AU2011200396A1 - lntralumenal or intravaginal device for Transmucosal drug delivery - Google Patents

Abstract

An intralumenal device for transmucosal drug delivery comprising: a housing configured for intralumenal deployment into a human or animal subject; a drug-dispensing portion which contains at least one drug; and a plurality of microneedles extending, or being extendable from, the housing, the plurality of solid microneedles being configured to disrupt at least one region of a mucosal barrier adjacent the housing at a selected time after being intralumenally deployed in the human or animal subject, wherein the device is operable to dispense the drug from the housing to a region of the mucosal barrier disrupted by the plurality of microneedles.

Description

Australian Patents Act 1990- Regulation 3.2 ORIGINAL COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT Invention Title Transmucosal drug delivery device and method including microneedles The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us: P/00/0 1 C I1A [0001] The presently disclosed embodiments relate to implantable medical devices, and more particularly to devices and methods for the transmucosal delivery of drugs to a patient. [00021 Transmucosal drug delivery is an area of interest because of the potential of delivering systemically-acting drugs with a high relative bioavailability by avoiding first-pass metabolism effects, the potential of locally delivering therapeutic agents to a site of interest, and the convenience of the application routes. Some of the possible sites for transmucosal drug delivery include the buccal, nasal, vaginal and rectal administration routes. [0003] There are a number of challenges associated with transmucosal drug delivery, particularly with the transmucosal delivery of macromolecules comprising certain amino acid sequences. Enzymes present in fluid secreted by the mucosal tissue degrades certain amino acids. The types of enzymes exhibited by a mucosal tissue vary depending on the location of the mucosal tissue. Enzymes present in the vaginal fluid include nucleases, lysozyme, esterase, guaiacol peroxidase, aldolase, and p-glucuronidase. In addition, aminopeptidase, p glucuronidase, phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase, esterases, and type 5 phosphodiesterase are bound to the apical cell layers along the surface of the vaginal mucosa. The presence of these enzymes, particularly the aminopeptidases, is one factor that reduces the bioavailability of vaginally applied protein and peptide drugs. [0004] Other mucosal tissues exhibit other enzymes which may degrade certain drugs. For example, the gastrointestinal tract exhibits mixed function oxidase systems, alcohol dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase, reductases, p-nitroanisole demethylase, ethoxycournarin-o deethylase, epoxide hydrolase, UDP-glucuronyltransferase, sulfokinase, glutathione-S transferase, glycine transferase, acetyltransferase, and calechol-0-methyltransferase. These enzymes reduce the bioavailability of protein and peptide drugs applied to such mucosal tissues. [00051 Furthermore, most mucosal tissues continuously excrete a viscous aqueous-based liquid. This viscous liquid presents additional challenges to transmucosal drug delivery. First, the viscous liquid traps and slows down the intrusion of foreign matter, thus allowing its intrinsic enzymatic and other defense mechanisms time to degrade and/or kill the foreign body. 9429967.1 a Secondly, the viscous liquid fluid continuously cleans and washes the surface of the mucosal tissue as it is expelled from the tissue. As such, a significant amount of drug may be wasted using conventional application techniques. [00061 In the context of vaginal drug delivery, the vaginal mucosal membrane may be viewed as two barriers in series, an aqueous barrier and the mucosal membrane barrier. The mucosal lining is a stratified squamous epithelium that is glycogenated and nonkeratinized. The human vaginal epithelium consists of approximately 25 cell layers, depending on maturity and location. Like most other stratified epithelia, the human vaginal epithelium contains a tight junction (TJ) system, located in the uppermost cell layers. These TJs separate the apical cell surface domains from the basolateral cell surface domains and provide a primary barrier to the transmucosal delivery of water-soluble species. It is these epithelia and TJs present in all mucosa of the body, not just the vagina, that impede local administration of drug. [00071 Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide devices and methods to improve the effectiveness of transmucosal drug delivery. [00081 Devices and method for transmucosal drug delivery are provided. In one aspect, an intralumenal device is provided that includes a housing configured for intralumenal deployment into a human or animal subject; a drug-dispensing portion which contains at least one drug; and a plurality of microneedles extending, or being extendable from, the housing. The plurality of microneedles is configured to disrupt at least one region of a mucosal barrier adjacent the housing at a selected time after being intralumenally deployed in the subject. The device is operable to dispense the drug from the housing to a region of the mucosal barrier disrupted by the plurality of microneedles. In one embodiment, the housing is configured for intravaginal deployment. [0009] In one embodiment, the device includes a receiver adapted to receive power or control signals from a transmitting device when the device is intralumenally deployed in the subject. In another embodiment, the device further includes a controller configured to actuate the release of the at least one drug from the housing after the plurality of microneedles penetrate the mucosal barrier. The device may be wirelessly powered, wirelessly controlled/operated, or both. 2 100101 In various embodiments, the drug dispensing portion of the device includes a positive displacement element for actively dispensing the drug from the housing. [0011] In one embodiment, the device further includes an actuator configured to move the plurality of microneedles from a first position to a second position in which the plurality of microneedles penetrate the mucosal barrier at the selected time. [0012] In yet another aspect, an intravaginal device is provided for transmucosal drug delivery. The device includes a housing configured for intravaginal deployment into a human or animal subject; a plurality of microneedles extending from, or extendable from, the housing configured to penetrate a region of the mucosal barrier adjacent to the housing at a selected time after being intravaginally deployed in the human or animal subject; and a drug dispenser which comprises a drug repository containing at least one drug and a positive displacement element adapted to dispense the at least one drug from the housing through plurality of microneedles or onto the region of the mucosal tissue disrupted by the microneedles. In certain embodiments, the device may further include (i) a controller configured to control the actuation of the positive displacement element, and/or (ii) an actuator configured to move the plurality of microneedles from a first position to a second position in which the plurality of microneedles penetrate the mucosal barrier at the selected time. In another embodiment, the device further includes a dissolvable coating or a moveable covering configured to expose the microneedles at the selected time. [0012A]According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention there is provided an intralumenal device for transmucosal drug delivery comprising: a housing configured for intralumenal deployment into a human or animal subject; a drug-dispensing portion which contains at least one drug; and a plurality of microneedles extending, or being extendable from, the housing, the plurality of solid microneedles being configured to disrupt at least one region of a mucosal barrier adjacent the housing at a selected time after being intralumenally deployed in the human or animal subject, wherein the device is operable to dispense the drug from the housing to a region of the mucosal barrier disrupted by the plurality of microneedles. [0012B]According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention there is provided an intravaginal device for transmucosal drug delivery comprising: 3 a housing configured for intravaginal deployment into a human or animal subject; a plurality of microneedles extending from, or extendable from, the housing configured to penetrate a region of the mucosal barrier adjacent to the housing at a selected time after being intravaginally deployed in the human or animal subject, and a drug dispenser comprising a drug repository containing at least one drug and a positive displacement element adapted to dispense the at least one drug from the housing through holes in the housing onto the region of the mucosal tissue disrupted by the microneedles. 100131 FIG. 1 is a section view, illustrating the placement of a transmucosal drug delivery device in a tissue lumen. 100141 FIG. 2 is a section view, illustrating the penetration of microneedles of the device of FIG. 1 into the mucosal tissue of a lumen. [00151 FIG. 3 is a section view, illustrating the placement of a transmucosal drug delivery device having a dissolvable coating in a lumen. [00161 FIG. 4 is a section view, illustrating the penetration of microneedles of the device of FIG. 3 into the mucosal tissue after the dissolvable coating dissolves. [00171 FIG. 5 is a section view, illustrating the delivery of a drug from the device of FIG. 3 into the mucosal tissue after the microneedles penetrate the mucosal tissue. [00181 FIG. 6 is a section view, illustrating a drug delivery device having a gas-volume displacement mechanism for dispensing a drug through microneedles. 100191 FIG. 7 is a section view, illustrating the device of FIG. 6 dispensing a drug by gas-volume displacement. 100201 FIG. 8 is a section view, illustrating a drug delivery device having a component enlargement mechanism for dispensing a drug through microneedles. 100211 FIG. 9 is a section view, illustrating the device of FIG. 8 dispensing a drug by internal component enlargement. [00221 A transmucosal drug delivery device is provided for intralumenal deployment. The term "intralumenal," as used herein, refers to devices which are placed within a body cavity, channel, tube, or the like, having a mucosal tissue wall. The term includes, but is not limited to, intravaginal, intrauterine, and intragastrointestinal sites. The intralumenal deployment, or placement, of the device is generally maintained for the duration of delivery of at least one or 4 more dosages of the drug. The deployed device may be retrieved from the lumen as desired, including for example, between delivery of individual dosages, following the delivery of several doses of drug, or following completion of a course of treatment of multiple doses. The device may be deployed until the drug payload is depleted. [0023] In some embodiments, the transmucosal drug delivery device includes (i) a housing configured to allow deployment within a lumen, (ii) one or more repositories for containing a drug, and (iii) a plurality of microneedles extending from, or being extendable from, the housing. The drug delivery device may also include an integral control module for controlling the release or delivery of the drug from the device and/or movement or penetration of the microneedles into the mucosal tissue. [00241 In another aspect, methods are provided for transmucosal drug delivery. The method includes placing, or deploying, the drug delivery device within the lumen of a patient, or a human or animal subject. The lumen may be, for example, a vagina, cervix, uterus, or part of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the rectum. [00251 After the drug delivery device is placed in the lumen, the microneedles of the drug delivery device may penetrate the mucosal side wall of the lumen. The drug delivery device may then dispense the drug through the microneedles into the mucosal tissue or to a region of the mucosal tissue disrupted by the microneedles. This penetration by the microneedles advantageously can enhance the drug transfer rate and/or amounts able pass undegraded through the mucosal barrier , thereby improving the effectiveness of the transmucosal administration of the drug. 10026] In some embodiments, the microneedles are actuated at a selected time to penetrate the mucosal tissue wall while the device is deployed in the lumen. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, a transmucosal drug delivery device 10 may be provided having a housing 12 comprising a drug repository 30 containing one or more drugs. The housing 12 may be configured for placement within a lumen 16, having a mucosal tissue 14. The housing 12 may also contain a microneedle carriage 24 having a plurality of microneedles 26 attached thereto and an actuator 28 for moving the microneedle carriage 24 and the microneedles 26 between a first position (shown in FIG. 1) to a second position (shown in FIG. 2). The housing 12 may also 5 comprise a control module 18 for controlling the actuator 28 and/or for controlling the release of the drug from the drug repository 30. [0027] The control module 18 includes a power source 20, such as a battery, and controller 22. The controller 22 may be configured to control the movement of the microneedle carriage 24 and microneedles 26 by controlling actuator 28 and it may control the timing and sequence of the delivery of one or more drugs. As is described in greater detail hereinafter, various mechanisms may be employed to dispense the drug from the housing via a positive displacement process or otherwise. [00281 As illustrated in FIG.2, the actuation of actuator 28 by the control module 18 may cause the microneedles 26 to extend from the housing into the mucosal tissue 14 surrounding the device. Once the microneedles 26 have penetrated the mucosal tissue 14, the control module 18 may actuate the release of the drug from the drug repository 30 or the drug may be allowed to diffuse through the mucosal tissue via the microneedles 26 or the drug may be dispensed from the device via a positive displacement process. 100291 In some embodiments, static microneedles may be used in combination with a dissolvable or movable covering to allow for penetration of the mucosal tissue at a selected time. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a drug delivery device 31 may be provided having a housing containing a drug repository 46, a plurality of static microneedles 34 attached to and extending away from the housing 33, and a moveable covering or a dissolvable coating 32 covering a portion of the housing 33 and at least partly surrounding the static microneedles 34. The housing 33 may also contain a piston 36, an actuator 38 for moving the piston, and a control module 40 for controlling the actuator 38. [0030] Similar to the embodiment of FIG. 1, the control module 40 of the embodiments of FIGs. 3-9, includes a power source 44, such as a battery, and controller 42. In the embodiment of FIGs. 3-5, the controller 42 may be configured to control the timing of delivery of the drug by controlling actuator 38. As is described in greater detail hereinafter, various other mechanisms may be employed to dispense the drug from the housing via a positive displacement process or otherwise. [00311 As illustrated in FIG.4, the static microneedles 34 may penetrate the mucosal tissue 14 after the dissolvable coating 32 dissolves. As illustrated in FIG. 5, once the static 6 microneedles 34 have penetrated the mucosal tissue 14, the control module 40 may actuate the actuator 38 to advance the piston 36 through the drug repository 46 to dispense the drug from the drug repository 46 through the microneedles 34 into the mucosal tissue 14. [0032] In some embodiments, an expandable component my be provided within the housing to cause dispensing of the drug when the expandable component expands. For example, as illustrated in FIGs. 6 and 7, an internal gas-volume displacement pump may be provided in or adjacent to a pump reservoir 50 to actuate the dispensing of the drug contained in drug repository 46 via a positive displacement process. In one embodiment, the pump may include a cathode 54 and anode 56 which contact water or an aqueous solution inside the pump reservoir 50. A channel 52 may be provided in housing to allow aqueous secretions from the mucosal tissue 14 to fill the channel 52 and contact the cathode 54 and anode 56. In other embodiments, a channel 52 that is in fluid communication with the interior space of the lumen may be omitted and electrolytes may be provided on board the device. For example, the pump reservoir 50 may comprise an ionic solution such as sodium chloride. Alternatively, the pump reservoir 50 may contain deionized water, and a solid electrolyte may be provided in place of the channel 52 so that the solid electrolyte contacts the surfaces of the cathode 54 and anode 56 facing the channel 52. The controller 42 may be configured to control the timing and sequence of delivery of the drug by applying electrical potentials to the cathode 54 and anode 56. A mechanism for generating a gas inside the pump reservoir 50 using the cathode 54 and anode 56 is described in greater detail hereinafter. [00331 In other embodiments, the expandable component may comprise a swellable material or an expandable reservoir. For example, as illustrated in FIGs. 8 and 9, a swellable material or expandable reservoir 60 may be provided in the housing. A valve 64 may be actuated to allow the ingress of water into the housing via a port 66. In certain embodiments, the expanding component may be a swellable matrix or gel. In other embodiments, the expandable reservoir may contain a phase-transformable material that may change phase from solid or liquid to gas when heat or an electromagnetic field is applied to the material. The controller 42 may be configured to control the timing and sequence of delivery of the drug by actuating a heating source or an electromagnetic field. As is described in greater detail below, various other actuator 7 mechanisms may be used to dispense the drug from the housing via a positive displacement process. [00341 The housing may be generally configured to facilitate deployment of the drug delivery device within a mucosal lumen. In some embodiments, the device may be placed within the lumen by insertion into the lumen via an exterior body orifice. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the housing is shaped and dimensioned to allow insertion and placement of the device within the intended lumen via the exterior body orifice. Specifically, the housing may be shaped and dimensioned for vaginal, cervical, uterine, or rectal insertion and placement. The materials of construction, size, shape, and surface features and other characteristics of the device housing are configured so that the device can be deployed into the mucosal lumen, retained securely in the lumen during operation of the device, and generally retrieved from the lumen following operation of the device or when otherwise desired to be removed. The device configuration is based upon the particular lumenal site and human or animal anatomical considerations, for deployment with minimal discomfort to the patient. [0035] The housing may contain dispensers for dispensing one or more drugs and a control module for controlling the release and delivery of the drugs. The dispensers may include one or more repositories disposed therewithin for containing one or more drugs and microneedles for dispensing the one or more drugs therethrough. The microneedles may extend, or be extendable from, the housing. The housing may also contain actuators for moving the microneedles from a first position to a second position. The actuator may also be controlled by the control module. [0036] The housing may be formed of any biocompatible material. Moreover, the housing material may be resistant to degradation in the environment of the lumen. Examples of suitable materials include stainless steel, titanium, and certain polymers. The material forming the housing may include a coating to enhance biocompatibility and/or operation of the device. [0037] The device includes a plurality of microneedles for penetrating the mucosal tissue at a selected time after the device has been deployed into the lumen. As used herein, the term "microneedle" refers to microneedles, microblades, and other microprojections known in the art. The microneedle may be solid or hollow. It may have one or more axial bores or channels, 8 and/or one or more grooves, and/or one or more lateral apertures, as known in the art to facilitate fluid flow through or around the microneedle. The microneedle may have a straight or tapered shaft, or it may have both an untapered base portion and a tapered end portion. The microneedles can be formed with shafts that have a circular or non-circular lateral cross-section The microneedle may have a pyramidal shape, with a square or triangular base. The tip portion of the microneedles can have a variety of configurations. The tip of the microneedle can be symmetrical or asymmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the shaft. The tips may be beveled, tapered, squared-off, or rounded. In various embodiments, the microneedle may have a length of about 10 pm to about 1500 pm, such as about 50 prm to about 1400 pm, about 150 pm to about 1300 pm, about 300 prm to about 1300 pm, about 300 pm to about 1000 pm, or about 300 to about 800 pm. In various embodiments, the base portion of the microneedle has a maximum width or cross-sectional dimension of about 10 pm to about 500 pm, about 50 pm to about 400 pm, or about 100 prm to about 250 pm. For a hollow microneedle, the maximum outer diameter or width may be about 50 pm to about 400 pm, with an aperture diameter of about 5 prm to about 100 pm. The microneedle may be fabricated to have an aspect ratio (width:length) of about 1:1 to about 1:10. Other lengths, widths, and aspect ratios are envisioned. The microneedles may be fabricated using methods and materials known in the art, including but not limited to biocompatible metals and polymers. [0038] The term "at a selected time," when used to refer to the time the microneedles penetrate the mucosal tissue after the device has been deployed into the lumen, means that the plurality of microneedles penetrate the mucosal tissue after the device is deployed within the lumen for a period of time. This feature may allow the device to be positioned in a desired orientation or location within the lumen before the microneedles penetrate the mucosal tissue and inhibit positional adjustment of the device. For example, the device may be placed at a specific location in the lumen in a specific orientation with respect to the lumen and time may be allowed for the mucosal tissue to frictionally engage and maintain the device in the designated location and orientation prior to penetrating the mucosal tissue with the microneedles. 10039] Various mechanisms may be used to control the timing of mucosal tissue penetration. In some embodiments, moveable microneedles may be actuated to extend from the housing into the mucosal tissue. In other embodiments, static microneedles may be used in 9 combination with a dissolvable coating or moveable covering. The dissolvable coating or moveable covering may expose the microneedles to the mucosal tissue at a selected time after the device is deployed into the lumen. [00401 As illustrated in FIGs. I and 2, a plurality of moveable microneedles 26 may be provided on a microneedle carriage 24 to allow the microneedles 26 to be moveable in unison. An actuator 28, which may be a linear actuator, may actuate the movement of the microneedles 26 and microneedle carriage 24 from a first position (FIG. 1) to a second position (FIG. 2) in which the microneedles 26 penetrate the mucosal tissue 14. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the microneedles 26 may be entirely contained within the housing 12 when the device 10 is initially deployed in the lumen 16. The actuator 28 may also actuate the movement of the microneedles 26 and microneedle carriage 24 from the second position (FIG. 2) to the first position (FIG. 1). [00411 In some embodiments, the microneedles 26 may penetrate the mucosal tissue 14 and then may be withdrawn back into the housing 33 leaving disruptions in the mucosal tissue 14. The device may thereafter dispense the drug through holes in the housing 10 (for example, the holes in the housing 10 through which the moveable microneedles 26 extend when moving between the first position and the second position) onto the portion of the mucosal tissue disrupted by the needles. The disruptions may facilitate the transmucosal delivery of the drug. 10042] As illustrated in FIGs. 3 and 4, a plurality of static microneedles 34 may extend from the surface of the housing 33 of the device 31. The static microneedles 34 may be at least partly covered by a dissolvable coating 32. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the microneedles 34 may penetrate the mucosal tissue 14 as the dissolvable coating 32 dissolves. The dissolvable coating may comprise a sugar or other water-soluble material that will dissolve in the lumen 16. The material and thickness of the coating 32 may be varied to control the length of time that the device may be deployed in the lumen 16 before the microneedles 34 may penetrate the mucosal tissue 14. A moveable covering may be employed to expose the microneedles at a selected time to achieve a similar effect. The housing may comprise components that move to uncover the microneedles 34 or move to allow the mucosal tissue 14 to contact the microneedles 34 at a selected time. For example, the moveable component may move radially inward toward the base of the static microneedles 32 and the housing 33, mimicking the dissolution of a dissolvable coating. An actuator may be employed to actuate the movement of the moveable covering. 10 [00431 To facilitate removal of the device from the lumen, the microneedles may be withdrawn from the mucosal tissue. For example, the moveable microneedles may be actuated to be withdrawn into the housing of the device. Alternatively, the microneedles may be dissolvable, biodegradable or bioerodible such that after a period of time the microneedles dissolve, degrade or erode in the mucosal tissue or lumen. The microneedles may dissolve passively or actively. For example, the microneedle may comprise a metal that forms a soluble salt when a voltage is applied to the metal and the metal is in contact with an ionic species. In this example, the microneedle may be actively dissolved by the application of a voltage to the microneedle after the drug is dispensed. [00441 The microneedles may be formed in various shapes or structures. Each of the microneedles may have a conduit or channel that is fluidly connected to the drug repository to allow the drug to flow freely from the drug repository into the mucosal tissue via the conduit or channel. Alternatively, the microneedle may comprise a porous material and the drug may be delivered into the mucosal tissue through the pores of the microneedle. In other embodiments, nonporous, non-channeled microneedles (e.g., microneedle pins) may be used to create disruptions in the mucosal tissue. The microneedles may be formed in various shapes including, but not limited to, cylindrical, pyramidal, and conical. The tip of the microneedle may include a bevel or other feature to facilitate penetrate of the mucosal tissue. When extended from the housing or exposed, the microneedles may extend from the outer surface of the housing a length of about 10 pm to about 1000 ltm, and more preferably about 150 jIm to about 450 pm. [00451 The microneedles may be formed of various materials. For example, the microneedles may be made of a metal/alloy such as stainless steel, aluminum/aluminum alloy, nickel/nickel alloy, or titanium/titanium alloy. The microneedles may also be formed of various polymeric materials, including biodegradable polymers. Various methods are known for producing metal and polymeric microstructures, such as microneedles, including micro-molding and etching processes. [00461 A drug dispenser may be provided for actively dispensing the drug from the drug delivery device by positive displacement. The drug may be stored in the device in a repository and dispensed from the housing into the lumen or mucosal tissue at a selected time. The drug

II

dispenser may be arranged to dispense the drug from the housing to a region of the mucosal barrier disrupted by the microneedles or through the microneedles into the mucosal tissue. 10047] In some embodiments, the drug may be released from the housing via passive diffusion. In other embodiments, the drug dispenser may employ various positive displacement elements for dispensing the drug from the device including mechanical displacement, osmotic swelling displacement, gas-volume displacement, electrostatically-induced compression, piezoelectric actuation, or a thermally/magnetically induced phase transformation. The positive displacement element may comprise an actuatable dispensing valve in combination with a static pressure head. The term "positive displacement," as used herein, generally refers to any process whereby the drug is dispensed from the drug delivery device under force provided from within the drug delivery device. Accordingly, the term "positive displacement" does not refer to the passive, chemical diffusion of the drug out of the device. 10048] In some embodiments, the drug is stored within a repository within the housing, and is actively dispensed from the housing through a plurality of microneedles by a mechanical displacement element such as a piston or spring. For example, in the embodiment of FIGs 4 and 5, the integral control module 40 may selectively transmit electrical or mechanical power to the actuator 38, advancing the piston 36 of the actuator 38 through the drug repository 46 and dispensing the drug through the microneedles 34. The actuator 38 may be, for example, a linear actuator. [00491 In some embodiments, the drug is dispensed by gas-volume displacement. For example, as illustrated in FIGs. 6 and 7, the device may include a pump reservoir 50 containing water or an aqueous solution. A pair of electrodes (a cathode 54 and an anode 56) may be provided within the pump reservoir 50 for generating a gas, such as oxygen and hydrogen. A passage 52 may be provided between the electrodes to allow water from within the lumen 16 to exchange protons and electrons with the water or aqueous solution within the pump reservoir 50. In other embodiments, a channel 52 that is in fluid communication with the interior space of the lumen may be omitted and electrolytes may be provided on board the device. For example, the pump reservoir 50 may comprise an ionic solution such as sodium chloride. Alternatively, the pump reservoir 50 may contain deionized water, and a solid electrolyte may be provided in place 12 of the channel 52 so that the solid electrolyte contacts the surfaces of the cathode 54 and anode 56 facing the channel 52. 100501 An electrical potential of about 1.0 V or greater may be applied to the electrodes to generate 02 at the anode. The reaction at the anode is described by EQ. 1. In the water, at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction reaction takes place, with electrons from the cathode being given to the hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas as shown in EQ. 2. The pressure exerted by the generated oxygen and hydrogen causes piston 58 to advance into the drug repository 46, thereby causing the drug to dispense through the microneedles 34 into the mucosal tissue 14. The production of oxygen and hydrogen may be controlled by an integral control module 40 that is provided on-board the device in the housing. The control module 40 may include a power source 44, such as a battery, and a controller 42 that is programmed to supply the electrical potential to the cathode 54 and the anode 56 at a selected time. 2H 2 0 (1) -> 0 2 (g)+ 4H*(aq)+ 4e~ EQ. I 2H* (aq) + 2e~ - H 2 (g) EQ. 2 [0051] Other positive displacement elements may be better understood with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9. In these examples, a drug contained in a drug repository 46 is dispensed by the enlargement of component 60. Component 60 may be, for example, a swellable material (such as a swellable gel) or an expandable reservoir. In some embodiments, the drug is dispensed by osmotic swelling displacement. Optionally, a valve 64 may be provided to selectively control the ingress of water into the repository or swellable material through a port 66 or a semi permeable membrane. Water from the lumen 16 may be drawn into a repository or swellable material, causing the repository or swellable material to expand in volume. The expansion of the reservoir or swellable material may displace a volume of drug contained within the housing, causing the drug to be dispensed from the device into the mucosal tissue 14. The actuation of the valve 64 may be controlled by the integral control module 40. [0052] In other embodiments, the drug may be dispensed by an expansive force supplied by an induced phase transformation. For example, component 60 may comprise an expandable reservoir containing a phase-transformable material. The phase-transformable material may be any liquid or solid that will undergo a phase transition from solid or liquid to gas when heated or 13 subjected to an electro-magnetic field. When the material transforms to a gas, the material expands and advances through the drug repository 46 to dispense the drug from the device. The actuation of the phase-transformation may be controlled by the on-board control module 40. [00531 In other embodiments, the drug may be positively displaced and dispensed from the housing by electrostatically-induced compression or using a piezoelectric actuator. For example, a dielectric elastomeric actuator or piezoelectric actuator may be arranged such that a change in voltage or current to the actuator causes the actuator to exert a compressive force on the drug in the drug repository. This compressive force may cause the drug to be dispensed from the device. The actuation of the actuator may be controlled by the on-board control module. 100541 In other embodiments, positive displacement of the drug may be achieved using a static pressure head and an actuatable valve. The valve may be operated, for example, in an analog mode for amplitude-modulated dosing or it may be operated in a digital mode for frequency/duty-cycle modulated dosing. The static head pressure may be provided by loading the drug into the device under pressure or a the device may be pressurized after the drug is loaded in the device. [00551 In various embodiments, the device may be configured for wireless operation, e.g., following deployment in the human or animal subject. In such cases, the device includes appropriate telemetry components as known in the art. For example, actuation of the microneedles positioning and/or the drug dispensing may be done from a remote controller, e.g., external to the human or animal subject. Generally, the telemetry (i.e. the transmitting and receiving) is accomplished using a first coil to inductively couple electromagnetic energy to a matching/corresponding second coil. The means of doing this are well established, with various modulation schemes such as amplitude or frequency modulation used to transmit the data on a carrier frequency. The choice of the carrier frequency and modulation scheme will depend on the location of the device and the bandwidth required, among other factors. Other data telemetry systems known in the art also may be used. In another case, the device is configured to be remotely powered, or charged. For example, the device may include a transducer for receiving energy wirelessly transmitted to the device, circuitry for directing or converting the received power into a form that can be used or stored, and if stored, a storage device, such as a 14 rechargeable battery or capacitor. In still another case, the device is both wirelessly powered and wirelessly controlled. [00561 Various drugs may be administered from the drug delivery device. The drug may be a protein or a peptide. For example, in some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be used to administer hormones or steroids, including, but not limited to, follicle stimulating hormone, parathyroid hormone, luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estradiol, progesterone, melatonin, serotonin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, etc. [00571 In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be used to administer cytokine signaling molecules or immunomodulating agents that are used in cellular communication. These molecules commonly comprise proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins. [00581 In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be used to administer drugs for pain management, including, but not limited to, corticosteroids, opioids, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COX2 inhibitors, ticyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline), etc. [00591 In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be used to administer cardiovascular drugs. Examples of cardiovascular drugs that may be administered with the device include A- or B-type natriuretic peptids, atrial natriuretic factor, atrial natriuretic hormone, atriopeptin, antiarrhythmic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists; and calcium channel blocker. 100601 A control module is provided for controlling the actuation of the microneedles and/or the delivery of the drug into the mucosal tissue. The control module may be provided on board the drug delivery device in the housing. The control module may include a power source and a controller. The power source may be any source of mechanical or electrical power, such as a battery or fuel cell. The controller may be programmable or it may be pre-programmed to deliver the drug in accordance and/or actuate the microneedles with a pre-designated schedule. [00611 In some embodiments, the control module may further comprise one or more sensors for analyzing the environment around the device or within the lumen. For example, a sensor may be employed to detect the presence of a hormone or other substance in the lumen. 15 100621 In some embodiments, the control module may further comprise a wireless receiver for receiving wireless control signals from a separate, detached transmitting device. In certain embodiments, the device may be deployed into the lumen by the patient or a physician, and, thereafter, the patient or physician may actuate the release of the drug using the transmitting device to transmit control signals to the placed device. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the control module receiver and transmitting device may both be transceivers capable of transmitting and receiving control signals and other communications from each other. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the control module transceiver may transmit data relevant to the operation of the device, such as data regarding the dosages already administered, the dosing schedule, the level of drug remaining in the repositories, and the remaining battery charge, as well as data relevant to the environment of the lumen, such as data detected or measured by an integral sensor. In some embodiments, the control module may also be wirelessly powered. [0063] Methods are provided for transmucosal drug delivery using intralumenal devices. The method includes placing the drug delivery device within the lumen of a patient. The patient may be a human or other mammalian animal (e.g., cow, horse, pig, or dog). The methods include various medical and veterinary therapies, as well as animal husbandry applications. The lumen may be, for example, a vagina, cervix, uterus, bladder, or rectum. The device may be adapted to contact essentially any mucosal tissue surface. The device may be placed in the lumen by inserting the device through an exterior orifice of the patient into the lumen. In some embodiments, the device may be in a form that may be orally administered for delivery of a drug via the mucosal tissue of the gastrointestinal tract. [00641 After the drug delivery device is placed in the lumen, the microneedles of the drug delivery device may penetrate the mucosal side wall. In some embodiments, the microneedles may be actuated to penetrate the mucosal side wall by an integral control module at a selected time. The drug delivery device may then dispense the drug to a region of the mucosal tissue disrupted by the microneedles or through the microneedles into the mucosal tissue. The release of the drug from the device may also be actuated by the control module at another selected time after the microneedles have penetrated the mucosal tissue. [0065] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the transmucosal drug delivery device 10 may be placed in a lumen 16. The drug delivery device 10 may be held in place by frictional engagement 16 between the mucosal tissue 14 and the housing 12. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the microneedles 26 may then be actuated to extend from the housing 12 into the mucosal tissue 14 via actuation of the actuator 28. The actuation of the actuator 28 may be controlled by the control module 18. [00661 Alternatively, as illustrated in FIGs. 3 and 4, a drug delivery device may be placed in the lumen 16, and a dissolvable coating 32 may be allowed to dissolve causing a plurality of static microneedles 34 to penetrate the mucosal tissue 14. Similarly, a moveable covering may be provided to expose the microneedles at a selected time. The moveable covering may be actuated by an on-board control module. [00671 After the microneedles penetrate the mucosal tissue 14, the control module 40 may actuate the delivery of the drug . In the example of FIG. 4 and 5, the control module 40 may supply electrical or mechanical energy to actuator 38. In the example of FIGs. 6 and 7, the control module may apply an electrical potential to the cathode 54 and the anode 56. As illustrated in FIG. 7, as gas is generated within the pump reservoir 50, the piston 58 advances through the drug repository 46, causing the drug to be dispensed through the microneedles 34. The device may thereafter be removed from the lumen. To facilitate removal, the microneedles may be biodegradable (in the case of static microneedles), or extendable microneedles may be actuated to be drawn back into the housing. [00681 With reference to FIGs. 8 and 9, in embodiments in which a swellable material or enlargeable repository is used, the valve 64 may then be actuated to allow the ingress of water into the swellable material or expandable reservoir 60. Alternatively, the control module 40 may actuate the inducement of a phase change of a material in the expandable reservoir 60. For example, the control module 40 may actuate a heating element to heat the phase change material or may actuate a circuit that generates an electro-magnetic field. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the enlargement of the swellable material or expandable reservoir 60 forces the drug out of the microneedles 34 and into the mucosal tissue 14. [00691 The drug delivery device and method may be used for various therapeutic applications. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be used to treat infertility in a female subject. For example, the drug delivery device may be placed in the vagina (or uterus, or other part of the birth canal) of a female subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver follicle stimulating hormone to 17 induce ovulation in the female subject. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be configured to deliver a plurality of hormones, including follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone separately, or in combination, in appropriate sequences, at appropriate times, and in appropriate amounts to treat infertility. The device may also dispense estradiol to regulate natural hormone production in the female subject. The appropriate dosing schedule and amounts may be determined by one in the field of reproductive pharmacology. [00701 In another embodiment, the drug delivery device may be use to treat insulin dependent diabetes (Type I diabetes) in a subject. The drug delivery device may be placed within a lumen of the subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver insulin to the patient at a selected time or times. [00711 In another embodiment, the drug delivery device may be use to treat diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes) in a subject. The drug delivery device may be placed within a lumen of the subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver exenatide to the patient at a selected time or times. [00721 In another embodiment, the drug delivery device may be use to treat breast or ovarian cancer in a subject. The drug delivery device may be placed within a lumen of the subject, such as the vagina for a female subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver abraxane (or other drug having therapeutic effectiveness for treating breast cancer) to the patient at a selected time or times. [00731 In another embodiment, the drug delivery device may be use to treat HIV/AIDS in a subject. The drug delivery device may be placed within a lumen of the subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver Abacavir (ABC) or Cidofovir (or other drug having therapeutic effectiveness for treating HIV/AIDS) to the patient at a selected time or times. The device also may be used to treat other sexually transmitted diseases. [00741 In another embodiment, the drug delivery device may be use to treat genital herpes in a subject. The drug delivery device may be placed within a lumen of the subject, such as within the vagina of a female subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver acyclovir, famciclovir, or valacyclovir 18 (or other drug having therapeutic effectiveness for treating genital herpes) to the patient at a selected time or times. [00751 In another embodiment, the drug delivery device may be use to treat diabetes insipidus in a subject. The drug delivery device may be placed within a lumen of the subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver desmopressin (or other drug having therapeutic effectiveness for treating diabetes insipidus) to the patient at a selected time or times. [00761 In another embodiment, the drug delivery device may be use to treat osteoporosis in a subject. The drug delivery device may be placed within a lumen of the subject, such as within the vagina of a female subject. The microneedles may then penetrate the mucosal tissue. Thereafter, the drug delivery device may deliver ibandronate, calcitonin, or parathyroid hormone (or other drug having therapeutic effectiveness for treating osteoporosis) to the patient at a selected time or times. [00771 Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. [0078] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates. 19

Claims (5)

1. An intralumenal device for transmucosal drug delivery comprising: a housing configured for intralumenal deployment into a human or animal subject; a drug-dispensing portion which contains at least one drug; and a plurality of microneedles extending, or being extendable from, the housing, the plurality of solid microneedles being configured to disrupt at least one region of a mucosal barrier adjacent the housing at a selected time after being intralumenally deployed in the human or animal subject, wherein the device is operable to dispense the drug from the housing to a region of the mucosal barrier disrupted by the plurality of microneedles.

2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a receiver adapted to receive power or control signals from a transmitting device when the device is intralumenally deployed in the human or animal subject.

3. The device of claim 1, further comprising a controller configured to actuate the release of the at least one drug from the housing after the plurality of microneedles penetrate the mucosal barrier.

4. An intravaginal device for transmucosal drug delivery comprising: a housing configured for intravaginal deployment into a human or animal subject; a plurality of microneedles extending from, or extendable from, the housing configured to penetrate a region of the mucosal barrier adjacent to the housing at a selected time after being intravaginally deployed in the human or animal subject, and a drug dispenser comprising a drug repository containing at least one drug and a positive displacement element adapted to dispense the at least one drug from the housing through holes in the housing onto the region of the mucosal tissue disrupted by the microneedles. 20

5. A device according to either claim I or claim 3, substantially as hereinbefore described. 21