AU2008255169A1 - Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors - Google Patents

Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors Download PDF

Info

Publication number
AU2008255169A1
AU2008255169A1 AU2008255169A AU2008255169A AU2008255169A1 AU 2008255169 A1 AU2008255169 A1 AU 2008255169A1 AU 2008255169 A AU2008255169 A AU 2008255169A AU 2008255169 A AU2008255169 A AU 2008255169A AU 2008255169 A1 AU2008255169 A1 AU 2008255169A1
Authority
AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
group
acid
kit
pharmaceutical composition
dhea
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
AU2008255169A
Inventor
Fernand Labrie
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Endorecherche Inc
Original Assignee
Endorecherche Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Endorecherche Inc filed Critical Endorecherche Inc
Priority to AU2008255169A priority Critical patent/AU2008255169A1/en
Publication of AU2008255169A1 publication Critical patent/AU2008255169A1/en
Priority to AU2011253842A priority patent/AU2011253842B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/133—Amines having hydroxy groups, e.g. sphingosine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/381—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having five-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/4025—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. cromakalim
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4436—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a heterocyclic ring having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4453—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine only substituted in position 1, e.g. propipocaine, diperodon
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/453—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with oxygen as a ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/475—Quinolines; Isoquinolines having an indole ring, e.g. yohimbine, reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
    • A61K31/5685—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone having an oxo group in position 17, e.g. androsterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A61P15/02—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for disorders of the vagina
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
    • C07D311/58—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4
    • C07D311/60—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4 with aryl radicals attached in position 2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
    • C07D333/54—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D333/56—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Description

mcinnes patents
AUSTRALIA
Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR A STANDARD DIVISIONAL PATENT Applicant: Actual Inventors: Address for Service: Endorecherche Inc.
2989 de la Promenade Ste-Foy Quebec GIW Canada Fernand Labrie HODGKINSON McINNES PATENTS Patent Trade Mark Attorneys Levels 21, 201 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 HMcIP Ref: P11925AU06 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors No. 2006230655 Filed 17 October 2006 Invention Title: Divisional Parent: la- 00 MEDICAL USES OF A SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR
IN
COMvBINATION WITH SEX STEROID
PRECURSORS
00 FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for treating or reducing the likelihood of acquiring osteoporosis, hypercholesterolenia, hyperlipidemia or atherosclerosis using a 00 novel combination therapy on susceptible warm-blooded animals, including humans. In O particular, the combination includes administering a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and raising the patient's level of precursor to sex steroids, said precursor being selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA),
dehydroepiandrosterote sulfate (DHEA-S), and anarost-5-ene3,17P-diol (5-diol). The invention also relates to kits and pharmaceutical composition for practicing the foregoing combination.
00 0 -2-
O
SBACKGROUND OF THE RELATED ART 00 0 Man is thus unique, with some other primates, in having adrenals that secrete large amounts of the precursor steroids dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) which are converted into androstenedione (4-dione) and then into active androgens and/or estrogens in peripheral tissues (Labrie et al., In: ^n Important Advances in Oncology. Edited by V.T. de Vita, S. Hellman, S.A. Rosenberg. J.B.
00 Lippincott, Philadelphia, 193-217; 1985; Labrie, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 78: C113-C118, 1991; O Labrie, et al., In Signal Transduction in Testicular Cells. Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop. Edited by V. Hansson, F.O. Levy, K. Tasken. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York (Suppl. pp. 185-218, 1996; Labrie et al., Steroids, 62: 148-158, 1997). In a recent study (Labrie, et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82: 2403-2409, 1997), we have described a dramatic decline in the circulating levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S), androst-5-ene-3p,17P-diol (5-diol), 5-diol-S, 5-diol fatty acid esters, and androstenedione in both men and women between the ages of 20 and 80 years.
Despite the marked fall in endogenous androgens in women during aging, the use of androgens in post-menopausal women has been limited mainly because of the fear of an increased risk of cardiovascular disease as based upon older studies showing an unfavorable lipid profile with androgens. Recent studies, however, have shown no significant effect of combined estrogen and androgen therapy on the serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and HDL/LDL ratio when compared to estrogen alone (Sherwin et al., Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 156: 414-419, 1987). In agreement with these observations, we have shown that DHEA, a compound having a predominantly androgenic influence, has apparently no deleterious effect on the serum lipid profile (Diamond, et al., J. Endocrinol., 150: S43-S50, 1996). Similarly, no change in the concentrations of cholesterol, its subfractions or triglycerides, over a treatment with estradiol alone has been observed after 6 months of therapy with estradiol testosterone 00 -3-
O
O
o implants (Burger et al., Br Med. J. Cin. Res. Ed., 294: 936-937, 1987). It should be mentioned that a study in man has shown an inverse correlation between serum DHEA-S 00 and low density lipoproteins (Parker et al., Science, 208: 512-514, 1980). More recently, a
O
correlation has been found between low serum testosterone and DHEA and increased visceral fat, a parameter of higher cardiovascular risk (Tchemof et al., Metabolism, 44: 513- ND 519, 1995).
Nc Five-diol is a compound biosynthesized from DHEA through the action of reductive 173- 00 Shydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-HSD) and is a weak estrogen. It has an 85-fold lower C1 affinity than 17p-estradiol (E2) for the estrogen receptor in rat anterior pituitary gland cvtosol (Simard and Labrie, J. Steroid Biochem., 26: 539-546, 1987), further confirming the data obtained on the same parameter in human myometrial and breast cancer tissue (Kreitmann and Bayard, J. Steroid Biochem., 11: 1589-1595, 1979; Adams et al., Cancer Res., 41: 47204926, 1981; Poulin and Labrie, Cancer Res., 46: 4933-4937, 1986). However, at concentrations well within the range of the plasma levels found in adult women, enhances cell proliferation and progesterone receptor levels in human mammary tumor ZR-75-1 cells (Poulin and Labrie, Cancer Res., 46: 4933-4937, 1986) and increases the estrogen-dependent synthesis of the 52 kDa glycoprotein in MCF-7 cells (Adams et al., Cancer Res., 41: 4720-4926, 1981).
As mentioned above, it is known that the serum levels of DHEA, DHEA-S and decrease with age and correspondingly, that there is a dramatic age-dependent reduction in the formation of androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues. Such changes in DHEA-S and DHEA secretion result in a marked decrease in the biochemical and cellular functions stimulated by sex steroids. As a result, DHEA and DHEA-S have recently been used in the treatment of a variety of conditions which are associated with decrease and/or imbalance in the levels of sex steroids.
0 -4- 0 Osteoporosis, a condition which affects both men and women, is associated with a decrease Sin androgens and estrogens. Estrogens have been shown to decrease the rate of bone 00 degradation while androgens have been shown to build bone mass. However, estrogen 0 replacement therapy commonly used against osteoporosis requires the addition of progestins to counteract the endometrial proliferation and the risk of endometrial cancer _induced by estrogens. Moreover, since both estrogens and progestins are thought to t¢n increase the risk of breast cancer (Bardon et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 60: 692-697, 0 1985; Colditz et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 332: 1589-1593, 1995), the use of estrogen-progestin replacement therapy is accepted by a limited number of women and, usually, for too short periods of time.
Several studies suggest that osteoporosis is a clinical manifestation of androgen deficiency in men (Baran et al., Calcif. Tissue Res. 26: 103-106, 1978; Odell and Swerdloff, West J. Med.
124: 446-475, 1976; Smith and Walker, Calif. Tissue Res. 22 (Suppl.): 225-228, 1976).
Androgen therapy, as observed with nandrolone decanoate, has been found to increase vertebral bone mineral density in postmenopausal women (Need et al., Arch. Intern. Med., 149: 57-60, 1989). Therapy of pdstmenopausal women with nandrolone increased cortical bone mineral content (Need et al., Clin. Orthop. 225: 273-278, 1987). Androgenic sideeffects, however, were recorded in 50% of patients. Such data are of interest since while almost all present therapies are limited to a reduction of bone loss, an increase in bone mass was found with the use of the anabolic steroid nandrolone. A similar stimulation of bone formation by androgens has been suggested in a hypogonadal male (Baran et al., Calcif. Tissue Res. 26: 103, 1978). A stimulation of bone formation in postmenopausal women treated with DHEA for 12 months is reported in Labrie et al Clin. Endocrinol.
82: 3498-3505, 1997).
DHEA (450 mg/kg, 3 times a week) markedly delayed the appearance of breast tumors in C3H mice which were genetically bred to develop breast cancer (Schwartz, 00 o-3- U Cancer Res. 39: 1129-1132, 1979). Moreover, the risk of developing bladder cancer was Sfound to be increased in men having lower serum DHEA levels (Gordon et al., Cancer Res.
0 0 51: 1366-1369, 1991).
U.S. Patent Application U.S. 5,550,107 relates to a method of treatment of breast and endometrial cancer in susceptible warm-blooded animals which may include inhibition of ovarian hormonal secretion by surgical means (ovariectomy) or chemical means (use of an 00 LHRH agonist, e.g. [D-Trp 6 des-Gly-NH:1']LHRH ethylamide, or antagonist) as part of a combination therapy. Antiestrogens, androgens, progestins, inhibitors of sex steroid formation (especially of 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase- or aromatase-catalyzed production of sex steroids), inhibitors of prolactin secretion and of growth hormone secretion and ACTH secretion are discussed. A counterpart thereof has been published under international publication number WO 90/10462.
In addition, cardiovascular diseases have been associated with decreased serum levels of DHEA and DHEA-S and both DHEA and DHEA-S have beer suggested to prevent or treat these conditions (Barrett-Connor et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1519-1524, 1986).
In aged Sprague-Dawley rats, Schwartz (in Kent, Geriatrics 37: 157-160, 1982) has observed that body weight was reduced from 600 to 550 g by DHEA without affecting food intake.
Schwartz (Cancer 39: 1129-1132, 1979) observed that C3H mice given DHEA (450 mg/kg, 3 times a week) gained significantly less weight and grew older than the control animals, had less body fat and were more active. The reduction in body weight was achieved without loss of appetite or food restriction. Furthermore, DHEA could prevent weight gain in animals bred to become obese in adulthood (in Kent, Geriatrics 37: 157-160, 1982).
DHEA administration to lean Zucher rats decreased body weight gain despite increased food intake. Treated animals had smaller fat pads thus, overall, suggesting that DHEA 00 -6- 0 j) increases food metabolism, resulting in lower weight gain and fat accumulation (Svec et al., Proc. 2 nd Int. Conf. Cortisol and Anti-Cortisols, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, p. 56 abst., 00 0 1997).
Obesity was found to be improved in the A"Y mutant mouse (Yen et al., Lipids 12: 409-413, 1977) and in the Zucker rat (Cleary and Zisk, Fed. Proc. 42: 536, 1983). DHEA-treated C3H Smice had a younger appearance than controls (Schwartz, Cancer Res. 39: 1129-1132, 1979).
tn 00 DHEA reduced the incidence of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits (Gordon-et al., J.
SClin. Invest. 82: 712-720, 1988; Arad et al., Arteriosclerosis 9: 159-166, 1989). Moreover, high serum concentrations of DHEA-S have been reported to protect against death from cardiovascular diseases in men (Barrett-Connor et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1519-1524, 1986). Circulating levels of DHEA and DHEA-S have thus been found to be inversely correlated with mortality from cardiovascular disease (Barrett-Connor et al., N. Engl. J.
Med. 315: 1519-1524, 1986) and to decrease in parallel with the diminished immune competence (Thoman and Weigle, Adv. Immunol. 46: 221-222, 1989). A study in man has shown an inverse correlation between fetal serum DHEA-S and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (Parker et al., Science 208: 512, 1980).
Uses of DHEA as well as the benefits of androgen and estrogen therapy are discussed in International Patent Publication WO 94/16709.
Correlations observed in the prior art are not believed to suggest treatment or prophylactic methods that are effective, or as free of undesirable side-effects, as are combination therapies disclosed here.
-7-
O
00 O It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide effective methods of treatment for osteoporosis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, breast Scancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and uterine cancer while minimizing undesirable side effects.
tn 00 It is another object to provide methods of reducing the risk of acquiring the above diseases.
O
It is another object to provide kits and pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the above methods.
In one embodiment, the invention pertains to a method of treating or reducing the risk of acquiring osteoporosis comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate (DHEA-S) and androst-5-ene-30,17p-diol (5-diol), in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) as part of a combination therapy.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing the risk of acquiring hypercholesterolemia comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate and androst-5-ene-3P,17-diol in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator as part of a combination therapy.
00 S-8- In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing the risk Sof acquiring hyperlipidemia comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor 00 selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate and androst-5-ene-33,17B-diol in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective n amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator as part of a combination therapy.
In 00 In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing_the risk 0 of acquiring atherosclerosis comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehvdroepiandrosterone-sulfate and androst-5-ene-3p,17p-diol in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator as part of a combination therapy.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing the risk of acquiring breast cancer comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and androst-5-ene-3,17p-diol in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator as part of a combination therapy.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing the risk of acquiring endometrial cancer comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate and androst-5-ene-3p,17p-diol in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator as part of a combination therapy.
00 -9- 0 0 In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing the risk Sof acquiring uterine cancer comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor selected 00 from the group consisting of dehvdroepiandrosterone, dehvdroepiandrosterone-sulfate and androst-5-ene-3P,17p-diol, in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a I selective estrogen receptor modulator as part of a combination therapy.
00 In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing the risk O of acquiring ovarian cancer comprising increasing levels of a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and androst-5-ene-3p,17p-diol in a patient in need of said treatment or said reduction, and further comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator as part of a combination therapy.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a kit comprising a first container containing a therapeutically effective amount of at least one sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dbhydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, androst-5-ene-3p,17p-diol and any prodrug that is converted in vivo into any of the foregoing precursors; and further comprising a second container containing a therapeutically effective amount of at least one selective estrogen receptor modulator.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier; b) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, androst-5-ene-3p,17p-diol and a prodrug that is converted in vivo into any of the foregoing sex steroid precursors; and c) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one selective estrogen receptor modulator.
00 O
O
In another embodiment, the invention provide a method of reducing the risk of acquiring 00 breast cancer comprising administering, to a patient in need of such reduction a
O
prophylactically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator.
NO
t) In one embodiment of reducing the likelihood of acquiring breast cancer, it is desirable to O combine administration of a SERM with administration of a sex steroid precursor.
SHowever, the invention also includes administering a SERM alone, which is shown, for example, in Figure 1 and 2, to provide significant prophylactic effect, even in the absence of administered precursors. Preferred SERMs for this purpose are the same as discussed for other uses herein. Preferred dosages and methods of administration are also the same.
As used herein, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) is a compound that either directly or through its active metabolite functions as an estrogen receptor antagonist ("antiestrogen") in breast tissue, yet provides estrogenic or estrogen-like effect on bone tissue and on serum cholesterol levels by reducing serum cholesterol). Non-steroidal compounds that function as estrogen receptor antagonists in vitro or in human or rat breast tissue (especially if the compound acts as an antiestrogen on human breast cancer cells) is likely to function as a SERM. Conversely, steroidal antiestrogens tend not to function as SERMs because they tend not to display any beneficial effect on serum cholesterol. Nonsteroidal antiestrogens we have tested and found to function as SERMs include EM-800, EM-01538, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen and Droloxifene. We have tested the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780 and found not to function as SERMs. SERMs in accordance with the invention may be administered in the same dosage as known in the art when these compounds are used as antiestrogens.
00 We have also noted a correlation between the beneficial effect SERMs have on serum cholesterol and beneficial estrogenic or estrogen-like effects on bone and on serum lipids.
00 SERMs that have been shown in our research to act beneficially on all of these parameters, include bone mass, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Without intending to be bound by Stheory, it is believed that SERMs, many of which preferably, have two aromatic rings Slinked by one to two carbon atoms, are expected to interact with the estrogen receptor by virtue of the foregoing portion of the molecule that is best recognized by the receptor.
00 Preferred SERMs have side chains which maV selectively cause antagonistic properties in breast tissue without having significant antagonistic properties in other tissues. Thus, the SERMs may desirably functions as antiestrogens in the breast while surprisingly and desirably functioning as estrogens (or providing estrogen-like activity) in bone and in the blood (where concentrations of lipid and cholesterol are favorably affected). The favorable effect on cholesterol and lipid translates to a favorable effect against atherosclerosis which is known to be adversely, affected by improper levels of cholesterol and lipid.
All of the diseases treated by the invention as discussed herein respond favorably to androgens. Rather than utilizing androgens per se, applicants utilize sex steroid precursors such as DHEA, DHEA-S, 5-diol, or prodrugs converted to any such sex steroid precursors. In vivo, DHEA-S is converted to DHEA which in turn converts to 5-diol. It is believed that any tissue responding favorably to one is likely to respond favorably to the others. Prodrug forms of active metabolites are well known in the art. See, e.g. H.
Bundgaard "Design and Application of Prodrugs" (In: A Textbook of Drug Design and Development. Edited by H. Bundgaard and P. Krogsgaard-Larsen; Harwook Academic Publishers GmfH, Chur: Switzerland, 1991), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In particular, see pages 154-155 describing various functional groups of active metabolites and appropriate corresponding prodrug groups that convert in vivo to each functional group. Where a patients' levels of sex steroid precursors are raised in accordance with the invention, that may typically be accomplished by administering such a 00 O -12-
O
Sprecursor or by administering a prodrug of such a precursor. By utilizing precursors Sinstead of androgens, undesirable androgenic activity in tissues other than the target is 00 reduced. Tissues convert precursors such as DHEA to androgens only through a natural and more regulated process. A large percentage of androgens are locally produced in peripheral tissues and to different extents in different tissues.
l The cancers treated in accordance with the invention respond adversely to estrogenic 00 activity. On the other hand, osteoporosis, hvpercholesterolemia, hvperlipidenia, and O atherosclerosis respond favorably to estrogenic or estrogen-like activity. By using SERMs in accordance with the invention, desirable effects are provided in target tissues without undesirable effects in certain other tissues. For example, a SERM can have favorable estrogenic effect in the bone (or on lipid or cholesterol) while avoiding unfavorable estrogenic effect in the breast.
Thus both precursor and SERM provide favorable effect in target tissues while minimizing unfavorable effects in certain other tissues. Moreover, there are substantial synergies in using the two together in accordance with the invention. For example, estrogens and androgens provide beneficial effect against osteoporosis by different mechanisms (estrogen reducing bone resorption, androgen contributing to bone formation). The combination of the present invention provides bone with beneficial estrogen or estrogen-like effect through the activity of SERM, and also provides beneficial androgen through local conversion of precursor to androgen in the bone. Precursor is also believed to provide estrogen. The same is true in connection with controlling lipid or cholesterol (useful for treating or preventing atherosclerosis). A similar synergy is provided against breast, endometrial, ovarian or uterine cancer where the SERM provides desirable antiestrogenic effect and the precursor provides desirable androgenic effect (with any incidental conversion of precursor to estrogen being mitigated by the antiestrogen). Undesirable effects are also mitigated in a synergistic way by the combination used in the invention.
00 -13o For all diseases discussed herein, any other effect on breast tissues that might otherwise result from estrogens produced by the precursor (when the precursor is used for 00 promoting androgenic effects in accordance with the invention) is mitigated by the 0 antiestrogenic effect of the SERM in breast tissue.
In some embodiments, progestins are added to provide further androgenic effect.
Progestins may be used at low dosages known in the art without adversely affecting 00 receptors other than the androgen receptors glucocorticoid receptors). They also are relatively free of unwanted androgenic side effects (such as facial hair with--emale
C
patients).
Preferred SERMs discussed herein relate: to all diseases stated to be susceptible to the invention; to both therapeutic and prophylactic applications; and to preferred pharmaceutical compositions and kits.
In one embodiment, the precursor is DHEA.
In another embodiment, the precursor is DHEA-S.
In another embodiment, the precursor is A patient in need of treatment or of reducing the risk of onset of a given disease is one who has either been diagnosed with such disease or one who is susceptible to acquiring such disease.
Except where otherwise stated, the preferred dosage of the active compounds (concentrations and modes of administration) of the invention is identical for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The dosage for each active component discussed 00 -14-
O
O
o herein is the same regardless of the disease being treated (or of the disease whose likelihood of onset is being reduced).
00 Except when otherwise noted or where apparent from context, dosages herein refer to weight of active compounds unaffected by pharmaceutical excipients, diluents, carriers or ID other ingredients, although such additional ingredients are desirably included, as shown in Sthe examples herein. Any dosage form (capsule, tablet, injection or the like) commonly Cl used in the pharmaceutical industry is appropriate for use herein, and the terms 00 S"excipient", "diluent", or "carrier" include such nonactive ingredients as are tv~ically Cl included, together with active ingredients in such dosage forms in the industry. For example, typical capsules, pills, enteric coatings, solid or liquid diluents or excipients, flavorants, preservatives, or the like may be included.
All of the active ingredients used in any of the therapies discussed herein may be formulated in pharmaceutical compositions which also include one or more of the other active ingredients. Alternatively, they may each be administered separately but sufficiently simultaneous in time so that a patient eventually has elevated blood levels or otherwise enjoys the benefits of each of the active ingredients (or strategies) simultaneously. In some preferred embodiments of the invention, for example, one or more active ingredients are to be formulated in a single pharmaceutical composition. In other embodiments of the invention, a kit is provided which includes at least tow separate containers wherein the contents of at least one container differs, in whole or in part, from the contents of at least one other container with respect to active ingredients contained therein.
Combination therapies discussed herein also include use of one active ingredient (of the combination) in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment (or risk reduction) of the disease in question where the treatment or prevention further includes another active 00 ~-15 U ingredient of the combination in accordance with the invention. For example in one Qembodiment, the invention provides the use of a SERM in the preparation of a medicament 00 O for use, in combination with a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of DHEA, DIHEA-S, 5-diol, and pro-drugs converted to any of the foregoing sex steroid precursors, in vivo, in the treatment of any of the diseases for which the present Scombination therapy is believed effective breast cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine tn t cancer, ovarian cancer, osteoporosis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, and 00 atherosclerosis). In another embodiment, the invention provides the use of a sex steroid 0precursor selected from the group consisting of DHEA, DHEA-S, 5-diol, and pro-drugs converted to any of the foregoing sex steroid precursors, in vivo, in the preparation of a medicament for use, in combination with a SERM, for treatment of any of those same diseases.
In one embodiment of the invention, DHEA is not utilized as the precursor. In another embodiment, EM-800 is not used as the SERM. In another embodiment, the combination of DHEA with EM-800 is not used.
In one preferred embodiment, DHEA is used in combination with EM-1538.
00 0 -16-
O
00 O BRIEF DESCRIION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows the effect of treatment with DHEA (10 mg, percutaneously, once daily) or EM-800 (75 g, orally, once daily) alone or in combination for 9 months on the incidence of O DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma in the rat throughout the 279-day observation period. Data are expressed as percentage of the total number of animals each group.
00 Figure 2 shows the effect of treatment with DHEA (10 mg, percutaneously, once daily) or SEM-800 (75 pg, orally, once daily) alone or in combination for 9 months on average tumor number per tumor-bearing animal and on average tumor size per tumor-bearing rat (B) throughout the 279-day observation period. Data are expressed as the means SEM.
Figure 3 shows the effect of treatment with DHEA (10 mg, percutaneously, once daily) or EM-800 (75 Lg, orally, once daily) alone or in combination for 9 months on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the rat. Data are expressed as the means SEM. P<0.01 experimental versus respective control.
Figure 4 shows: A) Effect of increasing doses of DHEA (0.3 mg, 1.0 mg or 3.0 mg) administered percutaneously twice daily on average ZR-75-1 tumor size in ovariectomized (OVX) nude mice supplemented with estrone. Control OVX mice receiving the vehicle alone are used as additional controls. The initial tumor size was taken as 100%. DHEA was administered percutaneously in a 0.02 ml solution of 50% ethanol 50% propylene glycol on the dorsal skin. B) Effect of treatment with increasing doses of DHEA or EM-800 alone or in combination for 9.5 months on ZR-75-1 tumor weight in OVX nude mice supplemented with estrone. p 0.01, treated versus control OVX mice supplemented with estrone.
00 -17- 0 Figure 5 shows the effect of increasing oral doses of the antiestrogen EM-800 (15 ig, 50 pg 0O or 100 pig) or of percutaneous administration of increasing doses of DHEA 1.0 or mg) combined with EM-800 (15 pg) or EM-800 alone for 9.5 months on average ZR- 75-1 tumor size in ovariectomized(OVX) nude mice supplemented with estrone. The initial \CO tumor size was taken as 100%. Control OVX mice receiving the vehicle alone were used as Sadditional controls. Estrone was administered subcutaneously at the dose of 0.5 pg once C daily while DHEA was dissolved in 50% ethanol 50% propylene glycol and applied on 00 0 the dorsal skin area twice daily in a volume of 0.02 ml. Comparison is also made with OVX ianimals receiving the vehicle alone.
Figure 6 shows the effect of 12-month treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) alone or in combination with Flutamide or EM-800 on trabecular bone volume in ovariectomized rats. Intact animals are added as additional controls. Data are presented as mean SEM p<0.01 versus OVX Control.
Figure 7 shows the effect of 12-month treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) alone or in combination with Flutamide or EM-800 on trabecular number in ovariectomized rats. Intact animals are added as additional controls. Data are presented as mean SEM p<0.01 versus OVX Control.
Figure 8 shows proximal tibia metaphyses from intact control ovariectomized control and ovariectomized rats treated with DHEA alone or in combination with Flutamide or EM-800 Note the reduced amount of trabecular bone in ovariectomized control animals and the significant increase in trabecular bone volume induced after DHEA administration The addition of Flutamide to DHEA partially blocked the effect of DHEA on the trabecular bone volume whereas the combination of DHEA and EM-800 provided complete protection against the ovariectomy-associated bone loss. Modified trichrome Masson-Goldner, magn.x80. T: Trabeculae, GP: Growth Plate.
.18- Figure 9 shows the effect of increasing doses (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and I mg/kg) of EM-800, EM-1538 and Raloxifene (EM-1105) administered per os daily for 4 days on cholesterol level of ovariectomized rat.
Figure 10 shows the effect of 34-week treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA)
alone or in combination with EM-1538 (EM-652.HCl) on lumbar spine BMD in ovariectomnized rats. Intact animals are added as additional controls. Data are presented as mean SEM p<0.01 versus OVX Control.
Figure 11 shows the combined effects of the SERM (EM-652) and DHEA on parameters of menopause. No negative effect is expected.
Figure 12 shows the plasma concentration of DHEA (ng/rnL) (Y axis) in function of time (X-axis) after a single oral absorption of preferred sex steroid precursors of the invention(150i rnol/ rat) in male rats. In the box, AUC 24h of DHBA induced by these compounds is reported. I EM-760 EM-900 EM-1 304 EM4-1305-CS EM-1397 EM-1400 EM-1410 EM-1474-D dehydroepiandrosterone androst-5-ene-33,1 7Vdiol androst-5-ene-3p,17V-dol 3-acetate aridrost-5-ene-30,17V-diol diacetate aridrost-5-ene-30,1 7 p-diol 3 acetate 17 benzoate androst-5-ene-303,17J3-diol dibenzoate androst-5-ene-33,1713-diol dipropionate androst-5-ene-30,l1f 3 -diol dihemnisuccinate -19- Figure 13 shows the plasma concentration of androst-5-ene-3p3,17p3-diol (ng/mL) (Y axis) in function of time (X-axis) after a single oral absorption of sex steroid precursor of the invention(150W~nol/ rat) in male rats. In the box, AUC 24h of androst-5-ene-33,1713-diol induced by these compounds is reported.
EM-760 EM-900 EM-1304 EM-1305-CS EM-1397 EM-1400 EM-1410 EM-1474-D dehydroepiandrosterone androst-5-ene-33,175-diol androst-5-ene-303,17R-dioI 3-acetate androst-5-ene-3,173-diol diacetate androst-5-ene-30,17p-diol 3 acetate 17 benzoate androst-5-ene-33,17p-diol dibenzoate androst-5-ene-3p,17P-diol dipropionate androst-5-ene-30,17p-diol dihernisuccinate 00
O
O
o DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 00 Estrogens are well-known to stimulate the proliferation of breast epithelial cells and cell
O
proliferation itself is thought to increase the risk of cancer by accumulating random genetic errors that may result in neoplasia (Preston Martin et al., Cancer. Res. 50: 7415-21, 1990).
IN Based on this concept, antiestrogens have been introduced to prevent breast cancer with the objective of reducing the rate of cell division stimulated by estrogens.
00 0 The loss of ovarian cyclicity found in female Sprague-Dawley rats after 10 months ofage is (1 accompanied by increased serum estrogen and prolactin levels and decreased serum androgen and progesterone concentrations (Lu et al., 61st Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society 106 (abst. #134), 1979; Tang et aL, Biol. Reprod. 31: 399-413, 1984; Russo et al., Monographs on Pathology of Laboratory Animals: Integument and Mammary Glands 252-266, 1989; Sortino and Wise, Endocrinology 124: 90-96, 1989; Cardy, Vet Pathol. 28: 139-145, 1991). These hormonal changes that spontaneously occur in aging female rats are associated with multifocal proliferation and increased secretory activity of the acinar/alveolar tissue as well as mammary gland duct dilatation and formation of cysts (Boorman et al., 433, 1990; Cardy, Vet. Pathol. 28: 139-145, 1991). It should be mentioned that hyperplastic and neoplastic changes of the rat mammary gland are often accompanied by increased levels of estrogens and prolactin (Meites, J. Neural. Transm. 48: 25-42 1980).
Treatment with EM-800, a SERM of the present invention, induces atrophy of the mammary gland which is characterized by a decrease in the size and number of the lobular structures, and no evidence of secretory activity, indicating the potent antiestrogenic activity of EM-800 in the mammary gland (Luo et al. Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444,1997).
Treatment with DHEA, a sex steroid precursor of the present invention, leads to an elevation in serum DHEA and 5-diol while serum 4-dione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol levels are only moderately increased or more often WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 00 -21q remain unchanged, thus confirming the intracellular biotransformation of this precursor Ssteroid in peripheral tissues (Labrie et al., Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 78: C113-C118, 1991).
00 However, the stimulatory effect of orally administered DHEA on serum androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, is of greater amplitude than the effect on serum estrogens, thus suggesting that DHEA is predominantly transformed into androgens in these animals. This observation is in agreement with the data obtained in women where it the formation of androgens from DHEA was a more important pathway than the 00 conversion of DHEA into estrogens.(Morales et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78: 1360- 01367, 1994; Labrie et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 774: 16-28, 1995; Labrie et al., Steroids 62: 148-158,1997).
With the knowledge of the above-described potent antiestrogenic activity resulting in mammary gland atrophy and the predominant androgenic effect of DHEA on the mammary gland, the histomorphological changes seen in animals treated with the combination of a SERM and a sex steroid precursor are best explained by an unopposed androgenic action of DHEA in the rat mammary gland.
Most importantly, it has been observed that androgens exert a direct antiproliferative activity on the growth of ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells in vitro and that such an inhibitory effect of androgens is additive to that of an antiestrogen (Poulin and Labrie, Cancer Res. 46: 4933-4937, 1986; Poulin et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 12: 213-225, 1988).
Similar inhibitory effects have been observed in vivo on ZR-75-1 xenographts in nude mice (Dauvois et al., Cancer Res. 51: 3131-3135, 1991). Androgens have also been shown to inhibit the growth of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma in the rat, this inhibition being reversed by the simultaneous administration of the pure antiandrogen Flutamide (Dauvois et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 14: 299-306, 1989). Taken together, the present data indicate the involvement of the androgen receptor in the inhibitory action of DHEA on breast cancer.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0-22- 0 SSince antiestrogens and sex steroid precursors exert inhibitory effects on breast cancer via -different mechanisms, the present invention shows that the combination of a SERM (EM- 00 0 800) and a sex steroid precursor (DHEA) exerts more potent inhibitory effects than each compound used alone on the development of DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma as Swell illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. In fact, no DMBA-induced tumor was found at the end of the experiment in animals that had received both DHEA and EM-800.
00 0 0 The present invention describes that the combination of a sex steroid precursor-(DH-EA) 0and a SERM (EM-800) maintained the stimulatory effect of DHEA on bone formation and potentiated the inhibitory effect of the SERM (EM-800) alone on bone turnover and resorption as demonstrated by the further decreases in urinary hydroxyproline and calcium excretion when both compounds were combined.
We have shown that DHEA has beneficial effects on bone in both the female rat (Luo et al., Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444, 1997), and postmenopausal women (Labrie et al., J. Clin.
Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 3498-3505,1997). Thus, in intact female rats, treatment with DHIEA i increases bone mineral density (BMD) of total skeleton, lumbar spine and femur (Luo et al., Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444, 1997).
On the other hand, treatment with EM-800 had no significant effect on BMD in intact animals although potent stimulatory effects are observed in the ovariectomized rat (Martel et al., unpublished data). Since EM-800 exerts such stimulatory effects on BMD of total skeleton, lumbar spine and femiur in ovaiectomized rats, the lack of significant stimulatory effect of EM-800 in intact animals could be due to the fact that the sex steroids present in intact female rats exert maximal effect on BMD (Luo et al., Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444, 1997). Similarly, the lack of significant effect of EM-800 in ovariectomized rats already receiving DHEA is likely due to the maximal stimulatory effects exerted by the androgens (and possibly estrogens) synthesized in bone cells from exogenous DHEA.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -23-
O
O
Estrogens are known to lower serum cholesterol but to increase or to have no effect on d serum triglycerides levels (Love et aL, Ann. Intern. Med. 115: 860-864, 1991; Walsh et al., 0 New Engl. J. Med. 325: 1196-1204, 1991; Barrett-Connor, Am. J. Med. 95 (Suppl. 5A): 405- S435, 1993; Russell et al., Atherosclerosis 100: 113-122, 1993; Black et al., J. Clin. Invest. 93: 63-69, 1994; Dipippo et al., Endocrinology 136: 1020-1033, 1995; Ke et al., Endocrinology -sO 136: 2435-2441, 1995). Figure 3 shows that EM-800 possesses both hypocholesterolemic and itn hypotriglyceridemic effects in the rat, thus showing its unique action on the serum lipid C profile which is apparently different from other SERMs, such as tamoxifen (Bruning et al., 00 0Br. J. Cancer 58: 497-499, 1988; Love et aL, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82: 1327-1332, 1990; Dipippo N, et al., Endocrinology 136: 1020-1033, 1995; Ke et al., Endocrinology 136: 2435-2441, 1995), droloxifene (Ke et al., Endocrinology 136: 2435-2441, 1995), and raloxifene (Black et al., J.
Clin. Invest. 93: 63-69, 1994). The combination of DHEA and EM-800 preserved the hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects of EM-800, thus suggesting that such a combination could exert beneficial effects on serum lipids.
It should be mentioned that the serum lipid profile is markedly different between rats and humans. However, since an estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism is involved in the hypocholesterolemic effect of estrogens as well as antiestrogens (Lundeen et al., Endocrinology 138: 1552-1558, 1997), the rat remains a useful model to study the cholesterol-lowering effect of estrogens and "antiestrogens" in humans.
In brief, the above-described data clearly demonstrate the effects of the combination of a SERM (EM-800) and a sex steroid precursor (DHEA) on the development of mammary carcinoma induced by DMBA as well as the protective effects of such a combination on bone mass and serum lipids. Such data suggest the additional beneficial effects of such a combination for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis while improving the lipid profile.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 24 00 1We have also studied the potential interaction of the inhibitory effect of the novel antiestrogen (EM-800) with that of sex steroid precursor (DHEA) on the growth of human ZR-75-1 breast cancer xenografts in nude mice by combined administration of the two 00 drugs. Figures 4 and 5 show that DHEA, bv itself, at the doses used, causes a 50 to inhibition of tumor growth while the near complete inhibition of tumor growth achieved with a low dose of the antiestrogen was not affected by DHEA.
The limitations of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are well known. As an 00 example, BMD measurements showed no change in rats treated with the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182780 (Wakeling, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 25: 1-9, 1993) while inhibitory changes were seen by histomorphometr (Gallagher et al., Endocrinology 133: 2787-2791, 1993). Similar differences were reported with Tamoxifen Gordan et al., Breast Cancer Res.
Treat. 10: 31-35, 1987; Sibonga et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treatm. 41: 71-79, 1996).
It should be indicated that reduced bone mineral density is not the only abnormality associated with reduced bone strength. (Guidelines for preclinical and clinical evaluation of agents used in the prevention or treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Drug Products, FDA, May 1994). It is thus important to analyze the changes in biochemical parameters of bone metabolism induced by various compounds and treatments in order to gain a better knowledge of their action.
It is particularly important to indicate that the combination of DHEA and EM-800 exerted unexpected beneficial effects on important biochemical parameters of bone metabolism. In fact, DHEA alone did not affect the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio, a marker of bone resorption. Moreover, no effect of DHEA could be detected on daily urinary calcium or phosphorus excretion (Luo et al., Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444, 1997). EM-800, on the other hand, decreased the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio by 48% while, similarly to D-EA, no effect of EM-800 was seen on urinary calcium or phosphorus excretion. EM- WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538
OO
00 00
O
oO
O-
800, moreover, had no effect on serum alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of bone formation while DHEA increased the value of the parameter by about 75% (Luo et al., Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444, 1997).
One of the unexpected effects of the combination of DHEA and EM-800 relates to the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio, a marker of bone resorption, which was reduced by 69% when both DHEA and EM-800 were combined, this value being statistically different (p<0.01) from the 48% inhibition achieved by EM-800 alone while DHEA alone did not show any effect. Thus, the addition of DHEA to EM-800 increases by 50% of the inhibitory effect of EM-800 on bone reabsorption. Most importantly, another unexpected effect of the addition of DHEA to EM-800 was the approximately 84% decrease in urinary calcium from 23.17±1.55 to 3.71±0.75 pmol/24h/100g (p<0.01) and the 55% decrease in urinary phosphorus (from 132.72±6.08 to 59.06±4.76 gmol/24h/100g (p<0.01) respectively, (Luo et al., Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444,1997).
Table 1 URINE
SERUM
GROUP CALCIUM PHOSPHORUS HP/Cr tALP (jmol/24h/100g) (Inmol/24h/100g) (Lmol/mmol)
(IU/L)
CONTROL 23.17 ±1.55 132.72 6.08 13.04 t 219 11425 14.04 DHEA (10 mg) 25.87 3.54 151.41 ±14.57 14.02 1.59 198.38 30.76' EM-800 (75 pg) 17.44 4.5 10203 25.13 6.81 0.84*' 114.11± 11.26 HEA EM-800 3.71 0.75" 59.06 4.76* 4.06 0.28" 204.38 14.20" It is also of interest to note that the potent inhibitory effect of EM-800 on serum cholesterol is not prevented by simultaneous treatment with DHEA (Luo et al., Endocrinology 138: 4435-4444,1997).
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 0026-
O
While Raloxifene and similar compounds prevent bone loss and decrease serum Scholesterol (like estrogens), it should be mentioned that when Raloxifene was compared to SPremarin on BMD, the effect of Raloxifene on BMD was less potent than that of Premarin (Minutes of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Drugs Advisory Committee,
FDA
a Thursday, Meeting #68, November 20 t 1997). Because of its well known adverse effects on breast and uterine cancer, the addition of an estrogen to Raloxifene, EM-800 or other n similar compounds is not an acceptable solution.
00 O The present results obtained in the rat clearly demonstrate that DHEA can provide the beneficial effects which are lacking with the use of a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) alone such as EM-800, Raloxifene, etc. While a SERM has effects limited to inhibition of bone resorption, the addition of DHEA, 5-diol, DHEA-S is believed to stimulate bone formation (an effect not found with a SERM or an estrogen) and further reduce bone resorption above the effect achieved with EM-800.
Importantly, the combination of EM-800 and DHEA in ovariectomized rats treated for 12 months has beneficial effects on bone morphometry. Trabecular bone volume is particularly important for bone strength and to prevent bone fractures. Thus, in the abovementioned study, trabecular bone volume of the tibia increased from 4.1±0.7% in ovariectomized rats to 11.9±0.6% (p<0.01) with DHEA alone while the addition of EM-800 to DHEA further increased trabecular bone volume to 14.7±1.4%, a value similar to that found in intact controls (Fig. 6) From a value of 0.57 0.08 per mm in ovariectomized rats, treatment with DHEA resulted in a 137% increase in trabecular bone number compared to ovariectomized controls. The stimulatory effect of DHEA thus reached 1.27 0.1 per mm while simultaneous treatment with EM-800 and DHEA resulted in an additional 28% increase in trabecular bone number (p<0.01) compared to that achieved by DHEA alone (Fig. Similarly, the addition of EM- WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -27- U 800 to DHEA treatment, resulted in an additional 15% (p<0.0 5 decrease in trabecular bone separation, compared to that achieved with DHEA alone, thus leading to values not 00 different from those seen in intact controls.
As complement to the numerical data presented in figures 6 and 7, figure 8 illustrates the increase in trabecular bone volume in the proximal tibia metaphysis induced by DHEA in ovariectomized treated animals compared to ovariectomized controls as well as the 00 partial inhibition of the stimulatory effect of DHEA after the addition of Flutamide to SDHEA treatment On the other hand, administration of DHEA in combination with EM-800 resulted in a complete prevention of the ovanectomy-induced osteopenia the trabecular bone volume being comparable to that seen in intact controls The bone loss observed at menopause in women is believed to be related to an increase in the rate of bone resorption which is not fully compensated by the secondary increase in bone formation. In fact, the parameters of both bone formation and bone resorption are increased in osteoporosis and both bone resorption and formation are inhibited by estrogen replacement therapy. "The inhibitory effect of estrogen replacement on bone formation is thus believed to result from a coupled mechanism between bone resorption and bone formation, such that the primary estrogen-induced reduction in bone resorption entrains a reduction in bone formation (Parfitt, Calcified Tissue International 36 Suppl. 1: S37-S45,1984).
Cancellous bone strength and subsequent resistance to fracture do not only depend upon the total amount of cancellous bone but also on the trabecular microstructure, as determined by the number, size, and distribution of the trabeculae. The loss of ovarian function in postmenopausal women is accompanied by a significant decrease in total trabecular bone volume (Melsen et al., Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavia 86: 70-81, 1978; Vakamatsou et al., Calcified Tissue International 37: 594-597, 1985), mainly WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0 -28related to a decrease in the number and, to a lesser degree, in the width of trabeculae S(Weinstein and Hutson, Bone 8: 137-142, 1987).
00 In the present study, the androgenic stimulatorv effect of DHEA was observed on almost all the bone histomorphometric parameters studied. DHEA thus resulted in a significant increase in trabecular bone volume as well as trabecular number, while it decreased the t! intertrabecular area.
00
O
SIn order to facilitate the combination therapy aspect of the invention, for any indication discussed herein, the invention contemplates pharmaceutical compositions which include both the SERM or the bisphosphonate compound and the sex steroid precursor (DHEA, DHEAS, 5-diol) in a single composition for simultaneous administration. The composition may be suitable for administration in any traditional manner including but not limited to oral administration, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection or percutaneous administration. In other embodiments, a kit is provided wherein the kit includes one or more SERM or bisphosphonate and sex steroid precursors in separate or in one container.
The kit may include appropriate materials for oral administration, e.g. tablets, capsules, svrups and the like and for transdermal administration, ointments, lotions, gels, creams, sustained release patches and the like.
Applicants believe that administration of SERMs and sex steroid precursors has utility in the treatment and/or prevention of the development of osteoporosis, breast cancer, hvpercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia or atherosclerosis. The active ingredients of the invention (whether SERM or precursor or bisphosphonate or otherwise) may be formulated and administered in a variety of manner.
Active ingredient for transdermal or transmucosal is preferably present at from 0.5% to by weight relative to the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition more WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 29- O preferably between 2 and 10%. DHEA or 5-diol should be at a concentration of at least 7% for percutaneous administration. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be placed into a transdermal patch having structures known in the art, for example, structures such as those set forth in E.P. Patent No.0279982.
\O
SWhen formulated as an ointment, lotion, gel or cream or the like, the active compound is l/ admixed with a suitable carrier which is compatible with human skin or mucosa and 00 which enhances transdermal penetration of the compound through the skin or mucosa.
0 Suitable carriers are known in the art and include but are not limited to Klucel HF and Glaxal base. Some are commercially available, Glaxal base available from Glaxal Canada Limited Company. Other suitable vehicles can be found in Koller and Bun, S.T.P.
Pharma 115-124, 1987. The carrier is preferably one in which the active ingredient(s) is (are) soluble at ambient temperature at the concentration of active ingredient that is used. The carrier should have sufficient viscosity to maintain the inhibitor on a localized area of skin or mucosa to which the composition has. been applied, without running or evaporating for a time period sufficient to permit substantial penetration of the precursor through the localized area of skin or mucosa and into the bloodstream where it will cause a desirable clinical effect. The carrier is typically a mixture of several components, e.g.
pharmaceutically acceptable solvents and a thickening agent. A mixture of organic and inorganic solvents can aid hydrophylic and lipophylic solubility, e.g. water and an alcohol such as ethanol.
Preferred sex steroid precursors are dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (available from Diosynth Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA), its prodrugs (available from Steraloids, Wilton, New Hampshire, USA), 5-androsten-3p,17p-diol and its prodrugs EM-1304 and EM-01474-D (available from Steraloids, Wilton, New Hampshire USA).
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 OO 00
O
O EM-1304 O 00
O
EM-01474-D o n 0OOH 00 So C1 HOOC 0 It is preferred that the sex steroid precursor is formulated as an alcoholic gel containing to 10% of caprylic-capric triglyceride (Neobee 10 to 20% of hexylene glycol; 20 to of diethyleneglycol monomethyl ether (Transutol); 2.0 to 10% of Cyclomethicone (Dow Coming 345); 1.0 to 2% of benzyl alcohol and 1.0 to 5.0% of hydroxypropylcellulose (Klucel HF).
The carrier may also include various additives commonly used in ointments and lotions and well known in the cosmetic and medical arts. For example, fragrances, antioxidants, perfumes, gelling agents, thickening agents such as carboxymethylcellulose, surfactants, stabilizers, emollients, coloring agents and other similar agents may be present. When used to treat systemic diseases, the site of application on the skin should be changed in order to avoid excess local concentration of active ingredient and possible overstimulation of the skin and sebaceous glands by androgenic metabolites of sex steroid precursor.
In a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration, DHEA or other precursor is preferably present in a concentration between 5 and 98% by weight relative to total weight of the composition more preferably between 50 and 98 percent, especially between 80 and 98 percent. A single precursor such as DHEA may be the only active ingredient, or WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -31- 0 alternatively, a plurality of precursors and/or their analogues may be used a 00 combination of DHEA, DHEA-S, 5-diol, or a combination of two or more compounds converted in vivo to DHEA, DHEA-S or 5-diol or a combination of DHEA or 5-diol and one or more analogues thereof which are converted to DHEA or 5-diol in vivo, etc. The blood M\ level of DHEA is the final criteria of adequate dosage which takes into account individual variation in absorption and metabolism.
Preferably, the attending clinician will, especially at the beginning of treatment, monitor an individual patient's overall response and serum levels of DHEA (in comparison to the preferred serum concentrations discussed above), and monitor the patient's overall response to treatment, adjusting dosages as necessary where a given patients' metabolism or reaction to treatment is atypical.
Treatment in accordance with the invention is suitable for indefinite continuation. It is expected that DHEA and/or 5-diol treatment will simply maintain DHEA levels within a range similar to that which occurs naturally in women before menopause (serum concentration between 4 and 10 micrograms per liter), or naturally in young adult men (serum concentration between 4 and 10 micrograms per liter).
The SERM compound or bisphosphonate and/or the sex steroid precursor can also be administered, by the oral route, and may be formulated with conventional pharmaceutical excipients, e.g. spray dried lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate into tablets or capsules for oral administration.
The active substance can be worked into tablets or dragee cores by being mixed with solid, pulverulent carrier substances, such as sodium citrate, calcium carbonate or dicalcium phosphate, and binders such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatin or cellulose derivatives, possibly by adding also lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 O -32-
O
"Carbowax" or polyethylene glycol. Of course, taste-improving substances can be added in Sthe case of oral administration forms.
00
O
As further forms, one can use plug capsules, e.g. of hard gelatin, as well as closed solf- Sgelatin capsules comprising a softner or plasticizer, e.g. glycerine. The plug capsules Scontain the active substance preferably in the form of granulate, e.g. in mixture with fillers, t
J
such as lactose, saccharose, mannitol, starches, such as potato starch or amylopectin, 0 0 cellulose derivatives or highly dispersed silicic acids. In solf-gelatin capsules, the. active Ssubstance is preferably dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as vegetable oils or liquid polyethylene glycols.
The lotion, ointment, gel or cream should be thoroughly rubbed into the skin so that no excess is plainly visible, and the skin should not be washed in that region until most of the transdermal penetration has occurred preferably at least 4 hours and, more preferably, at least 6 hours.
A transdermal patch may be used to deliver precursor in accordance with known techniques. It is typically applied for a much longer period, 1 to 4 days, but typically contacts active ingredient to a smaller surface area, allowing a slow and constant delivery of active ingredient.
A number of transdermal drug delivery systems that have been developed, and are in use, are suitable for delivering the active ingredient of the present invention. The rate of release is typically controlled by a matrix diffusion, or by passage of the active ingredient through a controlling membrane.
Mechanical aspects of transdermal devices are well known in the rat, and are explained, for example, in United States Patents 5,162,037, 5,154,922, 5,135,480, 4,666,441, 4,624,665, WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -33
O
0 3,742,951, 3,797,444, 4,568,343, 5,064,654, 5,071,644, 5,071,657, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Additional background is provided by European Patent 00 0279982 and British Patent Application 2185187.
0 The device may be any of the general types known in the art including adhesive matrix IN and reservoir-type transdermal delivery devices. The device may include drug-containing l matrixes incorporating fibers which absorb the active ingredient and/or carrier. In a 00 reservoir-type device, the reservoir may be defined by a polymer membrane impermeable O to the carrier and to the active ingredient.
In a transdermal device, the device itself maintains active ingredient in contact with the desired localized skin surface. In such a device, the viscosity of the carrier for active ingredient is of less concern than with a cream or gel. A solvent system for a transdermal device may include, for example, oleic acid, linear alcohol lactate and dipropylene glycol, or other solvent systems known in the art. The active ingredient may be dissolved or suspended in the carrier.
For attachment to the skin, a transdermal patch may be mounted on a surgical adhesive tape having a hole punched in the middle. The adhesive is preferably covered by a release liner to protect it prior to use. Typical material suitable for release includes polyethylene and polyethylene-coated paper, and preferably silicone-coated for ease of removal. For applying the device, the release liner is simply peeled away and the adhesive attached to the patient's skin. In United States Patent 5,135,480, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference, Bannon et al. describe an alternative device having a non-adhesive means for securing the device to the skin.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -34- 0 0 The percutaneous or transmucosal delivery system of the invention may also be used as a Snovel and improved delivery system for the prevention and/or treatment of osteoporosis 00 or other diseases which respond favorably to treatment with androgens and/or estrogens.
0 A selective estrogen receptor modulator of the invention has a molecular formula with the IND following features: a) two aromatic rings spaced by 1 to 2 intervening carbon atoms, both V aromatic rings being either unsubstituted or substituted by a hydroxyl group or a group kn C converted in vivo to hvdroxyl; and b) a side chain possessing an aromatic ring and a 00 0tertiary amine function or salt thereof.
One preferred SERM of the invention is EM-800 reported in PCT/CA96/00097 (WO 96/26201) The molecular structure of EM-800 is:
,OCOC(CH
3 3 (H:3C)3CCOO v O
N
Another preferred SERM of the invention is EM-01538:
OH
HO 0 0" EM-1538, (also called EM-65ZHCL) is the hydrochloride salt of the potent antiestrogen EM-652 compared to EM-800, EM-1538 is a simpler and easier salt to synthesize. It was also easy to isolate, purify, crystallizable, and displayed good solid state stability. In WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 administering either EM-800 or EM-1538, it is believed to result in the same active compound in vivo.
00 Other preferred SERMs of the invention include Tamoxifen ((Z)-2-[4-(1,2-diphenyl-1- Sbutenvl)]-N,N-dimetethlethaname) (available from Zeneca, UK), Toremifene (available from Orion-Farmos Pharmaceuticla, Finland, or Schering-Plough), Droloxifene and CP- 336,156 (cis-1R-[4'-pyrrolidino-ethoxyphenyl]-2S-phenyl-6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,- 00 tetrahydronapthalene D-(-)-tartrate salt) (Pfizer Inc., USA), Raloxifene (Eli Lilly and Co., SUSA), LY 335563 and LY 353381 (Eli Lilly and USA), lodoxifene (SmithKline Beecham, USA), Levormeloxifene (3,4-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-4-[4-(2-(2-(pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)phenyl]-7-methoxychroman) (Novo Nordisk, A/S, Denmark) which is disclosed in Shalmi et al. WO 97/25034, WO 97/25035, WO 97/25037,WO 97/25038 and Korsgaard et al. WO 97/25036), GW5638 (described by Willson at al., Endocrinology, 138(9), 3901- 3911, 1997) and indole derivatives (disdosed by Miller et al. EP 0802183A1) and TSE 424 developed by Wyeth Ayers (USA) and disclosed in JP10036347 (American home products corporation) and nonsteroidal estrogen derivatives described in WO 97/32837.
Any SERM used as required for efficacy, as recommended by the manufacturer, can be used. Appropriate dosages are known in the art. Any other non steroidal antiestrogen commercially available can be used according to the invention. Any compound having activity similar to SERMs (example: Raloxifene can be used).
SERMs administered in accordance with the invention are preferably administered in a dosage range between 0.01 to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day (preferably 0.05 to mg/kg), with 5 mg per day, especially 10 mg per day, in two equally divided doses being preferred for a person of average body weight when orally administered, or in a dosage range between 0.003 to 3.0 mg/kg of body weight per day (preferably 0.015 to 0.3 mg/ml), with 1.5 mg per day, especially 3.0 mg per day, in two equally divided doses being WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0 -36-
O
preferred for a person of average body weight when parentally administered (i.e.
intramuscular, subcutaneous or percutaneous administration). Preferably the SERMs are 00 O administered together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier as described below.
N\
Preferred bisphosphonates of the invention include Alendronate [(4-amino-1i r hvdroxvbutvlidene)bis phosphonic acid, disodium salt, hydrate] available from Merck 00 Shape and Dohme under the Tradename of Fosamax, Etidronate hvdroxvethvlidene)bis phosphonic acid, 2,2'-iminobis ethanol available from Procter and Gamble under the Trade names of Didrocal and Didronel Clodronate [(dichloromethylene)bis phosphonic acid, disodium salt] available from Rh6ne-Poulenc Rorer under the Trade name of Bonefos or available from Boehringer Mannheim under the Trade name of Ostac and, Pamidronate (3-amino-l-hydroxypropylidene)bis phosphonic acid, disodium salt) available from Geigy under the Tradename of Aredia. Risedronate (1hvdroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethylidene bisphosphonic acid monosodium salt) is under clinical development. Any other bisphosphonates commercially available can be used according to the invention, all at the manufacturers' recommended dosage. Likewise sex steroid precursors may be utilized at dosages recommended in the prior art, preferably at dosages that restore circulating levels to those of healthy males 20-30 years of age or those of premenopausal adult females.
With respect to all of the dosages recommended herein, the attending clinician should monitor individual patient response and adjust dosage accordingly.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 37-
EXAMPLES
00 Example 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Female Sprague-Dawley rats [Crl:CD(SD)Br] were obtained at 44-46 days of age from 00 Charles River Canada Inc. (St. Constant, Quebec) and housed 2 per cage in a light (12h O light/day; lights on at 07:15h)- and temperature (22 2C)-controlled environment.
Animals received Purina rodent chow and tap water ad libitum. The animal studies were conducted in a Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)-approved facility in agreement with the CCAC Guide for Care and Use of Experimental Animals.
Induction of mammary tumors by DMBA Mammary carcinomas were induced by a single intragastric administration of 20 mg of DMBA (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in 1 ml of corn oil at 50-52 days of age. Two months later, tumor measurement was performed biweekly. The two largest perpendicular diameters of each tumor were recorded with calipers to estimate tumor size as described (Asselin et al., Endocrinology 101: 666-671, 1977). Tumor site, size and number were recorded.
Treatment The animals were randomly divided into groups each containing 20 rats with the exception of 40 animals in the control group. The animals were treated for 282 days with the following: control vehicles, for both DHEA and EM-800; EM-800 ((+)-7-pivaloyloxy- 3-(4'-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-4-methyl-2-(4"-(2"'-piperidinoethoxy)phenyl)-2H-benzopyran) ig, orally, once daily) in 0.5 ml of a 4% ethanol, 4% polyethylene glycol-600, 1% gelatin, 0.9% NaC suspension; DHEA (10 mg, percutaneously, once daily) in 0.5 ml of ethanol, 50% propylene glycol; and both EM-800 and DHEA. Treatment was initiated 3 WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0 -38-
O
0 days before the oral administration of DMBA. EM-800 was synthesized in the Medicinal SChemistry Division of our laboratory while DHEA was purchased from Steraloids Inc., 00 O Wilton, NH.
Many of the control animals and some of EM-800- or DHEA-treated animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under isoflurane-induced anesthesia 6 months after SDMBA administration because of the too large size of tumors. The values of tumor size and 00 number of these rats at sacrifice, together with those measured at later time intervals from Sthe surviving animals, were used for the later analysis of the incidence of tumors, average tumor number per tumor-bearing rat and average tumor size per tumor-bearing animal.
The remaining animals (9 rats from control and 13-19 rats from each other group) continued to receive treatment for another 3-month period in order to observe long-term preventive potency of DHEA and EM-800 alone or in combination. Rats were sacrificed 279 days after DMBA administration. The uteri, vaginas, and ovaries were immediately removed, freed from connective and adipose tissue, and weighed.
Sample collection and processing Twenty-four-hour urinary samples were collected at the end of the experiment from the first 9 rats of each group following transfer in metabolic cages (Allentown Caging Equipment Co., Allentown, NJ). Two urinary samples were collected and analyzed on different days for each animal in order to minimize the influence of daily variation.
Therefore, each value shown represents the mean of the two measurements performed on two different days. 0.5 ml of toluene was added into the urine collecting tubes to prevent urine evaporation and bacterial growth and the urinary volume was recorded. Trunk blood was collected at sacrifice and was allowed to clot at 4 0 C overnight before centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 min.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -39-
O
o Analysis of urine and serum biochemical parameters Fresh samples were used for the assay of urinary creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus as 00 well as serum total alkaline phosphatase (tALP) activity, cholesterol and triglycerides.
These biochemical parameters were measured automatically with a Monarch 2000 Chemistry System (Instrumentation Laboratory Co. Lexington, MA) under Good Laboratory Practice conditions. Urinary hydroxyproline was measured as described n (Podenphant et al., Clinica Chimica Acta 142: 145-148, 1984).
00 Bone mass measurements 1 Rats were anesthetized with an i.p. injection of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam at doses of 50 and 4 mg/kg respectively. The whole skeleton and the right femur were scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; QDR 2000-7.10C, Hologic, Waltham, MA) equipped with a Regional High Resolution software. The scan field sizes were 28.110 x 17.805 cm and 5.0 x 1.902 cm, the resolutions were 0.1511 x 0.0761 cm and 0.0254 x 0.0127 cm, while the scan speeds were 0.3608 and 0.0956 mm/sec for total skeleton and femur, respectively. Both bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of total skeleton, lumbar spine, and femur were measured on the scan images of total skeleton and femur.
Statistical analyses Statistical significance was measured according to the multiple range test of Duncan- Kramer (Biometrics 12: 307-310, 1956). Analysis of the incidence of development of mammary tumors was performed using the Fisher's exact test (Conover, Practical nonparametric statistics, 2nd Edition 153-170, 1980). The data are presented as means
S.E.M..
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 O
RESULTS
Effect on the development of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma 00 As illustrated in figure 1, 95% of control animals developed palpable mammary tumors by 279 days after DMBA administration. Treatment with DFIEA or EM-800 partially prevented the development of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma and the incidence was thus reduced to 57,o (p<0.01) and 38% respectively. Interestingly, combination of the two compounds led to a significantly higher inhibitory effect than those 00 achieved bv each compound alone (p<0.01 versus DHEA or EM-800 alone). In the onlv two tumors which developed in the group.of animals treated with both compounds disappeared before the end of experiment.
Treatment with DI-EA or EM-800 decreased average tumor number per tumor-bearing animal from 4.7 0.5 tumors in control animals to 3.4 0.7 and 1.4 0.3 (p<0.01) tumors/animal, respectively, while no tumor was found at the end of the experiment in the animals who received both drugs (p<0.01 versus the three other groups) (Fig. 2A). One of the two tumors which later disappeared was present from day 79 to day 201 following DMBA administration while the other tumor was palpable from day 176 to day 257. It can be seen in Fig. 2B that DHEA or EM-800 alone decreased average tumor area per tumorbearing animal from 12.8 1.3 cm 2 at the end of the experiment to 10.2 2.1 cm 2 and 7.7 1.8 cm 2 respectively, while the combination treatment resulted in a zero value (p<0.01 versus the three other groups). The two tumors which developed in the group of animals treated with both DHEA and EM-800 did not grow larger than 1 cm 2 It should be mentioned that the real values of average tumor area as well as the average tumor number per tumor-bearing animal in the control group should be higher than the values presented in Figure 2, since many rats had to be sacrificed before the end of the experiment because of the excessive size of tumors. The values measured at time of sacrifice were thus included as such in the calculations made at later time intervals in order to minimize a bias in the control group which, in any case, remained significantly above the other groups.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0 -41-
O
Effect on bone 00 Long-term percutaneous administration of DHEA to female rats induced 6.9% (p<0.01), 10.6% and 8.2% (p<0.01) increases in bone mineral density (BMD) of total skeleton, lumbar spine, and femur, respectively (Table On the other hand, no significant change was found in the animals treated with EM-800. Furthermore, when both compounds were administered simultaneously, the values obtained were comparable to 00 those achieved with DHEA alone.
Treatment with DHEA increased serum total alkaline phosphatase (tALP) activity by 74% but had no effect on daily urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion and on the urinary ratio of hvdroxyproline to creatinine (Table On the other hand, treatment with EM-800 decreased the urinary hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio by 48% but had no statistically significant influence on daily urinary calcium or phosphorus excretion and serum tALP activity. The combination of DHEA and EM-800 led to an increase in serum tALP activity (p<0.01) similar to that achieved with DHEA alone and reduced the urinary hydroxvproline to creatinine ratio by 69%, a value significantly (p<0.01) lower than that achieved with EM-800 alone. In addition, the combination of the two drugs significantly reduced daily urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion by 84% (p<0.01) and 56% respectively, while no significant change was observed with each drug alone (Table 3).
Effect on serum lipid levels Long-term treatment with EM-800 lowered serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels by 72% (p<0.01) and by 45% respectively, whereas long-term administration of DHEA decreased serum triglycerides levels by 60% serum cholesterol levels being unaffected. Moreover, 42% (p<0.01) and 52% (p<0.01) decreases in serum WO 99/63974 WO 9963974PCT/CA99/00538 42triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were measured in the animals treated with both EM-8OO and DI{EA (Fig. 3).
Table 2. Effect of treatment with D1-EA (10 mg, percutaneously, once daily) or EM-800 pg orally, once daily) alone or in combination for 9 months on bone mineral density (BMD) of femur, lumbar spine, and total skeleton in the female rat. Measurements were performed in 9 rats per group. p<0.05; p<0.01, experimental versus control.
BMD (giam2) GROUP TOTAL SKELETON LUMBAR FEMIUR
SPINE
CONTROL 0.1371 0.0025 0.1956 1 0.0067 0.3151 ±0.0063 DH'EA (10 mg) 0.1465 0.0010- 0.2163 t O.0049* 0.3408 0 .003B- EM-800 (75 pzg) 0.1356t± 0.0017 0.1888 0.0045 0.3097 0.0047 DHE EM-800 0.1498:t 0.0019- 0.2108 1 0.0061 0.3412.t 0.0056" WO 99/63974 WO 9963974PCT/CA99/00538 43 Table 3. Effect of treatment with DI-IEA (10 mg, percutaneously, once daily) or EM-800 pg, oral!;', once daily) alone or in combination for 9 months on parameters of bone metabolism in the rat: daily urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion, urinary hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio (HF/Cr), and serum total alkaline phosphotase activity (tALP). Samples were obtained from 9 animals per group. p<0.05; p<0.01 experimental versus control.
URINE
SERUM
GROUP CALCIUM PHOSPHORUS 1 HP/Cr tAL? CONTROL 23.17 ±1.55 132172 6.08 13.04t± 2.19 114.25t± 14.0.4 DHEA (10 mg) 25.87t± 3.54 151.41 t 14.57 14.02 ±1.59 198.38t± 30.76* EM-8OO (75 p~g) 17.44 4.5 102.03:t 25.13 6.81 0.84- 114.11 11.26 HEA EM480 3.1W .5 59.06 4.76- 4.06 t 0.28- 204.38 14.20- WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 0
O
C Example 2 d) ABSTRACT In the mammary gland, androgens are formed from the precursor steroid 00 O dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Clinical evidence indicates that androgens have inhibitory effects on breast cancer. Estrogens, on the other hand, stimulate the development and growth of breast cancer. We studied the effect of DHEA alone or in combination with the newly described pure antiestrogen, EM-800, on the growth of tumor l xenografts formed by the human breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1 in ovariectomized nude 00 mice.
Mice received daily subcutaneous injections of 0.5 gg estrone (an estrogenic hormone) immediately after ovariectomy. EM-800 (15, 50 or 100 gg) was given orally once daily.
DHEA was applied twice daily (total dose 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg) to the dorsal skin either alone or in combination with a 15 jig daily oral dose of EM-800. Changes in tumor size in response to the treatments were assessed periodically in relation to the measurements made on the first day. At the end of the experiments, tumors were dissected and weighed.
A 9.4-fold increase in tumor size in 9.5 months was observed in ovariectomized mice receiving estrone alone in comparison with mice not receiving estrone. Administration of 50 or 100 ag EM-800 in estrone-supplemented ovariectomized led to inhibitions of 88%, 93%, and 94% in tumor size, respectively. DHEA, on the other hand, at doses of 0.3, 1.0 or mg inhibited terminal tumor weight by 67%, 82%, and 85%, respectively. Comparable inhibitions in tumor size were obtained with a daily 15 ug oral dose of EM-800 with or without different doses of percutaneous DHEA.
DHEA and EM-800 independently suppressed the growth of estrone-stimulated ZR-75-1 mouse xenograft tumors in nude mice. Administration of DHEA at the defined doses does not alter the inhibitory effect of EM-800.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 o O0 U MATERIALS AND METHODS SZR-75-1 cells 0 ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) and routinely cultured as monolavers in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 IU penicillin/ml, 100 g streptomycin/ml, and 10% fetal bovine serum, under a humidified atmosphere of It¢ air/5% C02 at 37 0 C as described (Poulin and Labrie, Cancer Res. 46: 4933-4937, 1986; 00 Poulin et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 12: 213-225, 1988). Cells were passaged weekl.y after 0 treatment with 0.05% trypsin:0.02% EDTA The cell cultures used for the experiments described in this report were derived from passage 93 of the cell line ZR-75-1.
Animals Female homozygous Harlan Sprague-Dawley (nu/nu) athymic mice (28- to 42-day-old) were obtained from HSD (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA). Mice were housed in vinyl cages with air filter tops in laminar air flow hoods and maintained under pathogen-limited conditions. Cages, bedding, and food were autoclaved before use. Water was autoclaved, acidified to pH 2.8, and provided ad libitum.
Cell inoculation Mice were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) one week before tumor cell inoculation under anesthesia achieved by intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 ml/animal of Avertin (amylic alcohol: 0.8 g/100 ml 0.9% NaCl; and tribromo ethanol: 2g/100 ml 0.9% NaCI). 1.5 x 106 ZR-75-1 cells in logarithmic growth phase were harvested after the treatment of monolayer with 0.05% trypsin/0.02% EDTA were suspended in 0.1 ml of culture medium containing 25% Matrigel and were inoculated subcutaneously on both flanks of the animals using a 1 inch-long 20-gauge needle as described previously (Dauvois et al., Cancer Res. 51: 3131-3135, 1991). In order to facilitate growth of the tumors, each animal received daily subcutaneous injection of 10 Pg of estradiol (E 2 in vehicle composed of 0.9% NaC WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -46- 0 o ethanol 1% gelatin for 5 weeks. After appearance of palpable ZR-75-1 tumors, tumor diameter was measured with calipers and mice having tumor diameter between 0.2 and 0.7 00 cm were selected for this study.
O
SHormonal treatment All animals, except those in the control OVX group, received daily subcutaneous injections lt of 0.5 pg estrone (E 1 in 0.2 ml of 0.9% NaC 5% ethanol 1 gelatin. In the indicated 0 groups, DHEA was administered percutaneously twice daily at the doses of 0.3, 1.0 or mg/animal applied in a volume of 0.02 ml on the dorsal skin area outside the area of tumor growth. DHEA was dissolved in 50% ethanol 50% propylene glycol. EM-800, pivaloyloxy-3-(4'-pivaloyloxvphenyl)-4-methyl-2-(4'-(2"'-piperidinoethoxy)phenvl)-2Hbenzopyran), was synthesized as described earlier (Gauthier et al., J. Med. Chem. 40: 2117- 2122, 1997) in the medicinal chemistry division of the Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology of the CHUL Research Center. EM-800 was dissolved in 4% ethanol 4% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6001% gelatin 0.9% NaC1. Animals of the indicated groups received daily oral doses of 15 Mg, 50 g, or 100 Mg of EM-800 alone or in combination with DHEA while animals of the OVX group received the vehicle (0.2 ml 4% ethanol 4% PEG 600 1 gelatin 0.9% NaI) alone. Tumors were measured once a week with Vernier calipers. Two perpendicular diameters in cms (L and W) were recorded and tumor area (cm 2 was calculated using the formula: L/2xW/2 x n (Dauvois et al., Cancer Res. 51: 3131-3135, 1991). The area measured on the first day of treatment was taken as 100% and changes in tumor size were expressed as percentage of initial tumor area. In case of subcutaneous tumors in general, it is not possible to accurately access three dimensional volume of tumor, therefore, only tumors areas were measured. After 291 days (or 9.5 months) of treatment, the animals were sacrificed.
The categories of responses were evaluated as described (Dauvois et al., Breast Cancer Res.
Treat. 14: 299-306, 1989; Dauvois et al., Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 25: 891-897, 1989; Labrie WO 99/63974 PTC9/03 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -47- U et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 33: 237-244, 1995). In short, partial regression corresponds to the tumors that regressed equal to or more than 50%11 of their original size; stable 0 less than of their original size, while complete regression refers to those tumors that C*N were undetectable at the end of treatment. Progression refers to tumors that progressed more than 50% compared with their original size. At the end of the experiment, all V) animals were killed by decapitation. Tumors, uterus, and vagina were immediately 00 removed, freed from connective and adipose tissues, and weighed.
Statistical analysis Statistical significance of the effects of treatments on tumor size was assessed using an analysis of variance (ANO VA) evaluating the effects due to DHEA, EM-800, and time, and repeated measures in the same animals performed at the initiation and at the end of the treatment (subjects within group factor). The repeated measures at time 0 and after months of treatment constitute randomized blocks of animals. The time is thus analyzed as a within-block effect while both treatments are assessed as between-block effects. All interactions between main effects were included in the model. The significance of the treatment factors and of their interactions was analyzed using the subjects within group as the error term. Data were log-transformed. The hypotheses underlying the ANOVA assumed the normality of the residuals and the homogeneity of variance.
A posteriori pairwise comparisons were performed using Fisher's test for least significant difference. Main effects and the interaction of treatments on body weight and organ weight were analyzed using a standard two-way ANOVA with interactions. All ANOVAs were performed using SAS program (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Significance of differences were declared using a 2-tailed test with an overall level of WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0 -48- SCategorical data were analyzed with a Kruskall-Wallis test for ordered categorical Sresponse variables (complete response, partial response, stable response, and progression 00 0 of tumor). After overall assessment of a treatment effects, subsets of the results presented in Table 4 were analyzed adjusting the critical p-value for multiple comparisons. The exact Sp-values were calculated using StatXact program (Cytel, Cambridge, MA, USA).
iO tV) Data are expressed as means standard error of the mean (SEM) of 12 to 15 mice in each 00 group.
RESULTS
As illustrated in Fig. 4A, human ZR-75-1 tumors increased by 9.4-fold over 291 days months) in ovariectomized nude mice treated with a daily 0.5 ug subcutaneously administered dose of estrone while in control OVX mice who received the vehicle alone, tumor size was decreased to 36.9% of the initial value during the course of the study.
Treatment with increasing doses of percutaneous DHEA caused a progressive inhibition of Ei-stimulated ZR-75-1 tumor growth. Inhibitions of 50.4%, 76.8%, and 80.0% were achieved at 9.5 months of treatment with the 0.3 mg, 1.0 mg, and 3.0 mg daily doses per animal of DHEA, respectively (Fig. 4A). In agreement with the decrease in total tumor load, treatment with DHEA led to a marked decrease of the average weight of the tumors remaining at the end of the experiment. In fact, average tumor weight decreased from 1.12 0.26 g in control Ei-supplemented ovariectomized nude mice to 0.37 0.12 g (P =.005), 0.20 0.06 g (P and 0.17 0.06 g (P =.0009) in the groups of animals receiving the daily 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg doses of DHEA, respectively (Fig. 4B).
At the daily doses of 15 pg, 50 and 100 g, the antiestrogen EM-800 inhibited estrogenstimulated tumor size by 87.5% (P<.0001), 93.5% (P<.0001), and 94.0% (P=.0003), respectively (Fig. SA) when compared to the tumor size in control animals at 9.5 months.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 O -49- U The tumor size reductions achieved with the three EM-800 doses are not significantly Sdifferent between each other. As illustrated in Fig. 4B, tumor weight at the end of the 00 0month study was decreased from 1.12 0.26 g in control El-supplemented OVX mice to 0.08 0.03 g, 0.03 0.01 g and 0.04 0.03 g in animals treated with the daily 15 ig, 50 ag, Sand 100 4g doses of EM-800, respectively (P<.0001 at all doses of EM-800 vs E1 supplemented OVX).
00 As mentioned above, the antiestrogen EM-800, at the daily oral dose of 15 pg,-caused a S87.5% inhibition of estrone-stimulated tumor growth measured at 9.5 months. The addition of DHEA at the three doses used had no significant effect on the already marked inhibition of tumor size achieved with the 15 pg daily dose of the antiestrogen EM-800 (Fig. 5B). Thus, average tumor weight was dramatically reduced from 1.12 0.26 g in control estrone-supplemented mice to 0.08 0.03 g (P<.0001), 0.11 0.04 g (P=.0002), 0.13 0.07 g (P=.0004) and 0.08 0.05 g (P<.0001) in the animals who received the daily dose of gg of the antiestrogen alone or in combination with the 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg doses of DHEA, respectively (no significant difference was noted between the 4 groups) (Fig. 4B).
It was also of interest to examine the categories of responses achieved with the aboveindicated treatments. Thus, treatment with the increasing doses of DHEA decreased, although not to a level of statistical significance the number of progressing tumors from 87.5% in the control OVX animals supplemented with estrone to values of 50.0%, 53.3%, and 66.7% in the animals treated with the daily doses of 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg of DHEA (Table Complete responses, on the other hand, increased from 0% in the estrone-supplemented mice to 28.6%, 26.7%, and 20.0% in the animals receiving the 0.3, and 3.0 mg daily doses of percutaneous DHEA. Stable responses, on the other hand, were measured at 12.5%, 21.4%, 20.0%, and 13.3% in the control El-supplemented mice and in the three groups of animals who received the above-indicated doses of DHEA, respectively. In control ovariectomized mice, the rates of complete, partial and stable WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0 responses were measured at 68.8%, and 18.8%, respectively, while progression was Sseen in only 6.2% of tumors (Table 4).
00 Complete responses or disappearance of the tumors were achieved in 29.4%, 33.3 and 35.3% of tumors in the animals who received the antiestrogen EM-800 (P=.0006) alone I_ (15 ig) or in combination with the 0.3 mg, 1.0 mg, or 3.0 mg of DHEA, respectively (Table t Progression, on the other hand, was seen in 35.3%, 44.4%, 53.3%, and 17.6% of the 00 tumors, in the same groups of animals, respectively. There is no significant difference 0 between the groups treated with EM-800, either alone or in combination with DHEA.
No significant effect of DHEA or EM-800 treatment was observed on body weight adjusted for tumor weight. Treatment of OVX mice with estrone, increased uterine weight from 28 5 mg in OVX control mice to 132 8 mg while increasing doses of DHEA caused a progressive but relatively small inhibition of the stimulatory effect of estrone which reached 26% (P=.0008) at the highest dose of DHEA used. It can be seen in the same figure that estrone-stimulated uterine weight was decreased from 132 8 mg in control estronesupplemented mice to 49 3 mg, 96 2 mg, and 32 1 mg (P<.0001 at all doses vs control) with the daily oral doses of 15g, 50 ug, or 100 ig of EM-800 (overall P<.0001), respectively. Fifteen micrograms (15 pg) EM-800 in combination with the 0.3 mg, 1.0 mg or mg daily doses of DHEA, uterine weight was measured at 46 3 mg, 59 5 mg and 69 3 mg, respectively.
On the other hand, treatment with estrone increased vaginal weight from 14 2 mg in OVX animals to 31 2 mg while the addition of DHEA had no significant effect.
Vaginal weight was then reduced to 23 1 mg, 15 1 mg, and 11 1 mg following treatment with the daily 15 ig, 50 gg or 100 ug doses of EM-800, respectively (overall p and pairwise P<.0001 at all doses vs control). In combination with the 0.3 mg, 1.0 mg or mg doses of DHEA and of EM-800, vaginal weight was measured at 22 1 mg, 25 2 mg WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 0 -51and 23 1 mg, respectively for all groups versus 15 pg EM-800). It should be Q mentioned that at the highest dose used, namely 100 ug daily, EM-800 decreased uterine 00 weight in estrone-supplemented OVX animals to a value not different from that of OVX controls while vaginal weight was reduced to a value below that measured in OVX 0controls DHEA, probably due to its androgenic effects, partially counteracted the effect of EM-800 on uterine and vaginal weight.
00
O
WO 99/63974 WO 9963974PCT/CA99/00538 52 Table 4. Effect of percutaneous administration of DH-tA or oral administration of EM-800 alone or in combination for 9.5 months on the responses (complete, partial, stable, and progression) of human ZR-75-1 breast tumnor xenografts in nude mrice.
TOTAL I CATEGORY OF RESPONSE GROUP NUMBER 0 [Complete Partial IStable Progressia ANIMALS jNumber and OVX 16 11 (68.8) 1 {3(18.8) 1 (6-2) OX+ El (0.5 jig) J 16 Ia 10 12(12.5) j14(877.5)1 OVX +E1 (0.5 pig)-- DI{EA 0.3 mg 14 4 (28.6) 0 3 (21.4) 7 (50.0) mg 15 4 (26.7) 0 3 (20.0) 8 (53.3) mg 15 3 (20.0) 0 2(13.3) 10(66.7) OVX +El (0.5 pig) EM-80 15 pig 17 5 (29.4) 1 5(29.4) 6 (35.3) vig 16 14 (25.0) 3 (18.8) 5(31.2) 4 (25.0) 100 pgg 16 8 (50.0) 0 3(18.8) 5 (31.2) OVX +E1 (0.5 pig) 0.3 mg 1s 16 (33.3) 0 4(21.2) 8 (44.4) EM-800 DHEA 1.0 Mg 15 4 (26.7) 0 3 (20.0) 8 (53.3) mg 17 6 (35.3) 0 8(47.1) 3 (17.6) Ei= Estrone; DHEA= dehydroepiandrosterone; OVX=ovariectomized WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 O -53- SExample 3 00 O Effect of the preferred compound of the invention on cholesterol levels of female ovariectomized rats
NO
C Animals and treatment 00 Fifty to 60 day-old female Sprague-Dawlev rats (Crl:CD(SD)Br) (Charles River Laboratory, St-Constant, Canada) weighing approximately 190 g at the time of ovariectomy were used.
The animals were acclimated to the environmental conditions (temperature: 22 3 0
C;
humidity: 50 20%; 12-h light-12-h dark cycles, lights on at 07:15h) for 1 week before the surgery. The animals were housed three per cage and were allowed free access to tap water and a pelleted certified rodent feed (Lab Diet 5002, Ralston Purina, St-Louis, MO).
The experiment was conducted in a Canadian Council on Animal Care approved facility in accordance with the CCAC Guide for Care and Use of Experimental Animals.
One hundred thirty-six female rats were ovariectomized under Isoflurane anesthesia on day 0 of the study and were randomly distributed into 17 groups of animals to conduct the study outlined below: WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -54 Group 1: OVX CONT 00 Group 2: OVX EM-800 (0.01 mg/kg, po, DD) Group 3: OVX EM-800 (0.03 mg/kg, po, DD) Group 4: OVX EM-800 (0.1 mg-/kg, po, ID) Group 5: OVX EM-800 (0.3 mg/kg, po. ID) Group 6: OVX EM-800 (1 mg/kg, po. DD) 0 Group 8: OVX EM-01538 (0.03 mg/kg, po. ID) Group 9: OVX EM-01538 (0.1 mg/kgy, po, ID) Group 10: OVX EM-01538 (0.3 mg/kg., po, lID) Group 11: OVX +i EM-01538 (1 mg/kg, po, ID) Group 12: OVX Raloxifene (EM-l1105) 01 mg/kg, po, ID) Group 13: OVX Raloxifene (EM-i 1105) (0.03 mg/kg, po, ID) Group 14: OVX Raloxifene (EM- 1105) (0.1 mg/kg, po, ID) Group 15: OVX Raloxifene (EM-I 1105) 3 mg/kg, po, IID) Group 16: OVX Raloxifene (EM-li105) (1 mg/kg, po, ID) Group 17: WiT CONT WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 O The administration of treatments were started on day 10 of the study and were given by oral gavage once daily until day 13 of the study. Dosing suspensions were prepared in 00 0.4% methylcellulose and the concentration was adjusted according to the mean body weight of the group recorded on day 10 of the study in order to give 0.5 ml of dosing suspension per rat. Approximately 24 hours after the last dosing, overnight faster animals were killed by exsanguination at the abdominal aorta under isoflurane anesthesia and t blood samples were processed for serum preparation. The uteri were removed, stripped of 00 remaining fat and weighed.
Serum cholesterol and triglyceride assays Total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined using the Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostic Laboratory Systems).
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -56- 0 Example 4
CU
OO Androstene-3p,17p-diol (5-diol) possesses intrinsic estrogenic activity. In addition, as a precursor sex steroid, it can be transformed into active androgens and/or other estrogens in peripheral intracrine tissues. In order to assess the relative importance of the IN androgenic and estrogenic components of 5-diol action on bone mass, twenty-one week old V) rats were ovariectomized and treated percutaneously once daily with 2, 5, or 12.5 mg of Sdiol alone or in combination with the antiandrogen Flutamide (FLU, 10 mg, _s.conce 00 daily), and/or the antiestrogen EM-800 (100 pg, once daily) for 12 months. Bone C mineral density (BMD) was measured after 11 months of treatment. Ovariectomv (OVX) led to a 12.8% decrease in femoral BMD (p<0.01) while treatment with the highest dose of restored 34.3% of femoral BMD lost during the 11 months following OVX (p<0.01).
Simultaneous administration of FLU completely prevented the stimulatory effect of on femoral BMD while the addition of EM-800 resulted in an additional 28.4% stimulation compared to the effect of 5-diol alone. The simultaneous administration of 5-diol, FLU, and EM-800 only displayed the effect of EM-800 since the effect of 5-diol was completely blocked by FLU. Compiarable results were obtained on BMD of lumbar spine although lumbar spine BMD in OVX rats receiving 12.5 mg 5-diol alone, 12.5 mg 5-diol EM-800 or 5-diol FLU EM-800 was restored to values not significantly different from those of intact animals. The histomorphometric analysis shows that the stimulatorv effects of 5-diol on bone volume, trabecular number and the inhibitory effect on trabecular separation of secondary spongiosa of the proximal tibia metaphyseal area are abolished by FLU, but further enhanced by EM-800. The marked stimulation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity obtained following the treatment with 5-diol is 57% (p<0.01 vs 12.5 mg 5-diol alone) reversed by the simultaneous administration of FLU. Treatment with diol had no statistically significant inhibitory effect on the urinary ratio of calcium to creatinine. The highest dose of 5-diol caused a significant 23% (p<0.01) reduction of serum cholesterol while the addition of EM-800 decreased serum cholesterol by 62% (p<0.01).
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 O -57-
O
O The present data clearly show the stimulatory effect of 5-diol on bone formation and Q suggest that although 5-diol is a weak estrogen, its stimulatory effect on bone formation is O predominantly mediated by an androgenic effect. Moreover, the additive stimulatorv effects of EM-800 and 5-diol on bone mass demonstrate the bone-sparing effect of the antiestrogen EM-800 in the rat. The cholesterol-lowering activity of both 5-diol and EM-800 could have interesting utility for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
00 2008255169 08 Dec 2008 Example Serum Urinary OH- Group Alkaline proline GnRH- Trigly.
phosphatase /creatinin li I -mRNA levels Cholesterol cerides IU/L- pinol/mmol ng/ml silver grains nol/L rnmol/L per cell Intact Control 30 15.4 1.3 0.09 10(.03** 33.7 .0.71* 2.28 0.(12 1.4 ±0.2 OVX Control 51 ±4 '11.7 1.2 3.55 0.50 44.0 ±0.9 2.29 .16i 1.1 (.1 OVX MPA 57 4 11.7 1.2 2.51 ±0.20* 35.5 2.55 ±0.14 1.3 ±0.1 i OVX 4-E2 41 ±5 9.2 ±0.9 2.37±0.45* 40.4 2.02±(0.15 (0.8±0.1 OVX DHT 56 5 7.8 0.7* 1.55 0.27** 38.8 fl*7** 2.44 ±0.16 0.9 0.1 OVX +DHEA 201 25** 7.3 0.02 0.01** 34.5 1.78 ±0.16* 0.8 0.1 OVX DHEA FLU 103 4: 10** 14.5 1.2 1.13 0.24** 41.5 2.27 ±0.15 0.8 0.1 OVX DHEA EM-800 202 17** 6.4 1 LD** 39.2 0.63 0.09** 1.0 0.,2 LD: Limit of Detection: 0.01 ng/mld p<0.05; p<0.01 versus OVX Control WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -59o Example 6 00 Example of synthesis of the preferred compound of the invention C Synthesis of (S-+--yrx--4-yrxvhnl--ehl2(1-2' piperidinoethoxy)phenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran hydrochloride EM-01538 (EM--652, HO) Scheme 00 OH b~.ON
THP
2 HOz mHPO AIA SON 0 c1OTHP O~cQoy;i 5 THPO THPO 0 0 12 13 EM434..CSA C OH EM.652.(.I CSA 0 EM41 31 WO 99/63974 Wa 9963974PCT/CA99/00538 00 U Stev A: BF 3 *Et 2 O toluene; 100 OC; 1 hour.
Stev C: 3,4-dihydropyran, p-toluenesulfonic acid monohvdrate, ethyl acetate; 25 oC under 00 nitrogen, 16 hours, and then crystalliztion in isoprovanol.
&2e~s Q. E. and F: piperidine, toluene, Dean Stark apparatus, reflux under nitrogen 1,8- 4, Olundec-7-ene, DMF, reflux 3 hours; CH3MgC, THIF, -20 to 0 OC and then room temperature for 24 hours; 0Steps G, H: (IS)-(+)-1O-camphorsulfonic acid, acetone, water, toluene, room temnperature, 48 hours.
C1 Ste H- 95 ethanol, 70 OC, then room temperature 3 days.
Step H-R Recycling of mother liquor and wash of step HR 0-camphorsulfonic acid, reflux 36 hours, then room temperature for 16 hours.
DMF aq., Na 2
CO
3 ethyl acetate; ethanol, dilute HG; water.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -bl- Synthesis of 2-tetrahydropyranyloxy-4-hydroxy-2'-(4"-tetrahydropyranyloxyphenyl) Sacetophenone A suspension of 2 ,4-dihydroxy-2'-(4"-hydroxyphenyl)acetophenone 3 (97.6 g, 0.4 mole) (available from Chemsvn Science Laboratories, Lenexa, Kansas) in 3,4- O dihydropyran (218 ml, 3.39 mole) and ethyl acetate (520 ml) was treated with ptoluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.03 g, 0.158 mmole) at about 25 0 C. The reaction D mixture was stirred under nitrogen with no external heating for about 16 hours. The Smixture was then washed with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (1 g) and sodium chloride g) in water (100 ml). The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with 00 Sbrine (20 ml). Each wash was back extracted with 50 ml ethyl acetate. Al the organic Sphases were combined and filtered through sodium sulfate.
Solvent (about 600 ml) was removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure and isopropanol (250 ml) was added. Additional solvent (about 300 ml) was distilled at atmospheric pressure and isopropanol (250 ml) was added. Additional solvent (about 275 ml) was distilled at atmospheric pressure and isopropanol (250 ml) was added. The solution was cooled at about 25 0 C with stirring and after about 12 hours, the crystalline solid was filtered, washed with isopropanol and dried (116.5 g, Synthesis of 4 -hydroxy-4-methyl-2-(4'-[2"-piperidino]-ethoxy)phenyl-3-{4"'tetrahydropyranyloxy)phenyl-7-tetrahydropyranyloxy-chromane A solution of 2tetrahydropyranyloxy-4-hydroxy-2'-(4"-tetrahydropyranyloxyphenyl)acetophenone 4 (1 kg, 2.42 mole), 4 2 -(1-piperidino)ethoxy]benzaldehyde 5 (594 g, 2.55 mole) (available from Chemsyn Science Laboratories, Lenexa, Kansas) and piperidine (82.4 g, 0.97 mole) (available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.) in toluene (8L) was refluxed under nitrogen with a Dean Stark apparatus until one equivalent of water (44 mL) was collected.
WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99100538 00 -62o Toluene (6.5 L) was removed from the solution by distillation at atmospheric pressure.
QDimethvlformanmide (6.5 L) and 1, 8 -diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (110.5 g, 0.726 mole) 00 were added. The solution was agitated for about 8 hours at room temperature to isomerize 0 the chalcone 8 to chromanone 9 and then added to a mixture of water and ice (8 L) and ON toluene (4 The phases were separated and the toluene layer washed with water (5 L).
IND The combined aqueous washes were extracted with toluene (3 x 4 The combined t'4t toluene extracts were finally washed with brine (3 x 4 concentrated at atmospheric pressure to 5.5 L and then cooled to 00 (1 With continued external cooling and stirring under nitrogen, a 3M solution of methylmagnesium chloride in THF (2.5 L, 7.5 mole) (available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.) was added, maintaining the temperature below 0°C.
After all the Grignard reagent was added, the external cooling was removed and the mixture allowed warm to room temperature. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for about 24 hours.
The mixture was again cooled to about -20°C and with continued external cooling and stirring, saturated ammoniumrn chloride solution (200 ml) was added slowly, maintaining the temperature below 20°C. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours and then added the saturated ammonium chloride solution (2L) and toluene (4 L) and agitated for five minutes. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with toluene (2 x 4L).
The combined toluene extracts were washed with dilute hydrochloric acid until the solution became homogenous and then with brine (3 x 4 The toluene solution was finally concentrated at atmospheric pressure to 2L. This solution was used directly in the next step.
Synthesis of (2R,S)-7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl).4-methyl-2-(4"-[2"'piperidino]ethoxy)phenyl)-2H-l-benzopyran (1S)-10-camphorsulphoric acid salt WO 99/63974 PCTICA99/00538 00 -63- O To the toluene solution of 4-hvdroxv-4-methvl-2-(4[-- 2 "-piperidinol-ethoxy)-phenv3(4"' tetrahvdropvranvoxv,)phenv-7-tetrahvdropranvroxvchromane (10) was added acetone (6 0 water (0.3 L) and (S)-l0-camphorsulphonic acid (361 g. 2.42 mole) (available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.). The mixture was agitated under nitrogen for 48 hours after which time the solid 2 RS)--hdroxv7-3-(4'hydroxyphenl)-4methvl-2-(4"-[2''-piperidino]ethoxv)phenv)2-1 -benzopvran (IS)-1 O-camphorsulphonic acid salt (12) was filtered, washed with acetone ard dried (883 This material was used in the next (HH) step without further purification.
00 Synthesis of 2 S)-7-hydroxv-3-(4'-hyroxvphenyl).4-methyl-2-(4"- piperidino]ethoxv)phenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran (IS)-10-carphorsulphonic acid salt (13, EM-652(1S)-CsA salt). A suspension of (2RS)-7-hydroxv-3-(4'-hvdroxyphenvl)-4methyl- 2 4 "-f 2 '-piperidinoethoxv)phenl)-2H-benzopyran (IS)-10-carphorsulphonic acid salt 12 (759 g) in 95% ethanol was heated with stirring to about 70 0 C until the solid had dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature with stirring then seeded with a few crystals of 2
S)-
7 -hydroxv-3-(4'-hvdroxvphenl)..methyl-2(4"-2"'piperidinolethoxv)phenvl)-2-1-Menzopyran (1S)-10-camphorsulphonic acid salt 13. The solution was stirred at room temperature for about three days in total. The crystals were filtered, washed with 95% ethanol and dried (291 g, The de of the product was 94.2% and the purity 95.80.
Synthesis of 7 -hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)4.methyl2(4(2"piperidinoethoxy)phenyl)WH1..benzopyan hydrochloride EM-01538 (EM-652, HCI). A suspension of compound 13 (EM-652-(+)-CSA salt, 500 mg, 0.726 mmol) in dimethylfonnamide (11 4L, 0.15 mmol) was treated with an 0.5 M aqueous sodium carbonate solution (7.0 mL, 3.6 mmol), and stirred for 15 min. The suspension was treated with ethyl acetate (7.0 rL) and stirred during 4 h. The organic phase was then washed with an aqueous saturated sodium carbonate solution (2 x 5 mL) and brine (1 x 5 mL) dried WO 99/63974 WO 9963974PCT/CA99/00538 00 -64over magnesium sulfate, arnd concentrated. A solution of the resulting pink foam (EM-652) in ethanol (2 mnL) was treated with 2 N hydrochjorjc acid (400 pL, 0.80 mmol), stirred for 1 00h, treated with distilled water (5 mnL), and stirred during 30 min. The resulting suspension was filtered, washed with distilled water (5 mL), dried in air and under high vacuum to give a creamy powder (276 mg, 77%0): Fine off-white powder; Scanning O Calorimetry: Melting peak onset at 219 0 C, A.H 83 J/g; [cL 1 24 D 1540 in methanol mg/ ml. 1 H NMR (300 MII-z, CD 3 0D) 5 (ppm) 1.6 Cbroad, 2H, 1.85 (broad, 4H, and 2.03 3H, CH- 3 3.0 and 3.45 (broad, 41-1, H--2"..and 3.47 00 2H-, H-3 4.26 J=4.9Hz, 2H, 5.82 6.10 J=2.3H-z, 1K, 6.35 ri (dd, J=8.4, 2.43 Hz, IH, 6.70 J=8.6 Hz, 2H-, and 6.83 1=8.7Hz, 2H, H- 3" and 7.01 J=8.5 Hz, 2H, H-2' and 7.12 J=8.4Hz, IH, 7.24 (d, J=8.6Hz, 2H-, H-2" and 13 RMN (CD 3 OD, 75 MI-IZ) 6 ppm 14.84, 2250, 23.99, 54.78, 57.03, 62.97, 81.22, 104.38, 109.11, 115.35, 116.01, 118.68, 125.78, 126.33, 130.26, 130.72, 131.29, 131.59, 134.26, 154.42, 157.56, 158.96, 159.33. Elemental Composition: C, H, N, 0: Theon' 70.51, 6.53, 2.84, 7.18, Found :70.31, 6.75, 2.65, 6.89 WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -65
O
CEXAMPLE 7 00 u In Vivo Assays of Bioavailability of the prodrugs of androst-5-ene-3p,17p-diol 1) Principle The assays of the bioavailability of prodrugs of sex steroid precursors were performed in male Sprague Dawley rats by measuring the plasma concentrations of the compounds after Ssingle oral administration of the compounds.
00 00 a) Animals and treatment Male Sprague-Dawley rats [Crl:CD(SD)Br] weighing 275-350 g were obtained from Charles-River Canada Inc. and housed 2 per cage during the acclimation period and individually during the study period. The animals were maintained under a regimen of 12 hours light: 12 hours dark (lights on at 08:00). Animals received certified Rodent feed (Lab Diet 5002, pellets) and tap water ad libitum. Rats were fasted (access to water only) starting on the evening prior to dosing.
Each compound to be tested was administered to three animals as a suspension in 0.4% methylcellulose by oral gavage at a dose of 150 umg/rat. One blood sample of -0.7 ml was collected from the jugular vein of rats under Isoflurane-induced anesthesia at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 hours post-gavage. Blood samples were immediately transferred into a refrigerated 0.75 ml Microtainer containing EDTA and kept in an ice-water bath until centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. Plasma separation was performed rapidly (less than 50 minutes) after blood collection. One aliquot of 0.25 ml of plasma was then transferred into a borosilicate tube (13 x 100) and was rapidly frozen on dry-ice. Plasma samples were kept at -80 0 C until measurement of plasma concentration of the sex steroid or sex steroid precursors by GC-
MS.
WO 99/63974 WO 9963974PCT/CA99/00538 00 -66- Results: Oral absorption and AUCs are shown in figure 12 and 13.
00 00 WO 99/63974 WO 99/39'74PCTICA99/00538 -67- PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION EXAMPLES Set forth below, by way of example and not of limitation, are several pharmaceutical compositions utilizing preferred active SERM EM-8OO or EIM-1538 and preferred active a sex steroid precursor DHEA, EM-1304 or EM-01474-D Other compounds of the invention or combination thereof, may be used in place of (or in addition to) EM-800 or EM-1538, DIA, EM-1304 or EM-01474-D The concentration of active ingredient may be varied over a wide range as discussed herein. The amounts and types of other ingrei ents that may be included are well known in the art.
Example A Tablet Ingredient Weight (by wejight of total composition) EM-80O0 DHEA J15.0 Gelatin Lactose [58.5 Starch [16.5 WO 99/63974 WO 9963974PCT/CA99/00538 68 Example B Gelatin capsule Ingredient Weight DH-EA 1.
Lactose hydrous 6.
Starch4.
Cellulose microcrystalline 0.4 WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 -69 O KIT EXAMPLES 00 Set forth below, by way of example and not of limitation, are several kits utilizing preferred active SERM EM-800 or EM-1538 and preferred active a sex steroid precursor C- DHEA, EM-1304 or EM-01474-D Other compounds of the invention or combination _ID thereof, may be used in place of (or in addition to) EM-800 or EM-1538, DHEA, EM-1304 or -n EM-01474-D. The concentration of active ingredient may be varied over a wide range as discussed herein. The amounts and types of other ingredients that may be included are 00 Swell known in the art.
Example A The SERM is orally administered while the sex steroid precursor is percutaneously administered SERM composition for oral administration (capsules) Ingredient Weight weight of total composition) EM-800 Lactose hydrous 80.0 Starch 4.8 Cellulose microcrystalline 9.8 Magnesium stearate 0.4 WO 99/63974 PCT/CA99/00538 00 ri Sex steroid precursor Composition for topical administration (gel) Ingredient Weight 0011 10.0 iin Caprylic-capric Triglvceride___[ (Neobee l-exvlene Glvcol 15.0 Transcutol (diethvienegivcoi m o n o m e t h v l e t h e r Benzvl alcohol 12.0 Cvclomethicone (Dow comin 345) Ethanol (absolute) 156.0 Hvdroxypropylcellulose (1500 cps) Example B The SERM and the sex steroid precursor are orally administered Non-Steroidal Antiestrogen composition for oral administration (capsules) -71- Sex steroid precursor composition for oral administration (Gelatin capsule) Ingredient Weight (by weight of total composition) DHEA 15.0 Lactose hydrous 70.0 Starch 4.8 Cellulose microcrystalline 9.8 Magnesium stearate 0.4 Other SERMs may be substituted for EM-800 or EM-01538 in the above formulations, as well as other sex steroid inhibitors may be substituted for DHEA, EM-1304 or EM-01474-D.
More than one SERM or more than one precursor may be included in which case the combined weight percentage is preferably that of the weight percentage for the single precursor or single SERM given in the examples above.
The invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments and examples, but is not limited thereby. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize the broader applicability and scope of the invention which is limited only by the patent claims herein.

Claims (25)

  1. 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier; b) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate. androst-5-ene-3p, 17p-diol, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and a prodrug that is converted in vivo into any of the foregoing sex steroid precursors; and c) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one selective estrogen receptor modulator.
  2. 3. A kit comprising a first container containing a therapeutically effective amount of at least one sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, androst-5-ene-3p,1 7pdiol,
  3. 4-androstene-3,17-dione and any prodrug that is converted in vivo any into the foregoing precursors; and further comprising a second container containing a therapeutically effective amount of at least one selective estrogen receptor modulator. 4. The method of claim I further comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a bisphosphonate as part of said combination therapy. -73 00 O O 0 5. A kit of claim 3 comprising at least one additional container of said kit that contains a therapeutically effective amount of at least one bisphosphonate. 00 O
  4. 6. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 2 wherein said composition further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one bisphosphonate. 00 O 0 7. The method of claim I further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a progestin.
  5. 8. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of any of the foregoing claims wherein the precursor is not 4-androstene-3,17-dione.
  6. 9. A method of reducing the risk of acquiring breast cancer comprising administering to a patient for whom such reduction is desires, a prophylactically effective amount of a selective estrogen receptor modulator. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of any of the foregoing claims I to 9 wherein the selective estrogen receptor modulator has a molecular formula with the following features: a) two aromatic rings spaced by I to 2 intervening carbon atoms, both aromatic rings being either unsubstituted or substituted by a hydroxyl group or a group converted in vivo to hydroxyl; b) a side chain possessing an aromatic ring and a tertiary amine function or salt thereof. I The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the side chain is selected from the group consisting of: -74- 00 O 00 NO oO and 00
  7. 12. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the two aromatic rings are both phenyl and wherein the side chain possesses a moiety selected from the group consisting of a methine, a methylene, and an aromatic ring, and a tertiary amine function or salt thereof.
  8. 13. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the selective estrogen receptor modulator is selected from the group consisting of a benzothiophene derivative, triphenylethylene derivative, indole derivative, benzopyran derivative, and centchroman derivative.
  9. 14. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the selective estrogen receptor modulator is a benzothiophene derivative compound of the following formula: R3 8-0NR4 00 0 O wherein RI and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, hydroxyl, and a moiety converted in vivo in hydroxyl; wherein R 3 and R 4 are either independently selected from the group consisting 00 of: C I -C4 alkyl, or wherein R3, R 4 and the nitrogen to which they are bound, together are any structure selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidino, dimethyl-l- pyrrolidino, methyl-I-pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, hexamethyleneimino and morpholino; \O wherein A is selected from the group consisting of -CO-,-CIIOH, and -CH 2 wherein B is selected from the group consisting of phenylene, pyridylidene, Cl 00 and-cycloC 4 H 2 N 2 The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 14 wherein the selective estrogen receptor modulator is selected from the group consisting of Raloxifene, LY 353381 and LY 335563.
  10. 16. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the selective estrogen receptor modulator is a triphenylethylene derivative compound of the following formula: E D J wherein D is-OCH 2 CH 2 N(R 3 )R 4 or-CH=CH-COOH (R 3 and R 4 either being independently selected from the group consisting of CI-C4 alkyl, or R 3 R 4 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, together being a ring structure selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidino, dimethyl-l-pyrrolidino, methyl-l-pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, hexamethyleneimino and morpholino); -76- 00 O Swherein E and K are independently hydrogen or hydroxyl; 0 wherein J is hydrogen or halogen. 0 0
  11. 17. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of any of the foregoing claims I to 9 wherein selective estrogen receptor modulator is Tamoxifen, OH-tamoxifen, Droloxifene, Toremifene, lodoxifene, and GW5638. INi 00 18. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the Sselective estrogen receptor modulator is an indole derivative compound of the following formula: x \N -110'OR3 R2 RS /RS wherein D is selected from the groups consisting of -OCl-1 2 CH 2 N(R 7 )R, -CH=CH-CO N(R 7 )Rs, -CC-(CH 2 7 )R 8 (R 7 and R 8 either being independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-C 6 alkyl, or R 7 R 8 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, together being a ring structure selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidino, dimethyl-l-pyrrolidino, methyl-l-pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, hexamethyleneimino, morpholino, ring); wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, and CI-C6 alkyl; wherein RI, R.2 R3, R4, Rs, and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, hydroxyl, CI-C 6 alkyl, and a moiety converted in vivo in hydroxyl. -77- 00
  12. 19. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the 0 selective estrogen receptor modulator is a centchroman derivative compound of the Sfollowing formula: 00 SD IO R2 00 0 0 wherein R, and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, hydroxyl, and a moiety converted in vivo in hydroxyl; wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen or Ci-C, alkyl; wherein D is-OCH 2 CH 2 N(R 3 )R 4 (R 3 and R 4 either being independently selected from the group consisting of CI-C 4 alkyl, or R 3 R 4 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, together being a ring structure selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidino, dimethyl-I- pyrrolidino, methyl-l-pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, hexamethyleneimino, morpholino, ring). The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 19 wherein the centchroman derivative is (3,4-trans-2, 2-dimethyl-3-phenyl- 4- (2- (ptmolidin-1-yl) ethoxy) phenyl]-7-methoxychroman).
  13. 21. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 10 wherein the selective estrogen receptor modulator has the following formula: -78- 00 G3 00 O< R, NO G1 SZt RIoo-L- 2 N 2 00 O wherein RI and R 2 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl or a moiety which is C1 converted to hydroxyl in vivo; wherein Z is a bivalent dosing moiety; wherein the RIOO is a bivalent moiety which distances L from the B-ring by 4-10 intervening atoms; wherein L is a bivalent or trivalent polar moiety selected from the group of- and-SON<; wherein GI is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a Ci to hydrocarbon or a bivalent moiety which joins G2 and L to form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, and halo or unsaturated derivatives of the foregoing. wherein G 2 is either absent or selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a Ci to Cs hydrocarbon or a bivalent moiety which joins G 2 and L to form a 5-to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, and halo or unsaturated derivatives of the foregoing. wherein G3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl.
  14. 22. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 21, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting and- CH 2
  15. 23. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 22, wherein the compound is a benzopyran derivative of the following general structure: -79- 00 O 0 N R2 \o O NC wherein D is-OCH 2 CH 2 N(R 3 )R 4 (R 3 and R 4 either being independently selected from the group consisting of CI-C 4 alkyl, or R 3 R 4 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, together being a ring structure selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidino, dimethyl-l- pyrrolidino, methyl-l-pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, hexamethyleneimino, morpholino, ring). wherein R, and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, hydroxyl, and a moiety converted in vivo in hydroxyl.
  16. 24. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 23, wherein the benzopyran derivative is an optically active compound having an absolute configuration S on carbon 2 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said compound having the molecular structure: 6' 4. 00 6 3' :Iz, g R. I I 2 3' 00 O Swherein Ri and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of U hydroxyl and a moiety convertible in vivo to hydroxyl; wherein R 3 is a species selected from the group consisting of saturated, 00 unsaturated or substituted pyrrolidinyl, saturated, unsaturated or substituted piperidino, saturated, unsaturated or substituted piperidinyl, saturated, unsaturated or substituted morpholino, nitrogen-containing cyclic moiety, nitrogen-containing polycyclic moiety, and NRaRb (Ra and Rb being independently hydrogen, straight or n branched C|-C 6 alkyl, straight or branched C 2 C( alkenyl, and straight or branched C 2 00 C 6 alkynyl). The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 24 wherein said compound or salt substantially lacks (2R)-enantiomer. -81
  17. 26. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 23 where said selective estrogen receptor modulator is selected from the group consisting of: (H CO ococ c EM-800 OCOC(CH9h EM-01520 o OCOOCH(Ch) EM-0133 EM-0M1S8i I
  18. 27. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 23 wherein the benzopyran derivative is a salt of an acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, adipic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrochlorothiazide acid, hydroxy- naphthoic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, methylsulfuric acid, I,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, nitric acid, palmitic acid, pivalic acid, phosphoric acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid, terephthalic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and valeric acid. -82-
  19. 28. The method, pharmaceutical composition or kit of claim 27 wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid.
  20. 29. The method pharmaceutical composition or kit of any of the foregoing claims I to 9 wherein said selective estrogen receptor modulator is: OH EM-1538 HO_ Cl and an amount of a sex steroid precursor selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androst-5-ene-3p,17 7 -diol. The method pharmaceutical composition or kit of any of the foregoing claims I to 9 wherein the sex steroid precursor is dehydroepiandrosterone.
  21. 31. The pharmaceutical composition or kit of claims 2, 3 or 8 wherein the compound converted in vivo to into sex steroid precursor has 'the general formula: Y XO a wherein X is selected from the group consisting of ROC-, RCO2CI-Ra- and RbSO 2 (R being selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, straight-or branched- (CI-C 1 8 alkyl, straight-or branched- (C 2 -C 1 8 alkenyl, straight-or branched- (C 2 -C 18 alkynyl, aryl, furyl, straight- or branched- (CI-Cx 1 alkoxy, straight-or -83 00 O 00 O 0 (N (U branched- (C 2 -C 1 alkenyloxy. straight-or branched- (C 2 -Cix) alkynyloxy, aryloxy, furyloxy, and halogeno or carboxyl analogs of the foregoing; Ra being hydrogen or alkyl; and, Rb being selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl (or salts thereof), methyl, phenyl and p-toluyl); wherein Y is carbonyl oxygen or Y represent a P-OX (X having the same meaning as above) and a-H.
  22. 32. The pharmaceutical composition or kit of claims 2, 3 or 8 wherein the compound converted in vivo to into sex steroid precursor is selected from the group consisting of: EM-1304 EM-01474-D
  23. 33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient diluent or carrier, a therapeutically effective amount of EM-1S31 1 and a therapeutically effective amount of dehydroepiandrosterone. -84-
  24. 34. A method of Claim 18 wherein the selective estrogen receptor modulator is TSE 424. A compound of the following molecular structure:
  25. 36. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical excipient, diluent or carrier and a compound of the following molecular structure:
AU2008255169A 1998-06-11 2008-12-08 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors Abandoned AU2008255169A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2008255169A AU2008255169A1 (en) 1998-06-11 2008-12-08 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors
AU2011253842A AU2011253842B2 (en) 1998-06-11 2011-12-05 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09096284 1998-06-11
AU2006230655A AU2006230655A1 (en) 1998-06-11 2006-10-17 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steriod Precursors
AU2008255169A AU2008255169A1 (en) 1998-06-11 2008-12-08 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU2006230655A Division AU2006230655A1 (en) 1998-06-11 2006-10-17 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steriod Precursors

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU2011253842A Division AU2011253842B2 (en) 1998-06-11 2011-12-05 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
AU2008255169A1 true AU2008255169A1 (en) 2009-01-29

Family

ID=40344408

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU2006230655A Abandoned AU2006230655A1 (en) 1998-06-11 2006-10-17 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steriod Precursors
AU2008255169A Abandoned AU2008255169A1 (en) 1998-06-11 2008-12-08 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU2006230655A Abandoned AU2006230655A1 (en) 1998-06-11 2006-10-17 Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steriod Precursors

Country Status (1)

Country Link
AU (2) AU2006230655A1 (en)

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2006230655A1 (en) 2006-11-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP1083905B1 (en) Medical use of a selective estrogen receptor modulator in combination with a sex steroide precursor
US8389548B2 (en) Medical uses of a selective estrogen receptor modulator in combination with sex steroid precursors
AU2014206150B2 (en) Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors
AU2004200099B2 (en) Medical Uses of A Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors
AU2008255169A1 (en) Medical Uses of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Combination with Sex Steroid Precursors

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
MK5 Application lapsed section 142(2)(e) - patent request and compl. specification not accepted