AU2009100133A4 - A method to start and to operate a power generation system with intergrated thermo-chemical solid fuel gasifier - Google Patents

A method to start and to operate a power generation system with intergrated thermo-chemical solid fuel gasifier Download PDF

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AU2009100133A4
AU2009100133A4 AU2009100133A AU2009100133A AU2009100133A4 AU 2009100133 A4 AU2009100133 A4 AU 2009100133A4 AU 2009100133 A AU2009100133 A AU 2009100133A AU 2009100133 A AU2009100133 A AU 2009100133A AU 2009100133 A4 AU2009100133 A4 AU 2009100133A4
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combustion engine
fuel
thermo
fuel gas
chemical
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AU2009100133A
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Jens Berkan
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Berkan Jens Dr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/06—Continuous processes
    • C10J3/18—Continuous processes using electricity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/22—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues
    • C10J3/24—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed
    • C10J3/26—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed downwardly
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/34—Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B43/00—Engines characterised by operating on gaseous fuels; Plants including such engines
    • F02B43/08—Plants characterised by the engines using gaseous fuel generated in the plant from solid fuel, e.g. wood
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
    • F02B77/08—Safety, indicating, or supervising devices
    • F02B77/085—Safety, indicating, or supervising devices with sensors measuring combustion processes, e.g. knocking, pressure, ionization, combustion flame
    • F02B77/086—Sensor arrangements in the exhaust, e.g. for temperature, misfire, air/fuel ratio, oxygen sensors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/04—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with solid fuels, e.g. pulverised coal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M31/00—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M31/02—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating
    • F02M31/04—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating combustion-air or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M31/045—Fuel-air mixture
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M33/00—Other apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
    • C10J2200/156—Sluices, e.g. mechanical sluices for preventing escape of gas through the feed inlet
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
    • C10J2200/158—Screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1643—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
    • C10J2300/165—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy integrated with a gas turbine or gas motor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1671—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with the production of electricity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1869—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being air, oxygen or ozone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1892—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being water/steam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B29/00—Engines characterised by provision for charging or scavenging not provided for in groups F02B25/00, F02B27/00 or F02B33/00 - F02B39/00; Details thereof
    • F02B29/04—Cooling of air intake supply
    • F02B29/0406—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1493—Details
    • F02D41/1494—Control of sensor heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M31/00—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M31/02—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating
    • F02M31/12—Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating electrically
    • F02M31/13—Combustion air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/04—Starting of engines by means of electric motors the motors being associated with current generators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y02E20/18—Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)

Description

a I IV Title of the invention: A method to start and to operate a power generation system with integrated thermo-chemical solid fuel gasifier. Inventor 1. Inventor Name / Title Dr.-Ing. Berkan First name Jens Street address 42 Schofield CCT Address, Suburb Caboolture, QLD 451 Od Country AUSTRALIA Nationality German / Australian Proportion of invention [%] 100 Signature LI IV Definition: Symbol Description Unit BE Fuel consumption kJ be Specific Fuel Consumption kJ/kWh EC,BG,ideai theoretic ideal potential energy content of the fuel gas kJ/kg, kJ/m 3 Ec,BG,reaI Actual chemical energy content of the fuel gas kJ/kg, kJ/m 3 n Revolution speed rpm, min' M Torque Nm Air mass flow Kg/s Gas mass flow Kg/s Exhaust gas mass flow Kg/s Fuel mass flow Kg/s Pei Electric power kW Heat flow kJ/s Vh specific displacement m3/Cylinder CO infinite 1 1N overallefficiency X Air fuel ratio _ ?L volumetric efficiency _ *BG Relative chemical energy content of the fuel gas effective output power function of the combustion engine Description [0001] The invention relates to a method and a device to start and to power up at least one fuel gas generator to supply at least one propulsion engine with a fuel gas which is, for the regular operation of the combustion engine, at least partially one source of fuel, whereby the propulsion engine is a combustion engine, and whereby the combustion engine, in particular driving an energy conversion unit to transform mechanic energy into another form of energy, is connected to one or more energy consumers. In favor, this energy consumer can be a generator to generate electric energy. State of the art [0002] The fuel gas generator to gasify solid fuels as for instance bio mass, coal or peat can be ,in favor, a fixed bed downstream gasifier, as the origins of this type of gasifier are attributed to the inventor IMBERT. Such types of gasifier have the advantage that they are extremely suitable for the gasification of solid fuels with varying fuel characteristics under varying operating loads (flow rate). They operate in a broad load range, producing a virtually tar and condensate-free raw gas, as by the long retention time of the reaction gas in the hot reduction zone virtually all high molecular hydrocarbons will be eliminated. A typical design and structure of such a reactor integrated into a power plant type is given in figure 1. [0003] Combustion engine driven generator systems e.g. with two or multi-phases AC, which are fuelled completely, predominantly or partly with low caloric fuel gas, which for instance can be produced with a gasifier from biomass or other solid fuels, require to ignite the fuel gas in a safe and reliable manner, which can be achieved by the specific mode of operation of the combustion engine. For instance a modified diesel engine could be used as pilot jet ignition type engine, whereby the minimum quantity of injected liquid fuel is to be sufficient to ignite the fuel gas. [0004] Such engine types have the functional advantage that, in case of a malfunction of the gasifier or in case of fluctuation of the chemical energy content of the fuel gas, they can adjust the required torque exactly by injecting additional liquid which can include the sole operation with liquid fuel which results in high reliability of the system. [0005] If solely gas fuelled combustion engines are used, then this degree of freedom does not exist. The maximum quantity of energy which can be converted inside the combustion engine is limited by the energy content of the fuel gas (the chemical enthalpy) as well as the thermodynamic efficiency and the ignition limits of the air fuel ratio. Therefore, in case of a malfunction of the fuel gas generator (gasifier), the actually generated torque of the combustion engine is a function of the 't I IV relative chemical energy content of the fuel gas *BG, which can be seen as the ratio between the actual chemical energy content of the fuel gas Ec,BG,real , and the theoretically ideally possible energy content of the fuel gas Ec,BGjeaj. [00061 Ec,BG,real describes a complex function, in particular dependent on the fuel type, the physical and chemical properties of the gas used for the gasification process, e. g. water content, oxygen content, temperature, further on geometrical dimensions inside the gasification reactor and further parameters. Apart from the, approximately proportional to the chemical energy, influence on the engine's output torque, there is also the restriction of the ignition limits, which are mainly dominated by the fuel gas type, the air fuel ratio in combination with engine-specific parameters. This means that a combustion engine can be fuelled with a fuel gas, as for instance it could be produced with a gasifier, and the combustion engine can be operated within the full range of the ignition limits depending on the chemical and physical properties of the fuel, whereby the engine's specific power output function (VKM, which can be described by the parameter rpm, torque, and fuel consumption, is also depending on the fuel properties, for instance the relative chemical energy content of the fuel gas *BG: 4vKM=f(n, M, BE, 01BG). [0007] Therefore fluctuations of *BG will result in a fluctuation of the engine's torque respectively the engine's revolution speed, and can only be compensated by an integrated control system as far as the combustion engine will still operate within the ignition limits of the air fuel ratio. Further, fluctuations of *BG will result in fluctuations of the specific fuel consumption be and therefore will affect the overall efficiency 1 lN of the power respectively energy generation. [0008] The chemical reactions which are taking place in a gasification reactor used for the gasification of solid fuels and their specific chemical balance are temperature dependent, in particular the Boudouard-reaction and the two water-gas-reactions as well as the methane-reaction which are taking place in the reduction zone of the gasifier. Disturbance of the thermal balance of the gasifier, in particular within the reduction zone, and especially a reduction of the temperature can shift the specific balance of the chemical reactions towards a reduction of the inflammable components, for instance hydrogen H 2 and Carbon monoxide CO by increasing the amount of completely oxidized components such as CO 2 and H 2 0. Thereby the usable chemical energy content of the produced gas decreases and further on, condensate or tar can be produced and discharged from the gasifier, potentially leading to operational disturbances up to the shutdown of the entire power generation plant. [0009] Accordingly, in the opposite case, while "starting" or "powering up" a cold gas generator (gasifier), at first thermal energy must be externally supplied to the gas generator, until the temperatures in the oxidation zone are high enough to ignite the . I IV fuel, simultaneously supplying a suitable oxidizing agent, for example air, that the solid fuel begins to burn (exothermic reaction). At the same time the beginning of this bum-reaction (the ignition) marks the beginning of the internal heat production of the gasification reactor, which, in ideal operational conditions, leads to a fast and independent increase of the temperature in the oxidation zone and the attached reaction zone, and thus leads to the continuous shift of the chemical reaction balance towards the inflammable components, as described in [0008]. [0010] From different patents It is known that different methods exist for igniting and "powering up" cold gas generators (gasifiers) to their operation temperature. For example, the oldest patents (IMBERT) describe an additional opening in the oxidation zone of the gasification reactor, by which the fuel was ignited by means of an open flame. An external blower was used to suck an air flow through the gasifier, to enforce the burn reaction in the oxidation zone. By means of the blower the produced gas mixture was simply discharged until the gasification reactor was thermally stabilized, so that the attached combustion engine could be started. Another method, particularly for the produced gas to be used in diesel engines, is described US patent 6,615,748B2. US patent 6,615,748B2 contains a proposal to integrate an electrical auxiliary heater with a constant electrical power either in a central position of the gasifier air suction pipe, or to integrate smaller electrical heaters directly in each of the potentially existing several air ducts closest to the entry into the gasifier. [0011] Summarizing, it can be stated that different starting procedures to ignite the fuel inside of thermo-chemical gasification reactors exist and thus for starting the gasification reaction. However the described technologies and procedures are actually limited to the pure ignition sequence of the fuel to start the gasification reaction, without stating an integrative control or regulation strategy. [0012] Further no constructive procedure or method exists to integrate, in an extended function range, the components used to ignite the fuel and starting the gasification reaction, into an entire power plant system, as it exemplarily given in illustration 1, consisting of the thermo-chemical gasification reactor (1), to which a fuel supply (2) is attached with integrated heat exchanger (3), used for the thermal physical Pre-conditioning of the fuel via a connecting device (4).
Further the described system in illustration I has a mechanism for fuel gas de dusting (5) and a further mechanism for fuel gas cooling (6), whereby this heat exchanger can be integrated into a thermal energy network with the heat exchanger (3), the fuel gas cooler (6), the reactor gas pre-heater (16), the exhaust-gas heat exchanger (9) and the cooling agent heat exchanger of the combustion engine (10). Following this conditioning the fuel gas, which is sucked out of the gasification reactor after passing its reduction zone, is supplied to a volumetric gas mixer (7), whereby optionally an additional blower (8) can be integrated into the fuel gas flow in arbitrary location to compensate for pressure losses. Further on the thermo-chemical gasification reactor (1) features an assembly for supply (12) of the gaseous oxidizing agent, e.g. air or steam. The supply assembly (12) has one or several integrated electrical heating elements (17), which can be electrically heated to transfer heat energy to the gaseous oxidizing agent. The output side of the combustion engine (11) can be connected with another energy transformation apparatus, for example an electrical generator (13). Further the combustion engine can be connected with a starter device (14), able to crank the combustion engine (11), preferred with variable power. Alternatively this can be achieved by employing the generator (13), insofar a suitable control logic (18) would allow for this, e.g. by a multi-quadrant controller. A further development of the described system can be the integration of an electrical energy source (15), for example a battery pack or an additional separate electric energy generation system. A further development of the described system can be the connection of the system to an external electrical net (19), as it preferably would be given with a grid-feeding operation of the plant. Task [0013] Purpose of this invention is it to describe a starter device and a starting procedure to ignite the fuel in a thermo-chemical gasification reactor to allow the "powering up" of the chemical gasification reactions, and in addition to this the integration into a power plant control system, which accomplishes independently an optimized starting procedure and "powering up" towards operating mode of the entire system based on determined plant parameters (function-characteristic values). In an extended functionality the function-characteristic values are used for real time monitoring and functional optimization of the entire power plant system during regular plant operation following after the starting phase. By this, the security of energy supply for consumers should be as high as possible and the overall efficiency of the plant should be as high as possible.
[0014] It is now suggested that: " The starter device is able to crank the combustion engine at variable revolution speed and variable throttle position, whereby the combustion engine sucks in and discharges through the exhaust system a variable gas flow rate, thus the combustion engine acts as a controlled variable gas feed pump. * Sensors measure the values for pressure and temperature of the gas which is sucked in by the combustion engine and, in combination with the engines revolution speed, to determine a gas flow rate and a gas mass flow from these characteristics. " On the exhaust port the combustion engine is equipped with (preferred) electrically heated oxygen sensors (Lambda sensor), which can be heated up to operating temperature fast and independently of the exhaust gas temperature. " The oxygen sensors (Lambda sensor) are used to determine the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas. " The signal of the Lambda sensor is an input parameter for the gas mixer device to mix fuel gas with air. " A further Lambda sensor, which preferred is dust-proofed and, which likewise can be electrically heated, is integrated into the gasification reactor or positioned as close as possible to it, e.g. into the location between the fuel gas exit pipe and the dust separator, in order to measure the oxygen concentration of the fuel gas. " Further the gas mixer to mix the fuel gas with air is controlled in such a way that a continuous cross-fade can be adjusted between 100% fuel gas + 0% air up to 0% fuel gas + 100% air. . The electrical heating elements within the supply assembly for the gaseous oxidizing agents (e.g. air) can be incrementally electrical powered, in order to generate a fully variable heat flow onto the gaseous oxidizing agent and thus a variable temperature increase of the gaseous oxidizing agent. " The determination of the reached temperature of the gaseous oxidizing agent is done either by a computation based on the data of the transfer heat from the electrical heating elements, and the specific thermal capacity of the gaseous oxidizing agent as well as the mass flow of the oxidizing agent, or by a measurement of the temperature, preferentially at the place of entry into the oxidation zone of the gasifier.
" At least an amount of produced heat is determined from the time integral of the electrical heater elements and the fuel gas mass flow which is generated from the operation conditions of the cranked combustion engine, as well as a temperature level and a geometrical temperature distribution within the solid fuel inside the gasification reactor. " An ignition curve and a bum process chart within the solid fuel are determined from the temperature level and the geometrical temperature distribution within the solid fuel inside the gasification reactor, by additionally modeling and considering fuel-specific characteristic values, to describe the ignition and the progressing of the exothermic oxidation reaction (burning) as well as the thereby caused heat generation (rise in temperature) and the proportionate chemical reactions. " From this a function curve for the remaining oxygen content of the gaseous fuel is derived, which is to be adjusted with the concentration respectively values measured at the Lambda sensors. * At least over the ignition mechanism (spark plugs), the motored (cranked) combustion engine will provide the required ignition energy to ignite and burn an existing burnable gas mixture inside the cylinder. " A motoring or drag torque model of the combustion engine as a function of temperature, intake manifold pressure and revolution speed is used to detect an inserting engine-intemal combustion torque (inserting ignition, combustion), by comparing this model with the actual motoring or drag torque of the combustion engine, e.g. measured on the starter device. " The values of the two Lambda sensors, at the gasification reactor as well as at the exhaust pipe of the combustion engine are to be compared with each other, whereby the time delay due to the gas flow process through the entire plant apparatuses is considered, in order to determine the proportionate engine internal combustion torque over the difference in oxygen concentration, and to adjust other characteristic values. " That the amount of electrical power for heating the gaseous oxidizing agent in the described electrical heater assembly is optimized incrementally in a way that the thermodynamic efficiency of the gasifier is optimized as a function of the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent which is sucked into the gasifier and the progression of the thermo-chemical reactions. " That the amount of electrical power for heating the gaseous oxidizing agent in the described electrical heater assembly is optimized incrementally in a way that the combustion engine's mechanical power output is optimized as a function of the 71 IU mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent which is sucked into the gasifier and the progression of the thermo-chemical reactions. " That the amount of electrical power for heating the gaseous oxidizing agent in the described electrical heater assembly is optimized incrementally in a way that the thermodynamic efficiency of entire power plant is optimized as a function of the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent which is sucked into the gasifier and the progression of the thermo-chemical reactions. " That the amount of electrical power for heating the gaseous oxidizing agent in the described electrical heater assembly is optimized incrementally in a way that the content of ash, condensate and tar of the fuel gas is optimized respectively minimized as a function of the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent which is sucked into the gasifier and the progression of the thermo-chemical reactions. e That the amount of electrical power for heating the gaseous oxidizing agent in the described electrical heater assembly is optimized incrementally in a way that the dynamic load response of entire power plant is optimized as a function of the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent which is sucked into the gasifier and the progression of the thermo-chemical reactions. " The combustion engine is motored (cranked) in such a way that a "starting sequence" is performed as a function of revolution speed, temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration and calorific value of the fuel gas, etc., in order to ensure optimal starting, "powering up" and stabilization of the thermo-chemical gasification reactions, with the additional goal to avoid the formation of critical quantities of tar and condensate. " That all described values are measured, determined and evaluated not only during the "starting sequence", but also continuously during the entire regular power plant operation, and that they are integrated into an closed loop control unit, to enable manipulation and optimization of the operation parameters of the entire power plant for a large field of most different solid fuels (e.g. dry and wet biomass, coal, peat, waste etc..) as described above. " That an algorithm is integrated into the closed loop control unit described before, utilizing the same input parameter as described before, to compensate for performance variation of the overall system caused by increasing plant operation time, as well as to optimize the maintenance and service intervals.

Claims (35)

1. Thermo-chemical gasification reactor to gasify solid fuels, characterized by the fact that a heat exchanger is integrated into the supply assembly for gaseous oxidizing agent (e.g. air), which produces heat energy from electricity over an electrical resistance (heating element) and transfers this heat to the gaseous oxidizing agent, whereby the control and supply of electricity are variable and thus freely adjustable, with the goal to control and adjust arbitrarily exactly the heat production and thus the temperature of the gaseous oxidizing agent.
2. Thermo-chemical gasification reactor according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that any number of heat exchangers, consisting of electrical heating elements, is constructionally integrated into any number of supply assemblies for the gaseous oxidation agent to the gasifier.
3. Thermo-chemical gasification reactor according to claim 1 and 2, whereby the thermal power of the electric heating elements is not adjusted infinitely variable, but in discrete stages.
4. Thermo-chemical gasification reactor according to claim 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that temperature measuring instruments are integrated into the supply assembly for the gaseous oxidizing agent downstream of the electrical heating elements, in order to determine the temperature of the gaseous oxidizing agent before entering the gasification reactor.
5. Thermo-chemical gasification reactor according to claim 1 to 4, characterized by the fact that temperature measuring instruments are integrated into the gasifier's outlet pipe for the produced fuel gas in order to determine the temperature of the fuel gas exiting the gasifier.
6. Method to determine the oxygen concentration of the fuel gas exiting the gasifier, characterized by the fact that an oxygen sensor which is preferably an externally electrically heated Lambda sensor, is integrated into the gasifier's outlet pipe for the produced fuel gas and exposed to the fuel gas mass flow.
7. Method according to claim 6 characterized by the fact that the oxygen sensor is integrated into the fuel gas pipe after the raw gas de-duster, respectively integrated into the raw gas de-duster.
8. Starter system for an internal combustion engine attached to the thermo-chemical gasification reactor, which motors respectively cranks the combustion engine with a variable power, and thus with a variable, torque-dependent revolution speed, whereby the gas mass flow sucked in by the combustion engine can be adjusted variable. III IV
9. Starter system according to claim 8 characterized by the fact that this can be at the same time a generator attached to the combustion engine, and which can be operated, e. g. by means of an inverter, in multi-quadrant mode.
10. Starter system according to claim 8 characterized by the fact that this is an electrically operated device, other than a generator attached to the combustion engine, which is connected to the combustion engine during the starting phase and "powering up" phase by a clutch mechanism to transfer revolution speed and torque to the combustion engine.
11. Procedure and method for the measurement of the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas of the combustion engine, independently of its temperature, preferably by an externally heated Lambda sensor, which is physically integrated into the exhaust gas mass flow of the combustion engine.
12. Procedure for the electrical heating of an oxygen sensor which is integrated into the exhaust gas mass flow of the combustion engine, preferably a Lambda sensor, characterized by the fact that independently of the temperature of the exhaust gas, at any time the required temperature necessary for the normal operation of the sensor is generated.
13. Apparatus and mechanism for the mixture of the fuel gas produced by the thermo-chemical gasification reactor with air to fuel the combustion engine, characterized by the fact that the air fuel ratio X can be arbitrarily exactly adjusted between the values 0 and co.
14. Method to control the mechanism for the mixture of the fuel gas with air by that the signal of the oxygen sensors according to claim 6, 7, 11, is the input value to calculate and determine the air fuel ratio X.
15. Method to determine the physical properties fuel gas mass flow characterized by the fact that the thermal output of the electrical heating elements is determined according to claim2 to 5 by evaluation of the electrical values, as well as the temperature of gaseous oxidizing agent sucked into the gasification reactor according to requirement 4 to 5 is determined under knowledge of the chemical composition of the gaseous oxidizing agent.
16. Method to determine the gas mass flow sucked into the combustion engine, characterized by the fact that the temperature and the pressure of the gas mass flow aspirated into the combustion engine is measured, and the revolution speed of the motored combustion engine is measured, and the specific displacement and the volumetric efficiency XL of the combustion engine are known.
17. Method to determine an amount of heat and a heat flow from at least the time integral of the electrical heating power of the electrical heating elements according to claim 2 to 4 as well as from the fuel gas mass flow through the combustion engine according to claim 13 to 16.
18. Method to determine a temperature distribution within the thermo-chemical reactor based on the amount of heat and the heat flow according to claim 13 to 17 under consideration of the specific properties of the used fuel.
19. Method to determine an ignition curve and a model burn function within the solid fuel within thermo-chemical reaction zone of the gasifier based on the determined values according to claim 13 to 18.
20. Method to determine the beginning of the accelerated oxidation reaction (= ignition of the fuel) as well as the progress of the exothermal reaction (= combustion) as well as the thereby caused heat production based on the determined values according to claim 13 to 19.
21. Method to determine the beginning of the accelerated oxidation reaction (= ignition of the fuel) as well as the progress of the exothermal reaction (= combustion) as well as the thereby caused heat production based on the determined values according to claim 13 to 19 as well as under additional consideration of the measured data of the oxygen sensor according to claim 6 and 7.
22. Method to determine the beginning of the accelerated oxidation reaction (= ignition of the fuel) as well as the progress of the exothermal reaction (= combustion) as well as the thereby caused heat production based on the determined values according to claim 13 to 19 as well as under additional consideration of the measured data of the oxygen sensor according to claim 6 and 7 as well as under additional consideration of the measured data of the temperature sensors according to claim 5.
23. The combustion engine will provide the required ignition energy in order to ignite and burn the inside of the combustion chamber existing and explosive gas mixture by at least one ignition mechanism, preferably the spark plugs.
24.A drag torque model (motoring torque model) of the combustion engine is generated as a function of temperature, intake pressure and number of revolution speed.
25. Method to determine the momentary dragging (motoring) torque according to claim 24, or any other model. I.J I IV
26. Method to compare the momentary dragging (motoring) torque according to claim 25 with the actual (motoring) torque of the combustion engine, whereby this can be determined e.g. by torque measuring equipment or by the electrical values of the electric starter device.
27. Method to determine a combustion engine internal torque component which is caused by the combustion of fuel by calculating the difference according to claim 26.
28. Method to determine a combustion engine internal torque component by utilizing the signals of the oxygen sensors according to claim 6, 7, 11, 14.
29. Method for motoring (cranking) the combustion engine by a starter device according to claim 8 to 10, characterized by the fact that a starting sequence is driven as a function of parameters, preferred revolution speed, pressure, throttle position, X, temperature, oxygen concentration and calorific value of the fuel gas, according to claims to 28, but not limited to these, in order to ensure an optimized starting and a stabilization of the thermo-chemical reactions in the gasifier (= gasification mechanism) in order to avoid critical concentrations of tar or other condensates, whereby in particular the controlled regulation of the heating power of the electrical heating elements according to claims to 3, in combination with the fuel gas flow rate sucked by the cranked combustion engine is used for the optimization of the starting and stabilization of the thermo-chemical reactions in the gasifier.
30. Method for the regular and durable power plant operation under continuous and stationary and/or quasi-stationary operating conditions following the starting sequence and in the transition from the starting sequence according to claim 29, whereby the same methods, components and mechanisms according to claim 1 to 29 are used, in order to control and regulate the power plant operating parameters such as calorific value of the fuel gas or the condensate or tar content within the regular operational limits. This permanent monitoring of the system specific values enables in particular the usage of problematic fuels e.g. with high water or ash content or low calorific value and also a preference to an inhomogeneous flow resistance distribution within the gasification reactor.
31. Method for the regular and durable power plant operation under continuous and stationary and/or quasi-stationary operating conditions following the starting sequence and in the transition from the starting sequence according to claim 29, whereby the same methods, components and mechanisms according to claim 1 to 30 are used, in order to optimize the thermodynamic and thermo-chemical efficiency of the gasification process as a function of the plant operating conditions and the used fuel.
32. Method for the regular and durable power plant operation under continuous and stationary and/or quasi-stationary operating conditions following the starting sequence and in the transition from the starting sequence according to claim 29, whereby the same methods, components and mechanisms according to claim 1 to 30 are used, in order to optimize the maximum mechanical power of the combustion engine.
33. Method for the regular and durable power plant operation under continuous and stationary and/or quasi-stationary operating conditions following the starting sequence and in the transition from the starting sequence according to claim 29, whereby the same methods, components and mechanisms according to claim 1 to 30 are used, in order to optimize the thermodynamic efficiency of the entire power plant with regard to the produced mechanical power of the combustion engine.
34. Method for the regular and durable power plant operation under continuous and stationary and/or quasi-stationary operating conditions following the starting sequence and in the transition from the starting sequence according to claim 29, whereby the same methods, components and mechanisms according to claim 1 to 30 are used, in order to optimize (= to minimize) the ash, tar and condensate of the fuel.
35. Method for the regular and durable power plant operation under continuous and stationary and/or quasi-stationary operating conditions following the starting sequence and in the transition from the starting sequence according to claim 29, whereby the same methods, components and mechanisms according to claim 1 to 30 are used, in order to optimize the dynamic behavior of the entire power plant, in particular under consideration of claim 31 to 34, with focus on dynamic load requirements of the combustion engine. Definitions 1 Thermo-chemical Fuel gas generator, gasifier 2 Fuel supply 3 Integrated heat exchanger 4 Connecting device 5 De-dusting device 6 Fuel gas cooler 7 Volumetric gas mixer 8 blower 9 Exhaust-gas heat exchanger 10 Cooling agent heat exchanger 11 Combustion engine 12 Supply assembly for the gaseous oxidizing agent 13 Generator 14 Starter device 15 External electric energy source 16 Heat exchanger 17 Electrical heating elements 18 Control logic 19 External electrical net
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105754661A (en) * 2015-05-23 2016-07-13 刘全胜 Uninterrupted automatic-control biomass gas power generation device
CN114410352A (en) * 2022-02-24 2022-04-29 安徽科达洁能股份有限公司 Adjustable waste heat recovery device and method

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105754661A (en) * 2015-05-23 2016-07-13 刘全胜 Uninterrupted automatic-control biomass gas power generation device
CN114410352A (en) * 2022-02-24 2022-04-29 安徽科达洁能股份有限公司 Adjustable waste heat recovery device and method

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