AU2011310607B2 - Electric converter for mobile application - Google Patents

Electric converter for mobile application Download PDF

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Publication number
AU2011310607B2
AU2011310607B2 AU2011310607A AU2011310607A AU2011310607B2 AU 2011310607 B2 AU2011310607 B2 AU 2011310607B2 AU 2011310607 A AU2011310607 A AU 2011310607A AU 2011310607 A AU2011310607 A AU 2011310607A AU 2011310607 B2 AU2011310607 B2 AU 2011310607B2
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
converter
converters
individual
current
individual converters
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AU2011310607A
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AU2011310607A1 (en
Inventor
Ralf Cordes
Thomas Komma
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33561—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having more than one ouput with independent control

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Description

I.1/ Mr4UUi.L/ UUOO0.0 / LUU>LYZL I 'J)VV%J 1 Description Electric converter for a mobile application The invention relates to an electric converter, in particular a DC/DC converter, for use in a mobile application such as, for example, on a ship. The use of fuel cells for the electrical supply of ships and ship propulsion units is gaining increasing importance. The electrical voltage which is applied at the outlets of the fuel cell is then preferably adjusted via a DC/DC converter and the operating voltage desired in the electrical system of the ship. An accumulator which is connected to the outputs of the DC/DC converter accepts a buffering of electrical energy. This is advantageous as the fuel cell only permits relatively slow changes in the output power. In addition, one or more ship's engines and the remaining electrical system are connected in parallel to the accumulator, for example. DC/DC converters for fuel cells on ships operate in a performance range of up to several 100 kW. DC/DC converters based on IGBT technology (IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) are preferably used for this performance class. These semiconductor components display a high current carrying capacity with simultaneously high potential voltage stress. This in turn enables all the required power to be provided by a single DC/DC converter. It is disadvantageous that only relatively low switching frequencies of less than 20 kHz are obtained with this technology on account of high switching losses, which results in large dimensions for the passive components such as capacitors, inductors and transformers.
2 In a known configuration as per DE 11 2006 002 698 T5 a plurality of DC/DC converters are switched and connected in parallel. These are configured in such a way that they use a shared inductor at the inlet/outlet. In addition, the DC/DC converters of DE 11 2006 002 698 T5 are operated with clocked phase displacement. Component sizes (C and L) are reduced as a result of dependent operation. It is disadvantageous that inductive components in this performance class and frequency are operated with comparatively high magnetic flux densities in the core in order to transfer the high outputs in an acceptable volume. This necessarily results in high stray fields which may necessitate protective measures. A further disadvantage of the known configuration is that the low switching frequencies signify audible noise generation. If the ship is used as a research ship, the noises may prevent measurements in the water. In addition, the noises may disturb marine animals. As a result of this, for example, the radius of movement of cruise ships or ferries may be restricted on animal conservation grounds. In the case of submarines, the noises may result in increased detectability of the submarine. Finally, a further disadvantage is that the increased reliability of the DC/DC converter which would be available via a redundant embodiment, for example, requires duplication or multiplication of the DC/DC converter, which is problematic even with the space available on ships. Thus, a need exists to specify an electric converter with which the aforementioned problems are reduced or remedied. 9157277 3 An aspect of the present disclosure provides a DC/DC converter with the features of claim 1. Other aspects are provided by the dependent claims. The DC/DC converter according to the present disclosure for an electric supply in a mobile application has a plurality of individual converters. The individual converters in turn are likewise respectively DC/DC converters. In addition, the individual converters are electrically connected in parallel and respectively have semiconductor switches. Each of the individual converters has its own inductor. Expediently the DC/DC converter has a control system which controls the switching operations of the semiconductor switches. Expediently the control system is centrally located for all the individual converters. Alternatively, a plurality of separate controls can also be provided for every single individual converter. For example, the individual converters can be designed as modules with their own respective partial control system so that the control system only has to perform superordinate tasks. In other words, the DC/DC converter according to the present disclosure therefore represents an array of a plurality of smaller individual converters. Preferably between 10 and 20 individual converters are used. It is particularly advantageous if the output of the individual converters is not greater than 10 kW. It is expedient if the individual converters are designed in such a way that they are respectively designed for a lower output than the complete DC/DC converter. It is possible that the total output to be obtained, which is produced by the necessity of the application, precisely corresponds to the accumulated output of the individual converters. This ensures that in the event of the failure of 9157277 4 an individual converter, only for example 10% or 5% of the total output is lost. Also in the case of the converter according to the present disclosure, in contrast to the converter of DE 11 2006 002 698 T5, it is advantageously possible to disconnect or even replace the individual converters during operation, without having to shut down the entire system. Conversely, increased fail-safe operation can now be obtained advantageously by means of redundancy. For example, the number of individual converters is marginally increased compared with the number which results from the necessary total output. For example, instead of 15 requisite individual converters, 18 individual converters could be used. In particular, the number of individual converters need not therefore be doubled. In another approach the output of the individual converters can also be designed in such a way that the accumulated output is greater than the total output to be obtained which results from the necessity of the application. According to an aspect of the present disclosure the individual converters have semiconductor valves which are at least partially MOSFETs. In other words, the necessary switching operations are performed with MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor). In particular, this is in contrast to known DC/DC converters for high outputs, in which preferably IGBTs are used. MOSFETs can be used by dividing the DC/DC converter into individual converters, each of a lower output. MOSFETs advantageously have lower switching losses than IGBTs. 9157277 5 It is particularly advantageous if the control system is designed to use a switching frequency for the semiconductor switches which is greater than 20 kHz, in particular greater than 50 kHz. This is possible as MOSFETs have lower switching losses. It is advantageous that the raised frequency is outside the audible range. In particular in the case of noise-sensitive applications such as the aforementioned, this frequency shift is advantageous. Particularly in the case of passenger ships, otherwise necessary noise control or reduction is unnecessary. A further advantage is that the size of passive elements can be significantly reduced. According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the control system is designed to record current measured values for the current flow through at least some of the individual converters and to control switching operations of the semiconductor switches from the current measured values in order to control the total output current of the DC/DC converter. Preferably a current measurement device is provided, for example in the output area, for at least some of the individual converters. Preferably the current measurement device is provided for all the individual converters. Preferably each of the individual converters comprises a current sensing resistor for this purpose. This aspect of the control system makes it possible to avoid the overloading of individual converters and for individual converters to operate with symmetrical loading, for example. With symmetrical loading the components of the individual converters, in particular the semiconductor switches, are subjected to a lower thermal load. This results in an extended service life and fail-safe operation of the DC/DC converter overall. Mechanical configuration is also simplified. 9157277 6 Expediently the start-up times of the semiconductor switches of an individual converter are reduced if a lower current and as a result a lower loading of the individual converter is to be achieved. The individual converters are respectively galvanically isolated according to an aspect of the present disclosure, in other words they therefore respectively have at least one transformer. For example, the individual converters can be designed as push-pull flow converters with full bridge control. The DC/DC converter with the individual converters is preferably part of an energy supply system, in particular if the energy supply system has a fuel cell for the generation of electrical energy. The energy supply system is realized, for example, in a mobile system. An example of such a mobile system is a ship such as a research vessel or a passenger ship. A further example is a submarine. An input side of the DC/DC converter is expediently connected to the fuel cell. An output side of the DC/DC converter is expediently connected to loads such as, for example, electric motors or additional loads of an electrical system of the mobile system. According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a DC/DC converter for the electrical supply of an electric system and/or propulsion unit of a ship or submarine from a fuel cell, the DC/DC converter comprises a plurality of individual converters and a control system, wherein the individual converters are respectively DC/DC converters, are electrically connected in parallel, respectively have semiconductor switches, which are at least partially MOSFETs, and are galvanically isolated, wherein each of the individual 9157277 6a converters comprises a low pass filter and a current sensing resistor, the low pass filter being located at an output of the individual converter and the current sensing resistor being downstream of the low pass filter for output side current measurement, wherein the control system adapted to use a switching frequency for the semiconductor switches which is greater than 50 kHz. Preferable - but under no circumstances restrictive exemplary embodiments of the invention are now explained in more detail on the basis of the figures in the drawing. The features are presented as diagrams which show: Figure 1 a highly schematized configuration of an electric supply system with a fuel cell according to the prior art, Figure 2 a schematized configuration of an electric supply system with a fuel cell and DC/DC converter with individual converters and Figure 3 a circuit diagram of an individual converter, designed as a phase-shifted full bridge. 9157277 7 The known basic configuration according to Figure 1 shows a fuel cell 5. The electrical voltage which is applied at the outlets of the fuel cell 5 is connected to the input terminals 7a, b of a DC/DC converter 4. The output terminals 6a, b of the DC/DC converter 4 are connected to an accumulator 3. An electric motor 2 and an additional load 1, for example an electrical system of a ship or another mobile system, are connected in parallel to the accumulator 3. The accumulator 3 ensures the buffered storage of energy. That is advantageous when using fuel cells 5 as these can only change their output power comparatively slowly. Short-term fluctuations in demand are advantageously compensated via the accumulator 3. Figure 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of the basic configuration with an exemplary direct voltage converter 10 according to the invention. In this example, the direct voltage converter 10 comprises twenty individual converters 10a... n. The individual converters 10a... n are connected in parallel and have shared input terminals 7a, b as well as shared output terminals 6a, b. The direct voltage converter 10 is connected to the fuel cell 5 again with its input terminals 7a, b. With its output terminals 6a, b the direct voltage converter 10 is connected to the accumulator 3 as well as in an exemplary manner to the electric motor 2 and the additional load 1. The twenty individual converters 10a...n are linked to a control system 11 for control. The control system 11 controls the switching operations of the switches in the individual converters 10a... n. Furthermore, the control system 11 is connected with one current sensing resistor 33 respectively per individual converter 10a... n.
rk\I/ r 4L±fUQUOLO / 4ULrL7 -JV 8 The control system 11 performs active current compensation in the operation of the direct voltage converter 10. For this it records the values for the current flow through the individual converters 10a... n presently in operation. If the current flows display deviations from a standard, the control system 11 adjusts the switching operations for the semiconductor switches of the individual converter 10a...n concerned. If, for example, too much current flows through an individual converter 10a...n, then the duty cycles of the semiconductor switches of the individual converter 10a.. .n concerned are reduced. Overall, a symmetrical distribution, in other words an even distribution of the load across the individual converters 10a... n, is realized in this way. Likewise, the control system 11 is designed to compensate for the failure of an individual converter 10a...n. To this end the control system 11 controls the individual converters 10a...n in such a way that the remaining nineteen individual converters 10a... n bear the total current load required. If that is not possible because, for example, the load limit has been reached, the control system 11 reduces the total current which is output. The configuration of an individual converter 10a... n is shown schematically in Figure 3. The input terminals 7a, b are connected to a capacitor 36. There follows a full bridge of four MOSFETs 30a... d, which are shown in Figure 3 with their respective stray capacitances and body diode. The primary winding of a transformer 31 is connected in the central bar of the full bridge. In addition, the central bar comprises an LC element 35 in series to the primary winding of the transformer 31. The LC element 35 comprises a series circuit of a capacitor and an r'Z4UI / L/ ± ±I 0 0 / Z'L U _L Ur -L:; J VV%'.)Uj 9 inductor. The elements of the LC element 35 and the primary winding are coordinated with the MOSFETs 30a... d in such a way that a resonance frequency of 250 kHz is produced in this example. The capacitor only blocks the direct voltage component. For its part, the secondary winding of the transformer 31 is connected to a diode bridge rectifier 32. Its output goes to the output terminals 6a, b via a low-pass filter 34 consisting of a serial inductor and parallel capacitor. The current sensing resistor 33 is also downstream of the low-pass filter 34. The control system 11 is expediently connected to the MOSFETs 30a... d of the full bridge for control thereof as well as to the current sensing resistor 33. Current measurement takes place on the output side.

Claims (3)

1. A DC/DC converter for the electrical supply of an electric system and/or propulsion unit of a ship or submarine from a fuel cell, the DC/DC converter comprises a plurality of individual converters and a control system, wherein the individual converters - are respectively DC/DC converters, - are electrically connected in parallel, - respectively have semiconductor switches, which are at least partially MOSFETs, and - are galvanically isolated, wherein each of the individual converters comprises a low pass filter and a current sensing resistor, the low pass filter being located at an output of the individual converter and the current sensing resistor being downstream of the low pass filter for output side current measurement, wherein the control system is adapted to use a switching frequency for the semiconductor switches which is greater than 50 kHz.
2. The DC/DC converter according to claim 1, in which the control system is designed to record current measured values for the current flow through at least some of the individual converters and to control switching operations of the semiconductor switches from the current measured values in order to control the total output current of the DC/DC converter.
3. The DC/DC converter according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the individual converters are designed as push-pull converters with full bridge control. 9157277 11 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Patent Attorneys for the Applicant/Nominated Person SPRUSON & FERGUSON 9157277
AU2011310607A 2010-09-29 2011-09-28 Electric converter for mobile application Ceased AU2011310607B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010041625A DE102010041625A1 (en) 2010-09-29 2010-09-29 Electric converter for a mobile application
DE102010041625.8 2010-09-29
PCT/EP2011/066828 WO2012041888A2 (en) 2010-09-29 2011-09-28 Electric converter for mobile application

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
AU2011310607A1 AU2011310607A1 (en) 2013-05-02
AU2011310607B2 true AU2011310607B2 (en) 2015-05-14

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EP (1) EP2606565B1 (en)
KR (1) KR101931641B1 (en)
AU (1) AU2011310607B2 (en)
BR (1) BR112013007328A2 (en)
DE (1) DE102010041625A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2686422T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2012041888A2 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013209396A1 (en) * 2013-05-22 2014-11-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft DC-DC converter and its use
EP3024130B1 (en) 2014-11-21 2017-08-02 Brusa Elektronik AG DC/DC converter
DE102014018344A1 (en) * 2014-12-10 2015-11-26 Diehl Aerospace Gmbh Energy supply system and method for decentralized power supply of an aircraft
DE102018200485A1 (en) 2018-01-12 2019-07-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Waterborne vehicle with a power supply device
DE102018120736A1 (en) * 2018-08-24 2020-02-27 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Method for operating a hybrid electric propulsion system, propulsion system and use of the propulsion system in an aircraft

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4408267A (en) * 1981-01-08 1983-10-04 Rca Corporation DC-to-DC Switching converters
JP2003164151A (en) 2001-11-28 2003-06-06 Nissin Electric Co Ltd Dc/dc converter
JP2004235094A (en) 2003-01-31 2004-08-19 Nissin Electric Co Ltd Fuel cell system
US7282898B2 (en) 2005-06-24 2007-10-16 Nexsem, Inc, Integrated circuit capable of balanced polyphase power regulation using redundant feedback circuitry
US7596007B2 (en) * 2005-10-14 2009-09-29 Astec International Limited Multiphase DC to DC converter
WO2009060806A2 (en) * 2007-11-06 2009-05-14 Nagasaki University, National University Corporation Controller for power converter circuit

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WO2012041888A2 (en) 2012-04-05
WO2012041888A3 (en) 2012-07-26
DE102010041625A1 (en) 2012-03-29
KR101931641B1 (en) 2018-12-21
EP2606565B1 (en) 2018-06-06
EP2606565A2 (en) 2013-06-26
ES2686422T3 (en) 2018-10-17
BR112013007328A2 (en) 2016-07-05
KR20130097769A (en) 2013-09-03
AU2011310607A1 (en) 2013-05-02

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