AU2012200749B2 - Ligation-based RNA amplification - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract Methods of amplification, purification and detection of nucleic acid sequences especially RNA are described. One aspect of the method involves the hybridisation and subsequent ligation of a nucleic acid structure to the nucleic acid sequence desired to be manipulated. The methods require that the nucleic acid structure comprises a double stranded region and a single stranded region. The single stranded region is complementary to the RNA sequence of interest. The double stranded region may also contain additional functionalities which are then used subsequently in the method.

Description

AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1990 DIVISIONAL APPLICATION NAME OF APPLICANT(S): GE Healthcare Bio-Scienccs Corp. ADDRESS FOR SERVICE: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE Patent Attorneys 1 Nicholson Street Melbourne, 3000 INVENTION TITLE: Ligation-based RNA amplification The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: C:\NR1ortbl\DCC\SCG\4135877_1 DOC - 10/1/12 Ligation-Based RNA Amplification This is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No. 2005322131, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a new method of amplification, purification and detection of nucleic acids. Background of the Invention The ability to amplify the quantity of nucleic acid, especially specific nucleic acid sequences, in a sample is an important aspect of many molecular biology techniques and assays. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), US 4,683,195 and US 4,683,202 has been widely used to achieve amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences. In this method a mixture of nucleic acid sequences is mixed with two short oligodeoxynucleotide primers which specify the specific sequences are to be amplified. Many of the previous methods are related to amplification of DNA. However, there have been increasing attempts to amplify target RNA molecules. The amplification of RNA is important in areas such as expression analysis and viral detection. One technique involved in amplification of RNA is called RT-PCR. In this technique RNA molecules are copied into complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences by the action of reverse transcriptase. The cDNA is then amplified by DNA polymerase in conjunction with appropriate primers. A separate methodology has been described by Van Gelder et al. US 5,545,522, US 5,716,785 and US 5,891,636. Here RNA target molecules are reverse transcribed into cDNA by reverse transcriptase in conjunction with a primer which also combines a promoter sequence for T7 RNA polymerase. After double stranded cDNA has been produced, T7 RNA polymerase is added and multiple copies of complementary RNA (cRNA) are produced by transcription. The method described by Van Gelder et al requires cDNA synthesis and is multi-step, requiring reverse transcriptase, RNAse, polymerase and ligase and also requires a purification step in the middle of the protocol. These additional steps add to the complexity and also cost of the synthesis of cRNA. Recently it has been demonstrated that DNA dependent RNA polymerases (RNA polymerases) can replicate short fragments of RNA by transcription if the RNA molecule to be transcribed is attached to a double stranded DNA promoter. After transcription initiation by the RNA polymerase on the double stranded DNA region, transcription proceeds across WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 the RNA-DNA junction and through the RNA region with no observable loss of speed or processivity. Additionally, the template RNA being transcribed can be single stranded RNA, double stranded RNA, or a DNA:RNA heteroduplex. The only requirement for this process being that the RNA polymerase must initiate transcription on a double stranded DNA 5 segment (Arnaud-Barbe, et al. Nucleic Acid Research 26 3550-3554 (1998)). DNA ligases catalyze the joining of DNA strands to one another, while RNA ligases catalyze the joining of RNA strands to one another. It is a common misconception that DNA ligase is very inefficient at ligation of DNA to RNA strands. It has been demonstrated, however, that 10 DNA ligase catalyzes the efficient joining of 3'-OH-terminated RNA to 5'-phosphate terminated DNA on a DNA scaffold (Arnaud-Barbe, et al, 1998). DNA ligase is much less effective at joining 3'-OH-terminated DNA to 5-phosphate-terminated RNA (much like the nick present during Okazaki strand maturation prior to RNA primer removal) and is extremely weak at phosphodiester formation between two RNA strands (Sekiguchi and Shuman. 15 Biochem 36: 9073-9079 (1997)). Nath and Hurwitz JBC 249 3680 - 3688 (1974) described the covalent ligation of the 3'-OH of polyA to the 5'-phosphate of polydA provided a polydT sequence was present to provide hybridisation using either E-coli DNA ligase or T4 DNA ligase. Similar observations were 20 reported by Fareed et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 246 925 (1971)). Summary of the Invention At least one example embodiment of the present invention removes some of the steps mentioned in the previous amplification methods. Also the previous methods described to 25 purify polyadenylated (poly(A)) mRNA do not attach the oligo(dT) sequence to RNA by a covalent bond, they only use base pairing (hydrogen bonding, which is not covalent) so buffer conditions need to be gentle. If ligation of sequence to end of RNA is used it results in very stable covalent attachment, allowing more stringent buffer conditions to be used. The methods described involve the production of a nucleic acid structure and its subsequent 30 use in the purification and amplification of nucleic acid. The methods require a DNA sequence that comprises a double stranded region and a single stranded region. The single stranded region is complementary to the RNA sequence of interest. The RNA sequence is then hybridized to the single stranded region of the DNA sequence and then the two sequences are ligated in a novel procedure to produce an RNA-DNA molecule. The DNA 35 sequence also contains an additional feature depending on the future use of the RNA-DNA molecule produced. 2 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Embodiments also include methods whereby the 3' end of RNA is first ligated to a double stranded DNA oligonucleotide containing a promoter sequence. This double stranded DNA oligonucleotide contains a promoter for RNA polymerase within the double stranded region that is followed by a segment of single stranded DNA forming a 3' overhang. When the 3' 5 overhang contains a string of thymidine residues, the single stranded portion of the double stranded DNA will hybridize to the 3' end of messenger RNA (mRNA) poly(A) tails. After the addition of ligase mRNA will have one strand of this double stranded DNA sequence ligated to the 3' end. When an RNA polymerase is added, these hybrid molecules will be efficiently transcribed to synthesize cRNA. As transcription reactions using RNA polymerase typically 10 transcribe each template multiple times, this method allows for effective RNA amplification. Another method similar to that described above involves the ligation of the DNA oligonucleotide to the RNA as described. However, the DNA oligonucleotide is either attached to a solid support or contains an affinity tag. This allows for very efficient covalent 15 attachment and/or capture of RNA molecules, which can be used for any of a variety of purposes. Yet another method utilizes the ligation and subsequent transcription to create complementary RNA containing a user-defined sequence at the 5' end of the cRNA. This 20 sequence "tag" is placed between the RNA polymerase promoter and the 3' end of the ligated RNA molecule. The user-defined sequence can be used for purification or identification or other sequence specific manipulations of this cRNA. If this cRNA product is subsequently ligated and re-amplified according to the described method, the resulting doubly-amplified product will be "sense", with respect to the original sense template and this 25 new product can have two separate user-defined sequences located at it's 5' ends. These sequences can be used for synthesis of cDNA, allowing for full-length synthesis and directional cloning. Those skilled in the art will understand that either with or without the user defined sequences, this double amplification method can provide a significant increase in RNA amount, allowing for analysis of samples previously too small for consideration. 30 Brief Description of the Fiqures Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the initial ligation and subsequent transcription reactions. 35 Figure 2 is a schematic representation of further ligation and transcription reactions. Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the methods to produce cDNA. 3 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Figure 4 shows results of volume density measurements. Figure 5 shows hybridisation results obtained from various on tissues on arrays. 5 Figure 6 shows results from Fig 5 in chart form. Figure 7 shows results of DNA and RNA before and after purification. 10 Figure 8 shows results obtained from HPLC analysis of exonuclease digested cRNA. All results were normalised to 'C'. Detailed Description of the Invention a) Outline 15 The methods described involve the novel production of a nucleic acid structure and its subsequent use in purification and amplification of nucleic acid. The methods require a DNA sequence that comprises both a double stranded region and a single stranded region. Note that this conformation may be formed by mixing two DNA oligos together or by using on oligo capable of forming a hairpin loop. The single stranded region is complementary to the RNA 20 sequence of interest and may contain either: 1) a poly(dT) sequence, e.g., 5'-d[... (T)x]-3' where X may be any whole number and '...' represents one strand of the preceding double stranded region, or 2) a poly(dT) sequence with variable nucleotide sequences at the 3' end, e.g., 5'-d[ ...TTT(V)x(N)x]-3' where V may be A, C, or G, N may be any of all four nucleotides, X may be any whole number and '...' represents one strand of the preceding double 25 stranded region. RNA is then hybridized to the single stranded region of the DNA sequence and the two sequences ligated in a novel procedure to produce an RNA-DNA molecule. One skilled in the art will recognize that the poly(dT) portion may be eliminated so that the composition of the single stranded would be 5'-d[... (V)x(N)x]-3', d[... (V)x]-3', or d[... (N)x]-3'. 30 b) Nucleic acid consideration The methods described have particular use in the amplification and purification of RNA. The RNA can come from a variety of sources but the methods are particularly suitable for eukaryotic mRNA containing polyA tails. For example the RNA can come from human or other animal sources and could be part of studies comparing RNA samples between healthy 35 and disease/infected populations or betweerh treated and control samples and could also include RNA for evaluation from individuals to aid in diagnostic procedures, disease vs healthy, cancer vs non, treated vs non for experimental, drug screening, infectious agent 4 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 screening. The RNA is usually a mixture of different RNA sequences from the sample and comprises RNA sequences with the four naturally occurring bases A,C,G and U. Other unusual or modified bases may also be present. 5 The generation of multiple copies of RNA, particularly labeled RNA, is important for a number of applications. These include situations where samples are limited such as fetal origin, aged persons, single cell or limited cell analysis, patient biopsy, high throughput laboratories, samples which are dilute, such as rare event screening such as cells in mixed samples such as cancer cells in blood during metastatic or pre- metastatic cancer, environmental samples 10 (biowarfare detection, water purity, food testing). c) Initial Hybridization and Liqation The RNA sample is mixed with a nucleic acid sequence that comprises or nucleic acid sequences that comprise a double stranded region and a single stranded region. The single 15 stranded region of the nucleic acid sequence hybridizes to the RNA. Ligation of one 5' end of the double stranded region of the nucleic acid to the 3' end of RNA is achieved by enzymatic means. The nucleic acid sequence used may be DNA, RNA, a combination of DNA and RNA or nucleic acid analogues such as PNA. The nucleic acid sequence may comprise two separate strands of different length or may be a single strand which contains a 20 hairpin structure allowing for the formation of a double stranded region and a single stranded region. For convenience a detailed description is provided where the nucleic acid sequence comprises DNA. As shown in fig, 1, the first step of the one example embodiment of the 25 present invention is to ligate a DNA sequence to the 3'end of mRNA sequence. This DNA sequence comprises a double strand region and a single stranded region. The single stranded region is used to hybridize the 3' end of the mRNA and position the double stranded region adjacent to the RNA sequence. As shown, the single stranded DNA (portion/region) may be composed of several T residues (poly dT) which then hybridize to the poly A tail of 30 the mRNA. The poly dT sequence can be 1 to 100 long, more preferably 3 to 25 long, It has been found that the ligation of the DNA sequence to the 3' end of the mRNA can be achieved by the use of many different DNA or RNA ligase enzymes. T4 DNA ligase has been shown to be particularly suitable. The recessed 5' end of the DNA requires a 35 phosphate group for successful ligation. 5 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Depending on the intended use for the RNA-DNA molecule which is later produced, the double stranded DNA portion/region of the molecule comprises at least one of the following features. In a first instance an affinity tag may be present which allows the separation and purification of the RNA-DNA molecule and hence provides a simple method of RNA 5 purification. Examples of affinity tags include biotin which can be bound to avidin or streptavidin coated supports or other tag/binding partners e.g. His tags or antibodies and other systems well known to those skilled in the art. The affinity tag may be present at the 3' end of the ligated DNA. 10 Secondly a promoter sequence for RNA polymerase activity can be incorporated into the double stranded DNA sequence. These are well known and the most preferable sequence is the one for T7 RNA polymerase although sequences for SP6 or T3 RNA can be used. Indeed any DNA dependent RNA polymerase that requires a double stranded promoter sequence for the initiation of RNA synthesis recognition would function in this system. The 15 RNA polymerase promoter is ideally located 1-40 base pairs from the 5' end of the oligonucleotide. Additionally, a tag region (depicted as Tag #1 in figure 1) can be introduced into the double stranded DNA region downstream from the site of transcription, prior to the RNA-DNA 20 function. This region which allows for the subsequent manipulation of the nucleic acid structure that has been produced by ligation or ligation followed by amplification. One example of a Tag region is a nucleotide sequence for restriction enzyme cleavage. Other examples of tag regions include nucleotide sequences for binding of other protein molecules. 25 It is also possible that the hybridisation/annealing of the double stranded DNA sequence to the RNA is stimulated by a double stranded DNA sequence located immediately adjacent to the subsequent ligation point which contains a nucleotide sequence which is involved in co operative binding of nucleic acid sequences. 30 Further examples of a Tag could be dyes or radioactivity. 6 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 d) Purification If a suitable affinity tag has been included in the nucleic acid sequence, preferably at the 3' end of the nucleic acid sequence, which is subsequently ligated to the RNA sequence then purification of the ligated RNA - nucleic acid molecule can be achieved. In some 5 embodiments the nucleic acid sequence comprises DNA, preferably double stranded DNA. The affinity tag is preferably included in the double stranded DNA region of the DNA sequence so that possible interference of hybridization to the RNA is minimized. Because the RNA is ligated to the nucleic acid sequence and hence indirectly to the affinity tag then much more stringent purification conditions can be used compared with other methods which 10 rely on base pairing (hydrogen bonding) of the. RNA. This is schematically represented in the first part of figure 1. If the only intended use is in purification the double strand DNA region need not contain an RNA polymerase promoter region. The affinity tag can include examples such as biotin, digoxigen, fluorescein, His Tags and many other well known in the art. 15 e) Amplification As shown in figure 1 the ligated DNA - RNA molecule can serve as a template for RNA synthesis using the promoter sequence contained in the ligated double stranded DNA molecule. Different RNA polymerases may be used but T7 RNA polymerase is preferred. 20 Transcription of the ligated DNA - RNA molecules produces multiple copies of RNA complimentary to the original starting mRNA sequence i.e., it is an antisense strand cRNA. A tag region [shown as Tag #1] can also have been introduced into the 5' region of the cRNA. f) Subsequent hybridization and ligation 25 As shown in figure 2 the 5' tagged cRNA [antisense strand] produced by the reaction scheme of figure 1 can now be hybridized and ligated to a further DNA sequence. This DNA sequence is of generally the same DNA structure as shown in figure 1 but as shown in figure 2 the single stranded region is not poly dT but is composed of a random sequence of bases which acts to hybridize to 3' end of the antisense strand. In addition the single stranded DNA 30 region may also have a specific known sequence so that a specific RNA is amplified. The double stranded region may contain a different Tag region designated Tag 2 but the Tag may be the same as Tag 1 used previously. It is of course possible to the use the method for amplification without the use of any Tags. The promoter sequence may be the same as the 35 sequence used previously and is preferably the same but however a different promoter sequence may be used. After hybridization the mixture is ligated with T4 DNA ligase to produce a ligated cRNA-DNA hybrid. 7 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 The ligated cRNA - DNA can then be used to transcribe multiple copies of RNA using the appropriate RNA polymerase. T7 RNA polymerase is suitable for this step but SP6 RNA polymerase, T3 RNA polymerase and E. coli RNA polymerase may also be used. The RNA 5 produced in this reaction is in the same sense as the starting RNA shown in figure but is present in multiple copies and can have two different Tag regions present as shown in figure 2. g) cDNA synthesis 10 The RNA produced as described in figure 2 or for that matter any of the figures, can be used to produce cDNA as shown in figure 3. The RNA is hybridized with a single stranded DNA primer containing the compliment to the Tag#1 sequence. The RNA-DNA hybrid is then used to synthesize first strand cDNA using reverse transcriptase and dNTPs. Once first strand cDNA synthesis is complete, RNAse is used to remove the RNA of the heteroduplex. 15 Second strand synthesis is done using Tag#2 primer DNA polymerase and dNTPs which produces full length cDNA which has the a Tag sequence at both ends. The cDNA has multiple uses including protein expression, RNA splice site analysis and gene discovery. h) Removal of nucleic acid sequences 20 For many applications it may be desirable to remove unused nucleic acid sequences. For example, DNA sequences which did not ligate to the RNA can be removed by treating the reaction products at the appropriate stage with a suitable exonuclease such as lambda exonuclease or T7 gene 6 exonuclease. 25 i) Nucleotide considerations For many of the applications described the standard nucleotides eg rNTPs (UTP, ATP, GTP and CTP) or dNTPs (TTP, dATP, dGTP and dCTP) may be used. However, it is possible for some applications that it will be desirable to add nucleotide analogues such as methylated nucleotides or nucleotides such as rNTPaS or dNTPaS. A mixture of standard nucleotides 30 and nucleotide analogues may be appropriate. j) Further considerations The skilled person will realize that further variations to components and of the method are possible. 35 The DNA sequence comprising a double stranded and single stranded regions may be further modified to contain nucleotide analogues which are resistant to exonuclease 8 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 degradation. In this circumstance, it is preferred to have the modified nucleotide analogues in the DNA strand which does not ligate to the target RNA. In some methods it is also possible to add additional complementary top strand 5 oligonucleotides either before or after exonuclease digestion. It is also possible to add additional oligonucleotides to the transcription reactions. The additional oligonucleotides may be polyA or polydA although other sequences are possible. 10 The ligated DNA-cRNA molecule produced by the methods described may also be treated with reverse transcriptase prior to transcription. The RNA produced in any of the methods described (either cRNA or amplified target RNA) can be used for a variety of purposes including the use of immobilised nucleic acid, 15 especially in microarray format, for the purpose of RNA analysis. The input RNA can be treated with an RNase in the presence of an oligonucleotide such the RNA is nicked at a specific location defined by the oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide may contain methylated nucleotides in addition to standard nucleotides. The oligonucleotide may 20 contain a randomized sequence of bases or a specific defined sequence. This method is disclosed in example 11. The method comprises hybridizing an oligodeoxyribonucleotide which contains natural and modified nucleotides to an RNA sequence, contacting the resulting RNA - DNA hybrid with an agent that specifically nicks only the RNA strand and ligating a DNA sequence to the trimmed RNA 3' tail. The 25 oligodeoxynucleotide should ideally be greater than eight nucleotides long and the nucleotides which are modified can be modified by methylation of 2'-OH group. The agent used to nick only the RNA strand is preferably RNAse H. The nicked RNA produced by this embodiment can then be used in the previous embodiments to produce amplified quantities of the RNA which can be labeled by the methods outlined previously as appropriate. 30 Examples The present examples are provided for illustrative purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. All references given below and elsewhere in the present specification are hereby included 35 herein by reference. 9 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Materials Water All water used in these examples, including water used to prepare electrophoresis buffer, had been treated with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) and autoclaved to remove any 5 contaminating RNA nucleases. The water used in preparation of ligation or transcription reactions was DEPC-treated and obtained from Ambion. PT71VS5 (Qiagen Operon) Oligo SEQ ID NO:1 10 5'-d[GTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAG(T) 2 4]-3'. The deoxyribooligonucleotide (oligo) is composed of three parts. 1) The promoter sequence for T7 RNA polymerase is indicated in bold (Lopez, et al. J.Mol.Biol. 269: 41-51 (1997). 2) A five base intervening sequence (IVS), or that sequence complementary to the start site 15 of transcription to where the poly(dT) sequence starts, is indicated in italics. 3) A 24 base poly(dT) sequence (T 24 ), or the sequence used to "capture" the mRNA 3' poly(rA) tail, is underlined. cPT71VS5 (Qiagen Operon) 20 Oligo SEQ ID NO:2 5'-Phosphate-d[AAAA CTCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAC]-3' The oligo is composed of four parts and is the template for RNA synthesis. 1) The 5' phosphate group participates in covalent bond formation with the 3' hydroxyl group of mRNA. 25 2) Four dA residues in a row in italics promote complementary binding of the 3' poly(rA) tail of mRNA. 3) The first base transcribed by the RNA polymerase is indicated by the underlined C. Synthesis would proceed towards the 5' end of the cPT71VS5 oligo into the attached mRNA sequence. 30 4) Sequence complementary to the promoter sequence is indicated in bold. PT71VS15 (Qiagen Operon) Oligo SEQ ID NO:3 5'-d[AAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGA GA CCA CAA CGG(I) 24 ]-3' 35 The oligo is composed of three parts. 1) The promoter sequence for T7 RNA polymerase is indicated in bold. 10 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 2) A 15 base IVS, or that sequence complementary to the start site of transcription to where the poly(dT) sequence starts, is italicized. 3) A 24 base poly(dT) sequence (T 2 4 ), or the sequence used to "capture" the mRNA 3' poly(rA) tail, is underlined. 5 cPT71VS15 (Qiagen Operon) Oligo SEQ ID NO:4 5'-Phosphate-d[AAAACCGTTGTGGTCTCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAATTT]-3' The oligo is composed of four parts and is the template for RNA synthesis. 10 1) The 5' phosphate group participates in covalent bond formation with the 3' hydroxyl group of mRNA. 2) Four dA residues in a row in italics promote complementary binding of the 3' poly(rA) tail of mRNA. 3) The first base transcribed by the RNA polymerase is indicated by the underlined C. 15 Synthesis would proceed towards the 5' end of the cPT71VS5 oligo through the IVS into the attached mRNA sequence. 4) Sequence complementary to the promoter sequence is indicated in bold.

RNA

35 (Dharmacon) 20 Oligo SEQ ID NO:5 5'-r[UGUUG(U)301-3' A synthetic RNA designed to test ligation and transcription reactions. The 3'-hydroxyl of this molecule becomes joined to the 5'-phosphate group of the cPT7 oligos (IVS5 or IVS15) through the actions of a ligase enzyme. 25

RNA

65 (Dharmacon) Oligo SEQ ID NO:6 5'-r[UACAACGUCGUGACUGGGAAAAC(A) 42 ]-3' A synthetic RNA designed to test ligation and transcription reactions. The 3'-hydroxyl of this 30 molecule becomes joined to the 5'-phosphate group of the cPT7 oligos (IVS5 or IVS15) through the actions of a ligase enzyme. PT3w/T24 (Qiagen Operon) Oligo SEQ ID NO:7 35 5'-d[AAATAATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGAGACCACAACGG(I) 24 ]-3' The oligo is composed of three parts. 11 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 1) The promoter sequence for T3 RNA polymerase is indicated in bold (Ling M-L, et a. Nucl.Acids Res 17: 1605-1618.(1989). 2) A 15 base IVS, or that sequence complementary to the start site of transcription to where the poly(dT) sequence starts, is italicized. 5 3) A 24 base poly(dT) sequence (T 24 ), or the sequence used to "capture" the mRNA 3' poly(rA) tail, is underlined. cPT3 (Qiagen Operon) Oligo SEQ ID NO:8 10 5'-Phosphate-d[AAAACCGTTGTGGTCTCCCTTTAGTGAGGGTTAATTATTT]-3' The oligo is composed of four parts and is the template for RNA synthesis. 1) The 5' phosphate group participates in covalent bond formation with the 3' hydroxyl group of mRNA. 2) Four dA residues in a row in italics promote complementary binding of the 3' poly(rA) tail 15 of mRNA. 3) The first base transcribed by the RNA polymerase is indicated by the underlined C. Synthesis would proceed towards the 5' end of the cPT71VS5 oligo through the IVS into the attached mRNA sequence. 4) Sequence complementary to the promoter sequence is indicated in bold. 20 poly dA 20 (Integrated DNA Technologies, INC.; IDT) Oligo SEQ ID NO:9 5'-d[AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA]-3' 25 Biotin-cPT71VS15 (Qiagen Operon) Oligo SEQ ID NO:10 5'-Phosphate-d[AAAACCGTTGTGGTCTCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAATTT]-Biotin-3' The oligo is composed of five parts and is the template for RNA synthesis. 1) The 5' phosphate group participates in covalent bond formation with the 3' hydroxyl group 30 of mRNA. 2) Four dA residues in a row in italics promote complementary binding of the 3' poly(rA) tail of mRNA. 3) The first base transcribed by the RNA polymerase is indicated by the underlined C. Synthesis would proceed towards the 5' end of the Biotin-cPT71VS15 oligo through the 35 IVS into the attached mRNA sequence. 4) Sequence complementary to the promoter sequence is indicated in bold. 12 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 5) A biotin group has been attached to the 5 position on the base of the ultimate 3' 'T' residue. OHThioPT71VS25 (Qiagen Operon) 5 Oligo SEQ ID NO:11 5'-d[A*A*AAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGA GTAA TA GGACTCA CTA TA GGG(I)]-3' The oligo is composed of four parts. 1) Two overhanging 'A' residues linked by phosphorothioate bonds (*). 2) The promoter sequence for T7 RNA polymerase is indicated in bold. 10 3) A 25 base IVS, or that sequence complementary to the start site of transcription to where the poly(dT) sequence starts, is italicized. 4) A 24 base poly(dT) sequence (T 2 4, or the sequence used to "capture" the mRNA 3' poly(rA) tail, is underlined. 15 HT-Ill 10c Oligo SEQ ID NO:12 5'-mUmUmUdTdTdTdTdTdVmN-3' The oligo is composed of four parts. 1) Three 2'-O-methyl uridine monophosphate residues and five deoxythmidine 20 monophosphate residues target the oligo to the polyA tail of mRNA. 2) dV and mN are degenerate bases, dV being only A', 'C', or 'G' and mN being all four bases with a 2'-O-methylation, that anchor the oligo to the last two bases of the mRNA message just 5' to the poly(A) tail. 3) The methylated residues prevent RNase H from nicking the mRNA outside the dT region. 25 4) Five dT residues allow RNase H to bind and target nicking of the mRNA within this region. HT-Ill 10d Oligo SEQ ID NO:13 5'-mUmUmUdTdTdTdTdTdVdN-3' 30 The oligo is composed of four parts. 1) Three 2'-O-methyl uridine monophosphate residues and five deoxythmidine monophosphate residues target the oligo to the polyA tail of mRNA. 2) dV and N are degenerate bases, dV being only 'A', 'C', or 'G' and N being all four bases, that anchor the oligo to the last two bases of the mRNA message just 5' to the polyA tail. 35 3) The 2'-0-methyl residues prevent RNase H from nicking the mRNA outside the dT region. 4) Five dT residues allow RNase H to bind and target nicking of the mRNA within this region. 13 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 HT-ll1 10g Oligo SEQ ID NO:14 5'-mUmUmUmUdTdTdTdTdVmN-3' The oligo is composed of four parts. 5 1) Four 2'-O-methyl uridine monophosphate residues and four deoxythmidine monophosphate residues target the oligo to the polyA tail of mRNA. 2) dV and mN are degenerate bases, dV being only 'A', 'C', or 'G' and mN being all four bases with a 2'-O-methylation, that anchor the oligo to the last two bases of the mRNA message just 5' to the polyA tail. 10 3) The 2'-O-methyl residues prevent RNase H from nicking the mRNA outside the dT region. 4) Four dT residues allow RNase H to bind and target nicking of the mRNA within this region. HT-1ll B5 15 Oligo SEQ ID NO:15 5'-d[CGCAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGA GA CCA CAACGGTTTVN]-3' The oligo is composed of four parts. 1) The promoter sequence for T7 RNA polymerase is indicated in bold. 2) A 15 base IVS, or that sequence complementary to the start site of transcription to where 20 the poly(dT) sequence starts, is italicized. 3) A 3 base poly(dT) sequence, or part of the sequence used to "capture" the mRNA 3' poly(rA) tail, is underlined. 4) V and N are degenerate bases, V being only 'A', 'C', or 'G' and N being all four bases, that anchor the oligo to the last two bases of the mRNA message just 5' to the polyA tail. 25 cpT7'-IR 15 -(NoA)5'P Oligo SEQ ID NO:16 5'-Phosphate-d[CCG TTGTGGTCTCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAATTTGCG]-3' The oligo is composed of four parts and is the template for RNA synthesis. 30 1) The 5' phosphate group participates in covalent bond formation with the 3' hydroxyl group of mRNA. 2) The first base transcribed by the RNA polymerase is indicated by the underlined C. Synthesis would proceed towards the 5' end of the cPT71VS5 oligo through the IVS into the attached mRNA sequence. 35 3) Sequence complementary to the promoter sequence is indicated in bold. 4) A 15 base IVS is indicated by italics. 14 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 HT-111 10f Oligo SEQ ID NO:17 5'-mUmUmUmUmUdTdTdTdVmN The oligo is composed of four parts. 5 1) Five 2'-0-methyl uridine monophosphate residues and four deoxythmidine monophosphate residues target the oligo to the polyA tail of mRNA. 2) dV and mN are degenerate bases, dV being only 'A', 'C', or 'G' and mN being all four bases with a 2'-O-methylation, that anchor the oligo to the last two bases of the mRNA message just 5' to the polyA tail. 10 3) The 2'-O-methyl residues prevent RNase H from nicking the mRNA outside the dT region. 4) Three dT residues allow RNase H to bind and target nicking of the mRNA within this region. Ligase 15 Any enzyme capable of forming intra- or inter-molecular covalent bonds between a 5' phosphate group on a nucleic acid and a 3'-hydroxyl group on a nucleic acid. The examples include T4 DNA Ligase, T4 RNA Ligase and E.coli DNA Ligase. Example 1: Ligation of Double Stranded DNA to Synthetic RNA 20 All ligation reaction components except E.coliDNA Ligase (New England Biolabs; 10 units/pL) were mixed as indicated in Table 1. The reactions were heated at 60*C for five minutes and allowed to cool to room temperature. E.coli DNA Ligase was added to the appropriate tubes and the reactions incubated at 300C for two hours. Each reaction was 25 stopped by the addition of I pL RNase-free 0.5,M EDTA (US Biochemicals, Inc.). Table 1. Ligation reaction formulations for Example 1. Component 4 I ID-+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Water (Ambion) 16 pI 15 p1 16 pl 15 p1 14 pl 13 pl 15 pl 10X E.coli Ligase Buffer 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl SUPERase In (Ambion 20 1 pl 1 p 1 pl 1 pI 1 pl 1 pI 1 pI Units/pl) PT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pl 1 pl 1 pl cPT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pI 1 pl 1 pl

RNA

35 (16 pmol/pl) 3 pl 3 pl E.coli Ligase 1 p 1 1 p1 1 pl Total Volume 20 pl 20 pl 20 p 20 pl 20 pl 20 p 20 pl 15 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Component 4/ID-- 8 9 10 11 12 Water 14 pl 12 pl 11 pI 15 pl 14 pl 1OX E.coli Ligase Buffer 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl SUPERase In I pi 1 p 1 pl i 1 1 pI PT7IVS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pl 1 p1 1 p1 1 pI 1 p1 cPT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pI 1 pl 1 p1

RNA

3 s (16 pmol/pl) 3 pl 3 pl 3 pl 3 pl E.coli Ligase 1 pl 1 p1 1 p1 Total Volume 20 pl 20 pl 20 p 20 pl 20 pl Five microliter samples of every reaction were mixed with 5 pl of Gel Loading Buffer 11 (Ambion) and heat denatured at 95*C for two minutes. The entire amount of each sample 5 was loaded into separate wells of 15% acrylamide, 7M urea TBE gels (Invitrogen) and subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature following the manufacturer's recommendations. Samples were loaded in numerical order from left to right, respectively, with DNA molecular weight makers interspersed. Electrophoresis was stopped when the bromophenol blue (BPB) loading dye was at the bottom of the gel. Each gel was stained by 10 soaking in a 1:200 dilution of SYBR Gold Dye (Molecular Probes) in water for 10 minutes. After staining the gels were rinsed with distilled water and the DNA bands visualized by scanning in a TyphoonTM 8600 Variable Mode Imager (Typhoon; GE Healthcare Bio Sciences). 15 The gels were scanned using the green (532) laser and fluorescein 526 SP emission filter. The DNA molecular weight markers are a mixture of 100 Base-Pair Ladder (0.5 pg), Homo Oligomeric pd(A) 40

.

60 (1.25 X 10~3 A 2 6 0 Units) and Oligo Sizing Markers (8-32 bases; 0.75 pl; all from GE Healthcare Bio-sciences). The results show that the three separate nucleic acid 20 components of the ligation reaction do not form self-ligation products: The results also show a band of the appropriate size (75 bases) in the complete reaction to be the expected product of the cPT71VS15 and RNA 35 ligation (DNA:RNA hybrid). Example 2: Three Different Ligases Will Ligate Double Stranded DNA to RNA 25 All ligation reaction components except the ligase enzymes were mixed as indicated in Table 2. The reactions were heated at 600C for five minutes and allowed to cool to room temperature. Different ligase enzymes were added to the appropriate tubes and the reactions 16 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 incubated at 30"C for two hours. Each reaction was stopped by the addition of 1 pi RNase free 0.5 M EDTA (US Biochemicals, Inc.). Table 2. Ligation reaction formulations for Example 2. 1Ox ligation buffers were supplied with 5 the enzymes. Component 4ID -+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Water 10 pi 9 pl 12 pl 11 pl 12 pl 11 pi 13 pl 12 pl 1OX E.coli Ligase Buffer 2 pl 2 pl lOX T4 DNA Ligase 2 pl 2 pl Buffer 1OX T4 RNA Ligase 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl Buffer SUPERase In 1 pI 1 1 pI 1 pi 1 pi 1 pI 1 pI 1 pI (Ambion 20 Units/pl) 5 mM NAD 2 pl 2 pI PT71VS15 (15 pmol/p) 1 pl 1 pI 1 pI 1 p1 1 pl 1 pl cPT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pl 1 pI 1 pI 1 pl 1 pl 1 p1 1 pI 1 p1

RNA

35 (16 pmollpl) 3 pl 3 p1 3 pl 3 pl 3 p1 3 pl 3 pl 3 pl E.coli Ligase 1 p 1 (NEBL 10 Units/pl) T4 DNA Ligase 1 pl (NEBL 400 Units/pl) T4 RNA Ligase 1 pI 1 pl (NEBL 10 Units/pl) Total Volume 20 pl 20 pl 2 0 pl 20 pl 20p 2 pl 20 pl Five microliter samples of every reaction were mixed with 5 pl of Gel Loading Buffer Il (Ambion) and heat denatured at 95 0 C for two minutes. The entire amount of each sample was loaded into separate wells of a 15% acrylamide, 7M urea TBE gel (Invitrogen) and 10 subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature following the manufacturer's recommendations. Samples were loaded in numerical order from left to right, respectively, with DNA molecular weight makers interspersed. Electrophoresis was stopped when the BPB loading dye was at the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained by soaking in a 1:200 dilution of SYBR Gold Dye (Molecular Probes) in water for 10 minutes. After staining the gel 15 was rinsed in distilled water and the DNA bands visualized by scanning in a Typhoon (GE Healthcare Bio-sciences). The gel was scanned using the same parameters as in Example 1. 17 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 The results show ligation products were produced indicating that all three ligases function to ligate a DNA 5'-phosphate group to an RNA 3'-hydroxyl group. No ligation product was seen in reaction lacking the PT71VS15 oligo. 5 Example 3: Ligated RNA Can Be Transcribed All ligation reaction components except E.coli DNA Ligase were mixed as indicated in Table 3. The reactions were heated at 60*C for five minutes and allowed to cool to room temperature. E.coli DNA Ligase was added to the appropriate tubes and the reactions 10 incubated at 160C for two hours. Each reaction was stopped by the addition of 1 pl RNase free 0.5 M EDTA (US Biochemicals, Inc.). Table 3. Ligation reaction formulations for Example 3. Component4 lD-* 1 2 3 4 Water 12 p 1 11 pl 12 pi 11 pl lOX E.coli Ligase Buffer 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl SUPERaseIn 1lP 1pI 1 pI 1pI PT71VS5 (15 pmollpl) 1 pl 1 pl cPT71VS5 (5 pmollpl) 1 pl 1 pl PT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pl 1 pl cPT71VS15 (5 pmol/pl) 1 pl 1 pl

RNA

35 (5 pmol/pl) 3 pl 3 p 3 pl 3 pl E.coli Ligase 1 pl 1 pl Total Volume 20 pl 20 pl 20 pl 20 pl 15 Five microliter samples of every reaction were mixed with 5 pl of Gel Loading Buffer II (Ambion) and heat denatured at 95*C for two minutes. The entire amount of each sample was loaded into separate wells of a 15% acrylamide, 7M urea TBE gel (Invitrogen) and subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature following the manufacturer's recommendations. Samples were loaded in numerical order from left to right, respectively, 20 with an RNA molecular weight maker (Decade TM Markers from Ambion) in lane 1. Electrophoresis was stopped when the BPB loading dye was at the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained by soaking in a 1:200 dilution of SYBR Gold Dye (Molecular Probes) in water for 10 minutes. After staining the gel was rinsed in distilled water and the DNA bands visualized by scanning in a Typhoon (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences). 25 The gel was scanned using the same parameters as in Example 1. Expected ligation products were seen from reactions 2 and 4, respectively. 18 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Amplification was accomplished using aliquots of reactions 2 and 4 and MEGAscriptTM T7 Kit (Ambion) as outlined in Table 4. All components were mixed together and incubated at 370C for one hour. 5 Table 4. Amplification reactions for Example 3. Component 4 /ID--+ 1 2 3 4 Water 2.6 pl 0.6 pl 2.6 pl 0.6 pi 10x Reaction Buffer 2 pl 2 p! 2 pl 2 pl SUPERase In 1pl 1 pl 1 pI 1 pI Example 3 Reaction 2 4 p1 4 pl Example 3 Reaction 4 4 pl 4 pl 20 mMMgCI 2 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 10 mM NTP Mix 6.4 pl 6.4 pl 6.4 p 1 6.4 pl T7 Enzyme Mix 2 pl 2 pl Total Volume 20 pl 20 pl 20 pl 20 pl Following incubation, reactions 2 and 4 were each split into equal aliquots. One aliquot of each reaction had 0.5 pl 0.5 M EDTA added and were stored on ice until gel analysis. The 10 remaining aliquots were heated at 700C for 5 minutes to inactivate the SUPERase In. Each heated aliquot had 1 pl of RNase A (44 Units; US Biochemical, Inc.) added and were incubated for 10 minutes at 37*C. The RNase digests were each stopped by the addition of 0.5 pl 0.5 M EDTA. Five microliter samples of every reaction were mixed with 5 pl of Gel Loading Buffer II (Ambion) and heat denatured at 950C for two minutes. The entire amount of 15 each sample was loaded into separate wells of a 15% acrylamide, 7M urea TBE gel (Invitrogen) and subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature following the manufacturer's recommendations. Electrophoresis was stopped when the BPB loading dye was approximately 2 cm from the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained by soaking in a 1:200 dilution of SYBR Gold Dye (Molecular Probes) in water for 10 minutes. After staining 20 the gel was rinsed in distilled water and the DNA bands visualized by scanning in a Typhoon (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences). The gel was scanned using the same parameters as in Example 1. Transcription reaction products from reactions 2 and 5, respectively were, in general, typical 25 of a T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) reaction. A runoff transcript of the expected 9 nucleotides (nt) was observed situated above the BPB dye. This short runoff transcript results from unligated PT71VS5 and cPT71VS5 oligos carried over from the ligation reaction. T7 RNAP is known to perform a non-templated addition of one nucleotide in runoff reactions (Arnaud 19 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Barbe, et al. 1998) and this was be seen just above the 9 nt product. Additionally, the RNAP, after binding to the double stranded DNA promoter, is also known to go through rounds of abortive transcription (Lopez, et al. 1997) until a long enough nascent transcript has been synthesized for the polymerase to clear the promoter. Abortive transcription products were 5 observed below the 9 nt product in some reactions. Surprisingly, this reaction contains no runoff transcript in the expected size range of 44 nt. Instead a smear of RNA was observed higher in the gel that suggests a heterodisperse population of product sizes (non-specific products). An RNA smear disappeared upon treatment with RNase A but the DNA bands remained. This smearing is another trait of T7 RNAP (Macdonald, et al., J.Mol.Biol. 10 232:1030-1047 (1993) and results from the enzyme slipping forward and backward during polymerization along homopolymeric templates. The same types of reaction products were observed in the transcriptions containing PT71VS15 and cPT71VS15 oligos (lane 6). An expected 19 nt runoff transcript from the 15 carryover of unligated oligos from the ligation reaction were observed (arrow) as well as smaller abortive transcripts. However, the non-templated addition of a nt was obscured by what appears to be a stuttering of the polymerase as it enters the RNA portion of the DNA:RNA hybrid. Again, no expected transcript size of 75 nt was observed , but rather an RNA smear that disappeared with RNase A treatment. The RNA smear was denser in some 20 reactions suggesting that the longer IVS allows the RNAP to enter the RNA portion of the DNA:RNA hybrid more efficiently. Example 4: Double Stranded DNA to mRNA 25 All components were mixed as indicated in Table 5 and incubated at 300C for 15 minutes. There was no annealing step included in this example. Besides ligation of cPT71VS15 to

RNA

35 , skeletal muscle polyA RNA (smRNA; Russian Cardiology Research and Development Center) was also used as a ligation target for this system. Each reaction was stopped by the addition of 1 pl RNase-free 0.5 M EDTA (US Biochemicals, Inc.). 20 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Table 5. Ligation reaction formulations for Example 4. The 1Ox Ligation Buffer and T4 DNA Ligase were certified RNase-free and supplied by Takara. ComponentilD-> 1 2 3 4 5 Water 3.9 p1 6.6 pl 2.9 pl 3.9 pl 2.9 pl 1Ox Ligation Buffer 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 p1 2 pl SUPERase In 1 pl 1 pI 1 pI 1 pl 1 pl PT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pI 1 p1 1 pl 1 pl cPT71VS15 (5 pmol/pl) 2.7 pl 2.7 pl 2.7 pI 2.7 pl smRNA (1 pglpl) 1 pI 1 pL 1 pl

RNA

35 (16 pmol/pl) 1pl 1 pI 50% PEG 8000 8.4 pl 8.4 pi 8.4 pl 8.4 pl 8.4 pl T4 DNA Ligase (350 Units/pl) 1 p1 1 p1 1 pI Total Volume 20 p 20 pl 20 pI 20 pl 20 pl Five microliter samples of every reaction were mixed with 5 pl of Gel Loading Buffer Il 5 (Ambion) and heat denatured at 950C for two minutes. The entire amount of each sample was loaded into separate wells of a 15% acrylamide, 7M,urea TBE gel (Invitrogen) and subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature following the manufacturer's recommendations. Electrophoresis was stopped when the BPB loading dye was approximately 2 cm from the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained by soaking in a 1:200 10 dilution of SYBR Gold Dye (Molecular Probes) in water for 10 minutes. After staining the gel was rinsed in distilled water and the DNA bands visualized by scanning in a Typhoon (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences). The gel was scanned using the same parameters as in Example 1. 15 The expected ligation product of the oligos with the RNA 35 was seen. Amplification was carried out using aliquots of reactions 1 and 3 and MEGAscript T M T7 Kit (Ambion) as outlined in Table 6. All components were mixed together and incubated at 37*C for one hour. 21 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Table 6. Reactions for Example 3. NTP Mix Component 75 mM ATP 2.8 pI 75 mM CTP 2.8 pl 75 mM GTP 2.8 pl 75 mM UTP 2.8 pl Total 11.2 pl Volume Rxn Setup Component 4 /ID 1 2 NTP Mix 11.2 11.2 pl p1 Water 15.8 15.8 pl pI 1Ox Transcription Buffer 4 pl 4 pl SUPERase In 1 p1 1 pl Ligation #1 4 pI Ligation #3 4 pt T7 Enzyme Mix 4 pl 4 pl Total Volume 40 pl 40 pl 5 The reactions were each stopped by the addition of 1 pl 0.5 M EDTA. Five microliter samples of every reaction were mixed with 5 pl of Gel Loading Buffer lI (Ambion) and heat denatured at 95*C for two minutes. The entire amount of each sample was loaded into separate wells of a 15% acrylamide, 7M urea TBE gel (Invitrogen) and subjected to electrophoresis at room 10 temperature following the manufacturer's recommendations. Electrophoresis was stopped when the BPB loading dye was approximately 2 cm from the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained by soaking in a 1:200 dilution of SYBR Gold Dye (Molecular Probes) in water for 10 minutes. After staining the gel was rinsed in distilled water and the DNA bands visualized by scanning in a Typhoon (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences). The gel was scanned using the same 15 parameters as in Example 1. The results show both run off and abortive transcripts as well as a single base non-templated nucleotide addition, much as was observed in Example 3. The RNA smear at the top of the 22 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 gel in some reactions, along with the relative decrease in intensity of the runoff transcript when compared to lane, suggests the capability of this system to both anneal to, ligate a double stranded DNA RNAP promoter to and transcribe complementary RNA from a DNA:mRNA hybrid. 5 Example 5: Fast Ligation Kinetics Ligation reactions were prepared as outlined in Table 7. A bulk mix was prepared containing all components of the reaction except T4 DNA ligase and 19 pl aliquoted into each of 7 tubes. 10 The zero time point had 1 pl of water and 1 pl 0.5 M EDTA added and was stored on ice until gel analysis. All remaining reactions had 1 pl T4 DNA Ligase (350 Units; Takara) added and were incubated at room temperature for between 30 seconds (") and 8 minutes ('). At the indicated time interval 1 pl of 0.5 M EDTA was added to the appropriate tube and the reaction placed on ice until gel analysis. 15 Table 7. Formulation of the bulk mix and reaction time intervals for Example 5. Component iX 8X Time Points Water 10.3 82.4 0 30" 60" 90" 2' 4' 8' p1 p1 1oX Ligation Buffer 2 pl 16 pl SUPERase In 1 pI 8 pl PT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pl 8 pl cPT7IVS15 (5 pmol/pl) 2.7 pl 21.6 pl

RNA

35 (16 pmol/pl) 1 pl 8 pl smRNA (1 pg/pl) 1 pl 8 pl Total Volume 19 pl 152 pl Five microliter samples of every reaction were mixed with 5 pL of Gel Loading Buffer 11 (Ambion) and heat denatured at 95*C for two minutes. The entire amount of each sample 20 was loaded into separate wells of a 15% acrylamide, 7M urea TBE gel (Invitrogen) and subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature following the manufacturer's recommendations. Electrophoresis was stopped when the BPB loading dye was at the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained by soaking in a 1:200 dilution of SYBR Gold Dye (Molecular Probes) in water for 10 minutes. After staining the gel was rinsed in distilled water 23 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 and the DNA bands visualized by scanning in a Typhoon. The gel was scanned using the same parameters as in Example 1. The appearance of the cPT7IVS15 RNA35 ligation product in as little as 30 seconds and the 5 fact that this ligation product did not appear to increase in intensity over time suggests very rapid reaction kinetics. Example 6: Amplification Yields Improve With The Addition Of Either EDTA or Citrate 10 Oligos used in the ligations for this example were first mixed together as outlined in Table 8. Ligation reactions were then prepared as outlined in Table 9. The ligations were mixed and incubated at 300C for 15 minutes. Ligation number 1 had 1 pl of 0.5 M EDTA added, while ligations 2-4 each had 2 pl 0.5 M EDTA added. Ligations 2-4 were pooled together and mixed well. 15 Table 8. Mixture of oligos for Example 6. Component iX lox PT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 pl 10 pl cPT71VS15 (5 pmol/pl) 2.7 p1 27 pl Total Volume 3.7 pl 37 pl Table 9. Ligation reactions for Example 6. Components/ ID-+ 1 2 3 4 Water 14.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 p1 p1 p1 pl 1OX Ligation Buffer 2 pl 4 pi 4 pl 4 pl SUPERase In 1 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl Oligo Mix (Table 8) 1.4 pl 1.

4 pl 1.

4 p 1.4 pl smRNA (1 pg/pl) 1 pl 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl T4 DNA Ligase (350 units/pl) 2 pl 2 pl 2 pl Total Volume 20 pl 40 pl 40 pl 40 pI 20 Amplification was accomplished using aliquots of the ligation reactions and MEGAscript T M T7 Kit (Ambion) as outlined in Table 10. All components were mixed together and incubated at 37 0 C for one hour. Each reaction was stopped by the addition of 2 pl 0.5 M EDTA. 24 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Table 10. Reactions for Example 6. Component 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / ID -+ Water 15.8 15.8 pl 14.8 pl 14.8 pl 13.8 pl 14.8 p 13.8 p 1 11.8 pI 7.8 pl pI NTP Mix (as 11.2 11.2 pl 11.2 pl 11.2 pl 11.2 p 11.2 pl 11.2 pl 11.2 pl 11.2 pl Example 4) pI 304 mM 1 plI 1 pI Citrate 324mMDTT 1pI 1pi 20mMEDTA PI .2p 4pl 8pI lox 4pl 4pl 4pl 4pl 4p1 4pI 4pl 4pI 4pl Transcription Buffer SUPERase In 1 pi 1 pi 1 pi 1 p I 1 pi 1 pI 1 pI I pI I pI Ligation #1 4 pl Ligation 2 + 3 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl +4 T7 Enzyme 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pi 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl Mix Total Volume 40 40 pl 40 pl 40 p11 40 l 40 p1 40 pl 40 pl 40pl p1 Gel analysis was as outlined for Example 5 using a 6% 7M urea TBE gel (Invitrogen). The 5 BPB dye was run to the bottom of the gel. Figure 8 is the fluorescent of the gel that was boxed off for volume density analysis using lmageQuant TM Version 5.2 software (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences). The gel was scanned using the same parameters as in Example 1. The results are shown in Figure 4. 10 Surprisingly, both citrate and EDTA were observed to stimulate yields from amplification reactions, as evidenced by an increase in volume density, using RNA as the template. Results suggest that other compounds observed to stimulate amplification reaction yields on DNA templates would also function with RNA templates. These compounds would include polyamine (US 2003/0073202) and nitrirotriacetic acid, uramil diacetic acid, trans-1,2 15 cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid, ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)ether diaminetetraacetic acid, triethylenetetraminehexaacetic acid and their salts (US 6,261,773). Additionally, other compounds with the ability to chelate metal ions, e.g., isocitrate, trans- 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid, and (ethylene dioxy)diethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, would also be expected to stimulate yields from 20 amplification reactions when used at the proper concentration. 25 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Example 7: Replication Kinetics In The Presence Of EDTA A kinetic study of amplification reactions in the presence or absence of EDTA was completed. Additionally, all the reactions contained biotin-1 1-UTP (Perkin Elmer Life Sciences). Ligations 5 and replication reactions were prepared as outlined in Table 11 A-C. The ligations were mixed and incubated at 300C for 15 minutes and then 60*C for 10 minutes to heat-kill the ligase. Bulk replication reactions were prepared with or without EDTA. Aliquots of 20 pL of each bulk mix were distributed to tubes for incubation. Zero time points immediately had 1 pl each of 0.5 M EDTA added and were stored at -80*C. The remaining tubes were incubated 10 for the following time intervals at 370C: 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 hours. Each reaction was stopped by the addition of 1 pl of 0.5 M EDTA and stored at -80*C until gel analysis (data not shown) and purification. Each reaction was purified by using MicroconTM YM-30 filter units (Millipore) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Following purification aliquots of each reaction had the absorbance determined at 260 nm. RNA yields were determined by multiplying the 15 absorbance reading times the dilution times 40 pg/ml Table 11. Ligation and Replicationreactions for Example 7. A. Oligo Mixture for Example 7. Component I iX loX PT71VS15 (15 pmol/pl) 1 p1 10 p1 cPT71VS15 (5 pmol/pl) 2.7 pl 27 pl Total Volume 3.7 pi 37 pl 20 B. Ligation Reactions for Example 7. Component i/ID- L1 Water 44 pi 10X Ligation Buffer 6 pl SUPERase In 2 pl Oligo Mix 2 pl smRNA (1 pg/pl) 3 pi T4 DNA Ligase (350 units/pl) 3 pl Total Volume 60 p1 25 26 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 C. Reaction preparation for Example 7. NTP Master Mix Component Volume 75 mM ATP 36 pl 75 mM CTP 36 pl 75 mM GTP 36 pl 75 mM UTP 28.8 pl Biotin-11-UTP 54 pl Total Volume 190.8 pl 5 Reaction Master Mixes Component 4 /ID A B Water 14 pl 7 pl 80 mM EDTA none 7 pl NTP Mix 74.2 74.2 pl p1 1OX Transcription Buffer 14 pl 14 pl SUPERase In 7 pl 7 pl Ligation Li 16.8 16.8 pl pl T7 RNAP Mix 14 pl 14 pl Total Volume 140 pl 140 pl The results showed an increase in RNA yield over several hours and also that RNA yield was increased at the 8 and 16 hour time points in the presence of EDTA. 10 Example 8: HPLC Analysis of Replication Products Products from Ligation-Based RNA Amplification reactions were analyzed by simultaneous digestion with two different RNA exonucleases and analyzed by HPLC. Digestions of 10 pg amplified RNA (cRNA) with both 2 pg snake venom phosphodiesterase and 0.6 Units 15 bacterial alkaline phosphatase (both from GE Healthcare Bio-sciences) were performed in 50 mM HEPES buffer, pH 8, and 15 mM MgCl 2 for 6 hours at 37*C. Additionally, 4 mM solutions of each nucleoside triphosphate were also digested as a reference. After digestion, the 60 pl reaction volumes were brought to 120 pl with water and purified using 0.2 pm nylon 27 WO- 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 AcrodiscTM syringe filters (Pall Life Sciences) to remove protein. Each digestion had between 20-40 pl injected into an HPLC connected to an XTerra@ MS C18 5 pm 4.6 X 100 mm column (Waters) with the buffer gradient profile in Table 12. Buffer A was 0.1 % triethyl ammonium acetate (Applied Biosystems, Inc.) and Buffer B was acetonitrile (VWR Scientific). 5 Table 12. Gradient Table for Nucleoside Analysis by HPLC in Example 8. Flow Time (ml/min) %A %B (min) 1 0 0.70 100.0 0.0 2 10.00 0.70 95.0 5.0 3 11.00 0.70 90.0 10.0 4 13.00 0.70 70.0 30.0 5 14.00 0.70 0.0 100.0 6 17.00 0.70 0.0 100.0 7 18.00 0.70 100 0.0 8 27.00 0.70 100 0.0 Using this solvent system, the order of nucleoside elution, earliest to latest, was 'C', 'U', 'G', 10 and 'A'. Original digestion data indicated that a non-specific product was synthesized when ligations and amplification reactions were performed as outlined in Example 6 Reaction 2 with incubation at 370C for 14 hours. This non-specific product was higher in 'A' and 'U' nucleosides as compared to control reactions performed using a DNA template. 15 The results showed HPLC traces between 2 minutes and 12 minutes of digested RNA for Example 8. A. Nucleosides only (used as a reference for elution time). B. Control reaction using a DNA template. C. Ligation-Based RNA Amplification material demonstrating a high 'A' and high 'U' non-specific product. 20 It was also observed that addition of either biotin-1 1-UTP or Cy5-UTP to Ligation-Based RNA Amplification reactions decreased the high 'U' peak of the non-specific product. Decrease in the high 'U' peak in RNA exonuclease digested Ligation-Based RNA Amplification reactions when biotin-11-UTP was included. A 25% biotin-11-UTP data were 28 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 generated using T3 RNA polymerase and oligos PT3w/T24 and cPT3. B 50% Cy5-UTP data were generated using T7 RNA polymerase. Various NTP analogs were tested in Ligation-Based RNA Amplification reactions in an 5 attempt to decrease the high 'A' peak observed in the RNA exonuclease digests. The analogs were substituted at concentrations between 100 % and 20 % with a concomitant decrease in the non-analog nucleoside. For example, if the nucleotide analog was substituted at a 25% concentration, then the corresponding nucleotide had its concentration dropped to 75%. Of the various analogs and concentrations tested (Table 13) only 2'-Amino 10 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-Triphosphate and 2-Aminoadenosine-5'-Tri phosphate (diaminopurine; DAP) were observed to decrease the high 'A' peak of the non-specific product. Table 13. NTP analogs and concentrations tested for Example 8. NTP Analog % Substitution of Corresponding NTP 5-Bromouridine-5'-Triphosphate 25 (SIGMA) 5-lodouridine-5'-Triphosphate (SIGMA) 50, 25 5-Bromocytidine-5'-Triphosphate 100, 75, 50, 25 5-lodocytidine-5'-Triphosphate 50, 25 N-Methyladenosine-5'-Triphosphate 75, 50, 25 2-Thiocytidine-5'-Triphosphate 100, 75, 50, 25 2'-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine-5'- 100, 75, 50, 25 Triphosphate 2'-Amino-2'-deoxycytidine-5'- 75, 50, 25 Triphosphate 2'-Azido-2'-deoxycytidine-5'- 75, 50, 25 Triphosphate 5-Methylurid ine-5'-Triphosphate 100, 75, 50, 25 2'-Amino-2'-deoxyuridine-5'- 25 Triphosphate 2'-O-methyluridine-5'-Triphosphate 75, 50, 25 2'-O-methylpseudouridine-5'- 75, 50, 25 Triphosphate Inosine-5'-Triphosphate 45, 22.5 29 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 2-Aminoadenosine-5'-Triphosphate 75, 50, 25 5-Aminoallyluridine-5'-Triphosphate 50, 25 2'-O-Methyl-5-methyluridine-5'- 75, 50, 25 Triphosphate It was observed that a decrease in the high 'A' peak upon digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase and bacterial alkaline phosphatase of Ligation-Based RNA Amplification reactions containing substitutions of either A 75% 2'-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine-5' 5 Triphosphate (and 25% ATP) or B 50% diaminopurine (and 50% ATP). C shows the migration of DAP alone in this HPLC solvent system. Whilst not being bound by theory it is possible that in the synthesis of poly 'A' poly 'U' non specific products in the Ligation-Based RNA Amplification reaction products contained two 10 parts: 1) the RNA polymerase slipped when transcribing the mRNA poly 'A' tail generating a poly 'U' RNA product, and 2) the poly 'U' RNA formed a duplex or triplex with the poly 'A' mRNA tail allowing the RNA polymerase to switch strands, transcribing the poly 'U' template and generating poly 'A' RNA. We predicted that by eliminating the poly 'U' from the strand switching reaction by adding a poly dA molecule to hybridize to it, the non-specific 'A' peak 15 would disappear. It was observed that was a decrease in non-specific 'A' peak with the addition of 6 pg poly dA 2 0 to the reaction as demonstrated by RNA exonuclease digestion and HPLC analysis of the resulting cRNA. Peak areas were normalized to 'C' before graphing. Control: reaction 20 without biotin-UTP or dA 20 . + B-UTP: reaction containing 25% biotin-UTP. + B-UTP + dA 2 0 : reaction containing both 25% biotin-UTP and 6 pg poly dA 20 . Additionally, that adding a low concentration of a denaturant to the reaction also appeared to prevent the poly 'U' product from annealing to the template RNA with a resulting decrease in 25 synthesis of poly 'A.' Results were obtained using RNA exonuclease digestion and resulting HPLC analysis when 0.0005% SDS was included in Ligation-Based RNA Amplification reactions. The results showed a decrease in non-specific 'A' peak with the addition of 0.0005% SDS to 30 the reaction as demonstrated by cRNA digestion with RNA exonuclease and HPLC analysis. 30 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Example 9: Microarray Analysis Of Transcribed Material Ligations were prepared as outlined in Table 14, 'A' and 'B', using rat total RNA from both kidney and liver (Russian Cardiology Research and Development Center). Components were 5 mixed and incubated at room temperature for 2 minutes. Ligations LI and L2 each had 1 pi Lambda Exonuclease (20 units/pl; diluted from 50 units/pi in 1X ligation buffer; NEBL) while ligations L3 and L4 each had 3 pl of Lambda Exonuclease added (T7 gene 6 protein also could be added here: data not shown). All ligations were then placed at 37*C and incubated for 30 minutes. Ligations LI and L2 each had 1.6 pL of 0.5 M EDTA (Ambion) added, while 10 ligations L3 and L4 each had 4.8 pl of 0.5 M EDTA added. The ligations were then incubated for 15.minutes at 65'C to heat-kill all the enzymes in the mixtures. Following these manipulations the total volumes were now 16.5 pl each for Li and L2 or 49.5 pi each for L3 and L4 with an EDTA concentration in each equal to approximately 48.48 mM. 15 Table 14. Ligations for Example 9. A. Oligo Mix Component Amt OHThioPT71VS25 (15 pmol/pl) 10 pl cPT7-PIVS25 (15 pmol/pl) 10 pl Water 17.5 pl Total Volume 37.5 pl B. Reactions Component . / ID - LI (XI) L2 (X1) L3 (X3) L4 (X3) Water 7.7 pl 7.7 pl 18.3 pl 18.3 pl 10x Ligation Buffer 1.6 pl 1.6 pl 4.8 pl 4.8 pl RNasin 1.6 pl 1.6 pl 4.8 pI 4.8 pl Oligo Mix 1 pI 1 pI 3 pl 3 pl Rat Kidney Total RNA (1 pg/pl) 1 p1 3 pl Rat Liver Total RNA (1 pg/pl) 1 pl 3 pl Bacterial Control mRNA 1 pl 1 pl 3 p1 3 pl T4 DNA Ligase (Takara 4.8 pl 4.8 pl #K2071BC) Total Volume 13.9 pl 13.9 pl 41.7 pl 41.7 pI 31 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Reactions were prepared as outlined in Table 15 using the ligated material prepared in Table 14. Reagents used in the reactions were from CodeLinkTMTM Expression Assay Reagent Kit, Manual Prep (GE Healthcare), except the 1OX Buffer. The 1OX buffer used in this example was composed of 400 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8.0 (Ambion), 300 mM MgCl 2 (Ambion), 100 mM 5 dithiothreitol (US Biochemical), and 20 mM spermidine (SIGMA). An 8X master mix of NTPs, biotin-1 1 -UTP, 1OX Buffer, dA 2 0 and T7 RNA polymerase was prepared based upon the 1X formulation in Table 15 A. Master Mix. This master mix was then aliquoted as outlined in Table 15 B. Reactions. Each reaction was incubated at 370C for 14 hours. 10 Table 15. Reactions prepared using the ligated material from Table 14. A. Master Mix Component X1 X8 Water 0.5 pl 4 pl 75 mM ATP 4 pl 3 2 pl 75mMCTP 4pl 32pl 75mMGTP 4pl 32pl 75 mM UTP 3 pi 24 pl 10 mM Biotin-1 1-UTP (PE Life 7.5 pl 60 pl Sciences) 1OX Buffer 5 pl 4 0 pl dA 2 0 (IDT; 6 pg/pl) 0.5 pI 4 T7 RNAP Mix 4 pl 32 pl Total Volume 32.5 pl 260 pl B. Reactions Component /ID T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Water 1 pI 1 pI 1 pI 1 pl 8X Master Mix 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 p1 p1 pl pl p1 pl Ligation LI 16.5 p1 Ligation L2 16.5 p1 Ligation L3 16.5 16.5 p1 pl 32 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Ligation L4 16.5 16.5 pl pli 0.025% SDS 1 pI 1 pi Total Volume 50 pI 50 pl 50 pl 50 pl 50 pl 50 pl When the incubations were complete, each reaction was purified using an RNeasy Column (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. An aliquot of each reaction was diluted either 1:7.5 (L1 and L2) or 1:30 (L3 - L6) in water and the absorbance determined at 260 nm. 5 Figure 16 demonstrates the cRNA yields from each reaction assuming that 1 A260 unit of RNA contains 40 pg/mL of material. The results showed the yields of cRNA obtained from reactions in Example 9. 10 Four micrograms from reactions L3 - L6 or as much volume as possible from Li and L2 were prepared for hybridization and hybridized to CodeLink T M ADME Rat Bioarray's (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer's instructions found in "CodeLinkTM Gene Expression System: 16 - Assay Bioarray Hybridization and Detection" rev. AA/2004-07 (GE Healthcare). Hybridizations were incubated at 37'C for just over 19 hours with shaking at 250 15 rpm. When the hybridizations were complete, each chamber was washed three times with 250 pl of 46*C 0.75X TNT buffer (IX TNT Buffer is 0.1 M Tris-HCI, pH 7.6, 0.15 M NaCl and 0.05% Tween 20). Following the washes, 250 pl on 460C 0.75X TNT Buffer was added to each chamber, the slides sealed and incubated at 460C for no longer than 10 minutes. The 0.75X TNT Buffer was removed and each chamber washed once with 250 pl of Cy5 20 Streptavadin conjugate (GE Healthcare) in TNB Buffer prepared as outlined in Table 16. TNB Buffer is 0.1 M Tris-HCI, pH 7.6, 0.15 M NaCI and 0.5% NEN Blocking Reagent (PerkinElmer). Following the wash, 250 pl of Cy5-Streptavadin conjugate (GE Healthcare) in TNB Buffer was added to each chamber, the slides were sealed and incubated at ambient temperature in the dark for 30 minutes. 25 Table 16. Preparation of the Cy5-Streptavadin Conjugate in TNB Buffer for one CodeLink TM ADME rat Bioarray (16 wells). Component Amt TNB Buffer 8.8 ml Cy5-Streptavadin 17.6 Conjugate pl 33 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Following conjugation of the Cy5-Streptavadin, each chamber was washed three times with 250 pL each of ambient temperature 0.75x TNT Buffer. Following the last wash, each chamber had 250 pl of ambient temperature 0.75x TNT Buffer added, the slides were sealed and incubated for 20 minutes at ambient temperature in the dark. The final wash was 250 pl 5 of 0.1X SSC Buffer (Ambion) containing 0.05% Tween 20. This wash was added to each chamber and immediately removed. The slides were dried and scanned using an Axon Instruments GenePix@ 4000B array scanner as outlined in "CodeLink TM Gene Expression System: 16 - Assay Bioarray Hybridization and Detection" rev. AA/2004-07 (GE Healthcare). Figure 17 shows the hybridization results for Example 9. 10 Figure 5 shows, Top Row, left to right, Kidney Total RNA without ligase added to the ligation (T1), Liver Total RNA without ligase added to the ligation (T2). Middle Row, left to right, Kidney Total RNA plus ligase without SDS added to the reaction (T3), Kidney Total RNA plus ligase with SDS added to the reaction (T4). Bottom Row, left to right, Liver Total RNA plus 15 ligase without SDS added to the reaction (T5), Liver Total RNA plus ligase with SDS added to the reaction (T5). Note: not all bioarray data are shown in this figure. Signal intensities were determined on the ADME Rat Bioarrays using CodeLink TM Gene Expression Analysis software (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 20 Expression levels were compared using average normalized signal intensities between arrays and the ratios derived thereof. The ratios were also used to determine differential expression levels between kidney and liver total RNA samples. Charts of these comparisons are found in Figure 6. 25 Example 10: Purification of mRNA Using Streptavidin Beads Ligations were prepared as outlined in Table 17, mixed and incubated at ambient temperature for two minutes. Four microliters of Lambda Exonuclease were added to each tube and the reactions incubated at 370C for 15 minutes. Each tube had 6.4 pl of 0.5 M 30 EDTA added and the reactions were incubated at 65*C for 15 minutes. For each ligation to be purified, 100 pl of MPG Streptavidin magnetic particles (PureBiotech LLC) were washed once according to the manufacturer's instructions with 100 pl each 2 M KCl and then resuspended in 100 pl each of 2 M KCI and 82.5 pl each water. Each 182.5 pl preparation of washed magnetic beads had 17.5 pl of the appropriate ligation added and were incubated at 35 ambient temperature for 15 minutes with occasional gentle mixing. The beads were separated from the liquid phase with a magnetic and washed twice with 200 pl each of 70% ethanol. Each bead pellet was resuspended in 50 pl of water and heated at 650C for 3 34 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 minutes. The beads were again separated from the liquid phase with a magnetic and the liquid phase saved for subsequent analysis. Table 17, Ligations for Example 10. 5 Component I / ID- A B C D E F Water 40.4 pl 34.8 pl 18.8 pl 42.8 pI 41.2 pl 38.8 pl lOX Ligation Buffer 6.4 pl 6.4 p 1 6.4 pl 6.4 pl 6.4 pl 6.4 pl RNasin 6.4 pl 6.4 pi 6.4 pl 6.4 pl 6.4 pl 6.4 p. PT7wIT9 (15 pmol/A) 1.2 pl 4 pi 12 pI 4 pl 4 pl Biotin-cPT7-P (15 1.2 pI 4 p 1 12 pl 4 pl 4 pi0 pmol/pl) smRNA (1 pg/pl, P921- 4 pI 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 4 pl 128) T4 DNA Llgase 6.4 p . 6.4 pl 6.4 pl 6.4 pl 6.4 pl Total Volume 66 pl 66 pl 66 p1 66 pl 66 p1 66 pl 15 Nucleic acid concentrations (both DNA and RNA) were determined in the before and after purification samples using RiboGreen@ RNA Quantitation Kit (Molecular Probes). RiboGreen was diluted 1:200 in TE Buffer (Molecular Probes). The kit Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Standard was diluted 1:50 in TE Buffer and a standard curve prepared as outlined in Table 18. Each 20 before and after sample was diluted by mixing 17.5 pL with 82.5 pL TE Buffer. Ten microliters from each diluted sample were then each mixed with 90 pL TE Buffer and 100 pL RiboGreen. Absorbance of the diluted samples in RiboGreen and the standard curve were determined in a FARCyte T M Fluorescent Plate Reader (GE Healthcare) using the manufacturer's default settings for fluorescein dye. 25 Table 18. Preparation of the Standard Curve for Example 10. Volume 2 pg/ml 1:200 AmtRNA Volume rRNA RiboGreen Added TE Standard 100 pl None 100 pI Blank 90pl 10 p 100pI 20ng 50pl 50pl 100 pI 100ng None 100 pI 100 pI 200 ng 35 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Example 11: RNase H Trimming of poly(A) Tail The workflow for this experiment was: 1) targeted trimming of the poly(A) tail of mRNA using RNase H (New England Biolabs; 10 Units/pl), 2) Ligation-Based Amplification of the trimmed 5 poly(A) mRNA, and 3) selection of certain reactions for RNA exonuclease digestion and HPLC analysis. Trimming of the poly(A) tail of mRNA consisted of mixing either mRNA or total RNA (Russian Cardiology Research and Development Center) in separate reactions with oligos HT-1ll 10c, HT-lll 10d, HT-l1l 10f or HT-1ll 10g in the presence of RNase H. A representative formula for the RNase H digestion is found in Table 19. RNase H was diluted 10 in 1X Ligation Buffer to 2.5 Units/pl and digests were carried out at 37 0 C for 30 minutes. Table 19. A representative formulation for the trimming of the poly(A) tail from mRNA or mixed populations of RNA. Component i Volume Volume Water 4.5 pl 4 pl 1OX Ligation Buffer 1 p1 1 p1 0.1% NP-40 (SIGMA) 1 pi 1 p1 mRNA (1 pg/pl) 0.5 pI Total RNA (1 pg/pl) 1 p1 10 pM Appropriate Oligo 2 pl 2 pl RNase H 1 pl 1 p1 Total Volume 10 pI 10 pI 15 Five microliters from each RNase H digestion were carried into separate, identically labeled, Ligation-Based RNA Amplification Reactions using the generalized reaction conditions in Table 20. Ligations were incubated at ambient temperature for 15 minutes and then each had 1 pl (5 Units) Lambda exonuclease added. After a 30 minute incubation at 37 0 C, each 20 ligation had 1 pl of 129 mM EDTA added and was further incubated at 65*C for 15 minutes. Reactions were prepared as generally outlined in Table 20 and incubated at 37 0 C for 16 hours when 2 pl from each were analyzed by gel electrophoresis as in Example 5. 36 WO 2006/071776 PCT/US2005/046800 Table20. Generalized ligation and amplification reactions for Example 11. A. Ligation Reactions B. Amplification Reactions Component i / ID - IX Component I / ID - IX Water 1 pl Water 1.25 pl 1OX Ligation Buffer 0.5 pl 75 mm ATP 1 pl RNasin 1 pl 75 mm CTP 1 pl HT-lll B5 (10 pmol/pl) 1 pI 75 mm GTP 1 pl cpT7'-IR15-(no A)5'-P (10 1 pl 75 mm UTP 1 pl pmol/pl) RNase H Digestion Reaction 5 pl 1X Buffer 1 p1 T4 DNA Ligase (350 Units/pl) 0.5 pl Ligation 2.75 pl Total Volume 10pl T7 RNAP Mix 1 p1 Total Volume 10 pI 5 Gel results indicated an increase in high molecular weight transcription products with RNase H added to the poly(A) trimming reactions from Table 19. These results showed all oligos capable of trimming the poly(A) tails from mRNA in both purified and mixed RNA populations. Additionally, the capture oligos HT-Ill B5 and cpT7'-IR15-(NoA)5'P were able to hybridize, 10 ligate and transcribe this modified mRNA. Purified products from representativ reactions were digested with RNA exonucleases and analyzed by HPLC as outlined in Example 8. Included in these digests was a purified product from a reaction that did not have the poly(A) tail trimmed from the mRNA (labeled as 15 'Control'). Figure 8 is a graph of the results of this HPLC analysis. Results in Figure 8 demonstrated that removing the poly(A) tail from mRNA prevented synthesis of high molecular weight artifacts during transcription. Additionally, material prepared as Example 11 has been shown to be functionally active in microarray hybridization 20 experiments (data not shown). It is apparent to those skilled in the art of the size of the poly(A) tail in mRNA can be determined by the methods described. If the nicking activity of RNaseH is moved three bases to the 5' end of the mRNA, the mRNA would be nicked at the message- poly(A) tail 37 junction. The poly(A) tail length could then be sized by electrophoresis in a high per cent (20%-30%) polyacrylamide denaturing gel. All patents, patent publications, and other published references mentioned herein 5 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties as if each had been individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein. While preferred illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration only and 10 not by way of limitation. The present invention is limited only by the claims that follow. The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an 15 acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates. Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires 20 otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. 38

Claims (18)

1. A method of analyzing nucleic acid comprising. a) hybridizing an oligodeoxyribonucleotide which contains natural and modified nucleotides to an RNA sequence such that the oligodeoxyribonucleotide is complementary to a portion of the RNA; b) contacting the resulting RNA - DNA heteroduplex with an agent that specifically nicks only the RNA strand; and c) ligating a DNA sequence to the trimmed RNA 3' end of step b).

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the RNA sequence is cRNA produced by a method comprising the steps of: a) supplying RNA other than poly A; b) supplying one or more nucleic acids having a double stranded region and a single stranded 3' terminal region: and c) hybridizing the single stranded 3' terminal region of the nucleic acid sequence to the RNA and ligating one 5' end of the double stranded region of the nucleic acid to the 3' end of the RNA by enzymatic means.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the method of producing cRNA the nucleic acids of step b) comprise DNA.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the method of producing cRNA the nucleic acids incorporates one or more features selected from the group consisting of: a) a nucleotide sequence that can subsequently be used as a promoter sequence for RNA synthesis; and b) a Tag which can be used to label the nucleic acid or manipulate the nucleic acid.

5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising transcribing the product obtained using the nucleotide sequence of a) and of tag b) with RNA polymerase to produce a 5' sequence tagged cRNA. - 39 -

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the 5' tagged cRNA molecule is ligated with a second double stranded DNA sequence comprising a double stranded region and a single stranded region.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the ligated RNA-DNA molecule product is further transcribed by RNA polymerase to produce multiple copies of RNA containing tags at the 5' and 3' end of the RNA molecule.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the 5' and 3' tagged RNA sequence is: a) mixed and hybridized with a DNA primer which is complementary to the sequence tag at the 3' end of the RNA; b) incubated with reverse transcriptase and dNTPs to produce a single strand cDNA - RNA heteroduplex; c) incubating the product of step b) with RNase; and d) incubating the product of step c) with a second single strand primer the sequence of which is complementary to the tag sequence at the 3' end of the single strand cDNA and DNA polymerase to produce a double stranded cDNA containing sequence tags at both ends.

9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the RNA sequence is cRNA produced by amplifying a target RNA sequence, the amplifying method comprising the steps of: a) supplying the RNA in single stranded form; b) adding a DNA sequence that comprises a double stranded region which contains a promoter sequence for RNA polymerase and a single stranded region which hybridizes to the target RNA; c) ligating the DNA sequence to the 3' end of RNA by enzymatic means to produce a DNA- RNA; and d) transcribing the DNA-RNA with RNA polymerase to produce antisense complementary RNA (cRNA).

10. The method of amplification of claim 9, further comprising: e) adding a DNA sequence that comprises a double stranded region which contains a promoter sequence for RNA polymerase and a single stranded region which hybridizes to the cRNA; f) ligating the cRNA and DNA sequence by enzymatic means; and - 40 - C\NR Orbl\ORAZS 711 0 . - / I'WU '2012 g) transcribing the product of step f) with RNA polymerase to produce multiple copies of RNA having the same sense as the target RNA.

11. The method of amplification according to claim 10, wherein at least one of the double stranded DNA sequence contains a sequence Tag.

12, The method of amplification according to claim 10, wherein both double stranded DNA sequence contain a sequence Tag.

13. The method of amplification according to claim 12, wherein the sequence Tags are different.

14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the double stranded DNA sequence used in steps b) and e) contains a promoter for different RNA polymerase.

15. The method according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein step d) is performed in a reaction comprising one or more nucleotide analogues.

16. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 15, where the synthesized cRNA is used to measure gene expression.

17. A method of analyzing nucleic acid comprising a) hybridizing an oligodeoxyribonucleotide which contains natural and modified nucleotides to an RNA sequence such that the oligodeoxyribonucleotide is complementary to a portion of the RNA and that the oligodeoxyribonucleotide hybridises at the poly(A) tail:message junction b) contacting the resulting RNA - DNA heteroduplex with an agent that specifically nicks only the RNA strand at the poly(A):message junction; and c) determining the size of the poly(A) tail.

18. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 17 substantially as hereinbefore defined. -41 -