AU2012241937B2 - Hydrophobic, functionalised particles - Google Patents
Hydrophobic, functionalised particles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2012241937B2 AU2012241937B2 AU2012241937A AU2012241937A AU2012241937B2 AU 2012241937 B2 AU2012241937 B2 AU 2012241937B2 AU 2012241937 A AU2012241937 A AU 2012241937A AU 2012241937 A AU2012241937 A AU 2012241937A AU 2012241937 B2 AU2012241937 B2 AU 2012241937B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- general formula
- optionally functionalized
- group
- particles
- solvent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 title description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001450 anions Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010792 electronic scrap Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000739 C2-C30 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001925 cycloalkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002888 zwitterionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006735 (C1-C20) heteroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 polysiloxanes Polymers 0.000 description 175
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 52
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 31
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 18
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 8
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical class CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical class CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000005066 dodecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 101000801643 Homo sapiens Retinal-specific phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA4 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 102100033617 Retinal-specific phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA4 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000005070 decynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C#C* 0.000 description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007885 magnetic separation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000005069 octynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C#C* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 3
- 125000002255 pentenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCC)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000005981 pentynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000004368 propenyl group Chemical group C(=CC)* 0.000 description 3
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003229 2-methylhexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003358 C2-C20 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 101100382267 Caenorhabditis elegans cah-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbamic acid Chemical group NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930194542 Keto Natural products 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910008051 Si-OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910006358 Si—OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 150000005347 biaryls Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004369 butenyl group Chemical group C(=CCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000480 butynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001047 cyclobutenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCC1)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000002433 cyclopentenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCC1)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000000298 cyclopropenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003493 decenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000004404 heteroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006038 hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005980 hexynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004491 isohexyl group Chemical group C(CCC(C)C)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000555 isopropenyl group Chemical group [H]\C([H])=C(\*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004370 n-butenyl group Chemical group [H]\C([H])=C(/[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005187 nonenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000005071 nonynyl group Chemical group C(#CCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004365 octenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- NJGCRMAPOWGWMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N octylphosphonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCP(O)(O)=O NJGCRMAPOWGWMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000002568 propynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002444 silanisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005065 undecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000923 (C1-C30) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UPOMCDPCTBJJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]propane Chemical compound CC(C)COC(C)(C)C UPOMCDPCTBJJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005789 ACRONAL® acrylic binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000589968 Borrelia Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000016604 Lyme disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TUZCOAQWCRRVIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N butoxymethanedithioic acid Chemical compound CCCCOC(S)=S TUZCOAQWCRRVIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052971 enargite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000006454 hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000283 hepatitis Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002122 magnetic nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanol Chemical compound [SiH3]O SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002042 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- PDSVZUAJOIQXRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(octadecyl)azanium Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C PDSVZUAJOIQXRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxidane Chemical compound OOO JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/12—Treatment with organosilicon compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/22—Compounds of iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/22—Compounds of iron
- C09C1/24—Oxides of iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/006—Combinations of treatments provided for in groups C09C3/04 - C09C3/12
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/08—Treatment with low-molecular-weight non-polymer organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
- Compounds Of Iron (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a stable mixture containing surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound selected from silicon-containing compounds which have at least one metal oxy radical and optionally further alkoxy and/or hydroxy radical(s), and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof, to a method for producing same, to the use of said particles in systems in which they are brought into contact with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particles is greater than 500, and to the use of said particles in agglomeration/deagglomeration cycles.
Description
1 Hydrophobic, functionalised particles Description The present invention relates to a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound selected from among silicon-comprising compounds bearing at least one metaloxy radical and optionally further alkoxy and/or hydroxy radical(s) and at least one solvent, at least one surface active substance or a mixture thereof, a process for producing the mixture, the use of these particles in systems in which they are brought into contact with at least one solvent, where the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500, and also the use of these particles in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles. Metal oxide and/or semimetal oxide particles which are functionalized on the surface by means of silicon-comprising compounds are known from the prior art. WO 2009/059382 Al discloses, for example, hydrophobic modification of mineral fillers and mixed polymer systems. According to this document, hydrophobic modification is effected by reaction of the corresponding mineral particles with silanes, for example C 3
-C
1 2 -alkyltrialkoxy silanes. That the correspondingly hydrophobically modified particles according to WO 2009/059382 Al are particularly stable in large amounts of solvents, optionally in the presence of surface-active substances, is not disclosed in this document. In the light of the prior art, it is thus an advantage of the present invention that particles which are hydrophobicized on the surface and have a particularly high stability toward large amounts of solvents and/or surface-active substances are provided. This advantage may be achieved by a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide particles of metals of the transition groups of the D Periodic Table of the Elements selected from Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and Cd, with at least one compound of the general formula (1) Rl,-Si(OR2 )4- (i) 5 where R 1 , R 2 and n have the following meanings: the radicals R 1 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, C1-C30 alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2
-C
3 0 -alkenyl, linear or D branched, optionally functionalized C 2
-C
3 0 -alkynyl, optionally functionalized C 3 C 20 -cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C 3
-C
20 -cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C 1
-C
2 -heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C 5
-C
2 2 -aryl, 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM 2 optionally functionalized C 6
-C
23 -alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23 arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C 5
-C
2 2 -heteroaryl, the radicals R 2 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 1
-C
30 -alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2
-C
3 0 -alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2
C
30 -alkynyl, optionally functionalized C 3
-C
20 -cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C 3
-C
20 -cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C 1
-C
20 -heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C 6
-C
2 3 -alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C 6
-C
23 -arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22 heteroaryl,
NR'
4 +, where the radicals R 1 can, independently of one another, have the abovementioned meanings, a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y, where M is a metal atom selected from the group consisting of metals of the main and transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, X is an anion, p is the oxidation number of the metal atom M, x is 1, 2 or 3 and y is 0, 1 or 2, and/or a group of the general formula (Ila) -SiRim(OR2 )3-m (11la), where R 1 and R 2 have, independently of one another, the abovementioned meanings and the indices m can be, independently of one another, 0, 1, 2 or 3, D n is 1, 2 or 3, and contacting with C02 in the same or a separate step and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof, wherein at 5 least one radical R 2 in the group of the general formula (1) or in the group of general formula (Ila) is NRY+ or a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y with the abovementioned meanings of R 1 , p, x, y, M and X. If R 2 is a group of the general formula (Ila) a plurality of times, for example more than once, in D the compound of the general formula (1), the corresponding compounds bear two, three, four or more units having Si atoms. Thus, when R 2 is a group of the general formula (Ila) a plurality of times, polysiloxanes are present. 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM 3 Furthermore, the advantage may be achieved by the use of the surface-modified particle according to the invention in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, where the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500. The advantage of the invention may also be achieved by the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles. The stable mixture of the invention comprises surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound of the general formula (1) or a polysiloxane of the general formula (1) comprising groups of the general formula (Ila). For the purposes of the present invention, it is generally possible to use all metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, in particular metal oxide particles, known to those skilled in the art. Examples of metal oxides which are particularly suitable for the purposes of the invention are the oxides of the metals of the main groups and transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, in particular the transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements. According to the invention, silicon oxide is not preferred as semimetal oxide and is therefore not comprised in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore provides the mixture according to the invention, with silicon dioxide being excepted as semimetal oxide. Examples of suitable metals of the main groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements are the alkali metals, for example Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, alkaline earth metals, for example Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, the third main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Al, Ga, In, TI, the fourth main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Sn, Pb, or the fifth main D group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Sb, Bi. Examples of suitable metals of the transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements are Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn and Cd. 5 In a preferred embodiment, the metal oxide used according to the invention is an oxide of the metals selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Al, Ga, In, TI, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd and mixtures thereof, very particularly preferably selected from D the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and combinations thereof. Furthermore, mixed oxides of these metals, in particular Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or Cu, with at least one alkaline earth metal, 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM 3a for example Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba, are also suitable for the purposes of the invention. The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which the metal oxide used is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, combinations thereof and mixed oxides of these metals with at least one alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba. 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM 4 In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention provides the mixture of the invention in which the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles are magnetic. 5 Very particularly preferably preferred metal oxides are iron oxides, for example Fe 2
O
3 , magnetic iron oxides, for example magnetite, maghemite, hematite, cubic ferrites of the general formula (Ill)
M
2 +xFe 2 +1..Fe 3
+
2
O
4 (Ill) 0 where M is selected from among Co, Ni, Mn, Zn and mixtures thereof and x is s 1, 5 hexagonal ferrites, for example calcium, barium or strontium ferrite MFeO 19 where M = Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the metal oxide used according to the invention is a magnetic iron 0 oxide selected from the abovementioned group. In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the at least one metal oxide used according to the invention is magnetite. Magnetite has the formula Fe 3
O
4 , in particular Fe"Fe"' 2 0 4 , and is known to those skilled in the art. Magnetite can be prepared by known processes and is commercially available. 5 The metal oxide particles used according to the invention can optionally comprise dopants, for example further metals in oxidic or elemental form, for example noble metals such as platinum. The particles which are present according to the invention generally have a particle size of from 50 nm to 500 pm, preferably from 200 nm to 100 pm, particularly preferably from 500 nm to D 10 pm. The particles which are present according to the invention can generally have any shape, for example spherical, cylindrical, acicular or cuboidal. Surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide 5 particles with at least one compound of the general formula (1) R'n-Si(OR2 )4., (I) where R 1 , R 2 and n have the abovementioned meaning, where it is important for the purposes of D the invention that at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (1) or in the group of the general formula (Ila) is NR 1 4+ or a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y with the abovementioned meanings of R1, p, x, y, M and X, are present in the stable mixture of 5 the invention. Furthermore, the present invention provides a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting a metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least 5 one compound of the general formula (I) R'n-Si(OR2 )4 (i) where R 1 , R 2 and n have the abovementioned meanings, where it is important for the purposes 0 of the invention that at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (1) or in the group of the general formula (Ila) is NR 1 + or a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xxy with the abovementioned meanings of R 1 , p, x, y, M and X. Preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, linear or 5 branched, optionally functionalized CC 3 0 -alkyl, particularly preferably C-C2o-alkyl, very particularly preferably 04-Ca-alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 1 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C-Co-alkyl, particularly preferably C-C2o-alkyl, very particularly preferably C4
C
12 -alkyl. Examples of linear or branched 0 4
-C
12 -alkyl radicals are butyl, in particular, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n 0 hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n decyl, isodecyl, tert-decyl, undecyl, in particular n-undecyl, isoundecyl, tert-undecyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl, isododecyl, tert-dodecyl. 5 Further preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkenyl, very particularly preferably C2-, C3- or 0 4 -C2-alkenyl. Examples of alkenyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in 0 particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decenyl, in particular n-decenyl, isodecenyl, tert-decenyl, undecenyl, in particular n-undecenyl, isoundecenyl, tert-undecenyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, tert 5 dodecenyl. Further preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkynyl, very particularly preferably C2-, C3- or C 4
-C
12 -alkynyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are ) particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, 6 heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in particular n-nonynyl, isononynyl, tert-nonynyl, decynyl, in particular n-decynyl, isodecynyl, tert-decynyl, undecynyl, in particular n-undecynyl, isoundecynyl, tert-undecynyl, or dodecynyl, in particular n-dodecynyl, isododecynyl, tert 5 dodecynyl. Further preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C 1 2-cycloalkyl, very particularly preferably C3-Ce-cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 0 cyclohexyl. Further preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C3-C 6 -cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, 5 cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl. Further preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized CC 20 -heteroalkyl, particularly preferably Ci-C 1 2 -heteroalkyl. The heteroalkyl radicals present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned ) alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, 0, P and S. Further preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, particularly preferably Ca-C 12 -aryl. Examples of aryl 5 radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl or biaryls. Further preference is given to the radicals R' each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C-C23-alkylaryl, particularly preferably Co-C13-alkylaryl. An example of an alklaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl. D Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized Ce-C 23 -arylalkyl, particularly preferably Ce-C13-arylalkyl. Examples of arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl. 5 Further preference is given to the radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized Cs-C 22 -heteroaryl, particularly preferably C5-C 1 2 -heteroaryl. The abovementioned radicals R 1 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups 3 are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxyl, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups. The abovementioned radicals R 1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one 7 functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present. The radicals mentioned for R 1 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals. 5 Very particularly preferred radicals R 1 are octyl, in particular n-octyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl and/or butyl, in particular n-butyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl. For the purposes of the present invention, "independently of one another" means that if a 0 plurality of radicals R1 are present in the compound of the general formula (1) or the group of the general formula (Ila), these can be identical or different. Preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized Cl-C3o-alkyl, particularly preferably Cl-C2 0 -alkyl, 5 very particularly preferably C-C 12 -alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 2 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C-C2o-alkyl, very particularly preferably C C1 2 -alkyl. Examples of linear or branched CrC1ralkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in 0 particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl, tert-decyl, undecyl, in particular n-undecyl, isoundecyl, tert-undecyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl, isododecyl, tert-dodecyl. 5 Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C3o-alkenyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkenyl, very particularly preferably C-Ct2-alkenyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n 0 pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decenyl, in particular n-decenyl, isodecenyl, tert-decenyl, undecenyl, in particular n-undecenyl, isoundecenyl, tert-undecenyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, tert 5 dodecenyl. Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-Co-alkynyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkynyl, very particularly preferably C 2
-C
12 -alkynyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are particularly D preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in 8 particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert octynyl, nonynyl, in particular n-nonynyl, isononynyl, tert-nonynyl, decynyl, in particular n decynyl, isodecynyl, tert-decynyl, undecynyl, in particular n-undecynyl, isoundecynyl, tert undecynyl, or dodecynyl, in particular n-dodecynyl, isododecynyl, tert-dodecynyl. 5 Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C 1 2-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl. O Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkeny, very particularly preferably C3-Ce-cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl. 5 Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 1
-C
20 -heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C 4
-C
1 2 -heteroalkyl. The heteroalkyl radicals which are present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, 0, P and S. 0 Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized CS-C22-aryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-aryl. Examples of aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl or biaryls. 5 Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized Ce-C 2 3-alkylaryl, particularly preferably C-Ci3-alkylaryl. An example of an alkylaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl. Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, 0 optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, particularly preferably Co-C13-arylalkyl. Examples of arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl. Further preference is given to the radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, 5 optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, particularly preferably Cs-Ci 2 -heteroaryl. The abovementioned radicals R 2 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxy, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups. The abovementioned ) radicals R 1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present. The radicals mentioned for R 2 can also be monosubstituted or 9 polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals. It is important for the purposes of the invention that at least one radical R 2 in the compound of 5 the general formula (1) or in the group of the general formula (lla) is NR 1 4 + or a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y with the abovementioned meanings of R1, p, x, y, M and X. In one embodiment, at least one radical R 2 is NR4+. In this case, the radicals R 1 can, independently of one another, have the abovementioned meanings, with particular preference 0 being given in this case to R 1 being hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, and/or butyl, in particular n-butyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl. In a further preferred embodiment, at least one radical R 2 is a group of the general formula 5 1/(p-x'y) Mv+Xx-y, where M is a metal atom selected from the group consisting of metals of the main and transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, X is an anion, p is the oxidation number of the metal atom M, x is 1, 2 or 3 and y is 0, 1 or 2. X in the abovementioned general formula is generally an anion, for example an anion selected 0 from the group consisting of Cl-, NO 3 -, SO42- or PO 4 3-. In these preferred embodiments, x is 1, 2 or 3 and thus corresponds to the negative formal charge on the anions. The number of anions present in the abovementioned group is described by y. y is therefore particularly preferably 0, 1 or 2, i.e. it is possible for no, one or two further anion(s) to be present 5 in the abovementioned group. In a preferred embodiment, p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, with particular preference being given to p being 1, 2 or 3. J Since at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (I), optionally comprising at least one group of the general formula (Ila), is NR 1 + or a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y, this means that, according to the invention, a salt is used as compound of the general formula (1). The positive formal charge(s) on the ammonium cation NR+ or the group 1/(p-x'y) MP+Xx-y, is/are, in this embodiment, compensated by the negative formal charge on the 5 oxygen atom. Compounds of the general formula (1) in which at least one radical R 2 is NR'* or a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y which are used according to the invention are uncharged in a particularly preferred embodiment. The factor 1/(p-x*y) is important for the purposes of the invention since the molar amount of D metal is dependent on the valence of the metal present and the number and valence of any anions present. For example, if metal atoms present in the oxidation state +3, i.e. p is equal to 3, are used, the molar amount of compound of the general formula (1) is, in the absence of 10 further anions X, three times the molar amount of metal in order to obtain an uncharged Si comprising salt. If, for example, metal atoms which are present in the oxidation state +2, i.e. p is equal to 2, are used, the molar amount of compound of the general formula (I) is, in the absence of further anions X, twice the molar amount of metal in order to obtain an uncharged 5 Si-comprising salt. If, for example, metal atoms which are present in the oxidation state +1, i.e. p is equal to 1, are used, the molar amount of compound of the general formula (1) is, in the absence of further anions X, equal to the molar amount of metal in order to obtain an uncharged Si-comprising salt. In the case of mixtures of metal atoms having different valences or when particular amounts of anions having particular charges are present, the ratio is calculated 0 correspondingly. According to the invention, a number of embodiments are possible: If a monovalent cation such as Na*, K+, etc., is used as cation MP+, such a cation is present in 5 each group of the general formula 1/(p-x'y) MP+Xk-. If a divalent cation such as Ca 2 *, etc., is used as cation MP+, the factor 1/(p-x*y) has, in the absence of further anions, i.e. y is equal to zero, the value 0.5, i.e. 0.5 equivalents of Ca 2 * are mathematically present per group R 2 . According to the invention, this can be realized either by 0 two negatively charged oxygen atoms whose two negative charges are neutralized by a Ca 2 + cation being present in a compound of the general formula (1) or (Ila), so that each oxygen anion is neutralized mathematically by 0.5 Ca 2 +. It is also possible according to the invention for one negatively charged oxygen atom to be present in each of two compounds of the general formula (1) or (lIla), whose two negative charges in total are neutralized by a Ca 2 + cation, so that 5 each oxygen anion is mathematically neutralized by 0.5 Ca 2 +. Mixed forms of these embodiments are also possible according to the invention. In the case of polyvalent cations or mixtures of various cations, optionally with different oxidation numbers, analogous considerations apply. 0 In general, M is selected from among metals of the main and transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, preferably from groups 1, 2 and 13 (IUPAC nomenclature). M is preferably selected from the group of the alkali metals, for example Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, preferably Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+, where p is in each case equal to 1, from the group of the 5 alkaline earth metals, for example Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, preferably Be 2 +, Mg 2 +, Ca 2 +, Sr 2 +, Ba 2 +, Ra 2 +, where p is in each case equal to 2, and/or from group 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example B, Al, Ga, In, TI, preferably B 3 +, A13+, Ga 3 +, ln 3 +, T13+, where p is in each case equal to 3. 0 The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which MP+ is selected from group 1, 2 or 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (IUPAC nomenclature).
11 In a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (I) or in the group of the general formula (Ila) is independently a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y where p is 1, y is 0 and M is Na and/or K. 5 The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (1) or in the group of the general formula (Ila) is independently a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y where p is 1, y is O and M is Na and/or K. J In a further preferred embodiment, R 2 is a group of the general formula (Ia) -SiR 1 m(OR 2
)
3 -m (Ila) where R 1 and R 2 have, independently of one another, the abovementioned meanings and the 5 indices m can, independently of one another, each be 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2. The bonding of this group of the general formula (Ila) to the compound of the general formula (1) is via the free bond on the Si atom. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the radicals R 1 in the group of the general formula (Ila) 0 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, and/or butyl, in particular n-butyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the radicals R 2 in the group of the general formula (Ila) 5 are each, independently of one another, methyl or ethyl. In a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one radical R 2 in the group of the general formula (Ila) is independently a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y where p is 1, y is 0 and M is Na and/or K. D The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which at least one radical R 2 in the group of the general formula (Ila) is independently a group of the general formula 1/(p-x'y) MP+Xx-y where p is 1, y is 0 and M is Na and/or K. 5 If groups of the general formula (Ila) are repeatedly present in the compound of the general formula (1), polysiloxanes are used according to the invention as compounds of the general formula (1). If polysiloxanes comprising groups of the general formula (Ila) are used for the purposes of the invention, these can be linear or branched. Polysiloxanes comprising groups of the general formula (Ila) which are used according to the invention generally have a molecular ) weight of from 250 to 200 000 g/mol, preferably from 250 to 20 000 g/mol, particularly preferably from 300 to 5000 g/mol.
12 For the purposes of the present invention, "independently of one another" means that if a plurality of radicals R 2 are present in the compound of the general formula (1) or (Ila), these can be identical or different. 5 In the compound of the general formula (1), n is generally 1, 2 or 3. n in the compound of the general formula (1) is preferably 1 or 2. n in the compound of the general formula (I) is particularly preferably 1. The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which n in the 0 compound of the general formula (1) is 1 or 2, particularly preferably 1. In the polysiloxanes of the general formula (1) comprising groups of the general formula (Ila) the indices m are generally each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2. 5 Compounds of the general formula (1) which are particularly preferred according to the invention are selected from the group of salts consisting of
R
1 r-Si(OR 2
)
4 .n where R 1 is methyl, ethyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl and/or dodecyl, R2 is Na, K and/or NH 4 and n is 1, 2 or 3, 0 or Rl,-Si(OR2) 4 ., where R 1 is methyl, ethyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl and/or dodecyl, R2 is 0.5 Ca and/or 0.5 Mg and n is 1, 2 or 3, with what has been said above applying in respect of 5 the divalent cations. In these particularly preferred embodiments, no further anions Xx- are present, i.e. y in the formula 1/(p-x'y) is equal to zero. Very particularly preferred compounds of the general formula (1) are selected from the group consisting of (NaO)(CH3)Si(OH) 2 , (NaO)(C 2
H
5 )Si(OH) 2 , (NaO)(CsH 1 )Si(OH) 2 , 0 (NaO)(C8H1 7 )Si(OH) 2 , (KO)(CH 3 )Si(OH) 2 , (KO)(C 2 Hs)Si(OH) 2 , (KO)(C 5
H
11 ) Si(OH) 2 , (KO)(CaH1 7 )Si(OH) 2 , (NH 4 0)(CH 3 )Si(OH) 2 , (NH 4 0)(C 2 Hs)Si(OH) 2 , (NH 4 0)(CHj 1 ) Si(OH) 2 ,
(NH
4 0)(C 2
H
17 )Si(OH) 2 , (NaO) 2 (CH3)Si(OH), (NaO)2(C 2
H
5 )Si(OH), (NaO) 2
(C
5
H
11 )Si(OH), (NaO) 2 (CsH17)Si(OH), (KO) 2 (CH3)Si(OH), (KO) 2
(C
2
H
6 )Si(OH), (KO)2(C 5
H
1 )Si(OH),
(KO)
2
(CH
1 )Si(OH), (NH 4 0) 2 (CH3)Si(OH), (NH 4 0) 2
(C
2
H
5 )Si(OH), (NH 4 0) 2
(C
5
H
11 )Si(OH), 5 (NH 4 0) 2 (CaH 17 )Si(OH), (NaO) 3
(CH
3 )Si, (NaO) 3
(C
2
H
5 )Si, (NaO)3(C 5 H)Si, (NaO) 3
(CH
1 7 )Si,
(KO)
3 (CH3)Si, (KO)3(C 2 Hs)Si, (KO) 3
(C
5 Hii)Si, (KO) 3
(C
6
H
17 )Si, (NH 4 0) 3
(CH
3 )Si, (NH 4 0) 3
(C
2
H
5 )Si,
(NH
4 0) 3
(C
5
H
11 )Si, (NH 4 0) 3
(C
8
H
1 7 )Si, (NaO)(CH 3
)
2 Si(OH), (NaO)(C 2
H
5
)
2 Si(OH),
(KO)(CH
3
)
2 Si(OH), (KO)(C 2 H5) 2 Si(OH), (NaO) 2 (CH3) 2 Si, (NaO)2(C 2
H
5
)
2 Si, (KO) 2
(CH
3
)
2 Si,
(KO)
2 (C2H 5
)
2 Si, Ca+[(O-)(CH3)Si(OH) 2
]
2 , Ca*[(O-)(C 2 Hs)Si(OH) 2
]
2 , Ca+[(O-)(CsHj 1 )Si(OH) 2
]
2 , ) Ca+[(O-)(CaH 1 7)Si(OH) 2
]
2 , Ca+[(O-)(CH3) 2 Si(OH)] 2 , Ca+[(O-)(C 2
H
5
)
2 Si(OH)] 2 , Ca+[(O-) 2 (CH3)Si(OH)], Ca+[(O-)2(C2H5)Si(OH)), Ca+[(O-) 2 (CH)Si(OH)], Ca+[(O-)2(CaH17)Si(OH)], Ca+[(0-)2(CH3)2Si], Ca+[(O-)2(C2Hs)2Si]l.
13 A class of polysiliconates of the general formula (1) comprising groups of the general formula (Ila) which is preferred for the purposes of the invention is that of polymethylsiliconates and polydimethylsiliconates having sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium or ammonium as 5 cation. The present invention also provides a process for producing a surface-modified particle as defined above by bringing the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particle to be modified and a compound of the general formula (1) as defined above into contact with one another. 0 The reaction of the abovementioned metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with the compounds of the general formula (1) or the polysiloxanes of the general formula (I) comprising groups of the general formula (Ila) can be carried out by processes known to those skilled in the art, for example by contacting of the substrates in a solvent, for example toluene or water, at a 5 temperature in the range from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent. In addition, the substrates may be contacted with further reactants or reaction accelerators, for example acids, C02, etc., in the same step or a separate step. After conventional work-up, the reaction product of metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles and compounds of the general formula (1) or polysiloxanes of the general formula (1) comprising groups of the general formula (Ila) can be 0 obtained. The silicon compounds are preferably fixed to the metal oxide or semimetal oxide surface by condensation of the surface hydroxyl groups of the oxide M-OH with silanol groups of the silicon compound (Si-OH + M-OH -+ Si-O-M + H 2 0). The silanol groups can be originally comprised in 5 the starting silicon compound of the formula (I) or a subunit (Ila) or be formed in situ. This can be effected, for example, by hydrolysis of the silicon ether (Si-OR + H 2 0) to the silanol (Si-OH + ROH). SiOR 2 can be hydrolyzed, R' and all further radicals mentioned cannot be hydrolyzed. The process of the invention can, for example, be carried out by spraying a reagent solution 0 comprising the compound of the general formula (1) onto the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles. A further method of bringing the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles to be modified and a compound of the general formula (1) as defined above into contact with one another comprises, for example, suspending the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles in a compound of the general formula (1) or in a solution of a compound of the general formula (1) in 5 a suitable solvent. Corresponding processes are known per se to those skilled in the art. After the compound of the formula (1) has been brought into contact with the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, a further treatment step may be necessary in order to complete the fixing reaction. This can be carried out, for example, by adjusting the pH, heat treatment, ) treatment with various gas atmospheres, e.g. C02 or SO 2 , or a combination of such steps. The stable mixture of the invention comprises at least one solvent, at least one surface-active 14 substance or a mixture thereof in addition to the abovementioned functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles. It has surprisingly been found that the reaction products according to the invention, i.e. the 5 surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, are particularly stable in mixtures with solvents and/or surface-active compounds, i.e. no detachment of the silicon compounds bound to the surface occurs. The at least one solvent present in the mixture of the invention is preferably selected from the 0 group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, for example benzene, toluene, xylene, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, propanols such as n-propanol, isopropanol, butanols such as n butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, isobutyl tert-butyl ether, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes such as hexane, cycloalkanes such as cyclohexane, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures 5 thereof. If mixtures of solvents are used according to the invention, preference is given to using solvents which are completely miscible with one another, i.e. form a single phase on mixing. The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which the at least one solvent is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably 0 benzene, toluene, xylene, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, propanols such as n propanol, isopropanol, butanols such as n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, isobutyl-tert-buty ether, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes such as hexane, cycloalkanes such as cyclohexane, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures thereof. 5 In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of the invention is used in processes in which the surface-modified particles are brought into contact with particularly large amounts of solvents. The mixture of the invention generally has a solids content of up to 70% by weight, preferably 0 up to 60% by weight. The content of at least one solvent in the mixture of the invention is therefore generally at least 30% by weight, preferably at least 40% by weight, i.e. in general from 30 to 99.9% by weight, preferably from 40 to 99.9% by weight, of solvent. According to the invention, the solids content is the content of particles which have been modified on the surface according to the invention and any further solids present. 5 The at least one surface-active substance present in the mixture of the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of nonionic, anionic, cationic or zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof. ) Preferred examples of nonionic surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, in particular fatty alcohol polyethylene glycol ethers.
15 Preferred examples of anionic surfactants are alkylbenzenesulfonates, secondary alkanesulfonates, cx-olefinsulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates or fatty alcohol ether sulfates. Preferred examples of cationic surfactants are stearyltrimethylammonium salts. 5 Preferred examples of zwitterionic surfactants are sultaines, fatty acid amidoalkylhydroxysultaine or alkyl betaines. Particularly preferred surface-active substances are sodium alkylphenol ether sulfates. 0 The at least one surface-active substance is generally present in the mixture of the invention in an amount of from 0.001 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 15% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight, in each case based on the total mixture. If at least one surface-active substance is present according to the invention, the abovementioned amount of 5 at least one solvent is modified accordingly. The surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles are generally present in the mixture of the invention in an amount of from 0.1 to 70% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 60% by weight. 0 If further solids are optionally present in the mixture of the invention, the abovementioned amount of surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles is modified accordingly. 5 In all possible embodiments, the amounts of surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, at least one solvent, optionally present surface-active substances and optionally present further solids add up to 100% by weight. Apart from the functionalized particles, the at least one solvent and/or the at least one surface 0 active substance, the mixture of the invention can comprise further components, for example oxidic or metallic solids and further hydrophobic components. The sum of the amounts of the components present in the mixture of the invention in each case add up to 100% by weight. The mass ratio of solvent to modified particles in the mixture of the invention is generally greater 5 than 500, preferably 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000. For the purposes of the present invention, the term "stable mixture" means that the surface functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles present in the mixture of the invention 0 are not changed in the mixture, i.e. the silyl groups present on the surface are not detached from the surface of the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, for example by hydrolysis, so that the mixture of the invention as a whole does not change or changes only slightly. That a 16 mixture comprising surface-modified particles is stable for the purposes of the present invention can be demonstrated, for example, by the fact that such particles which are in contact with solvents and/or surface-active substance in a mixture according to the invention remain chemically and/or physically unchanged. This can, for example, be determined by elemental 5 analysis or determination of the hydrophobic properties, for example by determination of the ability to float or the contact angle. The present invention also provides a process for treating surface-modified particles according to the invention with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle 0 is greater than 500. As regards the surface-modified particles and the solvents, what has been said above in respect of the mixture according to the invention applies to the process of the invention. 5 In the process of the invention, the mass ratio of surface-modified particle and the at least one solvent is generally greater than 500, preferably greater than 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000. In this process of the invention, the surface-modified particles according to the invention are 0 brought into contact, i.e. treated, with a relatively large amount of solvent. Corresponding systems according to the invention in which this treatment can be carried out are, for example, flowing systems in which the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact in, for example, continuous processes with further substances, particles, materials, etc., for example continuous processes for agglomeration with further substances, particles, materials, 5 etc., in solution or dispersion. The process of the invention also relates to deagglomeration of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles of the invention and further substances, particles or materials, or of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles with themselves, for example likewise in flowing systems. ) The present invention also provides for the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particles is greater than 500. As regards the surface-modified particles and the solvents, what has been said above in 5 respect of the mixture of the invention applies. The mass ratio of surface-modified particle and the at least one solvent is generally greater than 500, preferably greater than 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000. In this use according to the invention, the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact with a relatively large amount of solvent. Corresponding systems according to the 17 invention in which this contacting can be carried out are, for example, flowing systems in which the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact in, for example, continuous processes with further substances, particles, materials, etc., for example continuous processes for agglomeration with further substances, particles, materials, etc., in solution or 5 dispersion. The use according to the invention also relates to deagglomeration of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles of the invention and further substances, particles or materials, or of agglomerates of surface-modified particles with themselves, for example likewise in flowing systems. O The present invention also provides for the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention, in particular magnetic particles, in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles. In this use too, what has been said in respect of the mixture of the invention applies to the surface-modified particles and the solvents. 5 According to the invention, an agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a process in which the surface-functionalized particles of the invention, in particular magnetic particles, are brought into contact with themselves or other particles, substances, materials, etc., in solution or dispersion and agglomerate as a result of hydrophobic interaction, ionic forces, van der Waals interactions 0 and/or other attractive forces. These agglomerates are then processed in further processes, for example separated from other components and/or the solution or dispersion. After this treatment, the agglomerates are then separated again, i.e. deagglomerated, so that the surface functionalized particles and the other particles, substances, materials, etc., are again present separately (deagglomeration). Examples of agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles which are 5 preferred according to the invention are chemical, physical or biological test methods or separation processes, decontamination of contaminated, for example heavy metal contaminated earth, water purification, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation. 0 In chemical, physical or biological test methods or separation processes, use is made of, for example, specifically modified magnetic nanoparticles which have anchor groups for a specific antigen or virus, e.g. borrelia, HIV, hepatitis, on their surface. These specific anchor groups correspond, in particular, to the abovementioned group R 1 which has a structure corresponding to the respective separation or test task, for example as a result of the presence of the 5 abovementioned functional groups. Bonding of these antigens/viruses to the modified particle surface (agglomeration) enables these constituents to be separated off from a solution by means of magnetic separation and thus detected. The functionalized magnetic particles are then recycled by means of surfactants which again release the electrostatic, adhesive or van der Waals interaction between functionalized magnetic particle and antigen/virus 0 (deagglomeration). in this way, the functionalized magnetite particles can be reused. The modified particles of the invention, in particular magnetic particles, can be used in water 18 purification. Here, for example, it is possible to use functionalized magnetite particles which remove organic constituents, suspended materials or fat droplets from the water by effecting hydrophobic agglomeration between the functionalized magnetite particle and the hydrophobic contaminant. These hydrophobic agglomerates can be separated off by magnetic separation. In 5 order that water purification is economical, it is useful to "unload" the hydrophobic magnetite particles from the contaminant again and return them to the circuit. This "unloading" can once again be effected by deagglomeration using a specific surface-active substance (surfactant) and/or by means of a specific solvent or solvent mixture. 0 Recycling of electrical/electronic scrap can, for example, be carried out by magnetic recovery of materials of value (Ir, Pt, Ru) from electrical/electronic scrap, once again preferably using modified magnetite particles which, after hydrophobicization of the materials of value to be separated, can agglomerate with these and be separated off. After the agglomerates have been separated off, they are deagglomerated again so that the modified magnetic particles can be 5 reused. A further example is gravity separation, e.g. by means of cyclones known to those skilled in the art. In this way, relatively dense constituents can be separated off from less dense constituents by means of a gravity separation. If the densities of the individual components differ only 0 slightly, e.g. Pt-doped hematite and undoped hematite, the density of the component to be separated off can be increased by agglomeration with a further component. Here, for example, the Pt-doped hematite component is hydrophobicized according to the invention to give modified particles, so that addition of hydrophobicized barium sulfate gives an agglomerate of the modified hematite and barium sulfate which has a greater density difference from the 5 undoped hematite. After the agglomerate has been separated off, it can be deagglomerated again. The present invention therefore also preferably provides for the use according to the invention in which the agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a chemical, physical or biological test 0 method or separation process, water purification, purification of contaminated, for example heavy metal-polluted earth, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation. An advantage of the invention is that the particles which have been surface-modified according to the invention are stable under the conditions prevailing in agglomeration and especially 5 deagglomeration and can therefore preferably be reused. Examples Example 1: General methods D Example 1.1: Preparation of the alkali metal alkylsiliconates used 19 The preparation of the alkali metal alkylsiliconates is carried out by the method in R. Murugavel et aL, Solid State Sciences 2001, 3 (1-2), 169-182. As an alternative, the procedure in the examples in GB675188A can be employed. 5 For example, "OctSi(ONa) 3 is prepared by introducing 1 mol of nOctSi(OMe)3 from ABCR (97% pure) into a solution of 10 mol of NaOH in 400 g of water over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction is then completed under reflux within 4 hours. Distilling off the solvent gives a concentrated solution or complete drying gives the product as a solid. 0 Example 1.2: Repeated treatment of the solid with surfactant solution 10 g of solid to be examined are stirred in 1 1 of a 0.2% strength by weight solution of Lutensit A ES from BASF SE (mixture of sodium alkylphenol ether sulfates) in water for 2 hours at room temperature. The solid is subsequently filtered off and washed with 1 1 of water, 100 ml of 5 ethanol and 100 ml of acetone. The filter cake is dried at 1200C under reduced pressure for 4 hours. Samples are subsequently taken for analysis. The remaining product is used for the renewed washing tests. Example 1.3: Rapid test for ability to float on water 0 3 ml of water are placed in a 5 ml test tube. The solid to be examined is subsequently carefully placed on the surface of the water by means of a spatula. The solid in the test tube is subsequently observed to see whether the solid sinks or remains afloat. In the case of floating solids, the closed vessel is shaken for 10 s. The solid in the test tube is subsequently observed 5 to see whether the solid floats again or remains under water. Example 1.4: Contact angle measurement Contact angle measurement on powders: 0 Contact angles are measured using a standard instrument (Dropshape Analysis Instrument, Kruss DAS 10). A silhouette of the drop is recorded by means of a CCD camera and the drop shape is determined by computer-aided image analysis. The measurements are, unless indicated otherwise, carried out as described in DIN 5560-2. 5 a) Production of a homogeneous powder layer The magnetite powder is applied as an appropriately 1 mm thick layer onto a 100 pm thick BASF Acronal V215 adhesive dispersion on a PET film. Using a spatula, the powder is pressed D into the adhesive and excess material which does not adhere is removed by shaking. Finally, remaining loose material is removed by blowing purified nitrogen under pressure over the specimen. This method gives a clean, homogeneous powder surface over the total area of the 20 substrate of 75 mm x 25 mm. Powder surfaces normally display a certain roughness and contact angle or the measurement thereof are sensitive to this roughness. A direct comparison of the hydrophobicity can therefore 5 be carried out only on powders having the same particle size distribution and particle shape. Careful surfaces analyses using ToF-SIMS have shown that the surface of the powder layer produced by this method has no traces of adhesive and is representative of the powder. b) Dynamic, progressive contact angle measurement 0 One milliliter of water is placed as a drop on the surface and 2 p1/min of water are continuously added. 20 pl of liquid volume are added continuously in this way. Starting from a minimal volume of about 3 pl, contact angles are measured while the needle of the syringe used for introduction remains in the drop. Contour measurements are carried out at a rate of about 5 0.5 Hz and are evaluated by means of a tangent method in order to determine the contact angle directly at the three-phase contact line. These contact angles are averaged over time, and five progressive drops are measured at various positions for each sample and the average value together with a standard deviation is determined. 0 Example 1.5: Recycling experiments An experiment is carried out on the use of magnetite hydrophobicized according to the respective example as reusable carrier for the decontamination of (heavy metal-) contaminated earth. For this purpose, 3 g of magnetite were dispersed in a system comprising 100 g of a sand 5 mixture (solids content: 1% by weight). This sand mixture comprises 99% by weight of inorganic siliceous constituents (e.g. feltspars, mica, iron pyrites) and 1 % by weight of a specific hydrophobicized inorganic As-comprising contaminant (Enargite). Hydrophobicization of this inorganic contaminant is carried out using butylxanthate. After vigorous mixing of the hydrophobicized magnetite with this sand mixture, the arsenic component is separated off by 0 means of hydrophobic flocculation with the magnetite. The hydrophobic constituents are collected and treated with a 0.1% strength by weight solution of a surfactant (Lutensit A-ES from BASF SE). In a subsequent magnetic separation step, the magnetic constituents are separated from the nonmagnetic As-comprising impurities. The hydrophobic magnetite is washed with a 1:1 mixture of water and EtOH, filtered off and remixed with a freshly produced sand mixture. 5 The process is repeated a total of ten times. Example 2: Production of hydrophobicized magnetite Example 2.1: Magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE silanized with "OctSi(OK) 3 (according to the D invention) Synthesis: 10 g of magnet pigment 345 (magnetite Fe"(Fe") 2 0 4 ) from BASF SE are added to a 21 solution of 370 mg of "OctSi(OK)3 in 30 ml of water. The solution is stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The product is dried at 400C under reduced pressure. Then the product is stored at 40*C in air for 7 days. The resulting solid is washed with water until the pH of the washing water does not change any more. Then it is dried overnight in air at 400C. The dried product is, 5 after preliminary comminution, brushed through an analytical sieve (400 pm) and thus deagglomerated and homogenized. Analysis: Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on 0 water (also after shaking under); Contact angle: fresh 1460, washed ten times 1390; Recycling test: When the yield of the As component is detected, the yield of 92% in the first 5 cycle drops to only 90% in the tenth cycle when using the "OctSi(OK) 3 -silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE, Example 2.2: nBuSi(OH) 2 (ONa)-silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE (according to the invention) 0 Synthesis: The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 350 mg of nBuSi(OH) 2 (ONa) are used and the product is stored at 120*C in a C02 atmosphere. 5 Analysis: Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on water (also after shaking under); Contact angle: fresh 1540, washed ten times 1520; 0 Recycling test: When the yield of the As component is detected, the yield of 95% in the first cycle drops to only 91% in the tenth cycle when using the nBuSi(OH) 2 (ONa)-silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE. 5 Example 2.3: (Ca 2 +)[nPr(Me)Si(OH)(O-)] 2 -silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE (according to the invention) Synthesis: The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 340 mg of (Ca 2 +)[nPr(Me)Si(OH)(O-)]2 are used as silanization reagent. 0 Analysis: Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on 22 water (also after shaking under); Contact angle: fresh 142*, washed ten times 136*; 5 Recycling test: When the yield of the As component is detected, the yield of 89% in the first cycle drops to only 87% in the tenth cycle when using the (Ca 2 +)[nPr(Me)Si(OH) (O-)]2-silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE. Example 3: Comparative examples 0 Comparative example 3.1: commercial, hydrophobic magnetite Bayoxide E8707 H from Lanxess (not according to the invention) Analysis: 5 Floatation test: fresh solid floats on water even after shaking under, while solid which has been washed twice no longer floats; Contact angle: fresh 1580, washed ten times 116* 0 Recycling: Comparative tests using a previously hydrophobicized magnetite from Lanxess (product: Bayoxide E8707 H) display a dramatic loss in yield of over 40% after only the fourth cycle. The experiments using this product are then stopped. Comparative example 3.2: "OctMe 2 SiCl-silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE (not 5 according to the invention) Synthesis: Under a protective atmosphere, 10 g of magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE are suspended in 20 ml of toluene. The suspension is heated to 70*C, and 0.3 g of nOctMe 2 SiCI (97% strength, from ABCR) are then added. The reaction mixture is subsequently maintained at 0 70'C for 4 hours while stirring. The solid is subsequently filtered off, washed firstly with 50 ml of toluene, then 50 ml of methanol and finally water until the washings are free of chloride. The product is dried at 1200C under reduced pressure for 4 hours. The dried product is, after preliminary comminution, brushed through an analytical sieve (400 pm) and thus deagglomerated and homogenized. 5 Analysis: Floatation test: solid floats on water (even after shaking under), while solid washed once no longer floats on water; 0 Contact angle: fresh 1480, washed once 120", washed ten times 980 Comparative example 3.3: "BuMe 2 SiCi-silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE (not 23 according to the invention) Synthesis: The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 0.3 g of "BuMe 2 SiCl (97% strength from ABCR) is used as silanization reagent. Analysis: Floatation test: solid floats on water (not after shaking under), while solid washed once no longer floats on water; Contact angle: fresh 1030, washed ten times 890 Comparative example 3.4: magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE hydrophobicized with octylphosphonic acid (not according to the invention) Synthesis: 8.0 kg of water are placed in an apparatus comprising a 12 I plastic bucket with spout as stirred vessel and a metal stirrer. 2 kg of magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE are subsequently introduced and the stirring speed of the metal stirrer is selected so that the pigment does not sediment and air is also not drawn in (no head of foam is formed). 12.5 g of n-octylphosphonic acid (OPA, 80% strength) from Albright & Wilson are subsequently added all at once and all the starting materials are mixed in air at room temperature for 1.5 hours. After the end of the stirring time, the suspension is poured on to a porcelain filter (d = 24 cm with an MN 85/90 paper filter from Macherey-Nagel). Cracks formed in the filter cake are wiped shut to improve the washing action. The solid is dried overnight at 1 10 C in a convection drying oven. The dried product is, after preliminary comminution, brushed through an analytical sieve (400 pm) and thus deagglomerated and homogenized. Analysis: Elemental analysis: 0.06% of P in the end product; D Recycling test: Even after the third cycle, only an unsatisfactory yield of the As-comprising impurity of less than 50% is detected. The experiments are subsequently stopped. In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word 5 "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does D not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country. 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM
Claims (15)
1. A stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide particles of metals of the transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements selected from Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and Cd, with at least one compound of the general formula (1) R,-Si(OR2 )4- (i) where R 1 , R 2 and n have the following meanings: the radicals R 1 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkynyl, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 2 0 -heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -aryl, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C 5 C 22 -heteroaryl, the radicals R 2 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 3 0 -alkynyl, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 2 0 -cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 20 -heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 2 2 -aryl, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 2 3 -alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -heteroaryl, D NR4+, where the radicals R 1 can, independently of one another, have the abovementioned meanings, a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y, where M is a metal atom 5 selected from the group consisting of metals of the main and transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, X is an anion, p is the oxidation number of the metal atom M, x is 1, 2 or 3 and y is 0, 1 or 2, and/or D a group of the general formula (Ila) 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM 25 -SiRim(OR 2 ) 3 -m (lla), where R 1 and R 2 have, independently of one another, the abovementioned meanings and the indices m can, independently of one another, be 0, 1, 2 or 3, n is 1, 2 or 3, and contacting with C02 in the same step or a separate step and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof, wherein at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (1) or in the group of the general formula (Ila) is NRY+ or a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y with the abovementioned meanings of R 1 , p, x, y, M and X.
2. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group 1, 2 or 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (IUPAC nomenclature).
3. The mixture according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
4. The mixture according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein n in the compound of the general formula (1) is 1 or 2.
5. The mixture according to claim 4, wherein n in the compound of the general formula (1) is 1.
6. The mixture according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (1) or in the group of the general formula (Ila) is D independently methyl or ethyl.
7. The mixture according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein at least one radical R 2 in the compound of the general formula (1) or in the group of the general formula (Ila) is independently a group of the general formula 1/(p-x*y) MP+Xx-y where p is 1, y is 0 and M is 5 Na and/or K.
8. The mixture according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the at least one solvent is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, cyclic ethers, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes, cycloalkanes, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures D thereof.
9. The mixture according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the at least one surface-active 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM 26 substance is selected from the group consisting of nonionic, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
10. The mixture according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the metal oxide used is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, combinations thereof and mixed oxides of these metals with at least one alkaline earth metal.
11. A process for producing a surface-modified particle as defined in claim 1 by bringing the metal oxide particle to be modified and a compound of the general formula (1) as defined in claim 1 into contact with one another, and contacting with C02 in the same step or a separate step.
12. A process for treating surface-modified particles as defined in claim 1 with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
13. The use of surface-modified particles as defined in claim 1 in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
14. The use of surface-modified particles as defined in claim 1 in agglomeration deagglomeration cycles.
15. The use according to claim 14, wherein the agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a chemical, physical or biological test method or separation process, decontamination of contaminated earth, water purification, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation. 6516204 1 (GHMatters) P94658.AU KATHRYNM
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| PL3126053T3 (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2023-07-17 | Basf Se | Magnetized material separating device |
| CA2967215A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 | 2016-06-02 | Basf Se | Improvement of concentrate quality |
| WO2016083575A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 | 2016-06-02 | Basf Se | Energy input during agglomeration for magnetic separation |
| EP3181230A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2017-06-21 | Basf Se | Ultraflotation with magnetically responsive carrier particles |
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| AU1233070A (en) * | 1969-03-13 | 1971-09-16 | Laporte Industries Limited | Improvements in and relating tothe manufacture of oxides |
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| PE20141988A1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
| WO2012140065A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
| CN103459517B (en) | 2015-08-05 |
| AR085994A1 (en) | 2013-11-13 |
| MX344908B (en) | 2017-01-11 |
| CL2013002966A1 (en) | 2014-05-16 |
| CN103459517A (en) | 2013-12-18 |
| CA2832814C (en) | 2019-04-02 |
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