood that the principles of this disclosure may be 15 utilized in a variety of other well operations. For example, such other well operations could include completion operations, logging operations, casing operations, etc. Thus, it is not necessary for the tubular string 16 to be a drill string, or for the fluid 18 to be a drilling 20 fluid. For example, the fluid 18 could instead be a completion fluid or any other type of fluid. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the principles of this disclosure are not limited to drilling operations and, indeed, are not limited at all to any of the details of 25 the system 10 described herein and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings. A pressure and flow control system 90 which may be used in conjunction with the system 10 and method of FIG. 1 is representatively illustrated in FIG. 2. The control system 30 90 is preferably fully automated, although some human intervention may be used, for example, to safeguard against WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -8 improper operation, initiate certain routines, update parameters, etc. The control system 90 includes a hydraulics model 92, a data acquisition and control interface 94 and a controller 5 96 (such as, a programmable logic controller or PLC, a suitably programmed computer, etc.). Although these elements 92, 94, 96 are depicted separately in FIG. 2, any or all of them could be combined into a single element, or the functions of the elements could be separated into additional 10 elements, other additional elements and/or functions could be provided, etc. The hydraulics model 92 is used in the control system 90 to determine the desired annulus pressure at or near the surface to achieve the desired bottom hole pressure. Data 15 such as well geometry, fluid properties and offset well information (such as geothermal gradient and pore pressure gradient, etc.) are utilized by the hydraulics model 92 in making this determination, as well as real-time sensor data acquired by the data acquisition and control interface 94. 20 Thus, there is a continual two-way transfer of data and information between the hydraulics model 92 and the data acquisition and control interface 94. Preferably, the data acquisition and control interface 94 operates to maintain a substantially continuous flow of real-time data from the 25 sensors 36, 38, 40, 44, 46, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67 to the hydraulics model 92, so that the hydraulics model has the information it needs to adapt to changing circumstances and to update the desired annulus pressure. The hydraulics model 92 operates to supply the data acquisition and control 30 interface 94 substantially continuously with a value for the desired annulus pressure.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 -9 A greater or lesser number of sensors may provide data to the interface 94, in keeping with the principles of this disclosure. For example, flow rate data from a flowmeter 72 which measures an output of the backpressure pump 70 may be 5 input to the interface 94 for use in the hydraulics model 92. A suitable hydraulics model for use as the hydraulics model 92 in the control system 90 is REAL TIME HYDRAULICS (TM) provided by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. of 10 Houston, Texas USA. Another suitable hydraulics model is provided under the trade name IRIS (TM), and yet another is available from SINTEF of Trondheim, Norway. Any suitable hydraulics model may be used in the control system 90 in keeping with the principles of this disclosure. 15 A suitable data acquisition and control interface for use as the data acquisition and control interface 94 in the control system 90 are SENTRY (TM) and INSITE (TM) provided by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Any suitable data acquisition and control interface may be used in the control 20 system 90 in keeping with the principles of this disclosure. The controller 96 operates to maintain a desired setpoint annulus pressure by controlling operation of the fluid return choke 34 and/or the backpressure pump 70. When an updated desired annulus pressure is transmitted from the 25 data acquisition and control interface 94 to the controller 96, the controller uses the desired annulus pressure as a setpoint and controls operation of the choke 34 in a manner (e.g., increasing or decreasing flow through the choke as needed) to maintain the setpoint pressure in the annulus 20. 30 This is accomplished by comparing the setpoint pressure to a measured annulus pressure (such as the pressure sensed by any of the sensors 36, 38, 40), and increasing flow WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 10 through the choke 34 if the measured pressure is greater than the setpoint pressure, and decreasing flow through the choke if the measured pressure is less than the setpoint pressure. Of course, if the setpoint and measured pressures 5 are the same, then no adjustment of the choke 34 is required. This process is preferably automated, so that no human intervention is required, although human intervention may be used if desired. The controller 96 may also be used to control operation 10 of the backpressure pump 70. The controller 96 can, thus, be used to automate the process of supplying fluid flow to the return line 30 when needed. Again, no human intervention may be required for this process. Referring additionally now to FIG. 3, a somewhat 15 enlarged scale view of a portion of the well system 10 is representatively illustrated apart from the remainder of the system depicted in FIG. 1. In the FIG. 3 illustration, both cased 12a and uncased 12b sections of the wellbore 12 are visible. 20 In the example of FIG. 3, it is desired to trip the tubular string 16 out of the wellbore 12, for example, to change the bit 14, install additional casing, install a completion assembly, perform a logging operation, etc. However, it is also desired to prevent excessively increased 25 pressure from being applied to the uncased section 12b of the wellbore exposed to the formation 64 (which could result in skin damage to the formation, fracturing of the formation, etc.), to prevent excessively reduced pressure from being exposed to the uncased section of the wellbore 30 (which could result in an undesired influx of fluid into the wellbore, instability of the wellbore, etc.), to prevent any gas in the fluid 18 from migrating upwardly through the WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 11 wellbore, and to prevent other fluids (such as higher density fluids) from contacting the exposed formation. In one unique feature of the example depicted in FIG. 3, the tubular string 16 is partially withdrawn from the 5 wellbore 12 (e.g., raised in the vertical wellbore shown in FIG. 3) and a barrier substance 74 is placed in the wellbore. The barrier substance 74 may be flowed into the wellbore 12 by circulating it through the tubular string 16 and into the annulus 20, or the barrier substance could be 10 placed in the wellbore by other means (such as, via another tubular string installed in the wellbore, by circulating the barrier substance downward through the annulus, etc.). As illustrated in FIG. 3, the barrier substance 74 is placed in the wellbore 12 so that it traverses the junction 15 between the cased section 12a and uncased section 12b of the wellbore (i.e., at a casing shoe 76). However, in other examples, the barrier substance 74 could be placed entirely in the cased section 12a or entirely in the uncased section 12b of the wellbore 12. 20 The barrier substance 74 is preferably of a type which can isolate the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64 from other fluids in the wellbore 12. However, the barrier substance 74 also preferably transmits pressure, so that control over pressure in the fluid 18 exposed to the 25 formation 64 can be accomplished using the control system 90. To isolate the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64 from other fluids in the wellbore 12, the barrier substance 74 is preferably a highly viscous fluid, a highly 30 thixotropic gel or a high strength gel which sets in the wellbore. However, the barrier substance 74 could be (or WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 12 comprise) other types of materials in keeping with the principles of this disclosure. Suitable highly thixotropic gels for use as the barrier substance 74 include N-SOLATE (TM) and CFS-538 (TM) marketed 5 by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. A suitable preparation is as follows: Water (freshwater) - 0.85 bbl Barite - 203 lb/bbl 10 CFS-538 (TM) - 9 lb/bbl One suitable high strength gel for use as the barrier substance 74 may be prepared as follows: 15 BARACTIVE (TM) base fluid polar activator - 0.7 bbl Water (freshwater) - 0.3 bbl CFS-538 (TM) - 10 lb/bbl Of course, a wide variety of different formulations may 20 be used for the barrier substance 74. The above are only two such formulations, and it should be clearly understood that the principles of this disclosure are not limited at all to these formulations. Referring additionally now to FIG. 4, the system 10 is 25 representatively illustrated after the barrier substance 74 has been placed in the wellbore 12 and the tubular string 16 has been further partially withdrawn from the wellbore. Another fluid 78 is then flowed into the wellbore 12 on an opposite side of the barrier substance 74 from the fluid 18.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 13 The fluid 78 preferably has a density greater than a density of the fluid 18. By flowing the fluid 78 into the wellbore 12 above the barrier substance 74 and the fluid 18, a desired pressure can be maintained in the fluid 18 exposed 5 to the formation 64, as the tubular string 16 is tripped out of and back into the wellbore, as a completion assembly is installed, as a logging operation is performed, as casing is installed, etc. The density of the fluid 78 is selected so that, after 10 it is flowed into the wellbore 12 (e.g., filling the wellbore from the barrier substance 74 to the surface), an appropriate hydrostatic pressure will be thereby applied to the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64. Preferably, at any selected location along the uncased section 12b of the 15 wellbore 12, the pressure in the fluid 18 will be equal to, or only marginally greater than (e.g., no more than approximately 100 psi greater than), pore pressure in the formation 64. However, other pressures in the fluid 18 may be used in other examples. 20 While the barrier substance 74 is being placed in the wellbore 12, and while the fluid 78 is being flowed into the wellbore, the control system 90 preferably maintains the pressure in the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64 substantially constant (e.g., varying no more than a few 25 psi). The control system 90 can achieve this result by automatically adjusting the choke 34 as fluid exits the annulus 20 at the surface, as described above, so that an appropriate backpressure is applied to the annulus at the surface to maintain a desired pressure in the fluid 18 30 exposed to the formation 64. Note that, since different density substances (e.g., barrier substance 74 and fluid 78) are being introduced into WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 14 the wellbore 12, the annulus pressure setpoint will vary as the substances are introduced into the wellbore. Preferably, the density of the fluid 78 is selected so that, upon completion of the step of flowing the fluid 78 into the 5 wellbore 12, no pressure will need to be applied to the annulus 20 at the surface in order to maintain the desired pressure in the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64. In this manner, a snubbing unit will not be necessary for subsequent well operations (such as, running casing, 10 installing a completion assembly, wireline or coiled tubing logging, etc.). However, a snubbing unit may be used, if desired. Preferably, the barrier fluid 74 will prevent mixing of the fluids 18, 78, will isolate the fluids from each other, 15 will prevent migration of gas 80 upward through the wellbore 12, and will transmit pressure between the fluids. Consequently, excessively increased pressure in the uncased section 12b of the wellbore exposed to the formation 64 (which could otherwise result from opening a downhole 20 deployment valve, etc.) can be prevented, excessively reduced pressure can be prevented from being exposed to the uncased section of the wellbore, gas in the fluid 18 can be prevented from migrating upwardly through the wellbore to the surface, and fluids (such as higher density fluids) 25 other than the fluid 18 can be prevented from contacting the exposed formation. Referring additionally now to FIG. 5, a flowchart for one example of a method 100 of controlling pressure in the wellbore 12 is representatively illustrated. The method 100 30 may be used in conjunction with the well system 10 described above, or the method may be used with other well systems.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 15 In an initial step 102 of the method 100, a first fluid (such as the fluid 18) is present in the wellbore 12. As in the system 10, the fluid 18 could be a drilling fluid which is specially formulated to exert a desired hydrostatic 5 pressure, prevent fluid loss to the formation 64, lubricate the bit 14, enhance wellbore stability, etc. In other examples, the fluid 18 could be a completion fluid or another type of fluid. The fluid 18 may be circulated through the wellbore 12 10 during drilling or other operations. Various means (e.g., tubular string 16, a coiled tubing string, etc.) may be used to introduce the fluid 18 into the wellbore, in keeping with the principles of this disclosure. In a subsequent step 104 of the method 100, pressure in 15 the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64 is adjusted, if desired. For example, if prior to beginning the procedure depicted in FIG. 5, an underbalanced drilling operation was being performed, then it may be desirable to increase the pressure in the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64, so 20 that the pressure in the fluid is equal to, or marginally greater than, pore pressure in the formation. In this manner, an influx of fluid from the formation 64 into the wellbore 12 can be avoided during the remainder of the method 100. Of course, if the pressure in the fluid 25 18 exposed to the formation 64 is already at a desired level, then this step 104 is not necessary. In step 106 of the method 100, the tubular string 16 is partially withdrawn from the wellbore 12. This places a lower end of the tubular string 16 at a desired lower extent 30 of the barrier substance 74, as depicted in FIG. 3. If the lower end of the tubular string 16 (or another tubular string used to place the barrier substance 74) was WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 16 not previously below the desired lower extent of the barrier substance, then "partially withdrawing" the tubular string can be taken to mean, "placing the lower end of the tubular string at a desired lower extent of the barrier substance 5 74." For example, a coiled tubing string could be installed in the wellbore 12 for the purpose of placing the barrier substance 74 above the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64, in which case the coiled tubing string could be considered "partially withdrawn" from the wellbore, in that its lower 10 end would be positioned at a desired lower extent of the barrier substance. In step 108 of the method 100, the barrier substance 74 is placed in the wellbore 12. As described above, the barrier substance could be flowed through the tubular string 15 16, flowed through the annulus 20 or placed in the wellbore by any other means. In step 110 of the method 100, the tubular string 16 is again partially withdrawn from the wellbore 12. This time, the lower end of the tubular string 16 is positioned at a 20 desired lower extent of the fluid 78. In this step 110, "partially withdrawing" can be taken to mean, "positioning a lower end of the tubular string at a desired lower extent of the fluid 78." In step 112 of the method 100, the second fluid 78 is 25 flowed into the wellbore 12. As described above, the fluid 78 has a selected density, so that a desired pressure is applied to the fluid 18 by the column of the fluid 78 thereabove. It is envisioned that, in most circumstances of underbalanced and managed pressure drilling, the density of 30 the fluid 78 will be greater than the density of the fluid 18 (so that the pressure in the fluid 18 is equal to or marginally greater than the pressure in the formation 64), WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 17 but in other examples the density of the fluid 78 could be equal to, or less than, the density of the fluid 18. In step 114 of the method 100, a well operation is performed at the conclusion of the procedure depicted in 5 FIG. 5. The well operation could be any type, number and/or combination of well operation(s) including, but not limited to, drilling operation(s), completion operation(s), logging operation(s), installation of casing, cementing operations, abandonment operations, etc. It is not necessary for the 10 well operation to be managed or underbalanced drilling, or drilling of any type, in keeping with the scope of this disclosure. Preferably, due to the unique features of the system and method described herein, such operation(s) can be performed without use of a downhole deployment valve or a 15 surface snubbing unit, but those types of equipment may be used, if desired, in keeping with the principles of this disclosure. Throughout the method 100 example, and as indicated by steps 116 and 118 in FIG. 5, the hydraulics model 92 20 produces a desired surface annulus pressure setpoint as needed to maintain a desired pressure in the fluid 18 exposed to the formation 64, and the controller 96 automatically adjusts the choke 34 as needed to achieve the surface annulus pressure setpoint. The surface annulus 25 pressure setpoint can change during the method 100. For example, if the fluid 78 has a greater density than the fluid 18 in step 112, then the surface annulus pressure setpoint may decrease as the fluid 78 is flowed into the wellbore 12. As another example, in step 104, the surface 30 annulus pressure setpoint may be increased if the wellbore 12 was previously being drilled underbalanced, and it is now desired to increase the pressure in the fluid 18 exposed to WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 18 the formation 64, so that it is equal to or marginally greater than pressure in the formation. Again, it is not necessary for the barrier substance 74 to be used in any type of drilling operation and/or managed 5 pressure operation. The barrier substance 74 can separate fluids or other flowable substances in any type of well operation. Note that, although in the above description only the fluids 18, 78 are indicated as being segregated by the 10 barrier substance 74, in other examples more than one fluid could be exposed to the formation 64 below the barrier substance and/or more than one fluid may be positioned between the barrier substance and the surface. In addition, more than one barrier substance 74 and/or barrier substance 15 location could be used in the wellbore 12 to thereby segregate any number of fluids. In an example representatively illustrated in FIG. 6, the barrier substance 74 isolates the fluid 18 from cement 120 placed in the uncased section 12b of the wellbore 12. 20 The cement 120 is likely more dense than the fluid 18, but the barrier substance 74 prevents the cement 120 from penetrating the barrier substance and thereby flowing away from its intended location. For example, it may be intended to place the cement 120 25 in a particularly stable and relatively impermeable zone, so that the cement will form an effective plug in the wellbore 12 (e.g., for abandonment of the well, for isolating a water-producing zone, for segregating zones, etc.). The effectiveness of the cement 120 as a plug could be 30 compromised if the cement is allowed to fall downward through the fluid 18, to mix with the fluid 18, and/or to flow away from its intended placement.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 19 In the system 10 as depicted in FIG. 6, the barrier substance 74 beneficially accomplishes the desired functions of preventing the cement 120 from falling through the fluid 18, preventing mixing of the cement and fluid 18, and 5 maintaining the placement of the cement. These benefits are obtained, without a need to set an open hole bridge plug in the uncased section 12b. Instead, the barrier substance 74 can be conveniently placed above the fluid 18 (for example, using coiled tubing) prior to placing the cement 120 above 10 the barrier fluid. In addition, the barrier substance 74 transmits pressure between the cement 120 and the fluid 18. Thus, there is no concern that a pressure differential rating of an open hole bridge plug might be exceeded, and pressure in 15 the fluid 18 can be effectively controlled by appropriate selection of the densities of the barrier substance 74, cement 120 and fluid 78 during the cementing operation. The fluid 78 placed above the cement 120 could be the same as the fluid 18 below the barrier substance 74, and/or 20 it could comprise another fluid having a density selected so that pressure in the wellbore 12 is maintained at a desired level. For example, the fluid 78 can be selected so that sufficient hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore 12 is maintained for well control (e.g., hydrostatic pressure in 25 the wellbore is greater than pressure in the formation 64 all along the wellbore). As another example, the fluid 78 can be selected so that hydrostatic pressures at certain locations along the wellbore 12 are less than respective predetermined maximum 30 levels (e.g., less than a pressure rating of the casing shoe 76, less than a fracture pressure of the formation 64, etc.). The fluid 78 may be more dense or less dense as WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 20 compared to the fluid 18. It is contemplated that, in most actual circumstances, the fluid 78 will be less dense as compared to the cement 120, but this is not necessary in keeping with the scope of this disclosure. 5 As used herein, the term "cement" is used to indicate a substance which is initially flowable, but which will harden into a rigid structure having compressive strength after being flowed into a well, thereby forming a barrier to fluid. Cement is not necessarily cementitious, and does not 10 necessarily harden via hydration. Cement can comprise polymers (such as epoxies, etc.) and/or other materials. Although the cement 120 is depicted in FIG. 6 as being placed entirely in the uncased section 12b, in other examples the cement could extend above the casing shoe 76, 15 or could be placed entirely in the cased section 12a. Thus, the scope of this disclosure is not limited to any particular positions of interfaces between the fluids 18, 78, barrier substance 74 and/or cement 120. It may now be fully appreciated that the above 20 description of the various examples of the well system 10 and method 100 provides several advancements to the art of isolating flowable substances in a well. In one example described above, cement 120 can be prevented from flowing downward through another, lighter fluid 18. 25 A method of segregating flowable materials in conjunction with a subterranean well is described above. In one example, the method can include segregating flowable cement 120 from a first fluid 18 by placing a flowable barrier substance 74 between the cement 120 and the first 30 fluid 18. The barrier substance 74 substantially prevents displacement of the cement 120 by force of gravity through the barrier substance 74 and into the first fluid 18.

WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 21 The placing step can comprise flowing the barrier substance 74 into the well while the first fluid 18 is already present in the well. The placing step can also comprise flowing the cement 120 into the well after the step 5 of flowing the barrier substance 74 into the well. The placing step can also comprise flowing the barrier substance 74 to a position above the first fluid 18. The method may include placing a second fluid 78 above the cement 120. The second fluid 78 can have a density 10 greater than, or less than, a density of the first fluid 18. The barrier substance 74 may comprise a thixotropic gel and/or a gel which sets in the wellbore 12. The barrier substance 74 may have a viscosity greater than viscosities of the first and second fluids 18, 78. The cement 120 can 15 have a density greater than a density of the first fluid 18. Another method of segregating flowable materials in a wellbore 12 is disclosed to the art. In an example described above, the method can include flowing a barrier substance 74 into the wellbore 12 above a first fluid 18 already in the 20 wellbore 12, and then flowing cement 120 into the wellbore 12 above the barrier substance 74. A system 10 for use in conjunction with a subterranean well is also described above. The system 10 may include a flowable cement 120 isolated from a first fluid 18 by a 25 flowable barrier substance 74 positioned between the cement 120 and the first fluid 18, whereby the barrier substance 74 substantially prevents displacement of the cement by force of gravity through the barrier substance 74 and into the first fluid 18. 30 The above disclosure describes a method 100 of controlling pressure in a wellbore 12. The method 100 can include placing a barrier substance 74 in the wellbore 12 WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 22 while a first fluid 18 is present in the wellbore, and flowing a second fluid 78 into the wellbore 12 while the first fluid 18 and the barrier substance 74 are in the wellbore. The first and second fluids 18, 78 may have 5 different densities. The barrier substance 74 may isolate the first fluid 18 from the second fluid 78, may prevent upward migration of gas 80 in the wellbore and/or may prevent migration of gas 80 from the first fluid 18 to the second fluid 78. 10 Placing the barrier substance 74 in the wellbore 12 can include automatically controlling a fluid return choke 34, whereby pressure in the first fluid 18 is maintained substantially constant. Similarly, flowing the second fluid 78 into the wellbore 12 can include automatically 15 controlling the fluid return choke 34, whereby pressure in the first fluid 18 is maintained substantially constant. The second fluid 78 density may be greater than the first fluid 18 density. Pressure in the first fluid 18 may remain substantially constant while the greater density 20 second fluid 78 is flowed into the wellbore 12. The above disclosure also provides to the art a well system 10. The well system 10 can include first and second fluids 18, 78 in a wellbore 12, the first and second fluids having different densities, and a barrier substance 74 25 separating the first and second fluids. Although various examples have been described above, with each example having certain features, it should be understood that it is not necessary for a particular feature of one example to be used exclusively with that example. 30 Instead, any of the features described above and/or depicted in the drawings can be combined with any of the examples, in addition to or in substitution for any of the other features WO 2013/103561 PCT/US2012/071574 - 23 of those examples. One example's features are not mutually exclusive to another example's features. Instead, the scope of this disclosure encompasses any combination of any of the features. 5 Although each example described above includes a certain combination of features, it should be understood that it is not necessary for all features of an example to be used. Instead, any of the features described above can be used, without any other particular feature or features also 10 being used. It should be understood that the various embodiments described herein may be utilized in various orientations, such as inclined, inverted, horizontal, vertical, etc., and in various configurations, without departing from the 15 principles of this disclosure. The embodiments are described merely as examples of useful applications of the principles of the disclosure, which is not limited to any specific details of these embodiments. In the above description of the representative 20 examples, directional terms (such as "above," "below," "upper," "lower," etc.) are used for convenience in referring to the accompanying drawings. However, it should be clearly understood that the scope of this disclosure is not limited to any particular directions described herein. 25 The terms "including," "includes," "comprising," "comprises," and similar terms are used in a non-limiting sense in this specification. For example, if a system, method, apparatus, device, etc., is described as "including" a certain feature or element, the system, method, apparatus, 30 device, etc., can include that feature or element, and can also include other features or elements. Similarly, the term - 24 "comprises" is considered to mean "comprises, but is not limited to." Of course, a person skilled in the art would, upon a careful consideration of the above description of 5 representative embodiments of the disclosure, readily appreciate that many modifications, additions, substitutions, deletions, and other changes may be made to the specific embodiments, and such changes are contemplated by the principles of this disclosure. Accordingly, the 10 foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as being given by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope of the invention being limited solely by the appended claims and their equivalents. The reference to any prior art in this specification is 15 not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that the prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

Claims

1. A method of controlling pressure in a subterranean well, the method comprising: 5 forming a pressure control fluid column comprising first and second fluids separated by a barrier substance, wherein the barrier substance substantially prevents displacement of the second fluid by force of gravity through the barrier substance and into the first fluid; and 10 maintaining pressure in the wellbore substantially constant during the forming.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming comprises flowing the barrier substance into the well while 15 the first fluid is already present in the well.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the forming further comprises flowing the second fluid into the well after the flowing the barrier substance into the well. 20

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming further comprises flowing the barrier substance to a position above the first fluid. 25

5. A method of segregating flowable materials in a wellbore, the method comprising: flowing a barrier substance via a tubular conduit into the wellbore above a first fluid already in the wellbore; then partially withdrawing the tubular conduit from the 30 wellbore; and - 26 then flowing a second fluid into the wellbore above the barrier substance.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the barrier 5 substance substantially prevents displacement of the second fluid by force of gravity through the barrier substance and into the first fluid.

7. The method of claim 1 or claim 5, further 10 comprising placing a third fluid above the second fluid.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the third fluid has a density greater than a density of the first fluid. 15

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the third fluid has a density less than a density of the first fluid.

10. The method of claim 1 or claim 5, wherein the second fluid has a density greater than a density of the 20 first fluid.

11. A system for use in conjunction with a subterranean well, the system comprising: a wellbore plug formed by a flowable cement isolated 25 from a first fluid by a flowable barrier substance positioned between the cement and the first fluid, whereby the barrier substance substantially prevents displacement of the cement by force of gravity through the barrier substance and into the first fluid. 30

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the barrier substance is positioned above the first fluid. - 27

13. The system of claim 11, further comprising a second fluid positioned above the cement. 5

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the second fluid has a density greater than a density of the first fluid.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the second fluid has a density less than a density of the first fluid. 10

16. The system of claim 11, or the method of claim 1 or claim 5, wherein the barrier substance comprises a thixotropic gel. 15

17. The system of claim 11, or the method of claim 1 or claim 5, wherein the barrier substance comprises a gel which sets in a wellbore.

18. The system of claim 11, or the method of claim 1 20 or claim 5, wherein the barrier substance has a viscosity greater than a viscosity of the first fluid.

19. The system of claim 11, wherein the cement has a density greater than a density of the first fluid.