WO 2010/094402 PCT/EP20I0/000680 Description Damping device The invention relates to a damping device in accordance with the preamble of claim 1. It is used for fixing a component to an anchoring substrate with the aid of an anchor. The component can generally also be referred to as "the article to be fixed" and has, 5 for example, a hole for mounting on the anchor or a number of holes for mounting on a plurality of anchors. The anchoring substrate consists, for example, of masonry, concrete, rock or stone. Anchors used for such fixings are usually rod-like and have, at one end or over their entire length, a thread which protrudes from the anchoring substrate in the anchored state and is referred to hereinbelow as the "rear end". Once 10 the component has been mounted on the anchor, the component is clamped against the anchoring substrate by screwing and tightening a nut onto the thread of the anchor. The anchoring, that is to say the fixing of the anchor in the anchoring substrate, is usually effected mechanically or chemically. Mechanical anchoring is effected by expansion of an expansion sleeve or of an expansible fixing plug in a non 15 undercut hole or an undercut hole which is usually made by drilling. Chemical anchoring is material-bonded anchoring effected by adhesively bonding or mortaring an anchor in a hole in the anchoring substrate. The component clamped against the anchoring substrate is held transversely with 20 respect to the anchor, that is to say parallel to a surface of the anchoring substrate, by frictional engagement against the anchoring substrate. Only when it is subjected to high stress, which is referred to herein as overloading, does the component overcome the frictional force and become displaced on the anchoring substrate. What is herein referred to as overloading does not result in destruction of the anchoring, but, as 25 mentioned, results in the fixed component's being displaced on the anchoring substrate. Such overloading occurs, for example, during earthquakes. The damping device is able to increase the force required to displace the component on the anchoring substrate. Its actual purpose, however, or; at least, one of its purposes is to reduce the loads acting on the anchor and on the component in the event of 30 overloading by allowing (limited) displacement of the component on the anchoring WO 2010/094402 PCTfEP2010/000680 -2 substrate and at the same time counteracting the displacement. For example, impact stresses on the component, such as can occur in the case of earthquakes, are reduced. 5 Offenlegungsschrift DE 101 34 809 Al discloses as frictional force enhancer a washer having angular particles of a hard material, such as, for example, corundum or hard metal, which protrude from the washer. The washer is mounted, between the anchoring substrate and the component to be fixed, on a rod-like anchor which is anchored in the anchoring substrate and protrudes from the anchoring substrate, and 10 the component is clamped against the anchoring substrate. When the component is clamped against the anchoring substrate, the particles protruding from the washer press into the mutually facing surfaces of the anchoring substrate and the component and increase the friction between the component and the anchoring substrate. The washer increases the transmission of force between the component and the anchoring 15 substrate parallel to their mutually facing surfaces, that is to say transversely, i.e. radially, with respect to the anchor, the transverse stress on which is thereby reduced, but impacts acting on the anchoring substrate are transmitted to the fixed component with no reduction in intensity. 20 Offenlegungsschrift DE 33 31 097 Al discloses mounting a spring washer assembly on an anchor, by means of which assembly the anchor clamps the component to be fixed against the anchoring substrate. The spring washers are intended to maintain the bias applied by the anchor in the event of relaxation. 25 A comparable arrangement is disclosed by Offenlegungsschrift DE 101 06 844 Al in which a spring washer assembly is likewise mounted on an anchor. The spring washer assembly is accommodated in a cage which holds the spring washers together until the cage is opened when the anchor is installed and biased. The spring washers are then freed and clamp the component to be fixed against the anchoring substrate. 30 Offenlegungsschrift DE 196 25 176 Al discloses chemical anchoring with an annular resilient element which is arranged on the front end of an anchor rod. The resilient element is located close to the base of a drilled hole underneath the mortar of the chemical anchoring. The resilient element is resilient in the axial direction of the WO 2010/094402 PCT/EP2010/000680 -3 anchor; it counteracts a reduction in tension in the event of relaxation and reduces the axial load on the anchor in the event of dynamic stress. The problem of the invention is to propose a damping device for fixing a component to 5 an anchoring substrate using an anchor which damps shock-like transverse stresses, such as can arise, for example, during earthquakes. That problem is solved according to the invention by the features of claim 1. The damping device according to the invention has a housing in which an elastomeric 10 sleeve is accommodated. In particular, the housing forms a kind of holder for the elastomeric sleeve. In the installed state the housing and the elastomeric sleeve encircle an anchor. The elastomeric sleeve is compressible in the housing, by which is meant that the elastomeric sleeve is compressible axially, i.e. the elastomeric sleeve is compressible in the longitudinal direction of the rod-like anchor. As a result of the 15 compression, the elastomeric sleeve expands radially, both inwards and outwards. It is therefore able to make play-free contact, and even biased contact, on the inside with the anchor passing through it and on the outside with the housing in which it is accommodated. The elastomeric sleeve's absence of play after compression has the advantage of damping without free travel, the damping acting transversely, i.e. radially, 20 with respect to the anchor, that is to say parallel to the mutually facing surfaces of the anchoring substrate and the component fixed to the anchoring substrate. A further advantage of the invention is a centring action of the damping device as a result of the compression of the elastomeric sleeve. 25 The damping device according to the invention has a feed-through opening for a rod like anchor; overall the damping device is, for example, annular or sleeve-like. The elastomeric sleeve is resilient or, at least, predominantly resilient. Any additional plastic behaviour of the elastomeric sleeve can further improve the damping action, but plastically deformed portions no longer contribute to damping in the event of 30 renewed stress. The volume of the elastomeric sleeve can be regarded at least approximately as being incompressible. As a result of the compression, the elasto meric sleeve fills an annular cavity in the housing of the damping device, which cavity surrounds the anchor passing through the damping device, and, as already described, the elastomeric sleeve is able to make play-free contact on the inside with the anchor 35 and on the outside with the housing. The compression force can be increased in order WO 2010/094402 PCT/EP2010/000680 -4 to establish a bias with which the elastomeric sleeve is in contact on the inside with the anchor and on the outside with the housing. By means of the compression force, it is possible to adjust the damping of the elastomeric sleeve and accordingly of the damping device according to the invention. 5 One construction in accordance with the invention provides a screw closure which is arranged to be screwed onto the housing or screwed into the housing. By screwing the screw closure onto or into the housing, the elastomeric sleeve is compressible, so that, as already described, it is able to make play-free contact on the inside with a rod-like 10 anchor passing through the damping device and on the outside with the housing, and it is possible to adjust the bias with which the elastomeric sleeve makes contact on the inside with the anchor and on the outside with the housing. One construction in accordance with the invention provides an overlying element 15 which projects outwards from the housing and which may be a radial flange or an annular step. An outwardly projecting lug, tab or the like is also possible. There are preferably provided at least two outwardly projecting lugs, tabs or the like arranged opposite one another or more than two outwardly projecting lugs, tabs or the like distributed uniformly or non-uniformly around the circumference of the housing. In the 20 installed state, the overlying element of the housing overlies the component to be fixed on the outer side remote from the anchoring substrate. By means of the overlying element, the component is clamped against the substrate in order to achieve frictional engagement between the component and the anchoring substrate The damping device is not itself supposed to be clamped against the anchoring substrate, because 25 the load is to be transferred from the component directly to the anchoring substrate and not indirectly by way of the damping device. The invention is described in greater detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing, wherein 30 Figure 1 is a perspective view of a damping device according to the invention; Figure 2 is a perspective exploded view of the damping device from Figure 1; WO 2010/094402 PCT/EP2010/000680 -5 Figure 3 is an axial section through the damping device from Figure 1 in an exploded view; and Figure 4 is an axial section through the damping device from Figure 1 in the 5 assembled state. The damping device 1 according to the invention shown in the drawing has an elastomeric sleeve 2, a housing 3 and a screw closure 4. The ring cross-section of the elastomeric sleeve 2 is approximately square and the elastomeric sleeve 2 has 10 shallow conical recesses 5 on its two end faces. The elastomeric sleeve 2 can also be understood as an elastomeric ring; what is important is less the form of the elastomeric sleeve 2 than its damping characteristics and that it encircles an anchor 6 passing through it and fills an annular space surrounding the anchor 6 in the housing 3 in the installed state (Figure 4). The elastomeric sleeve 2 can have on its inner side a thread 15 or a circumferential groove 7 for engagement with a thread 24 of the anchor 6, but such a thread or groove 7 is not mandatory. It is also possible for there to be a thread or a circumferential groove on the outer side of the elastomeric sleeve 2, although not present in the exemplary embodiment shown. The elastomeric sleeve 2 is resiliently deformable or, at least, predominantly resiliently deformable, and can be regarded, at 20 least approximately, as being incompressible. The housing 3 is tubular and has a base 8 in the form of an apertured disc, the central hole 9 of which has a greater diameter than the elastomeric sleeve 2. At the other end face, the housing 3 has an outwardly projecting radial flange 10 and it has an internal 25 thread 11. The housing 3 can be made, for example, of steel or some other metal, or of plastics material. The screw closure 4 is tubular; it has an external thread 12 with which it is arranged to be screwed into the internal thread 11 of the housing 3, and a hexagonal head 13 for 30 positive engagement by a rotary tool. The screw closure 4 is made, for example, of steel or some other metal, or of plastics material. An axially continuous internal hole 14 of the elastomeric sleeve 2, the tubular housing 3 and the central hole 9 in its base 8 and also an axial through-hole 15 of the screw closure 4 form a feed-through opening in the damping device 1 for the rod-like anchor 6. 35 WO 2010/094402 PCT/EP2010/000680 -6 Figure 4 shows the fixing of a component 16 to an anchoring substrate 17 with the rod like anchor 6. The anchor 6 is an expansible anchor having an expansible expansion sleeve 18; it has been introduced into a drilled hole 19 in the anchoring substrate 17 and expanded for anchoring. The anchor 6 protrudes from the anchoring substrate 17. 5 The component 16 has a cylindrical though-hole 20 the diameter of which corresponds to the outer diameter of the housing 3. In order that the housing 3 can be introduced more easily into the through-hole 20 in the component 16, the housing 3 has a bevel 21. Up to the underside of its flange 10, the housing 3 is axially shorter than the component 16 is thick, so that in the installed state it is not seated on the anchoring 10 substrate 17 (Figure 4). The component 16 is mounted by its through-hole 20 on the anchor 6 protruding from the anchoring substrate 17, and the housing 3 with the inserted elastomeric sleeve 2 is mounted on the anchor 6 and introduced into the through-hole 20 in the component 16. The screw closure 4 can have been screwed into the internal thread 11 of the housing 3 when it was mounted on the anchor 6 or it 15 can be screwed in subsequently. After being mounted on the anchor 6, the screw closure 4 is screwed into the housing 3 so that it compresses, that is to say axially shortens, the elastomeric sleeve 2. As a result, the elastomeric sleeve 2, which can be regarded, at least approximately, as being incompressible, is expanded radially, its internal diameter is reduced and its outer diameter is increased. As a result, the 20 elastomeric sleeve 2 is biased inwards against the anchor 6 and moulds itself into the thread 24 thereof, and the elastomeric sleeve 2 is biased outwards against the housing 3 and moulds itself into the internal thread 11 thereof. The housing 3 of the damping device 1 encircles the elastomeric sleeve 2 like a holder. The elastomeric sleeve 2 is on the inside in play-free contact with the anchor 6 and on the outside in 25 play-free contact with the housing 3. The bias with which the elastomeric sleeve 2 exerts inward and outward pressure can be altered by turning the screw closure 4 in the internal thread 11 of the housing 3. A reduction in tension caused by relaxation of the elastomeric sleeve 2 can be readjusted by retightening the screw closure 4. 30 Once the elastomeric sleeve 2 has been compressed and possibly biased by screwing of the screw closure 4 into the housing 3 of the damping device 1 according to the invention, a washer 22 is mounted and a nut 23 is screwed onto the thread 24 of the anchor 6, the screw closure 4 being held steady so that it does not turn with the nut 23 or, once the elastomeric sleeve 2 has been compressed and possibly biased, the 35 screw closure 4 being secured against rotation in the housing 3, for example with a WO 2010/094402 PCT/EP2010/000680 -7 locking varnish or by punching in an embossed dot or the like, that is to say by plastic deformation of the housing 3 and/or the screw closure 4 in the region of their junction, which secures the screw closure 4 against rotation on the housing 3. By tightening the nut 23, the component 16 to be fixed is clamped against the anchoring substrate 17 5 and thereby fixed to the anchoring substrate 17. The nut 23 clamps the component 16 against the anchoring substrate 17 by way of the washer 22, the screw closure 4 and the radial flange 10 of the housing 3; as can be seen in Figure 4, the housing 3 is not seated on the anchoring substrate 17. Generally the radial flange 10 can be understood as an overlying element, which in the installed state overlies the 10 component 16 fixed to the anchoring substrate 17 on the side remote from the anchoring substrate 17 and clamps it against the anchoring substrate 17. The internal diameter of the elastomeric sleeve 2 can, as in the exemplary embodiment, be smaller than the diameter of the anchor 6, especially a thread 24 of the anchor 6. That is not mandatory, however; the internal diameter of the elastomeric sleeve 2 can also be the 15 same size as or larger than the diameter of the anchor 6, especially its thread 24. As a result of the compression of the elastomeric sleeve 2 that is effected by screwing the screw closure 4 into the housing 3, the elastomeric sleeve 2 is, as already described, biased inwards against the anchor 6 and is in play-free contact therewith, it being possible to apply a bias by tightening the screw closure 4. By way of the elastomeric 20 sleeve 2, the damping device 1 centres the through-hole 20 of the component 16 on the anchor 6; the component 16 is fixed in place on the anchor 6 without play. The component 16 clamped against the anchoring substrate 17 with the nut 23 is held by friction against displacement on the anchoring substrate 17. If the friction between 25 the component 16 and the anchoring substrate 17 is overcome in the event of high loads, as can occur, for example, during an earthquake, the component 16 is displaced with respect to the anchoring substrate 17. For that displacement the elastomeric sleeve 2 has to be deformed and as a result damps the displacement of the component 16 with respect to the anchoring substrate 17. 30