AU2012339628A1 - A system for growing one or more biological organisms - Google Patents

Abstract

Described herein is a system 1 for growing algae. The system includes a substantially enclosed chamber (3) for defining an isolated, controllable environment having conditions that are favourable for growing algae. A substrate, in the form of a continuous fabric belt (5), is provided for supporting the algae during a predetermined growth period. A conveyor, in the form of a series of interconnected and generally parallel guiding rollers (7), is configured for moving the belt along a predetermined conveying path (9) through chamber (3) to expose the algae to light, carbon dioxide and nutrients under appropriate temperatures for promoting growth of the algae. The system is also configured for harvesting algae grown on the belt.

Description

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 A SYSTEM FOR GROWING ONE OR MORE BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a system and a method for growing one or more biological organisms. [0002] The invention has been developed primarily to facilitate the growth of algae and other biological organisms and will be described herein with reference to that application. Moreover, in the preferred embodiments, the growth of algae is, in part, to assist with the absorption of carbon dioxide from power stations and other carbon dioxide producing facilities, and for the production of bio-fuels and other products derivable from algae. While some embodiments will be described herein ,with particular reference to those technical applications, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to such a field of use, and is applicable in broader contexts including the growth of other biological organisms such as bacteria and combinations of more than one of algae, fungi, bacteria and other organisms. BACKGROUND [0003] Any discussion of the background art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field. [0004] It has been known that micro and macro algae species have an ability to grow quickly and produce high protein mass and lipids. These resulting products can be used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, human food supplements and oil for the production of bio-diesel. As early as 1948, some commentators predicted that algae would have applications as a food source for human consumption to reduce the incidence of famine. [0005] Micro and macro algae species inhabit most marine environments, lakes, rivers and surface water reservoirs and, under certain conditions, cause contamination of those water bodies. For example, it is known for an algal species to "bloom" and dominate the flora and fauna of a river or other waterway. During a bloom, the elements present allow the algae to multiply at a very fast rate. [0006] Current techniques to grow algae species attempt to replicate these environmental conditions, which cause the algae to bloom and rapidly multiply.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 2 Examples of current commercial means for growing algae include open race ponds and photo bioreactors. Open Race ponds [0007] Algae species have been grown in open raceway type ponds for the past 50 years using both freshwater species and salt water species. These ponds contain water that is treated with nutrients and carbon dioxide either initially or over time to encourage the growth of the algae. [0008] Disadvantageously, the water in the open ponds is exposed to contamination by airborne bacteria, other varieties of algae, intruding flora and fauna, and additional water added to the ponds to replace the evaporative losses that occur over time. Also, the temperature of the water in the open ponds can fluctuate widely between night time and day time temperatures. This fluctuation can slow the growth of the algae and, in extreme cases, can even cause the entire algae species in the pond to die. Because of the varying conditions referred to above, open ponds require constant monitoring by qualified staff to maintain the conditions necessary to grow the algae. [0009] Algae require the infusion of carbon dioxide to sustain growth. During daylight hours, the algae utilise photosynthesis to convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into the necessary building blocks to maintain their development and growth. During this process, oxygen is produced as a waste product. [0010] Many attempts have been made to introduce other life forms into the ponds to assist with the nutrient balance such as catfish and shrimp, whereby the waste products from these creatures is used to assist with the'supply of nutrients and carbon dioxide to the growing of the algae. However, these introduced life forms also require regular monitoring, can contaminate the pond, and come at an added cost to the producer. [0011] Another issue associated with the growing of algae in open ponds is the difficulty in harvesting the mature algae from the ponds. Algae can grow to a population of 200 parts per million in these ponds, which means there is approximately 200 kilograms of algae in I million litres of water. The removal of the algae from the water is therefore energy and resource intensive. To qualify this, to harvest 200 kilograms of algae from an open pond, 99.998 % of the water has to be separated through filtration of the water or by chemical flocculation. This process involves high capital and running costs, including pumps, filters, power consumption, labour and chemicals.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 3 [0012] Whilst algae will survive in a vast array of environments, the concentration of the algae will remain low unless the environment is favourable. Accordingly, to grow algae in commercially sustainable quantities stringent requirements must be met to provide the ideal conditions for them to grow consistently and quickly. The open pond system described above does not provide the ideal conditions required by algae due to contamination, environmental conditions and the required constant supply of nutrients and carbon dioxide. Photo Bio Reactors [00131 Over recent years much research has been employed to provide the perfect growing conditions to grow algae consistently and quickly in alternative technologies such as bio reactors. [0014] These devices are variable in shape and size but all of these devices encompass a singular approach: to isolate the algae from the prevailing environmental conditions. Photo bio reactors, as the name implies, are systems which provide correct amounts of light when required by the algae through natural and artificial illumination. They provide carbon dioxide, which is sparged or bubbled through the growing media. They also provide nutrients and control of temperature under certain circumstances all in the effort of producing consistent growing conditions for the algae. [0015] The bio reactors are usually formed as tubes and orientated along a vertical or a horizontal plane. The tubes circulate water that is loaded with the necessary nutrients to sustain algae growth. These bio reactors can also be formed using opposing plates of transparent or partially transparent glass which contain circulating liquid in a container between the sheets of glass. The transparency of the glass allows external light to reach the contained liquid. Bio reactors can be realised in a number of other configurations, all of which serve to achieve the ideal growing conditions required by the algae. [0016] Bio reactors are expensive to build and require large investment in resources, machinery and monitoring. Further, once the algae are grown and ready for harvesting, similar difficulties are encountered in separating the algae from the water, as found with open pond systems. [0017] Overall, known systems are often too expensive to install and operate and too space intensive to be commercially viable for other than a very small number of sites.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 4 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0018] It is an object of the invention, in its preferred form to provide an improved or alternative system for growing one or more biological organism. [0019] It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative. [0020] In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for growing one or more biological organisms, the system including: a substantially enclosed chamber for defining a growth zone; a substrate for supporting the organisms during a predetennined period; and a conveyor for moving'the substrate during the predetermined period along a convoluted conveying path; a growth zone into which the path extends and in which the substrate is exposed to one or more of light, carbon dioxide and a nutrient source; a first applicator zone into which the path extends and in which the substrate is exposed to a first treatment fluid; and a harvesting zone into which the path extends and in which at least some of the algae is removed from the substrate [0021] The path preferably extends into one or both of the growth zone and the first applicator zone more than once. One or more of the first applicator zone and the harvesting zone are preferably disposed within the chamber. [0022] In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for growing one or more biological organisms, the system including: a substantially enclosed chamber for defining a growth zone; a substrate for supporting the one or more biological organisms during a predetermined period; and a conveyor for moving the substrate through the zone during the predetermined period to thereby promote growth of the one or more biological organisms. [0023] In an embodiment, the one or more biological organisms include at least one species of algae. [0024] In an embodiment, the one or more biological organisms include at least one species of bacteria. [0025] The substrate is preferably moveable along a predetermined conveying path through the growth zone for exposing the algae to one or more of light, carbon dioxide WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 5 and a nutrient source. The conveying path preferably traverses predefined sub-zones within the growth zone, including: an illumination zone wherein the substrate is exposed to light; and a first applicator zone wherein the substrate is exposed to a first treatment fluid; [0026 In one embodiment, the conveying path preferably also traverses a second applicator zone wherein the substrate is exposed to a second treatment fluid. [0027] The system preferably also includes a harvesting zone within the chamber through which the conveying path passes, wherein, in the harvesting zone, algae are selectively extracted and collected from the substrate. [0028] The substrate is preferably a conveyor belt including a layer for retaining liquid. Preferably the layer is a mat. Preferably the layer is a fabric. [0029] The layer is preferably defined by one or more fabric belts releasably engagable with the conveyor. The conveying path preferably extends in a loop. The substrate extends continuously along the conveying path. The substrate preferably includes two ends that are adjacent to each other and joined. The substrate is preferably segmented. The substrate is preferably pliant. The substrate is preferably a belt. The conveyor preferably includes a series of interconnected rollers for supporting the belt and urging the belt along the conveying path. At least one of the rollers is preferably mechanically driven. In one embodiment, the at least one mechanically driven roller is preferably either: chain driven; hydraulically driven; or driven by a worm gear. [0030] The conveyor preferably includes upper and lower vertically separated arrays of horizontally staggered rollers and wherein the conveying path extends between staggered rollers of the respective arrays. The lower array of rollers is preferably disposed within the first applicator zone. [0031] The first applicator zone preferably includes a reservoir of the first treatment fluid in liquid form and the conveying path passes through the reservoir thereby at least partially immersing the belt in the first treatment fluid. The lower array of the rollers is preferably at least partially submerged within the reservoir such that the belt passes through the reservoir after traversing each roller of the lower array. [0032] The upper array of rollers is preferably disposed within the second applicator zone. The second applicator zone preferably includes a plurality of fluid applicators for spraying the second treatment fluid onto the belt at locations adjacent the upper array WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 6 of rollers. At least one of the first and second treatment fluids preferably includes nutrients for promoting growth of algae. [00331 The illumination zone is preferably disposed between the upper and lower arrays of rollers. The chamber preferably includes one or more at least partially transparent windows for allowing light external to the chamber to illuminate the substrate in the illumination zone. The system preferably includes one or more LEDs disposed within the chamber for selectively illuminating the substrate in the illumination zone. [0034] The harvesting zone preferably includes: an algae displacer for displacing algae from the substrate; and an algae collector for collecting algae displaced from the substrate. [0035] The algae displacer preferably includes a pair of opposing counter-rotating brushes disposed on either side of the substrate for scouring algae from the substrate. The algae displacer also preferably includes a pair of scraping blades positioned on opposing sides of the substrate for scraping algae from the substrate. The algae collector preferably includes at least one receiving aperture in communication with a receptacle, the aperture having a negative pressure gradient for urging removed algae through the aperture to the receptacle for collection. [0036] The system preferably includes a control system for controlling one or more conditions of the chamber, including temperature, humidity, intensity and distribution of light, and carbon dioxide level in the growth zone and/or the rotational speed of the rollers. The control system preferably includes one or more monitors for generating monitor signals indicative of the one or more conditions within the chamber and one or more actuators responsive to the monitor signals for selectively adjusting each corresponding condition in the chamber. 10037] In one embodiment, the chamber is housed within a rectangular frame including four spaced apart substantially parallel and vertical struts, which are vertically collapsible telescopically between an extended operative configuration, and a retracted storage configuration. When the struts are in the storage configuration, the frame preferably has dimensions of substantially 12.2 m long, 2.4 in wide and 2.0 in high. [0038] In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a biological organism grown in the system of the first or second aspects. [0039] In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 7 product derived from the biological organism of the third aspect. [00401 In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an algal species grown in the system of the first or second aspects. [0041] In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an algal cake derived from the algal species of the fifth aspect. [0042] In accordance with a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided an oil extracted from the algal species of the fifth aspect. [0043] In accordance with a eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of growing algae including: defining a growth zone substantially isolated from a surrounding environment; providing a substrate for supporting the algae during a predetermined period; and moving the substrate through the zone during the predetermined period to thereby promote growth of the algae. [0044] In an embodiment, the method includes the additional step of the one or more biological organisms being selected from at least one species of algae. In an embodiment, the method includes the additional step of the one or more biological organisms being selected from at least one species of bacteria. [0045] In the first applicator zone, the substrate is preferably passed through a reservoir of the first treatment fluid. In the second applicator zone, the second treatment fluid is preferably sprayed onto the substrate. [0046] The method of the eighth aspect preferably includes the step of controlling the temperature within the growth zone. The method of the eighth aspect preferably includes the step of controlling the humidity within the growth zone. The method of the eighth aspect preferably includes the step of circulating air and carbon dioxide within the growth zone. [0047] In accordance with a ninth aspect of the present invention there is provided a processing system including an inlet for receiving the one or more biological organisms grown in the system of the first aspect of the invention; a processor for processing the one or more biological mechanisms and for providing at least a product and a by-product; and WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 8 a first outlet and a second outlet for expelling the product and the by-product respectively from the processor. [0048] In an embodiment, the one or more biological organism is selected from at least one species of algae and the product is a vegoil algae product and the by-product is algal cake. [0049] In accordance with a tenth aspect of the present invention there is provided a product produced by the processing system of the ninth aspect. [0050] In accordance with a eleventh aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of processing including the steps of: providing an inlet for receiving the one or more biological organisms grown in the system of the first or second aspects of the invention; processing the one or more biological mechanisms and providing at least a product and a by-product; and providing a first outlet and a second outlet for expelling the product and the by product respectively. [0051] In an embodiment, the one or more biological organism is selected from at least one species of algae and the product is a vegoil algae product and the by-product is algal cake. [0052] In accordance with a twelfth aspect of the present invention there is provided an algal product produced by the method of processing of the eighth aspect. [0053] In accordance with a thirteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a substrate for use in the systems of the first or second aspects described above, the substrate including a conveyor belt having a layer for retaining liquid. [0054] Preferably the layer is a mat. Preferably the layer is a fabric. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0055] Preferred embodiments of the disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system for growing algae according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is conceptual flow chart illustrating various functional zones within the system of Fig. 1; WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 9 FIG. 3 is a sectional side view of the system illustrating the configuration of rollers and conveying belt within the system; FIG. 4 is a sectional side view of the system illustrating the positioning of nozzles for applying treatment fluid to the belt; FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of the system illustrating the positioning of LEDs for illuminating the belt as it moves between the rollers; FIG. 6 is sectional side view of the system illustrating a harvester for displacing and collecting algae grown on the belt; FIG. 7 is another sectional side view of the system; FIG. 8 is a schematic process flow diagram illustrating process control between a climate control system and sensors and actuators within the chamber of the system; FIG. 9 is a functional flow chart outlining the main steps in a method according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a system for growing algae according to another embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view of a system for converting industry waste materials into an algal product that is used in the production of other derivative products. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0056] The preferred embodiments described below relate to systems for growing algae. However, it will be appreciated that the described systems are also suitable for growing other biological organisms such bacteria, heterotrophic cultures, bio flocculents, fungi or combinations thereof by varying the environmental conditions within the system. Accordingly, instances of the tens "algae" used in this specification are able to be interchanged with one or more of the other biological organisms mentioned above without departing from the scope of the invention. [0057] Referring initially to Fig. 1 there is provided a system 1 for growing algae. The system includes a substantially enclosed chamber 3 for defining an isolated, controllable environment having conditions that are favourable for growing algae. A substrate, in the form of a continuous fabric belt 5, is provided for supporting the algae during a predetermined growth period. A conveyor, in the form of a series of interconnected and generally parallel guiding rollers 7, is configured for moving belt 5 WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 10 along a predetermined conveying path 9 through chamber 3 to expose the algae to one or more of light, carbon dioxide and nutrients under appropriate temperatures for promoting growth of the algae. The system is also configured for harvesting algae grown on belt 5. [0058] Chamber 3 is defined by interconnected metal panels II of a shipping container and is portable. Panels 11 each include an inwardly disposed temperature insulating layer (not shown) and are opaque to visible electromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, one or more of panels 11 defining at least one window for allowing light to penetrate into chamber 3. In one embodiment, every panel I I is transparent to allow external light to penetrate into chamber 3. In another embodiment, a subset of the panels 11, or defined regions within panels 11, defines transparent windows to allow light to penetrate chamber 3 at specific locations. In one embodiment, only natural sunlight is allowed to pass into chamber 3. In other embodiments the sunlight is substituted or supplemented with artificial light. In these "lit" environments, the algae is irradiated by the light and is used as an energy source for growing certain types of algae. [0059] In some embodiments, chamber 3 includes no windows and algae are grown in a "dark" environment having very low or no light. Such dark growing processes create a heterotrophic environment and promote growth of algae and other biological organisms different to those which utilise light energy. In some other embodiments, use is made of both light and dark processes to encourage growth of different fonns of algae. In one particular embodiment, chamber 3 includes panels which are able to be switched between being opaque and transparent, thereby allowing selectivity of an illuminated or dark growing environment. [0060] The operation of system 1 requires the maintenance of a gaseous growing environment in combination with the ingress and egress of various materials into and from chamber 3. With the exception of those materials, chamber 3 is sufficiently sealed in practical terms to prevent any large unwanted movements of air and other contaminants into the chamber while maintaining a relatively stable gaseous growing environment for the algae. [0061] Chamber 3 is poitable, generally shaped in a rectangular prism and has dimensions of about 12.2 m long, 2.44 in wide and 2.9 in high. These dimensions are those of a standard 40 foot shipping container. In another embodiment, three shipping WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 11 containers are connected end-to-end and operated as a single standard unit, where each module is the size of a 40 foot shipping container. Accordingly, this combined unit will have a total length of about 36.6 m. The unit is arranged to be movable between an operable and a collapsed configuration and, when in the collapsed configuration, to conform to the standard container dimensions. In the operable configuration the sidewalls of the container (and the associated supports) extend upwardly such that the module has a height of 7 in. [0062] In another embodiment, chamber 3 is defined within a warehouse of dimensions 65 in long, 50 m wide and 10 in high. In this embodiment, chamber 3 is defined by transparent polyethylene film and has no panels. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in other embodiments, chamber 3 has other forms, is of varying sizes and is fixed. In one further embodiment, chamber 3 is defined within a fixed warehouse or building structure being at least partially sealed to the external environment. [0063] In the illustrated embodiment, the conveyer is defined by rollers 7 and the substrate is a continuous fabric belt extending along the length of conveying path 9 about the rollers. Rollers 7 are about 2 m long and 50 mm in diameter. Belt 5 is about 2 m in width and has a profile as described in Australian provisional patent application 2012900043, filed on 5 January 2012 and entitled "A conveyor belt". The disclosure in provisional patent application. 2012900043 is included herein in its entirety by way of cross reference. Belt 5 defines both the conveying medium and the substrate for growing algae. That is, belt 5 is a self-supporting growing medium and requires no additional substrate or vessel in which to grow algae. [0064] In another embodiment, the conveyer is defined by rollers 7 and a continuous connecting belt extending between rollers 7. In this latter embodiment, the substrate is defined by one or more fabric mats releasably engagable with the connecting belt. The mats are pliant to allow movement around rollers 7 and yet substantially retain their thickness so as to reduce any substantial loss of the liquid contained in the mats. That is, the mats are pliant but substantially incompressible. [0065] In a further embodiment, the mats are engagable with the belt by way of an adhesive such as glue or Velcro. In another further embodiment, the mats are engaged with the belt by clamps disposed at spaced locations along the belt. In a still further embodiment, the conveyer includes attachment rails extending between the rollers for WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 12 securely receiving the one or more mats or belt and supporting them during movement along the conveying path. In other embodiments, belt 5 is formed of other materials besides fabric. [0066] Referring now to Fig. 2, system 1 provides a series of functional zones within chamber 3. In traversing conveying path 9, the algae, supported on belt 5, are passed sequentially through: a growth zone 13, including a first applicator zone 15 where the algae are exposed to a first treatment fluid; an illumination zone 17 where the algae arc exposed to light; and a second applicator zone 19 where the algae are exposed to a second treatment fluid. After one or more repetitions of the sequence, the algae are then passed through a harvesting zone 21, where the algae are selectively extracted and collected from belt 5. In another embodiment, growth zone 13 includes only zones 15, 19 and 21. That is, in this embodiment the algae are not exposed to light. In a further embodiment, growth zone 13 includes only zones 15, 17 and 21. In a still further embodiment, growth zone includes only zone 15. [0067]. In some embodiments the illumination zone 17 is selective actuated to vary the exposure of the algae to light. In other embodiments the exposure of the algae to light (whether natural or artificial) is regulated in different ways. [0068] Path 9 is a convoluted loop and provides an iterative process of growth and harvesting of algae in system 1. Belt 5 extedids continuously along conveying path 9 so that the process of growth and harvesting is substantially continuous. The harvesting process is configured to retain some residual algae on belt 5 to make further growth of algae possible during passage of growth zone 13 in the next cycle. Accordingly, once a culture of algae (or the like) is established within system I it need not be replenished. In some embodiments this will occur due to the need for the production of different algae, algal blend, or other micro-organism. [0069] As will be explained, the particular order and location of zones 15, 17 and 19 within growth zone 13 is variable and repeatable within a single cycle. In some embodiments, harvesting zone 21 is disposed within growth zone 13 and growth of algae on belt 5 continues through the harvesting process. In other embodiments, belt 5 is provided by two separate belts, and the algae are transferred between the belts. [0070] Turning now to Fig. 3, rollers 7 are arranged in upper and lower vertically separated arrays 23 and 25 and rollers 7 are horizontally staggered. In one embodiment, upper array 23 and lower array 25 are separated by a height of about 10 m and rollers 7 WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 13 of each array are spaced apart by a distance of about 100 mm. Belt 5 extends between staggered rollers of arrays 23 and 25, passing over the tops of rollers in upper array 23 and under the bottom of rollers in lower array 25. Between each roller 7, belt 5 extends substantially vertically. Rollers 7 have the shape and structure as described in Australian provisional patent application 2012900044, filed on 5 January 2012 and entitled "A mechanical roller and a roller assembly". The disclosure in provisional patent application 2012900044 is included herein in its entirety by way of cross reference. In another embodiment, rollers 7 are generally cylindrical in shape having an axial width that is great enough to laterally support belt 5. In one embodiment, belt 5 has a width that is smaller than the axial width of rollers 7, while in another embodiment, belt 5 has a width that is greater than the axial width of rollers. In this latter embodiment, the outer regions of belt 5 do not contact rollers 7. [0071] Rollers 7 of upper -array 23 are mounted for rotation about respective substantially horizontal axles 27 and are engagable with a drive chain 29, which is mechanically driven by an electric motor (not shown), to move belt 5 along the conveying path. Chain 29 is engagable with like sprockets or cogs (not shown) fixedly mounted to respective axles 27 of each roller of upper array 23 for substantially uniformly rotatably driving the axles and corresponding rollers to provide linear motion of belt 5 along conveying path 9. In one embodiment, chain 29 and the sprockets are connected to an electric motor and reduction gearbox installed outside chamber 3 and connected through a connecting chain which passes through the insulated exterior wall of the chamber. [0072] In another embodiment (not shown), rollers 7 of upper array 23 are driveably engagable with the shaft of a worm drive which is common to all the rollers. In this embodiment, each axle 27 includes a like driven gear having teeth and the shaft includes a helical thread which meshes with the teeth of each driven gear. Rotation of the shaft is translated to each driven gear to simultaneously rotate each roller at a common rotational speed. [0073] Belt 5 is progressed along path 9 at a rate of about 1 metre/min. As belt 5 has a length of about 1.5 km, it takes any given part of that belt about one day to traverse the entirety of path 9. In other embodiments different rates are used to provide a long enough dwell time for the algae to grow to a sufficient density to allow efficient harvesting. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the dwell time will vary WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 14 for different algae (and other life forms), the length of belt 5, the conditions within chamber 3, the harvesting techniques that are used, and other factors. In some embodiments there is more than one harvesting zone in chamber 3, whilst in further embodiments the belt passes one or more times through the harvesting zone without harvesting occurring. [0074] Preferentially, the rate of progress of belt 5 along path 9 is low and less than 2 metre/min. In some embodiments the rate is about 0.5 metre/min, whilst in further embodiments it is lower again. It has been found that once the rate increases beyond about 5 metre/min that the movement of the substrate starts to create unfavourable gaseous and fluid flows within chamber 3 that are less favourable to the growth of the algae. The higher rates also give rise to inertia issues with the belt and rollers, and additional frictional losses through heat build up in the bearings. [0075] The lower rates of progress of belt 5 along path 9 are also favoured to optimise for a longer working lifetime of the module, and less risk of bearing failure during that lifetime. [0076] In this embodiment, the rate of progress of belt 5 is substantially constant during the period of operation. In some embodiments the rate is varied over time to account for external conditions impacting upon the rate of growth of algae within chamber 3. [0077] Axles 27 of upper array 23 are rotatably supported by bearings (not shown) attached to the structure of chamber 3. In another embodiment, axles 27 are fixedly mounted to the bearings and chain 29 is engagable with sprockets on rollers 7 to rotatably move rollers 7 with respect to axles 27. [0078] Rollers 7 of lower array 25 are passive free-rotating rollers for guiding belt 5 and are engaged to a fixed support 31 by respective pairs of tension springs 33. Support 31 is mounted to the adjacent panel II of chamber 3 by tension bolts 35 and 36 and corresponding nuts 37 and 38. Tension springs 33 provide the tension needed to drive belt 5 along conveying path 9 under and over respective rollers 7. [0079] In another embodiment, only one roller is mechanically driven and the remaining rollers are passive free-rotating rollers. In a further embodiment, one or more rollers are mechanically driven hydraulically by a hydraulic power source. [0080] Referring still to Fig. 3, zone 15 is defined by a reservoir 39 for containing a first treatment liquid 41. As shown, rollers 7 of lower array 25 are partially submerged WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 15 within reservoir 39 such that belt 5 travels through liquid 41 after passing each lower roller. In this embodiment, liquid 41 is a solution of water and liquid nutrients that are favourable for promoting algae growth. In other embodiments, liquid 41 is water only or liquid nutrients only. [0081] In some embodiments, waste liquid from industry such as food grade waste water is used to create an activated sludge that would be provided, as liquid 41, into system 1. Typically food grade waste waters include a high sugar content which is able to provide considerable carbon based food for the algae or other biological organism being grown. [0082] In a further embodiment, liquid 41 is temperature controlled within reservoir 39 for additionally promoting growth of algae. (0083] In other embodiments, reservoir 39 is segmented into a 'plurality of sub reservoirs that contain respective treatment liquids. This allows for the use of different liquids at different points in the growth cycle. [0084] Reservoir 39 is preferably fed by an inlet pipe (not shown) to replenish the level of liquid 41 within reservoir 39 without the need to further unseal chamber 3. [0085] Referring to Fig. .4, a plurality of nozzles 43 are disposed above. rollers 7 of upper array 23 for directing a second treatment fluid 45 toward belt 5 as the belt passes by each upper roller. Nozzles 43 source fluid 45 from a supply pipe 46 in fluid connection with a source (not shown). In other embodiments, fluid 45 is directed toward belt 5 by other form of fluid applicator. The area of application of fluid 45 defines zone 19. Nozzles 43 are configured to apply treatment fluid 45 to the algae on belt 5 in the form of a mist, vapour or atomized droplets. Such droplets have a large surface area and are capable of dissolving a larger amount of carbon dioxide into the water and nutrient being atomised. Treatment fluid 45 is preferably a solution of nutrients and water or waste liquid from industry. The nutrients may be the same or different to the nutrients contained in liquid 41. In other embodiments, liquid 41 includes only nutrients or only water. Further, in some embodiments, nozzles 43 deliver fluid 45 at a predetermined temperature and/or at selectively variable rates. [0086] . In this embodiment fluid 45 is a liquid containing a combination of nutrients. In other embodiments, fluid 45 is a gas. In further embodiments, fluid 45 is a combination of a liquid and a gas. In still further embodiments, fluid 45 includes one or more solids. that are entrained in the liquid and/or gas.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 16 [0087] As mentioned above, in one embodiment system I does not include zone 19 and belt 5 is not subject to a second fluid treatment. [00881 Referring now to Fig. 5, a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) 47 are mounted on laterally extending elongate support rails 49 that are disposed intermediate array 23 and array 25. LEDs 47 emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in one or more of the visible, ultraviolet or infrared ranges. This emitted radiation is incident upon the algae on belt 5 to stimulate or promote growth of algae and initiate photosynthesis. The locations where belt 5 is irradiated by LEDs 47 define or partially define zone 17. LEDs 47 are independently or collectively controllable to adjust the output intensity and wavelength of radiation, and to be switched on or off. [0089] In one embodiment, chamber 3 includes one or more spaced apart transparent windows for allowing radiation external to chamber 3 to illuminate algae on belt 5 in zone 17. In this embodiment, belt 5 is illuminated by light from both LEDs 47 and light transmitted through the one or more windows. In one embodiment, the windows are configured to be selectively opened and closed by corresponding actuators for assisting with the regulation of the gaseous environment contained within chamber 3. [0090] In one embodiment, control of LEDs 47 is provided by one or more light sensors (not shown) and an associated feedback circuit (not shown). The sensors generate a sensor signal indicative of the intensity of light irradiating belt 5 and the feedback circuit is responsive to the sensor signal to selectively adjust the output intensity and/or output wavelength of LEDs 47. In embodiments where chamber 3 includes windows, the adjustability of LEDs 47 allows the overall intensity of light incident onto belt 5 to be maintained at a relatively constant level even as the external light received through the windows varies. For example, in one embodiment, selective adjustment of LEDs 47 is used to compensate for a diurnal variation in sunlight intensity. In another embodiment, LEDs 47 are controlled by an electronic timing device. [0091] In one embodiment, the combined light intensity from the windows and from LEDs 47 is monitored and the LED output intensity is controlled to continuously output light at an intensity level of about 2,500 to 5,000 Lm (lumens) for twenty four hours per day to activate the Calvin cycle or photosynthesis of the algae. [0092] in one embodiment, chamber 3 is opaque and no artificial light is provided such that belt 5 and the algae are not subject to light radiation.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 17 [00931 Once sufficient algae growth has occurred on belt 5, the algae must be extracted for later use. In this embodiment, the later use includes being converted into one or more of the following: algal oil; algal cake; nervonic acid; ethanol and other by products. Referring to Fig. 6, system 1 includes a harvester 51 for removing and collecting algae from belt 5. Harvester 51 is located at one end of chamber 3 in an enclosed area defining zone 21. As shown in Fig. 6, belt 5 is directed through harvester 51 by a set of directing rollers 53, 55, 57, 59 and 61. [0094] Harvester 51 includes a pair of opposing counter-rotating brushes 63 and 65, disposed on either side of belt 5 for scouring algae from belt 5. As algae is able to grow on both sides of belt 5, scouring both sides of belt 5 ensures more efficient removal of algae. Brushes 63 and 65 have a width that is equal to or greater than the width of belt 5 and are disposed horizontally relative to each other while belt 5 is passed vertically downwardly between the brushes. Brushes 63 and 65 include semi-flexible or rigid bristles that are urged against belt 5 counter to the direction of travel of the belt to scour the algae growing on belt 5. [0095] Harvester 51 further includes a pair of scraping blades 67 and 69 that are positioned on opposing sides of belt 5 immediately below brushes 63 and 65. That is, the blades are downstream of the brushes. Blades 67 and 69 are rigid or semi-rigid and have tips that engage belt 5 at an upward and inwardly directed angle. As belt 5 moves between blades 63 and 65, their tips scrape algae from belt 5. [0096] Harvester 51 also includes a pair of receiving apertures 71 and 73 connected to a receptacle (not shown) by one or more vacuum tubes (not shown). Apertures 71 and 73 are disposed to receive algae scoured from belt 5 by brushes 63 and 65 and/or scraped from belt 5 by blades 67 and 69. Apertures 71 and 73 are located on opposite sides of belt 5 to collect displaced algae from both sides of the belt. A negative pressure gradient, provided by a vacuum pump (not shown), is established between chamber 3 and the receptacle to urge loose algae through apertures 71 and 73 to the receptacle for collection. In one embodiment, the receptacle includes a centrifuge for removing water and moisture from the algae to produce products such as B 100 Bio Diesel and algal cake. [0097] Apertures 71 and 73 are disposed below brushes 63 and 65 and blades 67 and 69 to capture algae falling under gravity after being scoured and scraped from belt 5. In another embodiment, a receiving tray is provided adjacent apertures 71 WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 18 and 73 for catching scoured algae prior to or in addition to being urged through apertures 71 and 73 to the receptacle. In one embodiment, a return tube is provided between the receptacle and chamber 3 to return the exhausted vacuum gas, containing an enriched atmosphere of carbon dioxide, to chamber 3. After harvesting, the algae are subject to other processes such as separation and drying for use in various applications. [00981 The positioning of blades 67 and 69 and brushes 63 and 65 are selectively laterally adjustable to set the amount of contact with belt 5 and to remove more or less algae. However, in other embodiments, blades 67 and 69 and brushes 63 and 65 are fixed with respect to belt 5. In some embodiments, blades 67 and 69 and brushes 63 and 65 are selectively moveable vertically along belt 5. It will be appreciated that, in other embodiments, harvester 51 is provided with only one of blades 67 and 69 or brushes 63 and 65. That is, in these other embodiments, removal of algae from belt 5 is provided solely by brushes 63 and 65 or solely by blades 67 and 69. [0099] In another embodiment, harvester 51 is in the form described in Australian provisional patent application 2012902048, filed 18 May 2012 and entitled "A harvesting station". The harvesting station the subject matter of that application is included herein, in its entirety, by way of cross reference. [00100] Refcrring to Fig. 6 and 7, after removal of algae, belt 5 travels along a return path section 75 of path 9 to once again enter zone 13 to begin the growth stage again. As shown in Fig. 7, path 75 extends through reservoir 39 below array 25 of rollers 7 and is returned to arrays 23 and 25 by a lower roller 77 within reservoir 39. Harvester 51 is configured to leave a small amount of algae on belt 5 to initiate growth during the next cycle through the growth zone 13. [00101] In another embodiment, system I includes no harvester and algae are collected manually from belt 5. In this embodiment, internal access to chamber 3 is provided through a door, window, access panel or the like. In some embodiments, belt 5 is selectively removable from rollers 7 for separately removing algae and replacement belts are able to be installed on rollers 7. [001021 With reference now to Fig. 8, system 1 includes a climate control system 79 for controlling temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels within chamber 3. Fig. 8 illustrates schematically the signal process flow between climate control system 79 and chamber 3. Sensors 81, 83 and 85, which include thermostats, humidity monitors and WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 19 gas monitors, located within chamber 3 measure respectively the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels within chamber 3 and transmit respective signals to climate control system 79. System 79 processes these signals and transmits signals to respective actuators 87, $9 and 91 for selectively controlling the parameters within chamber 3. System 79 includes a processor and a database. The processor processes input sensor signals and produces output actuator control signals. The database stores data indicative of optimum temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels for growing algae. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, once given the benefit of the teaching herein, that further or alternative sensors are also applicable in other embodiments. [00103] Actuators 87, 89 and 91 control respective devices for modifying the respective temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide in chamber 3. Referring to Fig. 1, temperature and humidity are controlled by an air conditioner 93 disposed in a side of chamber 3. Air conditioner 93 draws gasses from within chamber 3, selectively modifies the temperature of the gasses, if necessary, and returns those gasses to the interior of the chamber. Air conditioner 93 is also configured to control the relative humidity inside chamber 3. Specifically, as the temperature is raised or lowered, the "dew point" of condensation of excessive moisture in chamber 3 is varied. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, once given the benefit of the teaching herein, that further or alternative actuators are also applicable in other embodiments. [00104] Control of carbon dioxide within chamber 3 is provided by an inlet (not shown) connected to an external source of carbon dioxide, such as a gas cylinder. The inlet is selectively actuated by carbon dioxide actuator 87 from system 79. If an increase in carbon dioxide is required, actuator 87 opens the inlet to allow more carbon dioxide to enter chamber 3. The inlet has a non return valve which restricts the passage of carbon dioxide gas to the input direction only. In one embodiment, chamber 3 also includes a vent (not shown) for venting carbon dioxide gas if the gas level becomes too high. This vent is also selectively actuatable by the carbon dioxide actuator signal from climate control system 79. [00105] In one embodiment, system 79 is also configured to control the output intensity and wavelength of LEDs 47 through respective sensors and actuators. Further, in some embodiments, climate control system 79 is also configured to selectively control the output rate of liquid 41 from nozzles 43 and/or the rotational speed of rollers 7.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 20 [00106] In one embodiment, system 79 is configured to selectively control the speed of one or more circulation ftns located within chamber 3. The fans actuate to keep the atmosphere in a mixed state. Due primarily to the density of carbon dioxide, stratification of layers of dense and lighter gasses may occur. By providing regular circulation,- this stratification of gasses is substantially reduced. [00107] In some embodiments, system 79 is configured to only control these parameters in a subregion of chamber 3, such as in growth zone 13. In other embodiments, the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels are controlled independently by separate monitors and controllers not configured through system 79. In some embodiments, system 79 is provided as an integrated unit together with chamber 3. In other embodiments, system 79 is provided separately to chamber 3. In one particular embodiment, air conditioner is 93 located within a, container disposed adjacent to chamber 3. [00108] The concentrated carbon dioxide within the atmosphere of chamber 3 can be harmful to humans. Therefore, in some embodiments, chamber 3 includes safety devices to prevent the chamber from being opened while in operation. In one particular embodiment, an electronic locking system is provided that is responsive to inputs from a gas monitor or system 79 to selectively prevent access to chamber 3 while the carbon dioxide measured to be above a predetermined threshold level. [00109] Referring now to Fig. 9, there is illustrated a process diagram of a method of growing algae. At step 100, algae, supported on a substrate, such as belt 5 described above, is progressed through zone 13. This includes, at sub-step 102, immersing the substrate in a liquid treatment fluid, at sub-step 104, irradiating the substrate with light, at sub-step 106, spraying a second treatment fluid onto the substrate, and at sub-step 108, exposing the substrate to carbon dioxide. At optional step 110, sub-steps 102 to 108 are able to be repeated a predetermined number of times until a desired amount of algae growth occurs on the substrate. For example, in system 1 described above, each return pass of belt upward and downward between arrays 23 and 25 of rollers 7 represents a completion of sub-steps 102 to 108. It will be appreciated that the particular order of sub-steps 102 to 108 is interchangeable without departing from the scope of the invention. [00110] Once sufficient algae growth has occurred, at step 112, the substrate is passed through a harvesting zone. At sub-step 114 in the harvesting process, algae are WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 21 displaced from the substrate, for example, by brushes 63 and 65, and by blades 67 and 69 described above. At sub-step 116, the displaced algae are collected for later use, for example, by receiving apertures 71 and 73, and the receptacle described above. [001111 After harvesting a small amount of algae remains on the substrate. At step 118, the substrate is then returned to the growth zone for further growing algae from the remaining algae on the substrate. [00112] Referring now to Fig. 10, there is illustrated a further embodiment system 120 for growing algae. In this embodiment, corresponding features of earlier described system 1 are designated with the same reference numerals. [00113]' System 120 is housed within chamber 3, which is defined by a frame 122 and panels (not shown). Frame 122 includes four spaced apart substantially parallel and vertical struts 124, which are vertically collapsible telescopically between an extended operative configuration, as shown in Fig. 10, and a retracted or collapsed storage configuration (not shown). In the operative configuration, belt 5 is fully tensioned between rollers 7 and system 120 operates in a similar manner to that described above in relation to system 1. In the storage configuration, frame 122 is substantially the size of standard 40 foot shipping container, thereby facilitating portability of the system by conventional transport equipment such as trains, ships and trucks. [00114] Struts 124 include upper rectangular tubular portions 126 and lower rectangular tubular portions 128 that are selectively telescopically nestable within respective portions 126. In the storage configuration, lower portions 128 are substantially wholly sleeved within the respective upper portions 126 (the latter having internal dimensions that are slightly larger than the outside dimensions of the former). In other embodiments, the dimensions of the portions are such that upper portions 126 are sleeved within lower portions 128. [00115] While in Fig. 10, struts 124 and frame 122 are shown to have a rectangular cross-section, it will be appreciated that in further embodiments, struts 124 and frame 122 have other cross-sectional shapes including, by way of example, circular and cylindrical cross-sections. [00116] Upper and lower portions each have locking fonnations in the form of apertures 129. Frame 122 is extended into the operative configuration from the storage configuration by vertically sliding the upper portions 126 of struts 124 with respect to lower portions 128. Once extended fully, apertures 129 in both upper portions 126 and WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 22 lower portions 128 are aligned and locking pins (not shown) are inserted through the aligned apertures to lock struts 124 in the operative configuration. [00117] The upper walls of chamber 3 are formed of transparent glass panels while lower walls are formed of a flexible plastics material. The flexible nature of the lower walls allows extension and collapsing between the operative and storage configurations. The flexible material of the lower walls include one or more zip tracks and slidable zip fasteners for selectively allowing access to chamber 3. [00118] In system 120, the upper rollers 23 are each driveably engaged with a helically threaded shaft 130 of a worn drive. Shaft 130 is rotationally driven by an electric motor 132 at about 3.2 rpm. Shaft 130 simultaneously engages with driven gears mounted on each axle of each upper roller to co-rotate each roller at a common rotational speed. Lower rollers 25 are passive rollers and are submerged within reservoir 39 of treatment liquid 41. [001191 The harvesting zone 21 of system 120 includes a pair of horizontally opposing rollers 134 and 136 which apply horizontally inwardly directed pressure to squeeze algae from belt 5, as described in Australian provisional patent application 2012902048. Removed algae falls under gravity to a receptacle 138 for collection or extraction. [00120] In one embodiment, system 120 includes a detachable walkway which is able to connect to an upper region of frame 122 when in the operable configuration. The walkway supports the weight of one or more persons and provides access to upper areas of chamber 3. (00121] In some embodiments, a series of systems 1, contained in shipping container chambers, are stacked together and operated independently in parallel to each other to produce a larger algal output. The use of shipping containers to house the systems allows each chamber to be: conveniently stacked or packed together using standard container engagement means; easily transported using standard container handling and haulage equipment. Stacking of the containers allows the individual systems to be operated in series or parallel with one another. [00122] In one embodiment, four containers are stacked vertically and each container houses respective systems 1 for growing algae. A single belt extends through each container sequentially and, at the end, is looped back up into the first container. In one particular embodiment, the belt has a length of 14 km.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 23 [00123] In embodiments of stacked or grouped containers, a combination of transparent, semi-transparent and opaque containers are able to be utilized to provide both illuminated and dark growing environments, allowing for production of different algal types. By way of example, in one embodiment, belt 5 is passed sequentially through alternating dark and illuminated chambers. [00124] In some embodiments control system 79 of Fig. 8 is configured to simultaneously control the climate of a system of chambers housed in different containers. In one embodiment, control system 79 is located in a separate container, which is stacked together with other containers housing the growing systems that system 79 is controlling. [00125] Referring to Fig. 11, there is illustrated schematically a system 140 for converting industry waste materials into an algal product that is used in the production of other derivative products. In system 140, industry waste materials that are output from industrial facilities are input to, and processed by an algal growth facility 142 to produce an algal product (such as algal oil and algal cake) suitable for use in manufacturing other products. Examples of industrial facilities include a power plant 144, which produces carbon dioxide waste material, and a food production facility 146, which produce waste water and other materials carrying nutrients suitable for promoting algal growth. The waste water is able to be used as treatment fluid 41 in reservoir 39. In other embodiments different industry waste materials are utilized as an input into system 140. [00126] Facility 142 includes four separate algal growing systems 148, each including three shipping containers 150 arranged end-to-end. Containers 150 of each system 148 are similar to system 120 of Fig. 10 but include a belt 5 that extends continuously through all three containers 150 and corresponding apertures in the container walls for feeding the belt between each container 150. That is, system 148 includes three growing chambers 3. Each container 150 has the dimensions of a standard 40 (12.2 n) foot shipping container. Therefore, each system 148 has a total length of about 36.6 m. [00127] Carbon dioxide and waste water that is received by facility 142 is selectively distributed to each system 148 by control system 79 by one or more ducts, pipes, pumps, valves and other hardware (not shown). Control system 79 also controls the temperature and humidity in each system 148 through sensors and actuators, as described above.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 24 [00128] One container 150 in each system 148 includes harvesting zone 21 for removing algae from belt 5. The containers housing harvesting zone 21 also include an outlet for extracting algae grown within system 148 and which has been removed from belt 5 as it passes through zone 21. The removed algae from each system 148 is collected and transported from facility 142 to external processing facilities where the algae are further processed. This further processing includes, in some embodiments, the extraction of one or more components from the algae. In other embodiments, the further processing includes converting the algae into another product. In still further embodiments, the further processing includes a combination Qf these two. Specific examples of further processing include deriving algal cake, algal oils, animal feed, cosmetics or components for cosmetics, and many other products manufactured from these products. Examples of products derived from algae grown in facility 142 include human comestibles, animal feed and nutrients, pharmaceuticals, fuels and gases and industrial chemicals. In light of the teaching herein it will be appreciated by a skilled addressee that other processing is also possible to produce other products or components for other products. (00129] Facility 140 is illustrated as having four algal growing systems 148. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments more or less than four growing systems 148 are included, depending on the volume of industry waste materials to be processed and the quantity of algae to be cultivated and produced. In some embodiments, systems 148 are formed of other combinations and configurations of containers 150 such as a single container forming a system 120 as in Fig. 10. Further, in other embodiments, facility 142 is configured to receive other types of industry waste materials such as waste water from power stations and factories. CONCLUSIONS [00130] It will be appreciated that the illustrated system for growing algae provides an improved or alternative means for growing algae. The present invention allows for efficient growing of large quantities of algae suitable for pharmaceuticals, bio diesel and high protein animal feed stock. The present invention produces algae using a smaller carbon footprint than bio reactors and has much smaller land requirements than open ponds.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 25 [00131] The present invention provides other advantages in growing algae over the known methods of open ponds and bio reactors, including: > High efficiency in production-of algae. One estimate, assuming a 3,000 square meter warehouse sized chamber, places algal production at about 4,000 kg per day. > Close emulation of ideal growing conditions for algae by moving the algae laden substrate or belt through varying conditions, including exposure to light, moisture, nutrients and carbon dioxide at suitable temperatures. > Easy extraction of algae from the substrate. The internal harvesting system of the present invention makes removing and collecting grown algae easy and efficient, compared to that of open ponds and bio reactors. > A smaller carbon footprint compared to bio reactors. The carbon dioxide input to the present system is efficiently circulated and recycled until it is absorbed by the algae. > Use of waste water from food production as inputs for growing algae assists in the processing of waste water. Food-based waste water tends to be relatively uniform, which allows quite specific organisms to be developed. > Reduction in the land area required for open ponds. INTERPRETATION [00132] Throughout this specification, use of the term, "light" is intended to mean electromagnetic radiation in one or more of the ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelength regions. [001333 Throughout this specification, use of the term "element" is intended to mean either a single unitary component or a collection of components that combine to perform a specific function or purpose. [00134] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment", "some embodiments" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodirhent is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment", "in some embodiments" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 26 any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. [00135] As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives "first", "second", "third", etc., to describe, a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner. [00136] In the claims below and the description herein, any one of the terms comprising, comprised of or which comprises is an open term that means including at least the elements/features that follow, but not excluding others. Thus, the term comprising, when used in the claims, should not be interpreted as.being limitative to the means or elements or steps listed thereafter. For example, the scope of the expression a device comprising A and B should not be limited to devices consisting only of elements A and B. Any one of the terms including or which includes or that includes as used herein is also an open term that also means including at least the elements/features that follow the term, but not excluding others. Thus, including is synonymous with and means comprising. [00137] It should be appreciated that in the above description of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, various features of the disclosure are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, Fig., or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claims require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this disclosure. [00138] Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the disclosure, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, in.the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 27 [00139] In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description. [00140] Similarly, it is to be noticed that the term coupled, when used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being limited to direct connections only. The terms "coupled" and "connected," along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Thus, the scope of the expression a device A coupled to a device B should not be limited to devices or systems wherein an output of device A is directly connected to an input of device B. It means that there exists a path between an output of A and an input of B which may be a path including other devices or means. "Coupled" may mean that two or more elements are either in direct physical, electrical or optical contact, or that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. [001411 Thus, while there has been described what are believed to be the preferred embodiments of the disclosure, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the disclosure, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the disclosure. For example, any formulas given above are merely representative of procedures that may be used. Functionality may be added or deleted from the block diagrams and operations may be interchanged among functional blocks. Steps may be added or deleted to methods described within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims (25)

1. A system for growing one or more biological organisms, the system including: a substantially enclosed chamber for defining a growth zone; a substrate for supporting the organisms during a predetermined period; and a conveyor for moving the substrate during the predetennined period along a convoluted conveying path; a growth zone into which the path extends and in which the substrate is exposed to one or more of light, carbon dioxide and a nutrient source; a first applicator zone into which the path extends and in which the substrate is exposed to a first treatment fluid; and a harvesting zone into which the path extends and in which at least some of the algae is removed from the substrate.

2. A system according to claim I wherein the path extends,into one or both of the growth zone and the first applicator zone more than once.

3. A system according to claim I wherein one or more of the first applicator zone and the harvesting zone are disposed within the chamber.

4. A system for growing one or more biological organisms, the system including: a substantially enclosed chamber for defining a growth zone; a substrate for supporting the organisms during a predetermined period; and a conveyor for moving the substrate through the zone during the predetennined period to thereby promote growth of the organisms.

5. A system according to claim 4 wherein the substrate is moveable along a predetermined conveying path through the growth zone for exposing the algae to one or more of light, carbon dioxide and a nutrient source.

6. A system according to claim 5 wherein the conveying path traverses.predefined sub zones within the growth zone, including: an illumination zone wherein the substrate is exposed to light; and a first applicator zone wherein the substrate is exposed to a first treatment fluid.

7. A system according to claim 6 including a harvesting zone within the chamber through which the conveying path passes, wherein, in the harvesting zone, algae are selectively extracted and collected from the substrate. WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 29

8. A system according to claim 6 or claim 7 wherein the conveying path extends in a loop.

9. A system according to claim 8 wherein the substrate extends continuously along the conveying path.

10. A system according to claim 9 wherein the substrate includes two ends that are adjacent to each other and joined.

11. A system according to claim 9 or claim 10 wherein the substrate is segmented.

12. A system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the substrate is pliant.

13. A system according to any one of claims 8 to 11 wherein the substrate is a belt.

14. A system according to claim 13 wherein the conveyor includes a series of interconnected rollers for supporting the belt and urging the belt along the conveying path.

15. A system according to claim 14 wherein the conveyor includes upper and lower vertically separated arrays of horizontally staggered rollers and wherein the conveying path extends between staggered rollers of the respective arrays.

16. A system according to any one of claims 6 to 15 wherein the first applicator zone includes a reservoir of the first treatment fluid in liquid form and the conveying path passes through the reservoir thereby at least partially immersing the belt in the first treatment fluid.

17. A system according to claim 15 wherein the lower array of the rollers is at least partially submerged within the reservoir such that the belt passes through the reservoir after traversing each roller of the lower array.

18. A system according to claim 6 wherein the chamber includes one or more at least partially transparent windows for allowing light external to the chamber to illuminate the substrate in the illumination zone.

19. A system according to any one of the preceding claims including a control system for controlling one or more conditions of the chamber, including temperature, humidity, intensity and distribution of light, and carbon dioxide level in the growth zone and/or the rotational speed of the rollers. WO 2013/071364 PCT/AU2012/001421 30

20. A biological organism grown in the system of any one of the preceding claims.

21. A product derived from the biological organism of claim 20.

22. An algal species grown in the system of any one of claims I to 21.

23. An algal cake derived from the algal species of claim 22.

24. An oil extracted from the algal species of claim 22.

25. A system or method for growing algae substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the embodiments of the invention illustrated in the accompanying drawings and/or examples.