AU2008229949B2 - Pallet assembly - Google Patents

Abstract

A top frame assembly adapted for use with a pallet, wherein the top frame assembly and the pallet have at least one layer of objects positioned 5 therebetween. The top frame assembly includes first and second top frame members, the first top frame member having a first plurality of cross-ribs extending downwardly therefrom, the second top frame member having a second plurality of cross-ribs extending upwardly therefrom for mating with the first plurality of ribs, the first and second plurality of ribs fastened to each other to form a plurality of complete box beam 10 sections between the first top frame member and the second top frame member. N:\Melbourne\Cases\Patent\40OO0-40999\P40759 AU.2\Specis\P40759 AU.2 Specification 2008-10-15.doc 15/10/08 210' 244 226 240 27 e 220 2- 228 224 236 221

Description

AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Standard Patent Applicant(s): REHRIG PACIFIC COMPANY Invention Title: PALLET ASSEMBLY The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method for performing it known to me/us: P40759.AU.2 Pat_SetFihng Application 2008-10-15 doc (M) PALLET ASSEMBLY This patent application is a divisional application of Australian patent application 2004201302, which, in turn, is a divisional application of Australian patent s application 48317/99 and relates to subject matter disclosed in those applications. If necessary, reference may be had to the disclosure of applications 2004201302 and 483 17/99 to understand that present invention, and the disclosure of those applications is explicitly incorporated herein by reference. 10 TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a plastic pallet assembly for storing or transporting goods. 15 BACKGROUND ART Pallets used in industry today are most commonly formed of wood slats and stringers or blocks which are nailed together. While such pallets are functional, they have many disadvantages. First, wood pallets are relatively heavy. Second, wood 20 is not easily cleaned because it absorbs water and other liquids which damage and warp the wood. For these same reasons, the use of wood pallets outside or in wet environments is also limited. Wood pallets are often not consistently dimensioned due to size variations in the wood slats and shrinkage of wood over time, thus preventing such pallets from being stacked or stored in a stable or consistent manner. Also, 25 inconsistent dimensions make automation of these pallets more difficult. Further, the nails used to fasten wood pallets together may cause damage to goods which are stored and transported on the pallet, or wood splinter may result after time. Moreover, once wood pallets are damaged, they have little or no residual value and also necessitate disposal fees. 30 Replacing wood pallets with plastic pallets has been a goal for many years. The advantages of plastic pallets are many as compared to wood, including greater durability, lighter weight, more consistent dimensions, improved cleanliness, water resistance, higher residual value for recycling, and no nails which may damage 35 products being supported thereon. While many plastic pallets have been attempted, the designs that are able to approximate the strength of wood, to date, have been cost prohibitive and may not have the requisite strength properties. For example, plastic -2 N:\Melbourne\Cases\Paten\40000-40999\P40759.AU.2\Specis\P40759.AU.2 Specification 2008-10-15.doc 15/10/08 pallets having a solid section, while having favorable stiffness and deflection properties, are heavy and utilize a relatively large quantity of material in their formation. Wood is five to eight times stiffer than a typical plastic used to make pallets. Plastic pallets must either use much more material, be taller, or have 5 reinforcements such as steel rods or glass fillers to compensate for this difference. While conventional plastic pallets have ribbed supports to decrease their weight, they often lack the desired stiffness and low creep properties of the solid pallet, and in order to improve these properties, the height of the pallet must be increased, or reinforcements must be added to the plastic such as steel or other composite 10 reinforcements. Of course, these additions to the plastic cause an increase in material density leading to an even heavier pallet. Further, engineering resins are very expensive resulting. in a more expensive pallet. Another hurdle to overcome with plastic is the cost. Plastic pallets are more expensive than wood by three to five times. This cost can be offset by the 15 number of trips or shipments that can be achieved with plastic versus wood pallets. Another major hurdle is the stiffness of plastic pallets. Racking loaded pallets in warehouses for upwards of 30 days may be common, and the combination of low tensile strength and creep may limit the use of plastic in this manner. There are three conventional methods of overcoming these 20 weaknesses. The first is to add reinforcement such as steel or a composite to the pallet. This generally adds significant cost and weight and complicates recycling of the pallet. The second is to make the pallet taller. This generally limits the height of a product which is to be stacked on the pallet, as well as the number of pallets that may be stored in a given area. The third is to use reinforced or engineered resins. 25 Again, this adds significant cost and weight. All three obviously limit the acceptance of plastic pallets. U.S. Patent No. 3,580,190 provides a partial solution to the stiffness problem by attaching top and bottom sheets 22,24 to the structural network 23, as shown in Figure I thereof. However, this solution does not resolve the bending 30 stiffness problem because large lateral and longitudinal unsupported areas still exist, -3 such as in areas 26, 37, 38, 49 and 50. In other words, this design merely further stiffens the support column areas 67, 68, 69, 97, 98, 99, 28, 30, 32, which already provide substantial stiffness merely as a result of their height. The weakness of this design is apparent in column 6, lines 60-71, where the reference recommends the use 5 of a material having a flexural modulus (or Young's modulus) greater than about 200,000 psi. Such a high modulus material is apparently required because the structure described does not provide significant resistance to deflection along the length and width of the pallet. High modulus materials add substantial cost to the pallet. 10 Moreover, pallets typically require large openings for receipt of pallet jacks. Because of these large openings, the pallet structure is typically thin and weak and has poor deflection stiffness. Because pallets are exposed to significant abuse, any solution to the stiffness problem must not adversely affect the impact strength of the pallet. 15 Consequently, an improved pallet is desired which should be reasonably inexpensive, lightweight and sturdy. The improved pallet should also have improved stiffness and creep properties. The pallet should also be able to withstand various environmental conditions to which it may be exposed, particularly moisture. The improved pallet should also be easy to store, have a size compatible 20 with a standard wood pallet, and be reusable. Also, a need exists for improving the stiffness of plastic pallets configured to receive a pallet jack, without reducing impact strength of the pallet. The improved pallet design should also apply to components used in association with pallets. -4- According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a top frame assembly adapted for use with a pallet, wherein the top frame assembly and the pallet have at least one layer of objects positioned therebetween, the top frame assembly comprising: 5 first and second top frame members, the first top frame member having a first plurality of cross-ribs extending downwardly therefrom, the second top frame member having a second plurality of cross-ribs extending upwardly therefrom for mating with the first plurality of ribs, the first and second plurality of ribs fastened to each other to form a plurality of complete box beam sections between the first top frame member and 10 the second top frame member; and a plurality of openings extending through the first and second top frame members. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a 15 top frame adapted for use with a pallet having at least one layer of objects to be transported positioned between the top frame and the pallet, the top frame comprising: a first top frame member having a plurality of downstanding ribs extending therefrom defining a first plurality of partial box-beam sections thereon; a second top frame member having a corresponding plurality of upstanding ribs 20 extending therefrom defining a second plurality of partial box-beam sections thereon, the downstanding ribs and the corresponding upstanding ribs attached to each other to form a plurality of complete box beam sections extending longitudinally and transversely between the first top frame member and the second top frame member; and a plurality of openings extending through the first and second top frame 25 members. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of forming a top frame for use with a pallet, comprising: providing a pair of top frame members having a plurality of openings extending 30 through the top frame members, each having a corresponding plurality of ribs defining a pair of cross-ribbed surfaces for mating with each other; introducing heat to the cross-ribbed surfaces to form mating plasticized surfaces; pressing the mating plasticized surfaces together; and cooling the mating plasticized surfaces forming a welded joint therebetween defining a 35 plurality of box sections extending between the pair of top frame members. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a -5 30894301 (GHMatters) P40759AU.2 20/01/12 method of forming a top frame assembly, comprising: providing a first top frame member having a plurality of first cross-rib members projecting therefrom defining a plurality of partial upper box beam sections having a first mating surface; s providing a second top frame member having a plurality of second cross-rib members projecting therefrom defining a plurality of partial lower box beam sections having a second mating surface corresponding to the first mating surface; and securely attaching the first mating surface to the second mating surface to define a plurality of whole box beam sections between the first top frame member and the 1o second top frame member for providing strength to the top frame assembly, wherein a plurality of openings extend through the first and second top frame members. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 15 FIGURE 1 is a top perspective view of a pallet assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGURE 2 is a bottom perspective view of the pallet assembly of figure 20 1; FIGURE 3 is an exploded top perspective view of the pallet assembly of figure 1, showing the top deck and bottom deck; 25 FIGURE 4 is a bottom perspective view of the pallet assembly of figure 1, showing the bottom deck and the top deck; FIGURE 5 is another exploded top perspective view of the pallet assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention showing the upper -6 3089430_1 (GHMatters) P40759.AU.2 20/01/12 member, the first intermediate (mid-top) member, the second intermediate (mid bottom) member and the bottom member of the pallet assembly; FIGURE 6 is a bottom perspective view of a pallet assembly, 5 according to an embodiment of the present invention showing the bottom member, the second intermediate member, the first intermediate member and the upper member of the pallet assembly; FIGURE 7 is a top perspective view of a quarter section of the pallet 10 assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGURE 8 is a bottom perspective view of the quarter section of the pallet assembly of figure 7; 15 FIGURE 9 is an exploded top perspective view of the quarter section of the pallet assembly, according to an embodiment of the present invention showing the top deck and bottom deck; FIGURE 10 is a bottom perspective view of the quarter section of 20 the pallet assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention, showing the bottom deck and the top deck; FIGURE I 1 is another exploded top perspective view of the quarter section of the pallet assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention, 25 showing the upper member, the first intermediate member, the second intermediate member and the bottom member of the pallet assembly; FIGURE 12 is a bottom perspective view of the quarter section of the pallet assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention, showing 30 the bottom member, the second intermediate member, the first intermediate member and the upper member of the pallet assembly; FIGURE 13 is a sectional view of the pallet assembly taken along line 13-13 of Figure 7; 35 -7- FIGURE 14 is an exploded side elevational sectional view as shown in Figure 7, with the top member, mid top member, mid bottom member and bottom member shown separated; 5 FIGURE 15 is another exploded side elevational sectional view of Figure 7, showing the top deck and bottom deck separated; FIGURES 16a-f illustrate the method according to the present invention of forming and assembling the pallet assembly; 10 FIGURE 17 is a perspective view of a top frame assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGURE 18 is a side view of an example of the top frame assembly 15 in operation with the pallet assembly and having objects to be transported disposed therebetween; FIGURE 19 is a top plan view of the top frame assembly of figure 17; 20 FIGURE 20 is a front elevational view of the top frame assembly of figure 17; FIGURE 21 is a side elevational view of the top frame assembly of 25 figure 17; FIGURE 22 is a sectional view taken along the line 22-22 of Figure 19; 30 FIGURE 23 is a sectional view taken along the line 23-23 of Figure 19; FIGURE 24 is a bottom plan view of the first top frame member of figure 17, the top plan view of the second top frame member being substantially 35 similar thereto; -8- FIGURE 25 illustrates an exploded perspective view of the first and second top frame members according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGURE 26 illustrates a partially separated first top frame member 5 and second top frame member; FIGURE 27 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line parallel to the longitudinal center line of the top frame, at line 27-27 in Figure 19; 10 FIGURE 28a illustrates a perspective view of a second embodiment of a top frame according to the present invention; FIGURE 28b illustrates a partially exploded perspective view of the second embodiment of the top frame; -9- FIGURE 28c illustrates an exploded perspective view of the second embodiment of the top frame; FIGURE 29 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of a plastic pallet in accordance with the present invention; 5 FIGURE 30 shows a bottom exploded perspective view of the pallet of Figure 29; FIGURE 31 shows a top exploded perspective view of the pallet of Figure 29; FIGURE 32 shows a cutaway perspective sectional view of a pallet 10 in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention; FIGURE 33 shovs a top exploded perspective view of a pallet in accordance with a second alternative embodiment of the invention; and FIGURE 34 shows a bottom exploded perspective view of the pallet of Figure 33. 15 BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Figure 1 of the drawings shows a top perspective view of a pallet assembly 10 according to the present invention, Pallet assembly 10 is formed of a thermoplastic or other polymeric material and is preferably, but not necessarily, formed of injection molded components. As illustrated in Figure 1, pallet assembly 20 10 includes a top deck 12 and a bottom deck 14 which are spaced apart from each other. Pallet assembly 10 also includes a plurality of columns which extend between the spaced apart top deck 12 and bottom deck 14. The pluralities of columns include corner column portions 16, side column portions 18, and end column portions 19 - 10shown extending between top deck 12 and bottom deck 14. The columns are shown having smooth, rounded outer surfaces in order to prevent damage from fork lift trucks and the like. However, any suitable contour may be used depending on the application. In addition to separating top deck 12 and bottom deck 14, column 5 portions 16, 18, 19 and 32 serve to bear and distribute the load of the objects (for example, the bottles shown in Figure 18) placed upon top deck 12, and more particularly objects intended to be supported on a top surface 26 of top deck 12. In one embodiment, top surface 26 is preferably non-skid in order to prevent objects from sliding off during transport. Again, however, any suitable 10 surface texture or geometry may be used depending on the application without departing from the spirit of the invention. As discussed further herein, Figure 1 illustrates that top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 are joined together at a parting line 20. In a preferred embodiment, top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 also have a plurality of apertures 22 and 24, respectively, formed therethrough in order to 15 decrease the overall weight of pallet assembly 10, as well as provide for a method of draining water and other liquid/debris from pallet assembly 10 so that the liquid/debris is not accumulated thereon. Thus, such apertures are particularly helpful when washing the pallet. Apertures 22, 24 may be any suitable shape, dimension, and density and disposed in a variety of combinations ranging from 20 densely perforated to no perforations depending on the desired application. Of course, top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 may also have continuous surfaces without apertures 22 and 24. As previously mentioned, top deck 12 includes a substantially flat planar upper surface 26 (first outer surface) upon which objects and goods may be placed for transport and storage. Pallet assembly 10 also 25 includes a plurality of openings 25 for receiving the forks of a fork lift therethrough (best shown in Figure 13.) Figure 2 of the drawings illustrates a bottom perspective view of pallet assembly 10. As shown therein, bottom deck 14 includes a substantially flat planar 30 bottom surface 28 for secure placement upon a ground or other resting surface, or also for stable orientation on a similarly designed pallet for stacking purposes. Note - l l that bottom deck 14 also has four relatively larger openings 30 situated therein for accommodating pallet jacks. Although shown as substantially rectangular in shape, openings 30 may be any suitable shape and dimension limited only by the desired application. In addition to corner column portions 16, side column portions 18, and 5 end column portions 19, a central column portion 32 is provided in the central area of the pallet assembly between top deck 12 and bottom deck 14, and like its counterparts also serves to bear and distribute the loads placed on top deck 12. Figure 3 is a semi-exploded view of pallet assembly 10 showing top 10 deck 12 and bottom deck 14 spaced apart from each other and separated at parting line 20. Parting line 20 is a plane defined by the mating top and bottom column portion surfaces 34 and 36, respectively. It is the mating column portion 34 and 36, and more particularly mating column surfaces 35 and 37, which are plasticized and joined together in order to assemble pallet assembly 10 according to the 15 embodiment, as discussed further herein. As can also be seen by reference to Figure 3, column portions 16, 18, 19 and 32 are each designed as having a closed section or box section for achieving the objects and goals set forth herein. Figure 4 illustrates a semi-exploded bottom perspective view of pallet assembly 10 showing bottom deck 14 and top deck 12 spaced apart at parting line 20 and again showing 20 from a different angle mating column portions 34 and 36. Figure 5 is yet another exploded top perspective view of pallet assembly 10. More specifically, Figure 5 illustrates a fully exploded top perspective view of pallet assembly 10 wherein top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 are 25 each shown as separated into the preferable four principal pallet assembly 10 components. As shown therein, top deck 12 has a top member 38 (also referred to as first member or first outer member) and a mid-top member 40 (also referred to as first (or top) intermediate member or first inner member.) Further, bottom deck 14 has a bottom member 42 (also referred to as second member or second outer 30 member) and a mid-bottom member 44 (also referred to as second (or bottom) intermediate member 44 or second inner member.) Again, as more fully disclosed later herein, it is contemplated that top member 38 and mid-top member 40 are coupled together to fonn top deck 12 by plasticizing mating surfaces via the same or similar processes used to join top deck 12 to bottom deck 14. Similarly, it is 35 contemplated that bottom member 42 and mid-bottom member 44 are also joined together to fonr bottom deck 14 via a similar process. - 12- As further illustrated in Figure 5, top member 38 includes upper surface 26 upon which objects are placed to be transported or stored. Hence, it is the surface of top member 38 which is opposite upper surface 26 -- referred to as 5 top member lower surface 46 (best shown in the bottom perspective exploded view of Figure 6) -- which is adjoined to a mating planar upper surface 48 of mid-top member 40 via the disclosed plasticizing process in order to form top deck 12. As previously discussed, bottom member 42 includes bottom surface 28 for resting on floors and other resting surfaces. The surface of bottom member 42 which is 10 opposite bottom surface 28 -- referred to as bottom member upper 50 -- is attached to a corresponding mating lower planar surface 51 of mid-bottom member 44. Figure 6 is a fully-exploded bottom perspective view of pallet assembly 10 illustrating its four components, as previously discussed in association 15 with Figure 5. These features are all shown in Figure 14. Referring now to Figures 7, 12, and 13, a quarter section 55 of pallet assembly 10 particularly illustrates the cross-sectional box-beam shape disclosed herein according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in 20 Figures 7, 12 and 13, a representative box beam section is shown for top deck 12, the box beam section defined by upper surface 26, mid-top member planar surface 41, and mating flange pairs 62-72 and 63-73 which are each fastened together. Another representative box beam section is shown defined by surfaces 26 and 41 and mating flanges pairs 63-73 and 64-74 which are each fastened together. 25 Figures 13 illustrates bottom deck 14 having a representative box beam section which is defined by bottom surface 28, mid-bottom surface 45, and mating flange pairs 82-92 and 83-93 which are also each fastened together, and another representative box beam section further defined by surfaces 28 and 45, and 30 mating flange pairs which are fastened together, these being pairs 83-93 and 84-94. In keeping with the embodiment, the preferred fastening means is via hot plate welding. However, any suitable fastener may of course be used depending on the application, including without limitation infrared radiation, epoxy, etc. 35 Also, note that box beam sections are included with respect to the column portions of pallet assembly 10, which include representative central column - 13 portion 32, side column portion 18 and end column portion 19. For example, the cross-section through side column portion 18 as shown in Figure 7 illustrates the presence of a box beam section, shown as four wall portions 18a, 18b, 18c and 18d, defining therein a rectangular aperture 27 therethrough. Also, with further 5 reference to Figure 3, note that box beam sections are disclosed throughout the column portions, for examples defined by wall members 2, 3, 4, and 5 of column 20. Under equivalent applied loads, the box beam design disclosed herein has improved deflection and strength properties over a conventional ribbed pallet design having a ribbed support structure (such as the T-rib or the inverted-U rib 10 designs). For example, to accommodate for the lower stiffness, the T-rib would require approximately 17% increase in height compared to the box beam section. With particular reference to the exploded perspective views of pallet quarter section 55 shown in Figures I1 and 12, note that mating flanges extend 15 across top deck 12 and bottom deck 14, both longitudinally (for example, flanges 62, 72, 82, 92) and transversely (for example, flanges 162, 172, 182, 192) in a perpendicular orientation and pattern, in order define, when welded together, the plurality of box sections described heretofore. As shown in the exploded views of Figures 5, 6, 11 and 12, such box sections extend in a continuous manner across top 20 deck 12 and bottom deck 14. More particularly with reference to Figures I1-12, note that the box sections of top deck 12 are relatively smaller box beam sections in the central and outer areas (for example, the box beam section defined by mating areas 21 and 21'), while they are relatively larger in the central portion of each of the four quarter sections, such as quarter section 55 (for example the box beam 25 section defined by areas 23 and 23'.) With continued reference to Figures 11-12, it is noted that this box beam section layout is similar for bottom deck 14, wherein it is noted that the box beam sections are relatively smaller and concentrated closer together in between 30 openings 30, in order to provide greater strength to these areas, as is noted by the box beam section formed of welded mating areas 43 and 43'. On the other hand, larger box beam sections of bottom deck 14 are provided toward the outer edges, such as the section formed by welding mating areas 33 and 33'. 35 The box beam design for top deck 12, bottom deck 14, and the column portions disclosed herein also achieve properties similar to a solid pallet - 14design, but of course, by definition the box beam uses less material and is therefore less expensive and lighter than its solid counterpart. Further, a conventional ribbed pallet design typically does not achieve the deflection or stiffness requirements of the box beam design according to embodiments of the present invention, and would 5 also require a reinforced or engineered resin and would need to be relatively taller to achieve the relatively high stiffness. The conventional design also would not meet the desirable properties of the design according to embodiments of the present invention, given equivalent part weights, loads, and flexural modulii implemented in design comparisons. 10 With reference now to Figure 8 of the drawings, shown therein is a bottom perspective view of quarter section 55 shown in Figure 7. Figure 8 is similar to the full pallet bottom perspective view of Figure 2, but as mentioned is a quarter section 55 of full pallet assembly 10. 15 Figure 9 shows the top perspective view of quarter section 55 from Figure 7 exploded into top deck 12 and bottom deck 14. This quarter section view is similar to the corresponding bottom perspective view of the full pallet illustrated and disclosed previously in association with Figure 3. Likewise, Figure 10 is an 20 exploded view of a bottom perspective view of quarter section 55 shown in Figure 8 exploded into bottom deck 14 and top deck 12. This view is similar to the corresponding perspective view of full pallet bottom of Figure 4. Figure I1 is yet another fully exploded view of the top perspective 25 view of quarter section 55 shown in Figure 7, showing the various members included in pallet assembly 10, which are top member 38, mid-top member 40, bottom member 42 and mid-bottom member 44. This view is similar to the full pallet exploded perspective view of Figure 5. Similarly, Figure 12 is another fully exploded view of the bottom perspective view of quarter section 55 of Figure 8 30 showing the various components included in the pallet assembly 10. Similar to the full pallet fully exploded perspective view of Figure 6. Figure 13 is a cross-sectional view of quarter section 55 of pallet assembly 10 shown in Figures 7-12. More particularly, Figure 13 is an elevational 35 view of pallet quarter section 55 taken along centerline line 13-13 of Figure 7. While the various members 38, 40, 42 and 44, in a preferred embodiment, are - 15 formed of a like material, for ease of reference, these members are illustrated as having different crosshatching in order to easily demarcate between the walls of the various members as shown in this cross-section. As in Figure 7, the closed or box beam cross-section of the column portions is apparent from Figure 13, represented 5 by side column portion 18. Particularly, Figures 13-15 illustrates the mating portions of pallet assembly 10 which are plasticized and joined according to embodiments of the present invention, and particularly assembled via the hot plate welding process as 10 discussed further herein. Note that in addition to parting line 20 between top deck 12 and bottom deck 14, there are two additional parting lines shown, those being an upper parting line 52 defined by a plane between top member 38 and mid-top member 40, and a bottom parting line 54 defined by a plane between bottom member 42 and mid-bottom member 44. Parting lines define the respective weld 15 planes according to the embodiment. According to embodiments of the present invention, each of the adjacent and adjoining members of pallet assembly 10 are preferably joined together at the planar surfaces or portions which define the corresponding parting 20 lines 20, 52 and 54. With reference to Figure 14, it is noted that parting line 20 is defined by mating planar surfaces 35 and 37; upper parting line 52 is defined by mating planar surfaces 69 and 79; and lower parting line 54 is defined by mating planar surfaces 50 and 51. As best illustrated in the sectional view of Figure 15 shown having top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 spaced apart, it is shown that the 25 corresponding mating ribs 100-105 of top deck 12 and ribs 110-115 of bottom deck 14 are plasticized and welded together, preferably via the hot plate welding process. Similarly, as shown in the full exploded view of Figure 14, the members forming top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 are similarly welded together at their corresponding mating ribs. Therefore, with reference again to Figure 14, ribs 60 30 67 of top member 38 and ribs 70-77 of mid-top member 40 are melted or plasticized, preferably during the hot plate welding process, and welded to their mating corresponding ribs. Therefore, the flanges or ribs extending downward from top member 38 (flanges 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 and 67) are heated to a melted state and joined, respectively, with mating flanges 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 35 and 77, respectively, which extend upward from mid-top member 40. - 16- Similarly, the components forming bottom deck 14 are joined in the same fashion, so that integrally molded flanges 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 (80 87) which extend upward from bottom member 42 are heated to a plasticized state and pressed together with respective opposed mating integrally molded flanges 90, 5 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 (90-97), respectively, extending downward from mid bottom member 44. After top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 have each been joined or welded, Figure 15 shows that top deck 14 is then welded to bottom deck 12 in a similar fashion, wherein integrally molded ribs or flanges 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, and their respective integrally molded opposed mating flanges 110, 111, 112, 10 113, 114, and 115 are heated to a melted state and then pressed together via the hot plate welding process in order to form pallet assembly 10. Note that the welds according to the teachings of the process should be cooled before pallet assembly 10 may achieve its optimum physical properties, including strength and load bearing characteristics. 15 Focus is now directed to the method of assembling pallet assembly 10 according to embodiments of the present invention. The preferred manufacturing assembly process is by the hot plate welding process which is best illustrated in Figure 16 of the drawings. As indicated above, however, any suitable 20 fastening means may be used such as, for example, infrared radiation, epoxy, etc. The hot plate welding process may be characterized as either contact hot plate welding or non-contact hot plate welding. This process should provide weld strength properties and produce seals between the mating (welded) components as strong as those of the parent polymer. According to embodiments of the present 25 invention, the weld surfaces, shown as ribs 60-67, 70-77, 80-87, 90-97, 100-105 and 110-115, are either placed in contact (in the contact hot plate welding process) or closely approach (in the non-contact variation) a heated platen 126 (preferably formed of steel) or similar tool in order to create a molten or plasticized region on the aforementioned ribs. Platen 126 is then moved out of the way and the 30 plasticized regions are then pressed together to form the weld. More particularly, in practice, the process is operated on a hot plate welding machine (known in the art) in which the corresponding pallet members which are to be welded together are clamped in holders 122 and 124. Platen 126 of 35 welding machine, which is heated to a predetermined desirable temperature, advances between the separated mating parts (for example top deck 1 2 and bottom - 17deck 14), whereupon the weld planes of the pallet members to be welded are either pressed against platen 126 (contact version using conducted heat) or are moved closely to it (non-contact version using radiant heat.) The choice of which method to use is dependant on many factors including the properties of the materials to be 5 welded; cycle times required; size and design of the component; accuracy and repeatability of the welding machine; and use of the welded component. In the contact hot plate welding process, heat is conducted by way of physical contact of the parts to be welded with heated platen 126. Further, the surface of each mating pallet member is plasticized or melted until contact is 10 complete (referred to in the art as "matching"). At this point, further platen 126 movement is often halted, and heating is continued, in order to create a deeper (to a predetermined depth), and relatively more molten, plasticized zone in which material is displaced. In the non-contact process, radiant heat is applied to the parts to be welded which is generated by holding the parts to be welded very close to the 15 heated platen (target plates) and allowing them to heat over time. For either version, after heating is complete and the surface melting has reached a predetenrnined melt depth, the parts are retracted from platen 126. Platen 126 is then moved out of the way, whereupon the adjoining pallet members 20 (for example, top deck 12 and bottom deck 14) are forged together and held until the polymer of the plasticized pallet member surfaces cools. Mechanical or microprocessor-controlled stops may be used to control the amount of material displacement of the pallet polymer from the weld zone, particularly during the heating phase. Of course, as previously stated, the process disclosed herein is 25 applicable to join top deck members 38 and 40, and bottom deck members 42 and 44. If polymers between adjoining pallet members are compatible, the hot plate welding process is capable of welding dissimilar thermoplastics with the 30 use of two platens which compensate for the different polymer melting or softening points. Hot plate welding is preferably used with standard unfilled polymers and is preferably used in this manner according to pallet assembly 10 of the embodiments of the present invention. However, hot plate welding may be used to assemble pallet assembly 10 with filled polymers, provided that the filler material allows the 35 polymer to interdiffuse upon forging. - 18- Weld times to form pallet assembly 10 may vary with the volume of polymer to be fused and the thermal conductivity of the respective pallet member. Accordingly, welding times for pallet assembly 10 may fall in the range from 5 to 60 seconds, although the mass of pallet members that are to be plasticized and the 5 corresponding cooling rates will govern cycle times. The size of pallet assembly 10 that may be hot plate welded according to embodiments of the present invention is limited only by the practical size of holding fixtures 122 and 124 and platen 126 of welding machine, and also of the mechanics of the removal of the welded assembly or subassembly from the weld zone and moving pallet assembly 10 components for 10 forging them together. -19- Each of the contact and non-contact methods have their advantages, including: In the non-contact method, no special coating on platen 126 is required for material release, no residue builds-up on platen 126, there is no loss of weld edge material against heated platen 126 and finished parts have consistent weld 5 characteristics. Whereas, the advantages of contact heating are a quicker cycle time, lower temperature required for platen 126, the method is more tolerant of larger design components, such as the pallet member disclosed herein, and also more tolerant of less dimensionally consistent components. As shown in Figure 16a, the hot plate welder has part holding fixtures 10 122 and 124 attached thereto. The parts to be welded, for example and not limitation, top deck 12 and lower deck 14 are secured to their respective holding fixture 122 and 124. With reference to Figure 16b, platen 126 extends into and is inserted between pallet members 12 and 14 which are to be welded. Holding fixtures 122 and 124 move toward each other and toward platen 126. If contact 15 welding is desired, as shown in Figure 16c, holding fixtures 122 and 124 approach platen 126 until the surfaces of decks 12 and 14 which are to be welded (surfaces 35 and 37.) If non-contact welding of pallet assembly 10 is desired, then Figure 16c is disregarded and surfaces 35 and 37 of decks 12 and 14 do not contact platen 20 126. As shown in Figure 16d, after a predetermined period of time, holding fixtures 122 and 124 begin to separate and platen 126 is withdrawn from between fixtures 122 and 124. With reference to Figure 16e, fixtures 122 and 124 again move toward each other to a weld position, so that the mating surfaces of top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 are touching. Top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 are held at this final weld 25 position for a predetermined period of time until the weld material is stable and allowed to cool. Finally, with reference to Figure 16f, fixtures 122 and 124 are separated to their part loading position and welded pallet assembly 10 is held to one of the fixtures (shown in Figure 16f as fixture 124) for unloading. The part is then removed from the welding machine. - 20 - Welding pallet assembly 10 as described herein provides a high strength weld suitable for parts operating under pressure. The joint parting lines 20, 52 and 54 are relatively inconspicuous. Further, no other attachment methods, such as adhesives, solvents, mechanical fasteners such as nails or staples, are required. 5 Also, complex shapes such as top deck 12 and bottom deck 14 can be welded since there is no relative motion required in the welding process. Another assembly process known as infrared radiation may also be used as a non-contact alternative to hot plate welding for use in forming and assembling pallet assembly 10 according to the present invention. In such a process, 10 the infrared radiation is often supplied by high intensity, quartz heat lamps which produce radiation having wavelengths of around one micron. As with hot plate welding, when this radiation is applied to planar surfaces 35, 37, 46, 48, 50, 51 and of assembly 10, plasticizing occurs. In one application, radiation source, such as heat lamps, are removed after melting has occurred and the parts are forged together 15 just as with the platen in hot plate welding. Infrared welding tends to melt the zone relatively quickly. Hot plate welding uses conduction to create the necessary plasticized zone. Of course, as with any other process, the depth of penetration of the plasticization depends on many factors and it varies strongly with only minor changes in polymer formulation. 20 Focus is now directed to the load-bearing properties of pallet 10. In a racking scenario, pallet 10 is supported from below on two opposing edges and loaded from above on upper surface 26 of top deck 12. Pallet 10 should support this load with a minimum of deflection. According to standard beam formulas known in the art, it is recognized that deflection increases as the load or the span distance 25 increases, and decreases as the material modulus (E) or section moment of inertia (I) increases. Since the load and the span are defined for a given application, the variables used to minimize deflection are the material and the section design. Generally, as the E value increases for a given material, the impact strength decreases. There exist engineered materials that may solve these problems 30 but they are too expensive for wide spread use. The most common method is to use -21 a commodity resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene and add a filler to stiffen the resin. However, fillers add weight and reduce impact strength for a given material as well as impact the recyclability in some cases, and add cost. Preferably, a pallet would use a commodity resin because of cost, weight, and impact strength. 5 Accordingly, optimizing the design of the pallet is the preferred method to achieve improved pallet performance. As previously noted, for a given section geometry the highest I value is for a solid section. For instance, in pallet assembly 10, the stiffest top deck 12 10 design is one that is solid plastic, but this is impractical because of weight and cost. Most designs attempt to overcome this by using ribbed sections instead of solid sections to minimize the loss of I and reduce the weight to an acceptable level. Another method is to use foaming agents along with the ribs to minimize the weight of the ribs and improve the I value. Both methods have a limit to their 15 effectiveness. Namely, ribs are not the ideal geometry to maximize the I value and while foaming improves this slightly, it also reduces the impact strength of the material. Generally, for a given section the material closest to the neutral axis 20 or center has the least affect on I and the material farthest away has the greatest effect. In other words, a hollow or I-beam section is stiffer than a rectangular section of equal height and area. Thus, pallet 10 design according to embodiments of the present invention defines hollow or boxed sections throughout the pallet and in a continuous manner. Conventional injection molding techniques make this 25 virtually impossible. Therefore, using a 3-step fastening operation (preferably welding) results in box beam pallet 10 formed from four individual component members, 38, 40, 42, 44, which are preferably injection molded. In summary, the first or top member 38 preferably includes a 30 substantially flat top surface with ribs protruding in a downward direction. The second or mid-top member 40 has a substantially flat bottom surface with ribs extending in an upward direction and partial support columns extending down from this surface. The ribs on both these parts are aligned so they can be welded together by plasticizing their mating surfaces preferably via a hot-plate welding operation to 35 form a box beam top deck. The third or mid-bottom member 44 has a substantially flat upper surface with ribs extending down and partial columns extending up. The - 22 fourth or bottom member 42 has a substantially flat bottom surface with ribs extending up. Again, the ribs on both parts are aligned so they can be welded together in a second hot plate welding operation to form box beam bottom deck 14. Lastly, the box beam top deck and box beam bottom deck are welded together at 5 the columns (16, 18, 19, 32) that also align, resulting in a pallet where every section is a box beam. Note that the order of the plasticizing procedure is provided for illustrative purposes only, and of course, such steps may be performed in any feasible order. 10 Of course, it is also contemplated according to embodiments of the present invention that the box beam sections may be formed by one planar surface being ribbed area defining a U area (for example in Figure 14, between top member 38 and mid-top member 40, ribs 63, 64 and surface 9 define a U-area or a partial box-beam section) while the mating planar surface 48, instead of including ribs, 15 would form a flat surface, thereby creating a fourth wall which closes out the U area and defines a box section. Again, of course, this would apply to all surfaces to be hot plate welded according to the embodiments. In the preferred embodiment, each boxed section has a plurality of 20 perforations or apertures 22,24 in the top and bottom decks to allow for cleaning and drainage. These perforations may easily be eliminated to create true boxed sections. More particularly, apertures 22 in top member 38, apertures 57 in mid-top member 40, apertures 24 in bottom member 42, and apertures 59 in mid-bottom member 44 are tapered so that they increasingly get larger from top surface 26 to 25 bottom surface 28, or from washing side to non-washing side, in order to provide for ease of water drainage through pallet 10 (see Figures 5-6.) While other methods of forming plastic parts exist, these methods are not capable of forming the present design. For example, blow molding is 30 limited to hollow sections and cannot create cross ribbing within the hollow sections to form the smaller boxed sections defined by the ribs of embodiments of the present invention which assist in achieving the desired stiffness. Extrusion is also limited in that its hollow sections and internal ribs must be oriented in the same direction for a given component. Extrusions also have open ends that must be 35 sealed in a secondary operation to create a "clean" pallet, and therefore is labor intensive and costly to produce. - 23 - It is noted that the design according to embodiments of the present invention preferably includes full and continuous box-beam sections across the entire pallet 10, i.e. every section being fully boxed in: top deck 12, bottom deck 14 and columns 16, 18, 19, 32. The remarks and disclosure made herein with regard 5 to material modulus (E), moment of inertia (I), section geometry, beam formulas, and stiffness, generally apply to all embodiments and features disclosed in this application. With focus now on Figures 17-27, also disclosed according to the 10 teachings of the embodiments of the present invention is a top frame 210 for a pallet. A top frame is typically used in connection with the mass shipping of objects, such as empty bottles (see Figure 18). The top frame is used to help stabilize the top of a shipment of objects in conjunction with a pallet at the bottom of the shipment. Top frame 210 is preferably and generally symmetrical about 15 each centerline, and is formed of thermoplastic or other polymeric material and is preferably, but not necessarily, formed of injection molded components. Referring to Figures 17-27, shown therein is a top frame assembly 210 according to the embodiment. The box beam design according disclosed herein 20 for pallet 10 is also applicable to top frame assembly 210. Figure 17 illustrates a perspective view of top frame assembly 210. Top frame assembly 210 includes a top (first) member 212 and a bottom (second) member 214 (see the exploded perspective views of Figures 25 and 26). Figure 18 shows top frame assembly 210 in operation. As illustrated therein, a pallet such as pallet 10 according to the 25 present invention, has loaded thereon a plurality of layers of objects for transport and storage. Such objects are shown in Figure 18 as a plurality of empty bottles 216, but of course may be any of various objects which may be transported by and stored on pallet and to which the teachings according to embodiments of the present invention would apply. 30 - 24 - A first layer of bottles 216 is loaded on pallet 210. Typically, a planar member 218 is positioned on the upper surface of bottles 216. Planar member 218 may be referred to as a slip sheet in the art, and is typically formed of cardboard or fiberboard. As illustrated, another layer of bottles 216 may be disposed on top of 5 planar member 218, and then another planar member 218 is positioned on top of that layer of bottles 216. This procedure is repeated for as many layers as is practical and desired, for example the eight layers of bottles shown in Figure 18. After the final planar member is positioned, top frame 210 is positioned on top of the planar member so that the product is sandwiched. Pallet 10 and top frame 210, with the 10 objects disposed therebetween, are strapped together via straps 220. As shown in Figures 17, 18, 19, and 26, top frame 210 preferably also includes a series of recesses 221 around its perimeter in which straps 220 are positioned so that they do not move or shift easily during shipment. Subsequently, the resulting packaging (as shown in Figure 18) is typically covered and protected, such as by applying a shrink 15 plastic wrap. Figure 19 illustrates a top plan view of top frame 210. As shown therein, top frame 210 includes four openings 244 defined by outer rail 246 and cross rails 248, 249. Openings 244 assist in lowering the weight of top frame 210 while the disclosed box-beam sections provide the desired strength and rigidity to top frame 20 210, similar to the properties disclosed with respect to pallet 10. Figure 20 illustrates a front side elevational view of top frame 210, particularly showing side 236. Figure 21 shows a side elevational view of top frame 210, particularly illustrating side 221. Figure 22 illustrates a cross-sectional view of section line 22 22 in Figure 19. Figure 23 illustrates another cross-sectional view of section line 23 25 23 in Figure 19. Figure 24 illustrates a bottom plan view of first top frame member 212. Top frame 210 includes a first pair of opposing edges 220, 222 and a second pair of opposing edges 224, 226. Top frame edge 220 is defined by first top frame member and second top frame member edges 228 and 230, respectively; 30 top frame edge 222 by member edges 232 and 234, respectively; top frame edge 224 - 25 by member edges 236 and 238, respectively; and top frame edge 226 by member edges 240 and 242, respectively. According to the embodiment, first top frame member 212 and 5 second top frame member 214 are fastened to each other in a method substantially similar to that disclosed herein in association with fastening or welding pallet 10, pallet top deck 12, and pallet bottom deck 14. Referring to Figures 25, 26 and 27, for example, first top frame member 212 includes a substantially flat top surface 213 and a plurality of ribs, for example ribs 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 10 258, and 259 (250-259) protruding in a downward direction. Second top frame member 214 has a substantially flat bottom surface 217 with a plurality of ribs 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, and 269, extending in an upward direction and which correspond to and mate with those ribs 250-259, respectively, of first top frame member 212. Figure 27 illustrates a cross-section of top frame 210 taken 15 along line 27-27 of Figure 19. Figure 27 illustrates that fastening together, or welding, each of the above respective pairs of ribs 250-259 and 260-269 define box-beam section walls 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 of top frame 210. 20 Likewise, for example, nibs 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289 of first top frame member correspond and mate with ribs 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, respectively, of second top frame member. The corresponding ribs on both members 212, 214 are aligned so they preferably are welded together by plasticizing their mating surfaces preferably via a hot-plate 25 welding operation to form box-beam top frame assembly 210, resulting in a top frame where every section is a box beam. Note that the order of the plasticizing procedure is provided for illustrative purposes only, and of course, such steps may be performed in any feasible order. Also, as with pallet 10, the plasticizing process for the top frame may also be accomplished by infrared radiation or another process 30 designed to provide the desired properties of top frame 210. First top frame member 212 and second top frame member 214 have corresponding planar surfaces 211, 215 which when mated together and fastened, define parting line 219. Thus planar surfaces 211 and 215 include the 35 corresponding upper or lower edges of ribs 250-259, 260-269, 280-289, and 290 299. - 26 - Top frame 210 thus provides greater load stability which allows the objects 216 to be stacked higher and with greater stability. Further, with top frame 210 positioned and secured on top of the stack, it is contemplated that another 5 pallet, such as pallet 10, may be stacked on top of top frame 210. The box-beam sections extending across top frame 210 also provide improved stiffness and strength to the part and minimize any bowing or flexing of the part, and also to minimize or prevent any deformation that would result from applying straps 220 to a wood top frame. Top frame 210 also includes a recess 223 for receiving a 10 grommet (not shown) therein for providing skid or slip resistance when stacking top frames. Figure 28a illustrates a perspective view of a second embodiment of a top frame 210' according to the present invention. Similar features to those 15 disclosed in the first top frame embodiment are assigned a like reference numeral with a prime (') designation. As further illustrated in the exploded views of Figures 28b and 28c, top frame 210' includes an outer rail 246' and has a single opening 244'. Top frame 210' also includes recesses 221' for receiving straps 220 therein. Accordingly, with reference to the first and second top frame embodiments 210 and 20 210', it is contemplated that the top frame according to the embodiments may have various designs without departing from the teachings according to the present invention. Thus, top frame 210' includes box beam sections around and between components first top frame member 212' and second top frame member 214' which define rail 246' as illustrated in Figures 28b and 28c. In the same manner as 25 disclosed with respect to top frame 210 above, top frame 210' also includes mating planar surfaces 211' and 215' which when fastened according to the teachings of the present invention define box beam sections therein as well as the parting line 219' between first top frame member 212' and second top frame member 214'. Therefore, this alternative design of top frame assembly 210' has the desired 30 stiffness and properties as described in relation to pallet 10 and top frame 210 above. Referring now to Figures 29-34, an alternative box-beam design is also disclosed according to embodiments of the present invention and in association 35 with Figures 29-34. While the box-beam design according to the embodiments shown in Figures 29-34 provides many advantages not heretofore found in the art, - 27 the embodiment shown and described in association with Figures 29-34, relative to the above embodiments, may not completely achieve the properties and characteristics of pallet 10 above, because many areas which may limit deflection may not have a boxed section in this alternative box beam section design. 5 In a racking scenario, the plastic pallet 310 (which is configured to receive a pallet jack from any side), shown in Figure 29, is supported from below on two opposing edges 312,314, and loaded on the top deck portion 3 16. The pallet must support this load with a minimum of deflection. The top deck portion 316 is 10 supported by a plurality of support columns 318 extending from the top deck portion 316 and attached to the support rails 320, which form the bottom deck 319. The support rails 320 are generally relatively weak structural portions of the pallet because they are thin in vertical cross-section and are supported only at opposing ends by the columns 318. Accordingly, the support rails 320 tend to deflect when 15 the pallet is loaded. As mentioned above, deflection decreases as the section moment of inertia (I) increases. For a pallet, the easiest method to increase stiffness is to increase height. However, in practice there is a maximum allowable height for 20 pallets, and existing pallets are generally designed at this maximum value. Accordingly, the only alternative is to maximize the moment of inertia for the pallet, and particularly for each pallet component, namely the top deck 316, bottom deck and support rails 320. 25 Therefore, the object of the design is to create hollow or boxed sections everywhere possible. Conventional injection molding techniques make this almost impossible to create, but by using a secondary operation, it is possible to form a boxed top deck 316 and bottom deck 3 19. 30 A pallet in accordance with embodiments of the present invention includes the top deck portion 316, which is injection molded conventionally and consists of a flat upper surface 322 with a series of ribs 324 protruding from the upper surface 322 as shown in Figure 30. The top deck portion 316 includes a plurality of pockets 326 for receiving the support columns 318. A plurality of 35 plastic sheet strips 328 are sonically welded to the ribs 324 to form a plurality of substantially rectangular hollow boxed sections between the pockets 326 within the - 28 top deck 316 (as described later with reference to Figure 32). Alternatively, other attachment methods such as vibratory welding, hot plate welding, adhesive etc. may be used for attachment of the plastic sheet strips 328. 5 The bottom deck 3 19 is constructed similarly but has the support columns 318 integrally molded therewith. Ribs 330 protrude downwardly from the sheet portions 332 of the support rails 320, and a plurality of plastic sheet strips 334 are welded to the ends of the ribs 330 to form a plurality of boxed cross-sections along the length of the rails 320 between the colunms 318. The top and bottom 10 decks 316,319 may be joined permanently by welding, or can be snapped together as commonly known in the art. The method described above is preferably used to stiffen conventional ribbed pallet designs. The small sheets of plastic 334 are welded into 15 critical deflection areas of the existing pallets for stiffening. Also, new pallets could be designed to accept the sheets for applications that require racking, and would eliminate the sheets for lighter, lower cost applications. For example, the ribs 330 may be recessed in order to receive the sheets 334 in a position flush with the bottom surface of the support rails 320. 20 The method described above is particularly applicable for use in pallets such as that shown in Figure 29 which has a very thin top deck 316 and bottom deck 319 to allow four-way entry of pallet jacks. The method described may be used to maximize the moment of inertia of each deck member. 25 -29- Referring to Figure 32, an alternative embodiment of the invention is shown. Similar to the embodiment shown in Figure 29, the bottom deck rails 340 include a sheet portion 342 with a plurality of vertical ribs 344 extending therefrom. The plastic sheet strips 346 are welded to the ribs 344 to form the plurality of 5 substantially rectangular hollow vertical cross-sections 348 along the length of the support rails 340. Of course, numerous ribs 344 could be added to create numerous rectangular cross-sections for further improved structural integrity. The pallet shown in Figure 32 differs from the earlier embodiment described with reference to the Figures 29-3 1 in that a large sheet 350 is welded to 10 the ribs 352 across the breadth of the upper deck 354 for improved structural integrity of the upper deck 354. It is contemplated that good results could be achieved even by only welding the peripheral ribs to the plastic sheet strips. It is further contemplated that the plastic sheet strips need not be welded, but could be affixed in any manner, such 15 as adhesive, etc. It is also contemplated that the sheet strips need not be plastic. Referring to Figures 33 and 34, another alternative embodiment of the invention is shown. In this embodiment, the pallet 410 includes a thin top deck 416 connected to a thin bottom deck 419 by nine support columns 418. The bottom deck 419 includes a plurality of support rails 420 which extend between the columns 418. 20 Each support rail 420 includes a sheet portion 422. Because each support rail 420 forms a relatively weak structural portion of the pallet 410, an extruded plastic rectangular tube 427 is welded against each respective sheet portion 422 to add stiffness to. each support rail by forming substantially rectangular vertical cross sections along the length of each support rail 420. Similarly, the top deck 416 25 includes open channels 428 adjacent the top sheet 430, and an extruded plastic rectangular tube 431 is welded within each channel 428 against the top sheet 430 between the columns 418 to form substantially rectangular vertical cross-sections along the length of each channel 428 between the columns 418 for improved stiffness. In this configuration, the rectangular tubes 427,431 may be inexpensively -30extruded, and add substantial structural integrity to the pallet 410 without limiting the pallet's ability to receive pallet jacks from any side thereof While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and 5 described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 10 In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various 15 embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country. 20 -31 -

Claims (15)

1. A top frame assembly adapted for use with a pallet, wherein the top frame assembly and the pallet have at least one layer of objects positioned s therebetween, the top frame assembly comprising: first and second top frame members, the first top frame member having a first plurality of cross-ribs extending downwardly therefrom, the second top frame member having a second plurality of cross-ribs extending upwardly therefrom for mating with the first plurality of ribs, the first and second plurality of ribs fastened to each other to 10 form a plurality of complete box beam sections between the first top frame member and the second top frame member; and a plurality of openings extending through the first and second top frame members. is

2. A top frame adapted for use with a pallet having at least one layer of objects to be transported positioned between the top frame and the pallet, the top frame comprising: a first top frame member having a plurality of downstanding ribs extending therefrom defining a first plurality of partial box-beam sections thereon; 20 a second top frame member having a corresponding plurality of upstanding ribs extending therefrom defining a second plurality of partial box-beam sections thereon, the downstanding ribs and the corresponding upstanding ribs attached to each other from a plurality of complete box beam sections extending longitudinally and transversely between the first top frame member and the second top frame member; and 2S a plurality of openings extending through the first and second top frame members.

3. The top frame of claim 2 wherein the downstanding multi-directional rib members and the upstanding multi-directional rib members are attached by plasticizing 30 and welding to each other.

4. The top frame of claim 2 wherein the plurality of box-beam sections extend between opposing edges of the top frame. 35

5. A method of forming a top frame for use with a pallet, comprising: providing a pair of top frame members having a plurality of openings extending through the top frame members, each having a corresponding plurality of ribs defining a - 32 - pair of cross-ribbed surfaces for mating with each other; introducing heat to the cross-ribbed surfaces to form mating plasticized surfaces; pressing the mating plasticized surfaces together; and cooling the mating plasticized surfaces forming a welded joint therebetween s defining a plurality of box sections extending between the pair of top frame members.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein providing a pair of top frame members includes mounting and aligning them in a holding fixture. 10

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising opening the holding fixture and removing the welded pair of top frame members.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein introducing heat to the ribbed and mating surfaces includes introducing a heated platen therebetween. 15

9. The method of claim 5 further comprising retracting the heated platen from between the corresponding cross-ribbed surfaces.

10. The method of claim 5, further comprising heating the cross-ribbed 20 surfaces under pressure by contacting the heated platen to the mating cross-ribbed surfaces for melting the same.

11. A method of forming a top frame assembly, comprising: providing a first top frame member having a plurality of first cross-rib members 25 projecting therefrom defining a plurality of partial upper box beam sections having a first mating surface; providing a second top frame member having a plurality of second cross-rib members projecting therefrom defining a plurality of partial lower box beam sections having a second mating surface corresponding to the first mating surface; and 30 securely attaching the first mating surface to the second mating surface to define a plurality of whole box beam sections between the first top frame member and the second top frame member for providing strength to the top frame assembly, wherein a plurality of openings extend through the first and second top frame members. 35

12. The top frame of any one of claims 1-4, and substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings. - 33 -

13. The method of any one of claims 5-11, and substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 5

14. The top frame of claim I or claim 2, wherein the first top frame member includes edges surrounding a perimeter of the first top frame member and the second top frame member includes edges surrounding a perimeter of the second top frame member. 10

15. The top frame of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first top frame member includes an outer rail and a plurality of cross rails and the second top frame member includes an outer rail and a plurality of cross rails. -34-