AU2012250500A1

AU2012250500A1 - Apparatus and methods for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container

Info

Publication number: AU2012250500A1
Application number: AU2012250500A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Magali CAILLON; Lee Jones; Rodney JORDAN; Sanjay Savur
Original assignee: Mitsubishi Australia Ltd
Current assignee: Mitsubishi Australia Ltd
Priority date: 2011-05-04
Filing date: 2012-05-04
Publication date: 2013-05-02
Also published as: WO2012149611A1; EP2704818A1; EP2704818A4; JP2014522234A; US20140308409A1

Abstract

A method of controlling gas composition within a container containing respiring produce is described. The container includes at least one gas outlet and at least one gas inlet and the method includes the steps of: drawing gas from within the container through a selective membrane element under selected control conditions through the at least one gas outlet; introducing ambient air from outside die container into the container through the at least one gas inlet under selected control conditions to control the relative composition of gases inside the container. Apparatus for containing the goods and for controlling the atmosphere in the container according to the method are also described.

Description

WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 Apparatus and methods for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container Field of the invention [001) The invention relates generally to a method of and apparatus for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container, and in particular for extending the life of perishable goods, for example during transport. Background of the invention [0021 In this specification, where a document, act or item of knowledge is referred to or discussed, this reference or discussion is not an admission that the document, act or item of knowledge or any combination thereof was at the priority date: part of common general knowledge; or known to be relevant to an attempt to solve any problem with which this specification is concerned. [003J In order to prolong the sinrage life of perishable goods (such as fruit and vegetables) stored in containers during for transportation or storage it is generally important to control atmospheric conditions within the container. This is because atmospheric parameters, for example temperature and atmospheric gas composition within the container, affect the rate of respiration and deterioration of goods after harvest. (004] In this respect the conventional method of extending storage life of produce has been to refrigerate the container and to reduce carbon dioxide levels (as carbon dioxide is generated by respiring produce), while maintaining oxygen and nitrogen at desired levels. (0051 Applicant's invention described in W02000/023350 entided 'Apparatus for controlled venting of a chamber' proposed a then-novel approach of a method for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber containing respiring produce, the method carried out without monitoring the carbon dioxide level in the chamber, involving monitoring the oxygen level in the chamber and admitting ambient air into the chamber when the oxygen level is detected to have fallen below an oxygen setpoint, and removing carbon dioxide from the chamber atmosphere at a predetermined rate byway of a selected quantity of carbon dioxide absorbing material stored within The container, the predetermined rare having been selected before the storage/journey such that the carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere does not substantially exceed a predetermined amount.

WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 [0061 Other known methods utise a permeable membrane within the container which is selective for certain gases, That is, it allows some gases to pass through, whilst excluding certain other gases. The selective membrane is installed In the container as a liner layer which defines a buffer zone which can be opened to the ambient atmosphere outside the container, or manipulated in other ways. Imposing a constant partial pressure di&rence across the membrane has the effect of selective removal of gases Into the buffer zone. Such techniques avoid the need for carbon dioxide absorbing materials, [007] However, die use of membrane methods can give rise to partial vacuum conditions inside the container, leading to instability and therefore difficulty in providing desired environmental conditions for the respiring produce. Further, only certain membranes are useful in providing required permeability to some gases over other gases, and the more commonly available gas separation membranes provide relatively poor selectivity to carbon dioxide, For eczample, commercially available PDMS membrane (such as that supplied by Medarray) presents relatively low C02/Oand C0a/N selectivity, meaning that there can be significant loss of oxygen and nitrogen from the container. This has been found to result in the generation of a partial vacuum within the container, and so significant air make-up is required to counter this loss, This leads to control instability, or lack of equilibrium and resulting difficulty in controlling the atmosphere. [008] Further complicating the control of atmospheric gases in the container is the phenomenon that, even though the total pressure an the feed side of the membrane is higher than that on the sweep side of the membrane, an oxygen (and/or nitrogen) partial pressure difference can draw oxygen back through the membrane during its extraction operation. (0093 In view of the above, it has generally been deemed necessary to develop specialised membranes with high carbon dioxide selectivity, such as that described in WO200/017307 entitled 'A gas permeable membrane'. (010] The present invention seeks to ameliorate one or more of the abovementioned disadvantages, or at least provide a new method of controlling the atmosphere in a container, anWor new container apparatus, and/ar apparatus for conrolling the atmosphere in the container.

WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 Summary of the invention [011] According to one form of the invention there is provided a method of controlling gas composition within a container containing respiring produce, the container including at least one gas outlet and at least one gas inlet, the method including the steps of. drawing gas from within the container through a selective membrane element under selected control conditions through the at least one gas outlet; introducing ambient air from outside the container into the container through the at east one gas inlet under selected control conditions to control the relative composition of gases inade the container. (012] Preferably the selected control conditions under which drawing is conducted are that there is a drawing step when a pump is actuated to draw gas through the membrane element from within the container at a selected range of flowrates and a holding step where the flownte through the membrane is minimised. [013] Preferably the drawing step and the holding step are alternated so that there is generally intermittent drawing of gas. [014] Preferably the control conditions arc that the drawing step is of one duration and the holding step is of another duration and the two durations are of unequal size. [015] Preferably the drawing step is shorter than the holding step to facilitate an equilibrium of gas components and pressures within the container. f016] Preferably the drawing step is up toabout 20 times shorter induration than the holding step. [017) Prefkrably the drawing step includes selectively drawing carbon dioxide through the membrane element, so that it is etracted from the container at a higher rate than other gases present within the container. [018] Prckrably the method includes the step of conducdng a container gas tightness test and including the level of leakage, if any, in a control algorithm. [019] The method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the method includes the step of monitoring levels of one or more gas components inside the container to provide one or more gas component level readings. [0201 Preferbly the method includes the step of monitoring levels of one or more gas components of the gas mxure inside the container to provide one or more gas component level readings. When the method includes the step of monitoring levels of WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 one or more gas components, the introducing step may be in response to the one or more gas component readings. In a preferred embodiment the monitoring step includes monitoring of oxygen, (021] Preferably the selected control conditions under which drawing is conducted include changing a rate of drawing of gas from within the container over time. Preferably the selected control conditions under which introducing ambient air is conducted include changing a rate of introduction of ambient air from outside the container over time. [022) Preferably the gas drawn from the container Is carbon dioxide. [0231 Preferably the rare of drawing of gas from within the container varies between a maximum rate and a zero rate of drawing, representing respectively a drawing step and a holding step. In some arrangements the selected drawing control conditions are intermittent on-off between the maximum rate of drawing and holding. The control conditions may include a situation where the drawing step and the holding step are of approximately equal time durations. In one embodiment, this time duration may be approximately 15 minutes. Other suitable time durations are include approximately I minute, 2 mins, 5 mins, 10 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins, 45 mins, and 1 hour, 2 hours, as well as unequal on-off times, such as 10 mins on, 20 mins off, 20 mins on 10 mins off and so on. Some kinds of fruit payloads may suit a drawing step of 15 minutes and a holding step of 300 minutes, whereas some others may require, for stability, a drawing step of 60 minutes and a holding step of 30 minutes. Other combinations ae contemplated and vary according to the respiration rate of and temperature required for the extended lif of the particular payload of produce. [024 It is contemplated that control conditions may include a rate of change of drawing of the gas, or rate of change of introduction of oxygen from a bottle or ambient air may be governed by a.sinusoidal pattern, or a sawtooth pattern, or other suitable waveform. The gradient of the sawtooth may be steep between drawing and holding, and flatter between a subsequent holding and drawing, so that there is a longer gap for allowing restoration of equilibrium conditions, or the wAeform may be more of a uniform. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the drawing step may be merely reduced in amplitude so that the drawing is brought to a trickle, rather than reducing drawing to a complete holding stop. This trickling may have other advantages, such as for example reducing unintentional reverse movements of other gases through the membrane. (0251 The gas-monitoring step may include the step of monitoring the level of oxygen within the container. The step of measuring the level of oxygen Is combined with comparing that level with a desired set point and then introducing the ambient air to the WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 container in accordance with the selected control conditions. Preferably the measurement of the gas is routinely conducted, at selected spaced-apart time intervals, and the amount of introduced gas for that time interval is dependent on the difference between the measured gas level and the selected set point. (026J The gas-monitoring step may also include the monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO) gas within the container. The method may also include the step of comparing the measured amount of CO 2 gas in the container and then altering the control conditions of selective extraction of CO. 1027) The selected control conditions may be a reduced or zero flow rate at selected times, caused by a throuling step. The throttling step may be caused by a diaphragm being placed across the feed and/or sweep side of the membrane unit, or by some other physical or mechanical interference to increase the pressure and reduce the flowrate through the membrane unit. The throttling may be by a venturi, orifice, partial blockage, choke, variable aperture, sphincter or some porous material such as a shrecd block, sponge, or other suitable substance. The throttle may throttle by being extended into the feed or sweep streams by a transducer. [028] This preferred form of the invention, then, includes controlled modulation of duty flow, through an intermittent operation of the membrane element. A reduced or zero

CO

2 extracion flow allows time for the oxygen level within the container to build up, avoiding the risk that continuous drawing of CO 2 through the membrane (which will include significant levels of gases other than C0%) will lead to instability, as the air inlet introduction operates in response to the monitoring of oxygen level. [029] The drawing step may be considered a forced permeation of gas through the membrane element. In a preferred arrangement, carbon dioxide is drawn through the membrane element at a higher rate than other gases present within the container, in particular, oxygen and nitrogen. [030J In that regard, the membrane element preferably has a selecdvity which allows carbon dioxdde gas to permeate through the membrane element at a higher rate than oxygen and nitrogen, preferably at a ratio of between about 2.5 and about 15. Preferred selectivity ranges for CO/N2 arm between about 5 and 50. In a particularly advantageous arrangement which has been shown to be very effective with embodiments of the present invention, the selectivity of a suitable membrane for carbon dioxide over oxygen (CO/O 2 ) is relatively modest or low at between about 4 and 5 and the selectivity for a suitable membrane for carbon dioxide over nitrogen (CO2/N3) is similarly modest, at between WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 about 7 and 14. This particular membrane is manufacfred from Polydimethylsiloane (PDMS). (031] The invendoa is implemented without any other means of drawing or catracting carbon diotide gas. [032] Membranes contemplated include an overall permeability for CO 2 of about 3000 Barrer and comprise a thickness of about 35pm. This is a very high permeability and other materials are contemplated to be useful, including cellulose acetate, which has an overall permeability for CO. of 6.3 Baer. This is a large difference, but it can be mitIgated by altering the thidmess of the membrane and having a large membrane area. (033] Prchefred membranes have been shown to be about 3100 Bmaers of permeability for CO 2 and 35pm in thickness. Therefore the permeability per unit thickness for a suitable membrane is about 88 Barrers/pm. One type of suitable membrane for use with preferred embodiments of the present invention is manufcturd from Polydimethylsilcxane (PDMS), which has moderate selectivity to CO, at about between 4 and 5, and a CO2/N 2 selectivity of between about 10 and 11. Other membranes, including non-silicon membranes, may also be suitable. (034) Advantageously, preferred embodiments of the method of the present invention utiliae a membrane of moderate CO 2 selectivity, but a membrane which is widely available in the size and format, at a reasonably low cost. The advantage of the preferred embodiments of the present invention are that a membrane with a low selectivity and low cost can be utilised in a control system to provide a stable, controlled, suitable atmosphere for extending the life of respiring goods in transit. [035] According to another form of the invention there is provided a container suitable for storing respiring produce, the container including: opposed end and side walls, and opposed floor and roof defining a void for storage of the produce; at least one gas outlet and a selective membrane unit in fluid communication with the gas outlet so that in use gas within the container may be drawn therethrough, from the container to outside the container; a pump in fluid communication with the membrane unit for drawing gas through the membrane unit; at least one gas inlet for introducing atmospheric gas from outside the container to the void, and a valve for controlling gas flow through the gas inlet; WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 one or more controllers for selectivly controlling operation of the pump and valve. [036] Prefrbly there is provided L sensor for sensing levels of one or more gases within the container, Prefeably the sensor is an oxygen sensor. Optionally another sensor is a carbon dioxide sensor. [0371 Preferably there is provided a second gas outlet for evacuasting container gas therethrough. Preferably a valve is provided on the second outlet to control the evacuation of container atmospheric gas therethrough. [038] Preferably the container includes a refrigeration unit. [039] Opcionally there is provided a throttle or choke to increase the pressure and reduce the flaw of gases through the feed and sweep portions of the membrane unit. (040] Preferably the one or more controller include a processor, a memory, an Input/output device, such that the or each controller is responsIve to a program to control the operation of valves and pumps in response to various inputs, [041] Preferably the or each controller also includes a timer for measuring time elapsed in storage for the respiring produce so as to operate a control algorithm which operates the membrane unit based on time elapsed. Preferably the or each controller is adapted to receive inputs from such devices as the timer, thermocouples, gas monitors, inputs from operators via the input/output device, including nass and type of produce. The memory and processor may be loaded with tables for calulating run times for various payloads and produce types. [042] For one preferred payload of produce, the setpoint for the CO 2 may be about 5%. (0431 In real-world embodiments, the container will not be wholly sealed from the outside atmosphere. That is, there will be some leakage into the container or from the container, depending on the pressure differential between inside and outside the container. During installation of the system into the conmainer, or beforehand, analysis of ps-ightnesa may be used to calibrate the system, to ensure leakage will not unduly affect operation of the invention. Preferably the base leakage of the container is less than the respiration rate of the produce in the container. f0441 It is noted here that the production of CO 2 by respiring produce is, in a typical situation, about 3On/kg/hour, and produce in a container is normally of the order of 18 tonnes. So for a useful container, there will be less leakage than the CO 2 gas production by the produce, ie. less than 540Uhr.

WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 [0451 The method of preferred embodiments of the present invention is advantageous because CO2 monitoring equipment is not required, although it can be used if deemed necessary. CO 2 monitoring equipment is costly, both in terms of capital cost and in terms of operation and maintenance. [046] As described herein, the method and apparatus of the present invention can udlise, among other steps, the step of monitoring of oxygen and controlled input of atmospheric air to the container from outside, which affects the control and levels of carbon dioxide inside the container. [047] According to yet another form of the invention there is provided a computer that is arranged for operation in accordance with a method of controling atmospheric gas composition within a container suitable for storing respiring produce, the container including at least one gas outlet and at least one gas irdet, the method including the steps of: drawing gas from within the container through a membrane elment through the at least one gas outlet under selected control conditions; and introducing atmospheric gases from outside the'container into the container through the at least one gas inlet under selected control conditions to control the relative composition of gases inside the container. (048] According to a stiU further aspect of the present invention there is provided a computer program for instructing a computer and arranged so that, when loaded in the computer, the computer operates as a controller for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container in accordance with methods hereindeacribed. [049] According to a yet further aspect of the present invention there is provided a computer readable program code embodied therein for causing a computer medium to operate as a controller for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container in accordance with methods hereindescribed. (050J According to an even further aspect of the present invention there is provided a data signal having a computer readable program code embodied therein for causing a computer to operate as a controller for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container in accordance with methods hereindescribed. Brief Description of the drawings {051I To enable a clearer understanding, the invention will now be further explained and illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings in which: WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 [052] Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of a container according to one embodiment of the present invention; (053] Figure 2 is a schematic view of a testing arrangement of a scaled-down container generally in accordance with an embodiment of the present Invention which has been constructed to show results set out herein; [054] Figure 3 is an end elevation view of a membrane unit used in the testing arrangement of Figure 2; [055] Figure 4 is a side elevation view of the membrane unit of Figure 3; [056) Figure 5 is a cutaway isometric view of the membrane unit of Figure 3; 1057] Figure 6 is a graph of results which were produced in the testing arrangement of Figure 2 under selected initial conditions; [058) Figure 7 is a graph of results which were produced In the testing arrangement of Figure 2 under other selected initial conditions; 1059) Figure B is a graph of results which were produced in the testing arrangement of Figure 2 under further selected initial conditions; [060] Figure 9 is a graph of results which were produced in the testing arrangement of Figure 2 under still further selected initial conditions; [061] Figure 10 is a graph of results which were produced in the testing arrangement of Figure 2; [0621 Figure 11 is a schematic drawing of a container according to another embodiment of the present invention; [0631 Figure 12 Is a schematic view of a processing system which is part of a controller for use with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; [064] Figure 13 is a schematic view of a portion of the architecture of the processing system of Figure 12; [065] Figure 14 is a schematic view of a distributed architecture which may be used as a controller; [066] Figure 15 is a graph of results of a test of an improved model of a prefered embodiment of the present invention which shows that there was an intermittency of 15 minutes pumping out of a 300 minute cycle and that stability of gas composition was obtained at suitable levels; WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 [067] Figure 16 is a graph of results of another test of the improved setup, with a different intermittency signature of 15/75minutes, wherein atmospheric air was the starting conditions for the air composition inside the container; [068] Figure 17 is another graph of further rest results in the improved test semp, with an intermittency of 15/50 minutes, as previously tested Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments [069] Referring to Figure 1 there is shown a refrigerated container 10 which includes a refrigeration unit 12 and doors 14. The container 10 in use contains respiring produce 13, and further includes gas outlets 20 and 22 and gas inlet 24. [070) The container 10 also includes a membrane unit 30 which is in fluid communication with the gas outlet 22. A pump is associated with the membrane unit 30 which draws gas from the container 10 through a membrane (not shown) of a predetermined selectivity so that some gases from the container are drawn through (fe. permeate through) the membrane at a greater rate than other gases. [071] The selectivity of the membrane of the embodkuent shown is relatively modest or low, at about 4 or 5:1 for C0 2 0 2 and about 10 or 11:1 for C0 2

:N

2 . Other selecivities for the membrane may be used, including between about 2.5 and 15. (072] A useful membrane used in tests has been shown to have an absolute permeability for CO 2 of about 3100 Barrer and comprises a thickness of about 35gm. Therefore the permeability per unit thickness for a suitable membrane is about 88 Barrer per pm. One material useful for the purposes of the test set out herein is Polydimethylsiloane (PDMS). One of the reasons for this Is that it is cost-effective and widely available in a format and size which is useful for cxracting gases from shipping containers. [0731 The container further includes a controller 8 which includes a CPU, a memory, a processor, actuators for actuating the pump on the membrane unit 30, actuators for vabves 20, 22 and 24, as well s a sensor in the form of an oxygen concentration measurement device, The controller may also receive inputs relating to temperature in the container, pressure in the container, other gas sensors, and the like. [074] One function of the controller 8 Is to actual the pump on the membrane unit 30 in accordance with a selected control regime. An effective control regime is to vary the drawing 6f gas from within the container over time. This control regime, which testing has demonstrated can be used In maintaining an O setpoint of about 5% and a CO 2 WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 setpoint of about 7% in a scaled-down container of 750L, is to draw the gas out of container 10 in an intermittent manner. This means that control varies from a maximum drawing rate for a first prescribed time period, to a zero drawing rate for a second prescribed time period. The maximum drawing rate of CO 2 in the test was about 0,25 SLPM (an overall sir-drawing rAte through the membrane unit wus about 30 Sraadard Litres Per Minute (SLPM)) and the on-off times (the first and second prescribed time periods) were both 15 minutes. [075] As will be understood by persons skilled in the art, the pressure drop across the membrane affects the exaction rate of CO 2 because the air flow changes when the pressure drop changes. Therefore the maximum.overail air flow rate through the membrane was useful at between, at the drawing step, about 20 and 35 SLPM. This range is a useful range, but it will be appreciated that the drawing can vary between the maximum level and a tricde during the holding step. The rate of drawing of actual CO, is far less than the overall flow rate because CO 2 is only a small component of normal atmospheric gas, and when the CO 2 is in the container of respiring produce, it is desired to be only at about 7%. [076] Again, it will be appreciated da control may vary between said maximum drawing rate for a first prescribed time period and a lower drawing rare for a second prescribed time period. It will also be appreciated that control regimes other than a step function may be used, such as sinusoidal, sawtooth or other waveform between drawing rates. The important common nature is the intermittency of operation of membrane unit 30, so allowing successive periods of dime for an equilibrium to be re-establiahed. [0771 The sensor of controller 8 makes measurements of oxygen concentration at selected intervals. If the oxygen concentration varies from a selected value (a 'setpoint', which may be preset in accordance with the rate of respiration of produce 13 in the container), controller 8 sends a signal via wirea 17 or other communication means to open valves 20 and 24. This introduces air from outside the container 10 through inlet 24 and draws air from container 10 through outlet 20. Outlet 20 may include a fan to force air from the container. A fan may also be provided on inlet 24 to draw air into the container 10. [078) In one embodiment, the portion of the controller 8 which is responsible for oxygen concc auon operates on an 8-minute cycle. That is, every 8 minutes the sensor checks the oxygen concentration level, and compares it with the set point. If the level is within an acceptable range of deviation from the same as the set point, the nalves 20 and 24 are nor opened. If there is a large difference between the desired set point and the WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 measured level, the valves are opened for most of the 8-minute interval. If there is a small difference, the valves are opened for a small portion of the 8-minute interval. [079] It is contemplated that the system of one embodiment of the present invention might also operate without the sensor means for measuring oxygen. In place of the oxygen sensor, selected calculations are made, and selected inputs provided to the controller so that the controller can function to maintain selected gas concentrations, in particular, CO 2 and 02 at selected levels. These calculations and inputs include at least respiration rate of produce, volume/mass of produce, temperature of atmosphere inside container, gas leakage rate of container 10 (through doors, seals etc) and gas transfer rates through valves 20, 22, 24 and membrane unit 30. Once these inputs have been provided, the controller can calculate the control regime required, for example, the nature of intermittent operation required (first and second prescribed time periods), 1080) Figure 11 shows a schematic layout of another arrangement of the present invention described above where there is no sensor. The controller includes a timer to operate the valves. [081] Figure 12 shows a block diagram of operative components of a controller 1100 which may be the same as the controller 8 shown in Figure 1. The method of preferred embodiments of the present invention may be executed by such a machine, smartphone or other computer, generally as hereinufter described. [082] 'Te controller 1100 includes a control device 1101 having a processor 1102. Instructions and data to control operation of the processor 1102 in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention are stored in a memory 1103 which is in data communication with the processor 1102. [083] Typically, the controller 1100 will Include both volatile and non-volatile memory and more than one of each type of memory, with such memories being collectively represented by the memory 1103. (084] Figure 13 shows a block diagram of the main components of an exemplary memory 1103. The memory 1103 includes RAM 1103A, EPROM 1103B and a mass storage device 1103C. The RAM 1103A typically temporarily holds program files for execution by the jrocessor 1102 and rated data. The EPROM 11038 may be a boot ROM device and/or may contain some system or control-related code. The mass storage device 1103C is typically used to store control programs, the integrity of which may be verified and/or authenticated by the processor 1102 using protected code from the EPROM 1103B or elsewhere.

WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 [085] The controller 1100 has an input/output (I/0) interface 1105 for communicating with an operator interface 1120 of the controller 1100, the operator interface 1120 having several peripheral devices. The input/output interface 1105 and/or the peripheral devices may be intelligent devices with their own memory for storing associated instructions and data for use with the input/output interface or the peripheral devices. [086] In the example shown in Figure 12, the peripheral devices that communicate with the control device 1101 comprise one or more displays 1106, a touch screen 1107 and a printer 1109. Additional hardware may be included as part of the controller 1100, or hardware may be omitted as required for the specific implementation. [087] In addition, the controller 1100 may include a communications interface, for example a network card 1112. The network card may, for example, send status information or other information to a central controller, server or database and receive data or commands from the central controller, server or database. [088] It is also possible for the operative components of the controller 1100 to be distributed, for example input/output devices 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111 may be provided remotely from the atmosphere controller 1101. [0891 Figure 14 shows a control system 200 in accordance with an alternative embodiment. The control system 200 includes a network 201, which for example may be an Ethernet network, a LAN or a WAN. In this example, three banks 203 of two control machines 202 are connected to the network 201. The control systems 202 provide a control interface and may be the same as the controller 8 shown in FIgure 1, or may have simplified functionality depending on the requirements for implementing control, such as controlling a bank of containers at once. While banks 203 of two controllers are illustrated in Figure 14, banks of one, three or more controllers are also envisaged. [090] One or more displays 204 may also be connected to the network 201. The displays 204 may, for example, be associated with one or more banks 203 of controllers. The displays 204 may be used to display representations associated with control situations on the control machines 202, and/or used to display other representations. [091] In a thick client embodiment, a control server 205 implements part of the control system using a control system 202 and the control system 202 implements part of the control algorithm. With this embodiment, as both the control server 205 and the control system 202 implement part of the control, they collectively provide a controlled atmosphere controller. A database management server 206 may manage storage of WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 algorithms and associated data for downloading or access by the control devices 202 in a database 206A. [092] In a variation of the above thick client embodiment, the control machine 202 may implement the control, with the control server 205 functioning merely to serve data indicative of a control algorithm or method to a control machine 202 for implementation. 1093] With this Implementation, a data signal containing a computer program usable by the client terminal to implement the control method may be transferred from the control server to the client terminal, for example in response to a request by the client terminal. 1094] In a thin client embodiment, the control server 205 implements most or all of the method by an operator using a control machine 202 and the control machine 202 essentially provides only the operator interface. With this embodiment, the control server 205 provides the method controller. The control machine will receive instructions, and pass the instructions to the control server which will process them and return settings and other outcomes to the control machine and display them. In a thin client embodiment, the control machines could be computer terminals, e.g. PCs running software that provides a user interface operable using standard computer input and output components. (095] The control system 200 may communicate with other control systems, other local networks such as a corporate network, and/or a wide area network such as the Internet, for example through a firewall 211. EXAMPLE 1 [0961 A test set up has been constructed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a preferred embodiment of the invention, in accordance with Figure 2. It will be understood by persons skilled in the art that the test set up includes features which would not be required for the invention to function in a commercial embodiment, since certain measurements and functionalities useful for tests are not required in the commercial embodiment. (0971 In this example, features like those described above are denoted with like numerals. 1098] The test included a container 110 of 750L volume, and a 153.1kg load of bananas 113 disposed in the container 110. The container 110 was refrigerated at about 11T. The container 110 was disposed in a test laboratory set at about 22 0

C.

WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 [099] A controller was provided at 108. The controller 108 was operatively connected to valves 120 and 122 and 124 in the walls of the container, and to a membrane unit 130. Fans 121 and 123 are also provided to force air from the container and to draw air into the container fom outside the container through the valves 120 and 124. The membrane unit 130 was a PDMS membrane unit, which has a moderate selectivity to CO, he, prefrentially selecting CO over O and N 2 when drawing gases from the container 110. [01001 The membrane unit 130 is shown in Figures 3-5, in which a generally cylindrical module housing 198 houses a plurality of hollow membrane (PDMS) fibres 197. The housing 198 inchdes side or feed ports 196 which are in fluid communication with an inside of the hollow PDMS membrane fibres. In the test, side port 194 functioned as an inlet port and side port 193 functioned as an outlet or retentate port in fluid communication with inlet valve 146. 10101] The housing 198 further includes shell side ports or outlet ports 191, 189 and 188 which are in fluid communication with the outside of the hollow PDMS membrane fibres 197. 'Tat is, these ports include permeate which is extracted from the container and is directed to ambient air outside the container 110. (01021 In operation, container atmospheric gas is pumped from outlet 122 into side part 194. A portion of that ga permeated through the membrane 197 and into the outlet ports 191, 189 and 188 and a portion returned to the container 110 via side port 193 and valve 146. [0103J A flushing valve 140 was provided In the wall of the container 110, as well as a purging valve 142, only to provide selected initial conditions. [0104] Further, the membrane unit has an extraction port 122 and a reintroduction part 146, both in the wall of the container 110. Gas permeate (mostly CO,, but with smnier amounts of other gases including 02 and N 3 ) leaves the extraction port 122, and retentate can be returned to the container through the re-introduction port 146, [01051 Pumps 150, 152 were provided to drive the membrane unit 130. The pumps 150, 152 are powered by 24VDC power supply 154. Filters 156 and 158 were provided to Alter pump air inputs. (0106] Additional ports were provided in the container to facilitate selected set points from which to commence testing. (01071 Analysis chambers were provided at 164, 166 and 168 for ga component monitoring Inside the chamber and for monitoring of gas components at input and output of a membrane unit 130. Plowmeters 190 and 192 are provided to measure flow WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 into and from membrane unit 130. A thermometer 195 was provided to monitor temperature in the container. [0108] A datalogger was provided at 175 and various A/D converers from various items such as thermometer, fiowmeters, gas analysis devices, were provided to Input to that datalogger at 180. various of the elements were powered by power supply 199. [01091 In operation the test setup was commenced at various initial setpoints of 03 concentration. Figure 3 shows a test run where a control algorithm set by controller 8 was such that the membrane unit 130 was run for 15 minutes on maximum draw rate for

CO

2 followed by a 15 minute period oft zero draw rate (holding). (0110] While the 15 on/15 off control algorithm for the membrane unit was running, the controller 108 was monitoring the O levels in the container via the oxygen sor unit on an 8-minute cycle. The controller 108 opened the vlves 120 and 124 as required on this 8-minute cycle (for the full 8 minutes if the oxygen level was far from the set point; less time open if the oxygen level was nearer the act-point), which had the effect of changing the concentration of Oxygen and CO, as well. The results can be seen in Figures 6 -9. [01111 Figures 6 and 7 show one set of test results with the 15 on/15 off algorithm (for the membrane unit) with a feed/swep pressure differential being 1.5 barg/i barg. Figure 6 shows the gas levels inside the banana bin during a test run where the membrane unit 130 conmenced operations while the oxygen level was above a suitable act point (5%). Gas concentration trace 201 is carbon dioxide while trace 202 Is oxygen. It can be seen that the oxygen levels stabilised at about 5% while the carbon dioxide levels stabilised at about 7%. Figure 7 shows the flow rate of carbon dioxide gas through the membrane unit 130 during the test, showing a stabilising of the rate when the membrane unit 130 was scrubbing [01121 Figures 8 and 9 show two further sets of test results using the 15 on/15 off algorithm on the membrane unit and a feed/sweep pressure differential of 1.5barg/0.5barg. Figure 8 shows that the start point for carbon dixdde levels was about 5.5% which then stabilised under the control regime at about 7%. Trace 203 shows carbon dioxide and trace 204 shows oxygen. Oxygen levels remained at equilibrium at their start point of about 5%. Figure 9 shows the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels remaining at their starr points of about 5% and 7% respectively during a further test. Trace 205 shows carbon dioxide and trace 206 shows oxygen. (0113] It will be noted (Figure 9) that the gas concentradons rise and fall in opposite directions as a result of the control algorithm. While the carbon dioxide fails, the oxygen WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 rises in the Container. This shows the oxygen returning to the container through the valves 124 while the membrane unit is off. [0114] Figure 10 shows the result of applying a different control regime for operation of the membrane unit 130. The regime applied is 30 minutes on followed by 30 minutes off. The pressure differential across feed and sweep ports 194 and 191 was 1.5barg/0.5barg. Trace 207 is oxygen and trace 208 is carbon dioxide, The traces show that oxygen is stable at about 5% and carbon dioxide is coming slowly to equilibrium at about 6.5%. [0115] Once again, the opposing directions of change of the gas concentrations can be seen, demonstrating the effect of the internittency of the membrane unit control regime. 101161 This result was a surprise to the inventors of the present invention, because previous studies and analysis of use of this type of membrane (ic. membranes other than those having high or very high selectivity to CO,) had consistently taught that use of such a technique would not result in an equilibrium, for reasons discussed above. [0117] Though finding the right algorithm can be complez???f, the method and apparatus show that a control of the CO 2 levels inside a container can be made with introduction of atmospheric air and selective extrction of CO 2 on a simple, timed basis. Some embodiments do not require 0 measurement; others require it. This was also a surprise to the inventors. [0118] The commercally available PDMS membrane used (in this case, supplied by Medarray) presents only a moderate C03t0 2 and C0 1

/N

2 selectivity, meaning thar there is significant loss of oxygen and nitrogen from the container when operating the membrane. Despite this, and tp the surprise of the inventors, this did not result in a loss of stability of the controlled atmosphere system. EXAMPLE 2 [0119] The above test rig was improved by including a more rigid board to inhibit reduction in volume when a reduction in internal container pressure was experienced. (0120] The sealing of the test rig was improved so that there was slightly lower leakage. Similar produce at similar stages of ripening were used - green bananas. [0121] The results of various test runs are shown in Figures 15, 16, and 17. In Figure 17 the earlier test runs were repeated and the results were shown to be repeatable, however, the CO 2 level was reduced a lot further than was necessary, so other intermittency runs were conducted - 15/75, 15/300 and the like, all shown in the Figures.

WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 [0122] It should be stressed that, although there are simple on-off runs made, this was only for convenience and the pump associated with the membrane unit could easily be run with a variac controller or the like which causes the pump to run at any level intermediate fully on or fully of1 and the results will be similar and within the scope of the present invention. EXAMPLE 3 [0123) The examples above have been scaled up and the results repeated for a mathematical model of a standard 40-foot container. The initial conditions were modelled to be a container volume of 67.4 cubic metres; volume of respiring goods 22.5m5, mass of respiring goods 30 tonnes, selected leakage and respiration rates, and a temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. Further, the membrane constants were input, being selectivity, permeability, and the like. An inlet of atmospheric air was included in the model, of a certain flowmte. [0124] On one run of the model, the membrane permeability constant was 3250 Barrer for C03, thickness was 35pm, membrane permeability constant for Nitrogen was 280 Barrer, membrane permeability constant for Oxygen ws 600 Barrer, and for Water vapour it was 36000Barrer. [0125] The results of the mathematical modelling showed that the system stabilised at generally the same gas composition for the tested model 750L container when the same respiration rates, temperature, and membrane data were used, when the oxygen set points were sought by the oxygen controller by a variable but intermittent introduction of oxygen contained in atmospheric ambient air, and the intermiuent operation of the membrane unit was effected. [0126] Modelling also showed that alteration of the pressure through the membrane unit, affecting the flowrate during the holding step, by a mechanical interference such as a blockage or other porous item, is useful for causing a holding step and controlling the fow through the membrane unit to facilitate equilibrium conditions. [0127] Advanmageously, the preferred embodiments of the method and apparatus of the present invention utilise a membrane of only moderate CO, selectivity, relative to N 2 and 0, but it is a membrane which is widely available in the size and format required for the purpose of controlling container atmosphere, at a reasonably low cost. The advantage of the preferred embodiments of the present invention are that a membrane unit with a low selectivity and low cost can be utilised in a control system utilizing controlled WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486 introduction of atmospheric air to provide a stable, cbntrolled, suitable atmosphere for reducing respiration of, and extending the life of, respiring goods in tnAnsit. [0128] The word 'comprising'. and forms of the word 'comprising' as wed in this description and claims do not limit the invention claimed to exclude any variants or additions. [0129] Modifications and improvements to the invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Such modifications and improvements are intended to be within thi scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A method of controlling gas composition within a container containing respiring produce, the container including at least one gas outlet and at least one ga inlet, the method including the steps of: drawing gas from within the container to outside the container through a selective membrane element under selected control conditions through the at least one gas outlet; introducing ambient air from outside the container into the container through the at least one gas inlet under selected control conditions to control the relative composition of gases inside the container.

2. The method in accordance with claim I wherein the selected control conditions under which drwing is conducted are that there Is a drawing step when a pump is actuated to draw gas through the membrane element from within the container at a selected range of flowrates and a holding step where the flowrat through the membrane is minimised.

3. The method in accordance with claim 2 wherein the drawing step and the holding step are alternated so that there is generally intermittent drawing of gas.

4. The method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the control conditions are that the drawing step is of one duration and the holding step is of another duration and the two durations are of unequal size.

5. The method in accordance with claim 4 wherein the drawing step is shorter than the holding step to facilitate an equilibrium of gas components and pressures within the container.

6. The method in accordance with claim 5 wherein the drawing step is up to about 20 times shorter in duration than the holding step.

7. The method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the drawing step includes selectively drawing carbon dioxide through the membrane element, so that it is extracted from the container at a higher raze than other gases present within the container.

8. The method in accordance with any one of claims I to 7 wherein the method includes the step of conducting a container gas tightness test. WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486

9. The method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the method includes the step of monitoring levels of one or more gas components inside the container to provide one or more gas component level readings.

10. The method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the introducing step is conducted by a controller in response to the one or more gas component readings.

11. The method in accordance with claim 10 or 11 wherein the monitoring step includes monitoring of cotygen to determine a monitored level of oxygen in the container.

12. The method in accordance with anyone of claims 1 to 11 wherein the selected control conditions under which introducing ambient air is conducted are that a rate of introduction of ambient air from outside the container changes over a selected time.

13. The method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein the selected control conditions under which introducing ambient air is conducted am that there is an introduction of ambient air from outside the container based on the difference between the monitored level of oxygen and a desired oxygen set point.

14. According to another form of the invention there is provided a container suitable for storing respiring produce, the container including opposed end and side walls, and opposed floor and roof; at least one gas outlet and a selective membrane unit in fluid communication with the gas outlet so that in use gas within the container may be drawn therethrougb, from the container to outside the container; a pump in fluid communication with the membrane unit for drawing gar through the membrane uni4 at least one gas inlet for introducing atmospheric gas from outside the container and a valve for controlling gas flow through the gas inlet; one or more controlers for intermittent operation of the pump and valve.

15. The container in accordance with claim 14 wherein the one or more controllers include a processor, a memory, an input/output device, such that the or each controller is responsive to a program to operate the operation of valves and pumps in response to various inputs.

16. The container in accordance with claim 14 or 15 wherein the or each controller also includes a timer for measuring time elapsed in storage for the respfrng produce so as to operate a control algorithm which operates the pump in fluid communication with the membrane unit based on time elapsed. WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486

17. The container in accordance with claim 14 or 15 or 16 wherein the or each controller is adapted to receive inputs from devices selected from the group consisting of: a timer; thermocouple; gas concentration monitor; operator input device.

18. The container in accordance with any one of claims 14 to 17 wherein the memory and processor is adapted to be loaded with tables for calculating pump and valve run times for various payloads and produce types.

19. The container in accordance with any one of claims 14 to 18 wherein the membrane element includes a selectivity which allows carbon dioxide gas to permeate through the membrane element at a higher rate than oxygen and nitrogen.

20. The container in accordance with claim 19 wherein the selectivity of The membrane for carbon dioxide is up to about 20 times higher than oxygen, and up to about 40 times higher than nitrogen.

21. The container in accordance with any one of claims 14 to 20 wherein the container includes a sensor for sensing levels of one or more gases within the container.

22, The container in accordance with claim 23 wherein the sensor is an oxygen sensor.

23. The container in accordance with any one of claims 14 to 24 wherein the container Includes a second gas outlet for evacuating container gas therhrough.

24. The container in accordance with claim 25 wherein a valve is provided on the second outlet to control the evacuation of container atmospheric gas therethrough.

25. The container in accordance with any one of claims 14 to 26 wherein the container includes a refrigeration unit.

26. A computer that is arranged for opention in accordance with a method of controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container suitable for storing respiring produce, the container including at least one gas outlet and at least one gas inlet, the method including the steps of: drawing gas from within the container through a membrane element through the at least one gas outlet under selected control conditions; and introducing atmospheric gases from outside the container into the container through the at least one gas inlet under selected control conditions to control the relative composition of gases inside the container.

27. A computer program element for instructing a computer and arranged so that, when loaded in the computer, the computer operates as a controller for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container in accordance with the method of any one of claims I to 13. WO 2012/149611 PCT/AU2012/000486

28. . A computer readable program code for causing a computer medium to operate as a controller for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container in accordance with the methods of any one of daims 1 to 13.

29. A data signal having a computer readable program code embodied therein for causing a computer to operate as a controller for controlling atmospheric gas composition within a container in accordance with the methods of any one of claims 1 to 13.