AU2008201523A1 - Modified viral particles with immunogenic properties and reduced lipid content useful for treating and preventing infectious diseases - Google Patents

Description

AUSTRALIA

V VI FB RICE CO Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys Patents Act 1990 LIPID SCIENCES, INC.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT Invention Title: Modified viral particles with immunogenic properties and reduced lipid content useful for treating and preventing infectious diseases The following statement is a full description of this invention including the best method of performing it known to us:- 00 MODIFIED VIRAL PARTICLES WITH IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES AND SREDUCED LIPID CONTENT USEFUL FOR TREATING AND PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASES This is a divisional of AU 2004264842, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 00

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O The present invention relates to a delipidation method employing a solvent I 10 system useful for extracting lipids from a virus, thereby creating a modified viral particle. The solvent system of the present invention is optimally designed such that upon delipidation of the virus, the viral particle remains substantially intact. By dissolving the lipid envelope surrounding the viral particle using the method of the present invention, the resultant modified viral particle has exposed antigens (or epitopes), which foster and promote cellular responses and antibody production when introduced into a human or an animal. The resulting modified viral particle of the present invention initiates a positive immunogenic response in the species into which it is re-introduced. The present invention can be applied to delipidating viruses from a specific patient for future reintroduction into the patient, to delipidating stock viruses, or non-patient specific viruses, for use as a vaccine, or to delipidating and combining both non- patient specific viruses and patient specific viruses to create a therapeutic cocktail.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Introduction Viruses, of varied etiology, affect billions of animals and humans each year and inflict an enormous economic burden on society. Many viruses contain lipid as a major component of the membrane that surrounds them. Viruses affect animals and humans causing extreme suffering, morbidity, and mortality. These viruses travel throughout the body in biological fluids such as blood, peritoneal fluid, lymphatic fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and in 00

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various fluids of the reproductive system. Fluid contact at any site promotes transmission of disease. Other viruses reside primarily in different organ systems O and in specific tissues, proliferate and then enter the circulatory system to gain access to other tissues and organs at remote sites. If the body does not exhibit a C 5 positive immune response against these pathogens, they infect many cell types within the body, inhibiting these cells from performing their nonnal functions.

C The human immune system is composed of various cell types that 00 Scollectively protect the body from different viruses. The immune system C1 provides multiple means for targeting and eliminating foreign elements, including humoral and cellular immune responses, participating primarily in antigen recognition and elimination. An irmnune response to foreign elements requires the presence of B-lymphocytes (B cells) or T-lymphocytes (T cells) in combination with antigen-presenting cells (APC), which are usually macrophage or dendrite cells. The APCs are specialized immune cells that capture antigens.

Once inside an APC, antigens are broken down into smaller fragments called epitopes the unique markers carried by the antigen surface. These epitopes are subsequently displayed on the surface of the APCs and are responsible for triggering an antibody response in defense of the infection.

In a humoral immune response, when an APC displaying antigens (in the form of unique epitope markers) foreign to the body are recognized, B cells are activated, proliferating and producing antibodies. These antibodies specifically bind to the antigens present on the virus. After the antibody attaches, the APC engulfs the entire antigen and kills it. This type of antibody immune response is primarily involved in the prevention of viral infection.

In a cellular immune response, T cells are activated on recognizing the antigen displayed on the APC. There are two steps in the cellular immune response. The first step involves activation of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) or CDS T killer cells that proliferate and kill target cells that specifically present antigens.

The second involves helper T cells (HTL) or CD4 T cells that regulate the production of antibodies and the activity of CD+8 cells. The CD4 T cells provide L growth factors to CDS T cells that allow them to proliferate and function efficiently.

O Certain infective pathogens are deemed "chronic" due to their structure.

For example, some viruses are able to evade an immune response because of their Cc l 5 ability to hide some of their antigens from the immune system. Viruses contain San outer envelope made up of lipids and fats derived fiom the host cell membrane 0 l during the budding process. Viruses are comprised of virions, non-cellular 00 O infectious agents consisting of a single type of nucleic acid (either RNA or CK DNA), surrounded by a protein coat. The outer protein covering of viruses is called a capsid, made up of repeating subunits called capsomeres.

Since viruses are non-metabolic, they only reproduce within living host cells. The virus codes the proteins of the viral envelope while the host cell codes the lipids and carbohydrates. Therefore, the lipid and carbohydrate content within a given viral envelope is dependent on the particular host. The enveloped viral particles therefore partially adopt the identity of the host cell, via lipid and carbohydrate content, and are able to conceal antigens associated with them, which would normally have initiated an inunune response. Instead, the viral particle confuses the host irmnune system by presenting it with an antigenic complex that contains components of host tissues, and is perceived by the host immune system as partly "self" and partly "foreign". The immune system is forced to produce the "compromise", ineffective antibodies which do not destroy the viral particles, allowing them to proliferate and slowly cause severe damage to the body, while destroying host cells.

Recent epidemics affecting the immune system include acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), believed to be caused by the human iimnunodeficiency virus (HIV). Related viruses affect animal species, for example, simians and felines (SIV and FIV, respectively). Other major viral infections include, but are not limited to, meningitis, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis in its various forms.

Current Methods of Treatment 00

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CL One prior art method of treating viruses of varied etiology is via drug therapy. Most anti-viral drug therapies are directed toward preventing or O inhibiting viral replication and appear to focus on the initial attaclhuent of the virus to the T4 lymphocyte or macrophage, the transcription of viral RNA to viral C1 5 DNA and the assembly of new virus during replication. The high mutation rate Sof the vinls, especially in the case of HIV, is a major difficulty with existing

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C treatments because the various strains become resistant to anti-viral drug therapy.

00 0 Furthermore, anti-viral drug therapy treatment may cause the evolution of C resistant strains of the virus. Other drawbacks to drug therapies are the undesirable side effects and patient compliance requirements. In addition, many individuals are afflicted with multiple viral infections such as a combination of I-IIV and hepatitis. Such individuals require even more aggressive and expensive drug regimens to counteract disease progression, which in turn cause greater side effects and a greater likelihood of multiple drug resistance. The most effective approach to date for treating HIV is the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which is expensive, toxic to the patient, and does not eradicate the virus. Strict adherence to HAART regimen remains a major hurdle, and lapses in compliance lead to bursts of viral replication, and selection of drug resistant strains. Additionally, long-term use of HAART is associated with side effects such as lipodystrophies, altered glucose metabolism and elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma. There is, therefore, a pressing need for additional therapies, either in form of preventative and therapeutic vaccines, or development of immunomodulating agents to augment HAART. The current approaches to HIV vaccine development are reviewed by Mwau et al (2003. A review of vaccines for HIV prevention. J Gene Med Briefly, strategies include a variety of expression vectors, DNA based recombinant vaccines, combinations of DNA based vaccines and viral protein boosts with or without adjuvant. A recent Phase III clinical trial using recombinant gpl20 vaccine in Thailand, for example, ended without success (Cohen, J. 2003. Public health. AIDS vaccine still alive as booster after second failure in Thailand. Science 302:1309), possibly because recombinant viral proteins need to be in the correct configuration for appropriate 00

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C| immune responses to be generated. Clearly, other novel approaches to enhancing immune responses to viral antigens need to be evaluated.

O Also known in the prior art is prevention of disease via the use of vaccinations. Vaccines have been singularly responsible for conferring immune 1 5 response against several human pathogens. They are designed to stimulate the Simmune system to protect against various viral infections. In general, a vaccine CN is produced from an antigen, isolated or produced from the disease-causing 00 O microorganism, which can elicit an immune response. When a vaccine is injected C into the blood stream as a preventive measure to create an effective inmmune response, the B cells in the blood stream perceive the antigens contained by the vaccine as foreign or 'non-self' and respond by producing antibodies, which bind to the antigens and inactivate them. Memory cells are thereby produced and remain ready to mount a quick protective inunune response against subsequent infection with the same disease-causing agent. Thus when an infective pathogen containing similar antigens as the vaccine enters the body, the inmmune system will recognize the protein and instigate an effective defense against infection.

The current methods of vaccination do have drawbacks, making them less than optimally desirable for immunizing individuals against particular pathogens, especially HIV. The existing vaccine strategies aim to expose the body to the antigens associated with infective pathogens so that the body builds an immune response against these pathogens. For example, hepatitis B and HIV pathogens are able to survive and proliferate in the human body despite the immune response. One explanation offered in the prior art is that the antigens of these microorganisms change constantly so the antibodies produced in response to a particular antigen are no longer effective when the antigen mutates. The AIDS virus is believed to undergo this antigenic variation. Although antigenic variation has been addressed via the attempted use of combination drugs or antigens, no prior art vaccine has succeeded in addressing chronic infections such as HIV.

Another approach to treating viruses of varied etiology is to inactivate the virus. Prior art methods of inactivating viruses using chemical agents have relied on organic solvents such as chloroform or glutaraldehyde. Viral inactivation 00

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e, does present problems since inactivation of a virus does not provide a protective immune response against viral infection. In addition, it is largely geared towards O denaturing viral proteins, thereby destroying the structure of the viral particle. In sum, prior art methods have largely focused on destroying, yet not suitably Cl 5 modifying, viral particles to produce an immune response.

0 Current Methods ofManufacture of Viral Treatments and Medicaments SViral Inactivation (or Chemical Kill) N, Described in the prior art are methods of treating viral particles with organic solvents and high temperatures thus dissolving the lipid envelopes and subsequently inactivating the virus. In those methods, blood is withdrawn fi-om the patient and separated into two phases the first phase including red cells and platelets and the second phase containing plasma, white cells, and cell-flee virus (virion). The second phase is treated with an organic solvent, thereby killing the infected cells and virions, and subsequently reintroduced into the patient. In addition to dissolving the lipid envelope of the virus, the high organic solvent concentrations cause cell death and damage to the antigens. Essentially, this method results in a "chemical kill" of the cell.

Glutaraldehyde is one such solvent whereby cell inactivation is achieved as known by those of ordinary skill in the art by fixation with a dilute solution of glutaraldehyde at about 1:250. Although treating the virns with glutaraldehyde effectively delipidates the virus, it also destroys the core. Destruction of the core is not desirable for producing a modified viral particle useful for inducing an immune response in a recipient.

Chloroform is another such solvent. Chloroform, however, denatures many plasma proteins and is not suitable for use with biological fluids, which will be reintroduced into the animal or human. These plasma proteins deleteriously affected by chloroform serve important biological functions including coagulation, hormonal response, and immune response. These functions are essential to life and thus damage to these proteins may have an adverse effect on a patient's health, possibly leading to death.

Other solvents or detergents such as B-propiolactone, TWEEN-80, and dialkyl or trialkyl phosphates have been used, either alone or in combination.

O Many of these methods, especially those involving detergents, require tedious procedures to ensure removal of the detergent before reintroduction of the treated C" 5 plasma sample into the animal or human. Further, many of the methods described in the prior art involve extensive exposure to elevated temperature in

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CK order to kill free virus and infected cells. Elevated temperatures have deleterious 00 Seffects on the proteins contained in biological fluids, such as plasma.

Current Methods ofManufacturing Vaccines To date, several manufacturing methods have been employed in search of safe and effective vaccines for innmunizing individuals against infective pathogenic agents. To protect an individual fiom a specific pathogenic infection, a target protein or antigen associated with the infective pathogen is administered to the individual. This includes presenting the protein as part of a non-infective (inactivated) or less infective (attenuated) agent or as a discrete protein composition. Inown to one of ordinary skill in the art are the following different types of vaccines: live attenuated vaccines, whole inactivated vaccines, DNA vaccines, combination vaccines, recombinant vaccines, live recombinant vector vaccines, virus like particles and synthetic peptide vaccines.

In live attenuated vaccines, the viruses are rendered less pathogenic to the host, either by specific genetic manipulation of the virus genome or by passage in some type of tissue culture system. In order to achieve genetic manipulation, an inessential gene is deleted or one or more essential genes in the virus are partially damaged. Upon genetic manipulation, the viral particles become less virulent yet retain antigenic features. Live attenuated vaccines can also be used as "vaccine vectors" for other genes, wherein they act as carriers of genes from a second virus (or other pathogen) against which protection is required. Attenuated vaccines (less infective and not inactivated), however, pose several problems.

First, it is difficult to ascertain when the attenuated vaccine is no longer pathogenic. The risk of viral infection from the vaccine is too great to properly 00

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O- test for effective attenuation. In addition, attenuated vaccines carry the risk of reverting into a virulent form of the pathogen.

O Whole inactivated vaccines are known in the art for immunizing against infection by introducing killed or inactivated viruses to introduce pathogen C 5 proteins to an individual's immune system. The administration of killed or inactivated pathogens, via heat or chemical means, into an individual introduces 'I the pathogens to the individual's immune system in a non-infective form thereby 00 O initiating an immune response defense. Wholly inactivated vaccines provide protection by directly generating cellular and humoral immune responses against the pathogenic irmaunogens. There is little threat of infection, because the viral pathogen is killed or otherwise inactivated.

Subunit vaccines are yet another form of vaccination well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. These consist of one or more isolated proteins derived from the pathogen. These proteins act as target antigens against which an immune response is exhibited. The proteins selected for the subunit vaccine are displayed by the pathogen so that upon infection of an individual by the pathogen, the individual's immune system recognizes the pathogen and instigates an innmune response. Subunit vaccines are not whole infective agents and are therefore incapable of becoming infective. Subunit vaccines are the basis of AIDSVAX, the first vaccine for HIV being tested for effectiveness in humans and which contains a portion of HIV's outer surface (envelope) protein, called gp120.

DNA vaccine is another type known in the art and uses actual genetic material of pathogens. In addition, synthetic peptide vaccines are made up of parts of synthetic, chemically engineered HIV proteins called peptides. They comprise portions of HIV proteins chosen specifically to achieve an anti-HIV ilmmune response. Also mentioned in the prior art are combination vaccines that, when used in conjunction with one another, generate a broad spectrum of inmmune responses. One example of a combination virus is SHIV, which is a synthetic virus made from the HIV envelope and SIV core.

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What is needed is a therapeutic method and system for providing patients with patient-specific viral antigens capable of initiating a protective immune O response. Accordingly, what is needed is a simple, effective method that does not appreciably denature or extract proteins from the biological sample being treated.

¢c€ 5 What is also needed is an effective delipidation process via which a viral particle Cl is modified, rather than destroyed, thereby both reducing and/or eliminating C infectivity of the viral particle and invoking a patient specific, autologous 00 Simmnune response to firnther reduce viral infection and prevent further infection.

What is also needed is an effective means to immunize individuals against viral pathogen infection that is unique to the individual due to viral mutations.

Preferably the means would elicit a broad protective immune response with minimized risk of infecting the individual.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves the problems described above by providing a simple, effective and efficient method for treating and preventing viral infection.

The method of the present invention affects the lipid envelope of a virus by utilizing an efficient solvent system, which does not denature or destroy the virus.

The present invention employs an optimal solvent and energy system to create, via delipidation, a non-synthetic, host-derived or non host-derived modified viral particle that has its lipid envelope at least partially removed, generating a positive immunologic response when administered to a patient, thereby providing that patient with some degree of protection against the virus. It is believed that these modified viral particles have at least one antigen exposed that was not exposed prior to the delipidation process. The present invention also provides for the use of these modified viral particles in the preparation of a medicament useful for providing protection in a patient against an infectious viral organism following administration of the medicament to the patient. The present invention also provides for the use of one or more of these modified viral particles from different strains of viruses or from different viruses in the preparation of a medicament known as a combination vaccine useful for providing protection in a 00 O O patient against one or more strains of an infectious viral organism or protection against one or more types of virus following administration of the medicament to the patient. The present invention also provides for the use of these modified viral particles in the preparation of a medicament useful for treating a patient Ce¢ C, 5 with a viral infection caused by an infectious viral organism following Cl administration of the medicament to the patient. This treatment lessens the

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Cl severity of the viral infection. The present invention also provides for the use of 00 Oone or more of these modified viral particles from different strains of viruses or C1 firom different viruses in the preparation of a medicament lnown as a combination vaccine useful for treating a patient with a viral infection caused by one or more strains of a viral organism and for treating a patient with more than one viral infection following administration of the medicament to the patient.

The present invention is also effective in producing an autologous, patient-specific therapeutic vaccine against the virus, by treating a biological fluid containing the virus such that the virus is present in a modified form, with reduced infectivity, and such that an immune response is initiated upon reintroduction of the fluid with reduced lipid content into the patient. This autologous method ensures that patient specific antigens, for example patient specific viral antigens, are introduced into the same patient from which they were.

obtained to induce an immnune response. This is an important feature since a patient's physiology may modify the antigens present in an infectious organism such as a virus. To create the vaccine, a biological fluid (for example, blood) is removed from the patient, the plasma is separated from the blood and treated to reduce the lipid content of the virus in the plasma using an optimal solvent system. A lipid-containing virus, treated in this manner in order to reduce its infectivity and create a modified viral particle with reduced lipid content is administered to a patient, such as an animal or a human, optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in order to initiate an inmmune response in the animal or human and create antibodies that bind the exposed epitopes of the modified viral particle. Adjuvants may also be administered with the modified viral particle in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or separately.

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The present method is also employed to produce non-autologous vaccines, wherein biological fluids with lipid containing viruses from at least one ¢cn animal or human are treated to produce a modified viral particle for administration into a different (non-autologous) animal or human. The present 5 invention is also effective in producing an non-autologous, vaccine against the virus, by treating a biological fluid such as plasma obtained from an animal or a C\ human with the present method to reduce lipid levels in the fluid and in the virus 00 0 within the fluid. Such treated fluid with reduced lipid levels and containing C modified virus with reduced lipid levels may be introduced into another animal or human which was not the source of the treated biological fluid. This nonautologous method is employed to vaccinate a recipient animal or human against one or more infectious organisms such as viruses. Biological fluids may be used from animals or humans infected with one or more infectious organisms such as viruses, and treated with the present methods to produce a vaccine for administration to a recipient animal or human. Alternatively, or in addition, various stock supplies of virus may be added to a biological fluid before treating the fluid with the method of the present invention to create a vaccine.

The present invention encompasses vaccines made with the delipidation method of the present invention that include more than one strain of the same infectious organism, for example more than one clade of HIV virus HIV-1 and HIV-2). Such vaccines provide an immune response to more than one strain of the same infectious organism. Any number of different infectious strains or clades of the same virus may be chosen and treated with the delipidation method of the present invention to form numerous vaccines. Alternatively, or in addition, various stock supplies of different strains or clades of virus may be added to a biological fluid before treating the fluid with the method of the present invention to create a vaccine capable of generating an immune response. Stocks of one or more viral preparation may be employed to make a non-autologous vaccine directed to one or more viruses. In this manner combination vaccines are produced which provide protection against multiple strains or clades of a virus or against multiple viruses.

00 SThe present invention encompasses vaccines made with the delipidation method of the present invention that include more than one infectious organism, such as more than one virus. Such combination vaccines provide an immune response to more than mc one infectious organism, for example, HIV and hepatitis. Any number of different infectious organisms may be chosen and treated with the delipidation method of the present invention to form numerous combination vaccines.

Thus an effective method is presented, by which new vaccines can be developed from lipid containing viruses by removing lipid from the lipid envelope and exposing antigens hidden within the lipid envelope or beneath the surface of the lipid envelope, 00 10 in turn generating an immune response when re-introduced into the patient.

The present invention provides a modified viral particle comprising at least a partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle initiates an immune response in a patient and incites protection against an infectious organism in the patient.

The present invention provides a method for creating a modified viral particle comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles, each having a viral envelope, in a fluid; exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process; and, partially delipidating the viral particles wherein the delipidation process at least partially removes the viral envelopes to create the modified viral particle and wherein the modified viral particle is capable of provoking a positive immune response in a patient.

The present invention also provides a method for creating a modified viral particle comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles, each having a lipid-containing viral envelope, in a fluid; exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process comprising treating the viral particles with an organic solvent which is not a detergent or a surfactant; and, partially delipidating the viral particles, wherein the delipidation process at least partially reduces the lipid content of the viral envelope to create the modified viral particle and wherein the modified viral particle is capable of provoking an immune response when administered to a patient.

The present invention also provides an antigen delivery vehicle and a method for creating an antigen delivery vehicle comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles, each having a viral envelope, in a fluid; exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process; and, partially delipidating the viral particles to create modified viral particles that act as antigen delivery vehicles, wherein the delipidation process at least partially removes the viral envelopes to expose at least -12- 00 one antigen and wherein the at least one antigen is capable of provoking a positive Simmune response in a patient.

The present invention also provides a method for creating an antigen delivery Cc) vehicle comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles, each having a lipid-containing viral envelope, in a fluid; ri exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process comprising treating the viral particles with an organic solvent which is not a detergent or a surfactant; and, Spartially delipidating the viral particles to create modified viral particles that act 00 10 as antigen delivery vehicles, wherein the delipidation process at least partially decreases the lipid content of the viral envelope to expose at least one viral antigen and wherein the at least one exposed viral antigen is capable of provoking an immune response in a patient.

The modified viral particles of the present invention comprise at least a partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is produced by exposing a non-delipidated viral particle to a delipidation process and wherein the partially delipidated viral particle comprises at least one exposed patient specific antigen that was not exposed in the non-delipidated viral particle.

The present invention provides a modified viral particle comprising a partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic and comprises an envelope with proteins and a lower lipid content as compared to an envelope in an unmodified viral particle, and wherein the lower lipid content is obtained by treating a viral particle with an organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant.

The present invention provides a modified HIV viral particle comprising a partially delipidated HIV viral particle comprising: a viral envelope having a lower cholesterol content and a lower cholesterol to total protein ratio than the envelope of an unmodified HIV viral particle, wherein the lower cholesterol to total protein ratio in the modified HIV viral particle is reduced no more than 60% as compared to a cholesterol to total protein ratio in the unmodified HIV viral particle; and, a different buoyant density than the unmodified HIV viral particle, wherein the lower cholesterol content is obtained by treating an HIV viral particle with an organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant.

-13- 00 SThe present invention also provides a modified HIV viral particle comprising a partially delipidated HIV viral particle comprising: a viral envelope with a lower cholesterol content than a cholesterol content in a 3 viral envelope of an unmodified HIV viral particle, wherein the lower cholesterol content in the modified HIV viral particle is reduced no more than 54% as compared to a cholesterol content in the unmodified HIV viral particle, N wherein the lower cholesterol content is obtained by treating an HIV viral particle with an organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant.

The present invention also provides a modified viral particle comprising a 00 10 partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is produced by exposing a non-delipidated viral particle to a delipidation process comprising treating the non-delipidated viral particle with 0.5% to 2% organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is not a detergent or a surfactant, and wherein the partially delipidated viral particle comprises at least one exposed envelope viral antigen that was not exposed in the non-delipidated viral particle.

The present invention also provides a modified viral particle comprising a partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic and comprises an envelope with proteins and a lower lipid content as compared to an envelope in an unmodified viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is obtained by a delipidation process comprising treating viral particles with an organic solvent which is not a detergent or a surfactant, and wherein the delipidation process decreases the lipid content of the viral envelope and exposes at least one antigen.

The present invention also provides a modified viral particle comprising a partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic, comprises an envelope with proteins and a lower lipid content as compared to an envelope in an unmodified viral particle, the envelope of the modified viral particle containing no detergent or surfactant molecules.

The present invention also provides a vaccine composition, comprising at least a partially delipidated viral particle having patient-specific viral antigens and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is capable of provoking a positive immune response when the composition is administered to a patient.

The present invention also provides a composition comprising at least a partially delipidated HIV viral particle comprising an envelope and having at least one exposed viral antigen that was not exposed in a non-delipidated HIV viral particle, -14- 00

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wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic, has a ratio of Ag of cholesterol relative to pg of total protein of at least 0.06, and has no detergent or surfactant molecules in the envelope.

The present invention also provides a method for making a vaccine comprising: contacting a lipid-containing viral particle in a fluid with a first organic solvent capable of extracting lipid from the lipid-containing viral particle; mixing the fluid and the first organic solvent for a time sufficient to extract lipid from the lipid-containing viral particle; permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; and collecting the aqueous phase containing a modified viral particle with reduced lipid content wherein the 00 10 modified viral particle is capable of provoking a positive immune response when 0 administered to a patient.

The present invention also provides an antigen delivery vehicle obtained by a method comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles in a fluid, each viral particle having a viral envelope containing lipid; exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process to create modified viral particles, the delipidation process comprising treating the viral particles with 0.5% to ether, wherein the delipidation process decreases the lipid content of the viral envelope and exposes at least one antigen, wherein the modified viral particle comprises patient specific antigens.

The present invention also provides a method to protect a patient against an infectious viral particle comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising a modified viral particle, wherein the modification comprises at least partial removal of a lipid envelope of the infectious viral particle, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the amount is effective to provide a protective effect against infection by the infectious viral particle in the animal or the human.

The present invention also provides a method of providing protection in a patient against an infectious viral particle comprising the step of: administering to the patient an effective amount of the composition of the invention and optionally a pharmaceutical carrier, wherein the amount is effective to provide a protective effect against infection by the infectious viral particle in the patient.

The present invention also provides a method for provoking a positive immune response in a patient having a plurality of lipid-containing viral particles, comprising the steps of: obtaining a fluid containing the lipid-containing viral particles from the 00 patient; contacting the fluid containing the lipid-containing viral particles with a first organic solvent capable of extracting lipid from the lipid-containing viral particles; mixing the fluid and the first organic solvent: permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; collecting the aqueous phase containing modified viral particles with reduced lipid content; and introducing the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles with reduced lipid content into the animal or the human wherein the modified viral i particles with reduced lipid content provoke a positive immune response in the animal or the human.

The present invention also provides a method for provoking an immune 00 10 response in a patient having a plurality of lipid-containing viral particles comprising the Ssteps of: obtaining a fluid containing the lipid-containing viral particles from the patient; contacting the fluid containing the lipid-containing viral particles with a first organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant and that is capable of extracting lipid from the lipid-containing viral particles; mixing the fluid and the first organic solvent; permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; collecting the aqueous phase containing modified viral particles with reduced lipid content; and, introducing the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles with reduced lipid content into the patient wherein the modified viral particles with reduced lipid content provoke an immune response in the patient.

The present invention also provides a method for treating a viral infection in a patient comprising: removing blood containing a plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles from the patient; obtaining plasma from the blood, the plasma containing the lipid-containing infectious viral particles; contacting the plasma containing the lipid-containing infectious viral particles with a first organic solvent capable of extracting lipid from the lipid-containing infectious viral particles to produce modified viral particles having reduced lipid content; mixing the plasma and the first organic solvent; permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; collecting the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles; removing residual solvent from the aqueous phase; and, introducing the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles into the patient wherein the modified viral particles have at least one exposed patient-specific antigen that 00 was not exposed in the plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles.

Introduction of these modified viral particles into the patient produces an immune response to treat or lessen the severity of the viral infection.

The present invention also provides a method for treating a viral infection in a patient comprising: obtaining a fluid comprising plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles from a plurality of patients; optionally combining the lipid-containing infectious viral particles with a suitable biologically acceptable carrier; contacting the fluid containing lipid-containing infectious viral particles with a first organic solvent capable of extracting lipid from the lipid-containing infectious viral particles to produce 00 10 modified viral particles having reduced lipid content; mixing the carrier and the first Sorganic solvent; permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; collecting the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles; and introducing the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles into a different patient wherein the modified viral particles have at least one exposed antigen that was not exposed in the plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles. In this embodiment, the lipidcontaining infectious viral particles represent one or more viral strains or one or more types of virus and are not patient specific. Introduction of these modified viral particles into the patient produces an immune response to treat or lessen the severity of the viral infection.

The present invention also provides a method for treating a viral infection in a patient comprising: removing blood containing a plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles from the patient; obtaining plasma from the blood, the plasma containing the lipid containing infectious viral particles; contacting the plasma containing the lipid-containing infectious viral particles with a first organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant and that is capable of extracting lipid from the lipid-containing infectious viral particles to produce modified viral particles having reduced lipid content; mixing the plasma and the first organic solvent; permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; collecting the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles; and introducing the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles into the patient wherein the modified viral particles have at least one exposed viral antigen that was not exposed in the plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles and the modified viral particles provoke an immune response in the patient.

00 SThe present invention also provides use of the modified viral particle of te invention or the antigen delivery vehicle of the invention or the composition of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for providing protection in a patient 3 against an infectious viral particle or for provoking an immune response in a patient or for treating a viral infection in a patient.

Cc As shown below, the characteristics of the modified viral particle are exhibited in experimental data, showing mice having a positive immunogenic response when vaccinated as compared with a wholly inactivated vaccine. In addition, data exhibiting Sprotein recovery indicate retention of the structural integrity of the viral particle, 00 10 removing only its lipid-containing envelope.

SFluids which may be treated with the method of the present invention include but are not limited to the following: plasma; serum; lymphatic fluid; cerebrospinal fluid; peritoneal fluid; pleural fluid; pericardial fluid; various fluids of the reproductive system including but not limited to semen, ejaculatory fluids, follicular fluid and amniotic fluid; cell culture reagents such as normal sera, fetal calf serum or serum derived from any other animal or human; and immunological reagents such as various preparations of antibodies and cytokines.

The method of the present invention may be used to treat viruses containing lipid in the viral envelope. Preferred viruses to be treated with the method of the present invention include the various immunodeficiency viruses including but not limited to human (HIV) and subtypes and clades such as HIV-1 and HIV-2, simian (SIV), feline (FIN), as well as any other form of immunodeficiency virus. Other preferred viruses to be treated with the method of the present invention include but are not limited to hepatitis in its various forms. Another preferred virus treated with the method of the present invention is the bovine pestivirus. Another preferred virus treated with the method of the present invention is the coronavirus SARS. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the viruses provided in the list above. Additional specific viruses are described in the detailed description of this application. All 00 viruses containing lipid, especially in their viral envelope, are included within the scope Sof the present invention.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method for treating lipid containing virus in order to create modified viral particles.

It is also desirable to provide a method for treating lipid containing virus in Cc order to create modified viral particles with reduced lipid content while substantially Nn unaffecting protein levels when compared to unmodified viral particles.

It is also desirable to provide a method for treating lipid containing virus in order to create modified viral particles with reduced lipid content, with substantially 00 unaffected protein levels when compared to unmodified viral particles, and with at least N, one exposed antigen associated with the viral particles that was substantially unexposed in unmodified viral particles.

It is also desirable to provide a method for treating or preventing viral disease by administering to a patient modified viral particles with reduced lipid content and at least one exposed antigen associated with the viral particles that was substantially unexposed in unmodified viral particles.

It is also desirable to provide a method for treating a biological fluid in order to reduce or eliminate the infectivity of infectious viral organisms contained therein.

It is also desirable to provide a method for creating, in a biological fluid, a plurality of modified lipid containing viral particles having a distribution of reduced lipid content, with a substantial percentage of viral particles having substantially unaffected protein levels when compared to unmodified viral particles.

It is also desirable to provide a method for treatment of lipid-containing viruses within a fluid, which minimizes deleterious effects on proteins contained within the fluid, thereby creating a modified viral particle with properties that are capable of initiating a positive immune response in a patient.

It is also desirable to provide a method for treatment of lipid-containing viruses within a fluid, which minimizes deleterious effects on proteins contained within the fluid, thereby creating a modified viral particle with patient-specific viral antigens.

It is also desirable to provide a method for reducing the infectivity of viruses, wherein the method exposes antigenic determinants on the modified viral particle.

It is also desirable to completely or partially delipidate viral particles, wherein the viral particles comprise immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis in its various forms, coronavirus, or any other lipid-containing virus, thereby creating a modified viral particle.

00 It is also desirable to completely or partially delipidate viral particles, wherein Sthe viral particles comprise immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis in its various forms, coronavirus, or any other lipid-containing virus, while retaining the structural protein core of the virus.

It is also desirable to provide a method for reducing the infectivity of viruses, Cr^ wherein the newly formed viral particle can be used as an antigen delivery vehicle.

N It is also desirable to treat infectious organisms with the method of the present invention in order to reduce their infectivity and provide a vaccine comprising a C modified viral particle with reduced lipid content which may be administered to an 00 animal or a human, optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and C, optionally an immunostimulant compound, to prevent or minimize clinical manifestation of disease in a patient following exposure to the virus.

It is also desirable to treat infectious organisms with the method of the present invention in order to reduce their infectivity and provide a vaccine comprising a modified viral particle with reduced lipid content which may be administered to an animal or a human optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally an immunostimulant compound, to initiate a positive immunogenic response in the animal or human.

It is also desirable to provide an antiviral vaccine.

It is also desirable to provide an anti-viral vaccine that induces cellular responses in cells of the immune system, wherein the cellular responses include but are not limited to proliferation of cells and production of immune system molecules such as interferon gamma.

It is also desirable to lessen the severity of a disease caused by a lipid-containing virus in an animal or human receiving a vaccine comprising a composition comprising a virus treated with the method of the present invention, optionally combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

It is also desirable to combine viral particles with reduced lipid content having patient specific antigens with delipidated stock viral particles with reduced lipid content to create a therapeutic combination vaccine for the treatment or prevention of more than one viral disease.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after review of the following drawings and detailed description of the disclosed embodiments. Various modifications to the stated embodiments will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the disclosure set forth herein 00 us may be applicable to other embodiments and applications without departing from the 2 spirit and scope of the present invention.

Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of Cc any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

SAny discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is solely for thepurpose of providing a 00 context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of 00 0 10 these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 1 depicts the density of sucrose gradient fractions as indicated by the graphing of density against fraction number for HIV viral particles subjected to e. delipidation using 1% DIPE, 1% butanol/DIPE, 1% butanol, 2% butanol, and butanol, along with a control group.

O Figure 2 depicts the p24 protein concentration (ng/ml) for each of the fraction numbers shown in Figure 1.

C 5 Figure 3 is similar to Figure 2 and is a schematic representation of an isopycnic gradient analysis of delipidated HIV subjected to delipidation using 1% DIPE, C1 1% butanol/DIPE, 1% butanol, 2% butanol, and 5% butanol, along with a control 00 0group, indicated by a graphing p24 levels as a percent of total recovered p24 N protein against fraction number.

Figure 4 is a schematic representation of an isopycnic gradient analysis of delipidated SIV-mac 251, indicated by a graphic of gag p27 concentration (ng/ml) against fraction number following delipidation conditions 1% DIPE, DIPE:n-butanol (75:25) and 1% n-butanol.

Figure 5 is a schematic representation of a fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) of the control and 1% DIPE-treated SIV mac 521 showing the p27 gag levels (ug/ml) in each fraction number.

Figure 6 presents cholesterol levels (ng/ml) in the fractions shown in Figure Figure 7 is a schematic representation of SIV mac 521 infectivity (TCID versus viral RNA copy numbers (copies/mg) after 1% DIPE treatment, in live virus, and after AT-2 treatment.

Figures SA and SB show CD4 and CDS T cell responses interferon ganma positive cells) to SIV env (8A) peptide pools and to SIV gag (SB) peptide pools in 1 million PMBCs from AT-2 inactivated SIV primed mice boosted with live virus, AT-2 inactivated virus or delipidated virus DIPE). Mean of 6 mice or SEM are shown. p value 0.01, p value 0.05.

Figure 9 is a schematic representation of SIV env gpl20 antibody titers at 450nm) in mice immunized with AT-2 treated virus (SIV mac 251) and boosted with 1 ug total viral protein of live virus (SIV mac 251), AT-2 inactivated virus or delipidated virus DIPE). Serial dilution of mouse plasma was measured in ELISA plates coated with recombinant SIV mac251 gpl20 env protein.

19- 00

O

Figure 10 is a schematic representation of SIV gag p55 antibody titers at 450nm) in mice inunuized with AT-2 treated virus and boosted with 1 ug total Sviral protein of live virus (SIV mac 251), AT-2 inactivated virus or delipidated virus DIPE). Serial dilution of mouse plasma was measured in ELISA plates C 5 coated with recombinant SIV mac251 p55 gag protein.

Figure 11 is a schematic representation of a correlation curve of CD4 responses 00 (%IFN ganmma cells) to SIV mac 251 Gag and Env peptide pools to the antibody 00 0 responses 450 mn) to recombinant Gag and Env. A strong correlation (R 2 C= 0.9993) was observed between the cellular responses (CD4) to SIV mac 251 gag and the anti-gag antibody responses. A good correlation (R 2 0.953) was observed between cellular responses (CD4 to SIV mac 251 env and the anti-env antibody responses.

Figure 12 presents the percentage of CD4 cells immunoreactive for IFN gamma in response to gag or env peptide pools in four monkeys, each primed with an equivalent of 5 ug p24 HIV-IIIB in incomplete Freund's Adjuvant, and later boosted with 1 ug DIPE delipidated HIV-IIIB every month (RI1 RFo), or with 1 ug live HIV-IIIB every month (RFt Rom).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions By the term "fluid" is meant any fluid contaiining an infectious organism, including but not limited to, a biological fluid obtained fiom an organism such as an animal or human. Preferred infectious organisms treated with the method of the present invention are viruses. Such biological fluids obtained from an organism include but are not limited to blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, lymphatic fluid, peritoneal fluid, follicular fluid, anmiotic fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, reproductive fluids and any other fluid contained within the organism. Other fluids may include laboratory samples containing infectious organisms suspended in any chosen fluid. Other fluids include cell culture reagents, many of which include biological compounds such as fluids obtained fi-om living organisms, including but not limited to "normal serum" obtained 00

O

f from various animals and used as growth medium in cell and tissue culture applications.

By the terms "first solvent" or "first organic solvent" "or first extraction solvent" are meant a solvent, comprising one or more solvents, used to facilitate C, 5 extraction of lipid from a fluid or from a lipid-containing biological organism in the fluid. This solvent will enter the fluid and remain in the fluid until being C1 removed. Suitable first extraction solvents include solvents that extract or 00 Sdissolve lipid, including but not limited to alcohols, hydrocarbons, amines, ethers, and combinations thereof. First extraction solvents may be combinations of alcohols and ethers. First extraction solvents include, but are not limited to nbutanol, di-isopropyl ether (DIPE), diethyl ether, and combinations thereof The term "second extraction solvent" is defined as one or more solvents that may be employed to facilitate the removal of a portion of the first extraction solvent. Suitable second extraction solvents include any solvent that facilitates removal of the first extraction solvent from the fluid. Second extraction solvents include any solvent that facilitates removal of the first extraction solvent including but not limited to ethers, alcohols, hydrocarbons, amines, and combinations thereof. Preferred second extraction solvents include diethyl ether and di-isopropyl ether, which facilitate the removal of alcohols, such as nbutanol, from the fluid. The term "de-emulsifying agent" is a second extraction solvent that assists in the removal of the first solvent which may be present in an emulsion in an aqueous layer.

The term "delipidation" refers to the process of removing at least a portion of a total concentration of lipids in a fluid or in a lipid-containing organism. Lipid-containing organisms may be found within fluids which may or may not contain additional lipids.

The terms "phannaceutically acceptable carrier" or "pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle" are used herein to mean any liquid including but not limited to water or saline, a gel, salve, solvent, diluent, fluid ointment base, liposome, micelle, giant micelle, and the like, which is suitable for use in contact with living animal or human tissue without causing adverse physiological responses, -21 00

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Sand which does not interact with the other components of the composition in a deleterious maimer.

O The term "patient" refers to animals and humans.

The term "patient specific antigen" refers to an antigen that is capable of Cc€ CK 5 inducing a patient specific immune response when introduced into that patient.

Such patient specific antigens may be viral antigens. A patient specific antigen

O

CN includes any antigen, for example a viral antigen, that has been modified or 00 influenced within the patient.

A Modified Viral Particle Practice of the method of the present invention to reduce the lipid content of a virus creates a modified viral particle. These modified viral particles have lower levels of cholesterol and are immunogenic. The present methods expose epitopes that are not usually presented to the immune system by untreated virus.

A structural change occurs in the modified viral particles, and proteins on, in, or near the surface of the virus are modified such that a confonnational change occurs. Some of these proteins may also separate from the modified viral particle. A schematic representation of HIV viral particles contain the lipid containing envelope or bilayer derived from a host cell, surface glycoproteins, transmembrane proteins, the capsid, capsid proteins and nuclear material is presented on page 238 of Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease (Cotran et al. eds edition, W. B. Saunders Co., 1999). The delipidation process of the present invention modifies the viral particle. The modified viral particle has a lower lipid content in the envelope, displays modified proteins, reduced infectivity and is immunogenic.

Modified Viral Particle Resulting fiom Removal of Lipid from Lipid-Containing Organisms Methods of the present invention solve numerous problems encountered with prior art methods. By substantially removing the lipid envelope of the virus, and keeping the viral particle intact, the method of the present invention exposes 00

O

Sadditional antigens. The host immune system recognizes the viral particle as foreign. Using the method of the present invention, what is created is a modified O viral particle in which the antigenic core remains intact, thereby using the epitopes of the actual viral particle to initiate a positive immunogenic response in the patient into which it is reintroduced. In addition, the method of the present invention reduces the deleterious effect on the other plasma proteins, measured 00 0 In creating this modified viral particle what is also created is a patient-

O

C specific antigen that induces protection against the viral particle in the species in which it is introduced. The method of the present invention creates an effective means to immunize individuals against viral pathogen infection and elicit a broad, biologically active protective immune response without risk of infecting the individual. New vaccines may be developed from certain lipid containing viruses by removing the lipid envelope and exposing antigens hidden beneath the envelope, in turn generating a positive immune response. These "autologous vaccines" can be created by the partial removal of the lipid envelope using suitable solvent systems (one which would not damage the antigens contained in the particle) exposing antigens and/or forcing a structural modification in the viral protein structures, which when introduced into the body, would provoke an effective immune response. Non-autologous vaccines are also created in the present invention which are administered to patients that are different from the source of the virus to be delipidated. Combination vaccines directed against multiple viruses are also within the scope of the present invention. Such combination vaccines may be made fiom various biological fluids, from stock supplies of multiple viruses HIV, hepatitis and SARS) and/or from multiple strains or clades of a virus HIV-1 and HIV-2).

Infectious Organisms Treated with the Present Invention Viruses are the preferred infectious organism treated with the method of the present invention. Viral infectious organisms which may be delipidated by the present invention to form modified viral particles include, but are not limited 23 00 to the lipid-containing viruses of the following genuses: AipIhavirus (aiphaviruses), Rubivurits (rubella virus), Flavivirus (Flaviviruses), Pestiviruts (mucosal disease viruses), (unnamed, hepatitis C virus), Coronaviruts, (CoronaviruLses) severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Torovirus, (toroviruses), A rteivirus, (arteriviruses), Paranivxovirus, (Paramyxoviruses), Rubulcn'irus (Rubu Iamriuses), A4orbil/ivirius (irorbillIivuruIses), Pneumnoviriniae (the 00 pneumoviruses), Pnewnovirus (pneurnoviruses), Vesiculoviruls (vesiculovi ruses), Ly ssavirus (lyssaviruses), Ephemneroviru1s (epheineroviruLses), C'ytorhabdoviruls (plant rhabdovirus group Nucleorhabdovirus (plant rhabdovints group B), Filovirus (filoviruses), Influenzaiis A, B (influenza A and B viruses), Injlitenza Witus C (influenza C virus), (unnamred, Thogoto-like viruses), Buny'avirus (bu~nyavirUSes), Phiebo virus (philebov iruses), Naim-oviruts (nairoviruses), Hantaiis (hantav irUses.), Tospoviruts (tospoviruses), Arenavirus (arenav iruses), Limnamed mamnnmalan type B retroviruises, unnamed, mammn-alian and reptilian typ~e C retroviruses, unnamed, type D retrov'iruses, Lentiiis (lentiviruseS), Spuinavinus (spumravi nises), Orthohepadna virits (hepadnavinises of mammals), A 'ihepcicnavinus (hiepadnaviruses of birds), Sinzplexvirus (simplexviruses), Varicellovirus (varicel loviruses), Betaheipesviriiiae (the cytomegalov iruses), Cytoniegalo viruIs (cytomegaloviruses), Mu~roniegaloviruIs (murine 2 0 cytomnegaloviruses), Roseoloviruts (human herpes virus 6, 7, S), Gantnaheipesvirinae (the lymphocyte-associated herpes viruses), LynMpoci;yto virits (Epstein-BaIT-like viruses), Rhadinovirus (saiimiri -ateles-like herpes viruses), Orthopoxvirus (orthopoxviruses), Parapoxviruts (parapoxvi nises), A vipoxvirus (fowipox viruses), C'aprip.oxvirus (sheeppox- like viruses), Lejporipoxvirus (myxomaviru ses), SWIp7ovii-zs (swine-pox Viruses), A'folluscipo7xviruis (mo Iluscumn contagiosum viruses), Yatapoxvirus (yabapox and tanapox viruIses), Unnamed, Afr-ican swine fever-like viruses, Iridloviruis (smiall iridescent insect viruses), Raneiits (fr-ont iridoviruses), Lyinphocilstivirus (lymphocystis viruses of fish), Toga viriduae, Flavmiviridae, Corona viridlae, Enabdoviridae, Filoi'iridae, Paramnyxovirida, Orthom~nvxoviridae, Buniyaviridae, 24 00 0 p Arenaviridae, Retroviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, and any other lipid-containing virus.

These viruses include the following human and animal pathogens: Ross River virus, fever virus, dengue viruses, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, tick- 5 borne encephalitis viruses (including European and far eastern tick-borne encephalitis viruses, California encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, C sand fly fever virus, human coronaviruses 229-E and OC43 and others causing 00 0 the common cold, upper respiratory tract infection, probably pneumonia and Cl possibly gastroenteritis), human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3, mumps virus, human parainfluenza viruses 2, 4a and 4b, measles virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, rabies virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, influenza A viruses and influenza B viruses, Arenavirus: lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus; Lassa virus, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, or any other immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis G virus, Subfamily: human herpes viruses 1 and 2, herpes virus B, Epstein-Barr vinis), (smallpox) virus, cowpox virus, monkeypox virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, yellow fever virus, poliovirus, Norwalk virus, orf virus, and any other lipidcontaining virus.

Methods of Manufacture of the Modified Viral Particle One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that there may be multiple delipidation processes employed under the scope of this invention. In a preferred embodiment, a solvent system together with applied energy, for example a mechanical mixing system, is used to substantially delipidate the viral particle. The delipidation process is dependent upon the total amount of solvent and energy input into a system. Various solvent levels and mixing methods, as described below, may be used depending upon the overall framework of the process. Although a single solvent or multiple solvents may be used for delipidation of virus, it is to be understood that a single solvent is preferred since there is less probability of destroying and denaturing the viral particle.

00 CL| Exemplay Solvent Systems for Use in Removal of Lipid from Viruses and Effective in Maintaining Integrity of the Viral Particle O The solvent or combinations of solvents to be employed in the process of partially or completely delipidating lipid-containing organisms may be any C 5 solvent or combination thereof effective in solubilizing lipids in the viral envelope while retaining the structural integrity of the modified viral particle, CN which can be measured, in one embodiment, via protein recovery. A delipidation 00 Sprocess falling within the scope of the present invention uses an optimal CN combination of energy input and solvent to delipidate the viral particle, while still keeping it intact. Suitable solvents comprise hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, phenols, esters, halohydrocarbons, halocarbons, amines, and mixtures thereof.

Aromatic, aliphatic, or alicyclic hydrocarbons may also be used. Other suitable solvents, which may be used with the present invention, include amines and mixtures of amines. One solvent system is DIPE, either concentrated or diluted in water or a buffer such as a physiologically acceptable buffer. One solvent combination comprises alcohols and ethers. Another solvent comprises ether or combinations of ethers, either in the form of symmetrical ethers, asymmetrical ethers or halogenated ethers.

The optimal solvent systems are those that accomplish two objectives: first, at least partially delipidating the infectious organism or viral particle and second, employing a set of conditions such that there are few or no deleterious effects on the other plasma proteins. In addition, the solvent system should maintain the integrity of the viral particle such that it can be used to initiate an immune response in the patient. It should therefore be noted that certain solvents, solvent combinations, and solvent concentrations may be too harsh to use in the present invention because they result in a chemical kill.

It is preferred that the solvent or combination of solvents has a relatively low boiling point to facilitate removal through a vacuum and possibly heat without destroying the antigenic core of the viral particle. It is also preferred that the solvent or combination of solvents be employed at a low temperature because heat has deleterious effects on the proteins contained in biological fluids such as -26- 00

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plasma. It is also preferred that the solvent or combination of solvents at least partially delipidate the viral particle.

O Liquid hydrocarbons dissolve compounds of low polarity such as the lipids found in the viral envelopes of the infectious organisms. Particularly effective in disrupting the lipid membrane of a viral particle are hydrocarbons which are substantially water immiscible and liquid at about 37 0 C. Suitable N hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to the following: C 5 to C 2 0 aliphatic Shydrocarbons such as petroleum ether, hexane, heptane, octane; haloaliphatic C hydrocarbons such as chloroform, 1,1,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride; thioaliphatic hydrocarbons each of which may be linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene; ketones; alkylarenes such as toluene; haloarenes; haloalkylarenes; and thioarenes. Other suitable solvents may also include saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic compounds such as pyridine and aliphatic, thio- or halo- derivatives thereof.

Suitable esters for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, ethyl acetate, propylacetate, butylacetate and ethylpropionate. Suitable detergents/surfactants that may be used include but are not limited to the following: sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates (including phospholipids), carboxylates, and sulfosuccinates. Some anionic amphiphilic materials useful with the present invention include but are not limited to the following: soditun dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium decyl sulfate, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), cholesterol sulfate and sodium laurate.

Solvents may be removed fiom delipidated viral mixtures through the use of additional solvents. For example, demulsifying agents such as ethers may be used to remove a first solvent such as an alcohol fi-om an emulsion. Removal of solvents may also be accomplished through other methods, which do not employ additional solvents, including but not limited to the use of charcoal. Charcoal may be used in a slurry or alternatively, in a column to which a mixture is applied. Charcoal is a preferred method of removing solvents. Pervaporation 00 O O i may also be employed to remove one or more solvents from delipidated viral mixtures.

O Examples of suitable amines for use in removal of lipid from lipidcontaining organisms in the present invention are those which are substantially CN 5 immiscible in water. Typical amines are aliphatic amines those having a Scarbon chain of at least 6 carbon atoms. A non-limiting example of such an C amine is C 6

H

1 3 NH12.

00 0 Ether is a preferred solvent for use in the method of the present invention.

SParticularly preferred are the C 4 -Cs containing-ethers, including but not limited to ethyl ether, diethyl ether, and propyl ethers (including but not limited to diisopropyl ether). Asymmetrical ethers may also be employed. Halogenated symmetrical and asymmetrical ethers may also be employed.

Low concentrations of ethers may be employed to remove lipids when used alone and not in combination with other solvents. For example, a low concentration range of ethers include 0.5% to 30%. Such concentrations of ethers that may be employed include, but are not limited to the following: 0.625%, 1.0% 1.25%, 5.0% and 10% or higher. It has been observed that dilute solutions of ethers are effective. Such solutions may be aqueous solutions or solutions in aqueous buffers, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Other physiological buffers may be used, including but not limited to bicarbonate, citrate, Tris, Tris/EDTA, and Trizma. Preferred ethers are di-isopropyl ether (DIPE) and diethyl ether (DEE). Low concentrations of ethers may also be used in combination with alcohols, for example, n-butanol.

When used in the present invention, appropriate alcohols are those which are not appreciably miscible with plasma or other biological fluids. Such alcohols include, but are not limited to, straight chain and branched chain alcohols, including pentanols, hexanols, heptanols, octanols and those alcohols containing higher numbers of carbons.

When alcohols are used in combination with another solvent, for example, an ether, a hydrocarbon, an amine, or a combination thereof, Ci-Cs containing alcohols may be used. Alcohols for use in combination with another solvent 28 00 O O Sinclude C 4

-C

8 containing alcohols. Accordingly, alcohols that fall within the scope of the present invention are butanols, pentanols, hexanols, heptanols and O octanols, and iso fonns thereof, in particular, C 4 alcohols or butanols (1-butanol and 2-butanol). The specific alcohol choice is dependent on the second solvent C1 5 employed.

Ethers and alcohols can be used in combination as a first solvent for CN treating the fluid containing the lipid-containing virus, or viral particle. Any 00 Scombination of alcohol and ether may be used provided the combination is C, effective to at least partially remove lipid fi-om the infectious organism, without having deleterious effects on the plasma proteins. In one embodiment, lipid is removed from the viral envelope of the infectious organism. When alcohols and ether are combined as a first solvent for treating the infectious organism contained in a fluid, ratios of alcohol to ether in this solvent range from about 0.01 parts alcohol to 99.99 parts ether to 60 parts alcohol to 40 parts ether, with a specific ratio range of about 10 parts alcohol to 90 parts ether to 5 parts alcohol to parts ether, with a specific ratio range of about 10 parts alcohol to 90 parts ether to 50 parts alcohol to 50 parts ether, with a specific ratio range of about parts alcohol to 80 parts ether to 45 parts alcohol to 55 parts ether, with a specific range of about 25 parts alcohol to 75 parts ether.

One combination of alcohol and ether is the combination of butanol and di-isopropyl ether (DIPE). When butanol and DIPE are combined as a first solvent for treating the infectious organism contained in a fluid, ratios of butanol to DIPE in this solvent are about 0.01 parts butanol to 99.99 parts DIPE to parts butanol to 40 parts DIPE, with a specific ratio range of about 10 parts butanol to 90 parts DIPE to 5 parts butanol to 95 parts DIPE, with a specific ratio range of about 10 parts butanol to 90 parts DIPE to 50 parts butanol to 50 parts DIPE, with a specific ratio range of about 20 parts butanol to 80 parts DIPE to parts butanol to 55 parts DIPE, with a specific range of about 25 parts butanol to parts DIPE.

Another combination of alcohol and ether is the combination of butanol with diethyl ether (DEE). When butanol is used in combination with DEE as a 29- 00

O

first solvent, ratios of butanol to DEE are about 0.01 parts butanol to 99.99 parts DEE to 60 parts butanol to 40 parts DEE, with a specific ratio range of about O parts butanol to 90 parts DEE to 5 parts butanol to 95 parts DEE with a specific ratio range of about 10 parts butanol to 90 parts DEE to 50 parts butanol to C1 5 parts DEE, with a specific ratio range of about 20 parts butanol to 80 parts DEE Sto 45 parts butanol to 55 parts DEE, with a specific range of about 40 parts N butanol to 60 parts DEE. This combination of about 40% butanol and about 00 SDEE (vol:vol) has been shown to have no significant effect on a variety of N biochemical and hematological blood parameters, as shown for example in U.S.

Patent 4,895,558.

Biological Fluids and Treatment Thereoffor Reducing Infectivity of Infectious, Lipid-Containing Organisms As stated above, various biological fluids may be treated with the method of the present invention in order to reduce the levels of infectivity of the lipidcontaining organism in the biological fluid and to create modified viral particles.

In a preferred embodiment, plasma obtained from an animal or human is treated with the method of the present invention in order to reduce the concentration and/or infectivity of lipid-containing infectious organisms within the plasma and to create modified viral particles. In this embodiment, plasma may be obtained from an animal or human patient by withdrawing blood from the patient using well-known methods and treating the blood in order to separate the cellular components of the blood (red and white cells) from the plasma. Such methods for treating the blood are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and include but are not limited to centrifugation and filtration. One of ordinary skill in the art understands the proper centrifugation conditions for separating such lipidcontaining organisms from the red and white cells. Use of the present invention permits treatment of lipid-containing organisms, for example those found within plasma, without having deleterious effects on other plasma proteins and maintaining the integrity of the viral core.

Viruses in the plasma are affected by the treatment of the plasma with the method of the present invention. The lipid-containing viral organism may be O separated from the red and white cells using techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Biological fluids include stocks of viral preparations including various strains of viruses as well as different types of viruses. Treatment of such Cl biological fluids with the method of the present invention produces modified 00 O viral particles that may be administered to a patient as a non-autologous vaccine.

CN Such non-autologous vaccines provide protection in the patient against more than strain of a virus and/or against more than one type of virus. Treatment of lipidcontaining organisms may occur in biological fluids other than blood and plasma.

For example, peritoneal fluid may be treated with the present invention to affect the levels and infectivity of lipid-containing organisms without deleterious effects on protein components. The treated fluid may subsequently be reintroduced into the animal or human from which it was obtained. Treatment of non-blood types of fluids affects the lipid-containing organisms in the fluid, such as the virus.

Once a biological fluid, such as plasma, is obtained either in this manner, or for example, from a storage facility housing bags of plasma, the plasma is contacted with a first organic solvent, as described above, capable of solubilizing lipid in the lipid-containing infectious organism. The first organic solvent is combined with the plasma in a ratio wherein the first solvent is present in an amount effective to substantially solubilize the lipid in the infectious organism, for example, dissolve the lipid envelope that surrounds the virus. Exemplary ratios of first solvent to plasma (expressed as a ratio of first organic solvent to plasma) are described in the following ranges: 0.5 4.0:0.5 4.0; 0.8 3.0:0.8 and 1-2:0.8-1.5. Various other ratios may be applied, depending on the nature of the biological fluid. For example, in the case of cell culture fluid, the following ranges may be employed of first organic solvent to cell culture fluid: 0.5 4.0:0.5 4.0; 0.8 3.0:0.8 3.0; and 1-2:0.8-1.5.

00

O

L After contacting the fluid containing the infectious organism with the first solvent as described above, the first solvent and fluid are mixed, using methods O including but not limited to one of the following suitable mixing methods: gentle stirring; vigorous stirring; vortexing; swirling; homogenization; and, end-over- CN 5 end rotation.

The amount of time required for adequate mixing of the first solvent with CN the fluid is related to the mixing method employed. Fluids are mixed for a period 00 O of time sufficient to permit intimate contact between the organic and aqueous N phases, and for the first solvent to at least partially or completely solubilize the lipid contained in the infectious organism. Typically, mixing will occur for a period of about 10 seconds to about 24 hours, possibly about 10 seconds to about 2 hours, possibly approximately 10 seconds to approximately 10 minutes, or possibly about 30 seconds to about 1 hour, depending on the mixing method employed. Non-limiting examples of mixing durations associated with different methods include 1) gentle stirring and end-over-end rotation for a period of about seconds to about 24 hours, 2) vigorous stirring and vortexing for a period of about 10 seconds to about 30 minutes, 3) swirling for a period of about seconds to about 2 hours, or 4) homogenization for a period of about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes.

Separation of Solvents After mixing of the first solvent with the fluid, the solvent is separated from the fluid being treated. The organic and aqueous phases may be separated by any suitable manner lknown to one of ordinary skill in the art. Since the first solvent is typically immiscible in the aqueous fluid, the two layers are permitted to separate and the undesired layer is removed. The undesired layer is the solvent layer containing dissolved lipids and its identification, as known to one of ordinary skill in the art, depends on whether the solvent is more or less dense than the aqueous phase. An advantage of separation in this manner is that dissolved lipids in the solvent layer may be removed.

-32- Pi In addition, separation may be achieved through means, including but not limited to the following: removing the undesired layer via pipetting; O centrifugation followed by removal of the layer to be separated; creating a path or hole in the bottom of the tube containing the layers and permitting the lower layer C, 5 to pass through; utilization of a container with valves or ports located at specific Slengths along the long axis of the container to facilitate access to and removal of C specific layers; and any other means known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

00 0 Another method of separating the layers, especially when the solvent layer is 6C volatile, is through distillation under reduced pressure or evaporation at room temperature, optionally combined with mild heating. In one embodiment employing centrifugation, relatively low g forces are employed, such as 900 x g for about 5 to 15 minutes to separate the phases.

A preferred method of removing solvent is through the use of charcoal, preferably activated charcoal. This charcoal is optionally contained in a columln.

Alternatively the charcoal may be used in slurry form. Various biocompatible forms of charcoal may be used in these columns. Pervaporation methods and use of charcoal to remove solvents are preferred methods for removing solvent.

Following separation of the first solvent from the treated fluid, some of the first solvent may remain entrapped in the aqueous layer as an emulsion. A preferred method of removing a first solvent or a demulsifying agent is through the use of adsorbants, such as charcoal. The charcoal is preferably activated charcoal. This charcoal is optionally contained in a column, as described above.

Still another method of removing solvent is the use of hollow fiber contactors.

Pervaporation methods and charcoal adsorbant methods of removing solvents are preferred. In yet another embodiment, a de-emulsifying agent is employed to facilitate removal of the trapped first solvent. The de-emulsifying agent may be any agent effective to facilitate removal of the first solvent. A preferred deemulsifying agent is ether and a more preferred de-emulsifying agent is diethyl ether. The de-emulsifying agent may be added to the fluid or in the alternative the fluid may be dispersed in the de-emulsifying agent. In vaccine preparation, alkanes in a ratio of about 0.5 to 4.0 to about 1 part of emulsion (vol:vol) may be -33 00 O O CL employed as a de-emulsifying agent, followed by washing to remove the residual alkane from the remaining delipidated organism used for preparing the vaccine.

O Preferred alkanes include, but are not limited to, pentane, hexane and higher order straight and branched chain alkanes.

CN 5 The de-emulsifying agent, such as ether, may be removed through means Sknown to one of skill in the art, including such means as described in the

O

N previous paragraph. One convenient method to remove the de-emulsifying agent, 00 O such as ether, from the system, is to permit the ether to evaporate from the system C1 in a running fume hood or other suitable device for collecting and removing the de-emulsifying agent from the environment. In addition, de-emulsifying agents may be removed through application of higher temperatures, for example from about 24 to 37 0 C with or without pressures of about 10 to 20 mbar. Another method to remove the de-emulsifying agent involves separation by centrifugation, followed by removal of organic solvent through aspiration, further followed by evaporation under reduced pressure (for example 50 mbar) or further supply of an inert gas, such as nitrogen, over the meniscus to aid in evaporation.

Methods of Treating Biological Fluids (Delipidation) It is to be understood that the method of the present invention may be employed in either a continuous or discontinuous manner. That is, in a continuous manner, a fluid may be fed to a system employing a first solvent which is then mixed with the fluid, separated, and optionally further removed through application of a de-emulsifying agent. The continuous method also facilitates subsequent return of the fluid containing delipidated infectious organism to a desired location. Such locations may be containers for receipt and/or storage of such treated fluid, and may also include the vascular system of a human or animal or some other body compartment of a human or animal, such as the pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and abdominopelvic spaces.

In one embodiment of the continuous method of the present invention, a biological fluid, for example, blood, is removed from an animal or a human through means known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as a catheter.

34- O- Appropriate anti-clotting factors as known to one of ordinary skill in the art are employed, such as heparin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or citrate.

O This blood is then separated into its cellular and plasma components through the use of a centrifuge. The plasma is then contacted with the first solvent and mixed CN 5 with the first solvent to effectuate lipid removal from the infectious organism contained within the plasma. Following separation of the first solvent from the CN treated plasma, charcoal, pervaporation or a de-emulsifying agent is optionally Semployed to remove entrapped first solvent. After ensuring that acceptable levels S, (non-toxic) of first solvent or de-emulsifying agent, if employed, are found within the plasma containing the delipidated infectious organism, the plasma is then optionally combined with the cells previously separated from the blood to form a new blood sample containing at least partially delipidated viral particles, also called modified viral particles herein.

Through the practice of this method, the infectivity of the infectious organism is greatly reduced or eliminated. Following recombination with the cells originally separated from the blood, the fluid with reduced lipid levels and containing virus with reduced lipid levels may be reintroduced into either the vascular system or some other system of the human or animal. The effect of such treatment of plasma removed from the human or animal and return of the sample containing the partially or completely delipidated infectious organism, or modified viral particle, to the human or animal causes a net decrease in the infectivity of the infectious organism contained within the vascular system of the human or animal. The modified viral particle also serves to initiate an autologous immune response in the patient when administered to the patient. In this mode of operation, the method of the present invention is employed to treat body fluids in a continuous manner while the human or animal is connected to an extracorporeal device for such treatment.

In yet another embodiment, the discontinuous or batch mode, the human or animal is not connected to an extracorporeal device for processing bodily fluids with the method of the present invention. In a discontinuous mode of operation, the present invention employs a fluid previously obtained from a 00 O O human or animal, which may include, but is not limited to plasma, lymphatic fluid, or follicular fluid. The fluid may be contained within a blood bank or in the alterative, drawn from a human or animal prior to application of the method.

The fluid may be a reproductive fluid or any fluid used in the process of artificial C1 5 insemination or in vitro fertilization. The fluid may also be one not directly obtained from a human or animal but rather any fluid containing a potentially N0 infectious organism, such as cell culture fluid. Stocks of various strains or clades 00 Sof a virus and also stocks of multiple viruses may be used in the present method to produce vaccines. In this mode of operation, this fluid is treated with the method of the present invention to produce a new fluid with reduced lipid levels which contains at least partially or completely delipidated infectious organisms, or modified viral particles. One embodiment of this mode of the present invention is to treat plasma samples previously obtained fiom other animals or humans and stored in a blood bank for subsequent transfusion. This is a nonautologous method of providing vaccine protection. These samples may be treated with the method of the present invention to treat or prevent one or more infectious disease, such as HIV, hepatitis, and/or cytomegalovirus, from the biological sample.

Delipidation of an infectious organism can be achieved by various means.

A batch method can be used for fresh or stored biological fluids, for example, fresh frozen plasma. In this case a variety of the described organic solvents or mixtures thereof can be used for viral inactivation. Extraction time depends on the solvent or mixture thereof and the mixing procedure employed.

Through the use of the methods of the present invention, levels of lipid in lipid-containing viruses in a fluid are reduced, and the fluid, for example, delipidated plasma containing the modified viral particles may be administered to the patient. Such fluid contains modified viral particles with reduced infectivity, act as a vaccine and provide protection in the patient against the virus or provide a treatment in an infected patient by generating an immune response and decreasing the severity of the disease. These modified viral particles induce an immune response in the recipient to exposed epitopes on the modified viral -36p particles. Alternatively the modified viral particles may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally an adjuvant, and administered 0 as a vaccine composition to a human or an animal to induce an immune response in the recipient.

(N Vaccine Production 00 C- In one embodiment, the modified viral particle, which is at least partially 0 or substantially delipidated and has immunogenic properties, is optionally CN combined with a phannaceutically acceptable carrier to make a composition comprising a vaccine. In a preferred embodiment, the modified viral particle is retained in the biological fluid, such as plasma, with reduced lipid levels and is administered to a patient as a vaccine. This vaccine composition is optionally combined with an adjuvant or an immunostimulant and administered to an animal or a human. Both autologous and non-autologous vaccines, including combination vaccines, are within the scope of the present invention. It is to be understood that vaccine compositions may contain more than one type of modified viral particle or component thereof, in order to provide protection against more than one strain of a virus or more than one viral disease after vaccination. Such combinations may be selected according to the desired immunity. For example, preferred combinations include, but are not limited to IIV and hepatitis or influenza and hepatitis. More specifically, the vaccine can comprise a plurality of modified viral particles having patient-specific antigens and modified viral particles having non-patient specific antigens or stock viral particles that have undergone the delipidation process of the present invention.

The remaining modified viral particles of the organism are retained in the delipidated biological fluid, and when reintroduced into the animal or human, are presumably ingested by phagocytes and generate an immune response.

Administration of Vaccine Produced With the Method of the Present Invention When a delipidated infectious organism, for example one in the form of a modified viral particle with exposed antigenic determinants, is administered to an -37- 00 O O p animal or a human, it is optionally combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to produce a vaccine, and optionally combined with an adjuvant or an O immunostimulant as known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The vaccine formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be 0, 5 prepared by conventional pharmaceutical techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such techniques include uniformly and intimately bringing into Cl association the active ingredient and the liquid carriers (pharmaceutical carrier(s) 00 Sor excipient(s)). Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include NC aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.

The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers for example, sealed ampules and vials and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections, immediately prior to use. The vaccine may be stored at temperatures of from about 4°C to -100 0 C. The vaccine may also be stored in a lyophilized state at different temperatures including room temperature.

Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets commonly used by one of ordinary skill in the art. The vaccine may be sterilized through conventional means known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such means include, but are not limited to filtration, radiation and heat. The vaccine of the present invention may also be combined with bacteriostatic agents, such as thimerosal, to inhibit bacterial growth.

Preferred unit dosage fonnulations are those containing a dose or unit, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the administered ingredient. It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients, particularly mentioned above, the formulations of the present invention may include other agents commonly used by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The vaccine may be administered through different routes, such as oral, including buccal and sublingual, rectal, parenteral, aerosol, nasal, intramuscular, -38- 00

O

~subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and topical. The vaccine may also be administered in the vicinity of lymphatic tissue, for example through O administration to the lymph nodes such as axillary, inguinal or cervical lymph nodes.

C 5 The vaccine of the present invention may be administered in different Sfonns, including but not limited to solutions, emulsions and suspensions, N microspheres, particles, microparticles, nanoparticles, and liposomes. It is 00 O expected that from about 1 to 5 dosages may be required per immunization N regimen. One of ordinary skill in the medical or veterinary arts of administering vaccines will be familiar with the amount of vaccine to be administered in an initial injection and in booster injections, if required, taking into consideration, for example, the age and size of a patient. Initial injections may range from about less than 1 ng to 1 gram based on total viral protein. A non-limiting range may be 1 ml to 10 ml. The volume of administration may vary depending on the administration route.

Vaccination Schedule The vaccines of the present invention may be administered before, during or after an infection. The vaccine of the present invention may be administered to either humans or animals. In one embodiment, the viral load (one or more viruses) of a human or an animal may be reduced by delipidation treatment of the plasma. The same individual may receive a vaccine directed to the one or more viruses, thereby stimulating the immune system to combat against the virus that remains in the individual. The time for administration of the vaccine before initial infection is known to one of ordinary skill in the art. However, the vaccine may also be administered after initial infection to ameliorate disease progression or to treat the disease.

Adjuvants A variety of adjuvants known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be administered in conjunction with the modified viral particles in the vaccine -39- 00

O

icomposition. Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to the following: polymers, co-polymers such as polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene co-polymers, O including block co-polymers; polymer P1005; monotide ISA72; Freund's complete adjuvant (for animals); Freund's incomplete adjuvant; sorbitan C1 5 monooleate; squalene; CRL-8300 adjuvant; alum; QS 21, muramyl dipeptide; In trehalose; bacterial extracts, including mycobacterial extracts; detoxified

O

N endotoxins; membrane lipids; water-in-oil mixtures, water-in-oil-in-water 00 O mixtures or combinations thereof.

O

Suspending Fluids and Carriers A variety of suspending fluids or carriers known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be employed to suspend the vaccine composition. Such fluids include without limitation: sterile water, saline, buffer, or complex fluids derived fiom growth medium or other biological fluids. Preservatives, stabilizers and antibiotics known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be employed in the vaccine composition.

The following experimental examples are illustrative in showing that a delipidation process of the viral particle occurred and in particular, that the viral particle was modified and noted to exhibit a positive immunogenic response in the species from which it was derived. It will be appreciated that other embodiments and uses will be apparent to those skilled in the art and that the invention is not limited to these specific illustrative examples or preferred embodiments.

EXAMPLE 1 A. Delipidation of Serum Produces Duck Hepatitis B virus (DHBV) Having Reduced Infectivity A standard duck serum pool (Camden) containing 106 IDso doses of DHBV was used. ID 50 is known to one of ordinary skill in the art as the infective dosage (ID) effective to infect 50% of animals treated with the dose. Twenty-one ducklings were obtained from a DHBV negative flock on day of hatch. These 00

O

O

C. ducklings were tested at purchase and shown to be DHBV DNA negative by dotblot hybridization.

O The organic solvent system was mixed in the ratio of 40 parts butanol to parts diisopropyl ether. The mixed organic solvent system (4 ml) was mixed 5 with the standard serum pool (2 ml) and gently rotated for 1 hour at room temperature. The mixture was centrifuged at 400xg for 10 minutes and the lower C- aqueous phase (containing the plasma) removed at room temperature. The 00 O aqueous phase was then mixed with an equal volume of diethyl ether and C1 centrifuged as before to remove any remaining lipid/solvent mixture. The aqueous phase was again removed and mixed with an equal volume of diethyl ether and re-centrifuged. The aqueous phase was removed and any residual diethyl ether was removed by airing in a fume cabinet at room temperature for about 1 hour. The delipidated plasma, with or without viral particles was stored at The positive and negative control duck sera were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Positive controls: 2ml of pooled serum containing 10 6 1Do doses of DHBV was mixed with 4 ml of PBS. Negative controls: 2ml of pooled DHBV negative serum was mixed with 4 ml of PBS. Residual infectivity was tested by inoculation of 100dl of either test sample negative or positive controls into the peritoneal cavities of day-old ducks. Controls were run with DHBV negative serum treated with organic solvents and subsequently mixed with PBS and injected into recipient ducks.

One of the positive control ducks died between 4 and 6 days of age and was excluded from further analysis. A further 3 positive control ducks died between 9 and 10 days of age, and two treatment and one negative control died on day 11. It was decided to terminate the experiment. The remaining ducklings were euthanized on day 12 with sodium pentibarbitone, and their livers removed for DHBV DNA analysis as described by Deva et al Hospital Infection 33:119-130, 1996). All seven negative control ducks remained DHBV negative. Livers of all six positive control ducks were DHBV positive. All seven test ducks remained negative for DHBV DNA in their liver.

00 O O p. Delipidation of serum using the above solvent system resulted in DHBV having reduced infectivity. None of the ducklings receiving treated serum O became infected. Although the experiment had to be terminated on day 12 instead of day 14, the remaining positive control ducks were positive for DHBV C 5 (3/3 were DHBV positive by day 10). This suggests that sufficient time had elapsed for the treated ducks to become DHBV positive in the liver and that the CN premature ending of the experiment had no bearing on the results.

00 1 B. Delipidated DHBV Positive Serum as a Vaccine to Prevent DHBV Infection The efficacy of the delipidation procedure to provide a patient specific "autologous" vaccine against Duck Hepatitis B Virus (DHBV) was examined.

Approximately 16 Pekin cross ducklings were obtained fiom a DHBV negative flock of ducklings on the day of hatch. The ducklings were tested and determined to be DHBV negative by analysis of DHBV DNA using dot-blot hybridization. The ducks were divided into the following three groups: Table 1 of Vaccine Administered Results Ducks GROUP 1 6 Test Vaccine 5/6 ducks remained DHBV negative following challenge GROUP 2 4 Sham Vaccine [Glutaraldehyde- 4/4 ducks became DHBV inactivated DHBV (chemical positive following kill)] challenge.

GROUP 3 6 Mock Vaccine 6/6 ducks became DHBV (Control) [Phosphate Buffered Saline positive following (PBS)] challenge.

1. Glutaraldehyde Inactivation Glutaraldehyde inactivation was achieved as known by those of ordinary skill in the art by fixation with a dilute solution of glutaraldehyde at about 1:250.

Glutaraldehyde is a well lkown cross linking agent.

2. Delipidation Procedure An organic solvent system was employed to perform delipidation of -42serum. The solvent system consisted of 40% butanol (analytical reagent grade) and 60% diisopropyl ether and was mixed with the serum in a 2:1 ratio.

O Accordingly, 4ml of the organic solvent was mixed with 2ml of the serum and rotated for 1 hour. This mixture was centrifuged at approximately 400xg for 5 minutes followed by removal of the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase was then In mixed with an equal volume of diethyl ether and centrifuged at 400xg for CK, minutes. Next, the aqueous phase was removed and mixed with an equal volume 00 0 of diethyl ether and rotated end-over-end at 30 rpm for about 1 hour, and Cl centrifuged at 400xg for 10 minutes. The aqueous phase was removed and the residual diethyl ether was removed through evaporation in a fume cabinet for approximately 10 to 30 minutes. The treated serum remained following removal of diethyl ether and was used to produce the vaccine. The delipidation procedure control involved subjecting the DHBV negative serum to the same delipidation procedure as the DI-BV positive serum.

-43- 00 3. Vaccie Production 00 Table 2 Vaccine Type First Dose Seconid Dose Third Dosc (injected with 200 l~t of (injected with 300 (injected with 300 pl of respective vaccine into p1 of respective respective vaccine peritoneal cavity on Day 8 vaccine intramuscularly on Day 22 post-hiatch) intramuscularly onl post-hatch) 16 post-hatch) TEST A 40Vl aliquot of the A 40p1 aliquot of A 200pl aliquot of the dclipidated serum Was the delipidated delipidated serum was mixed mixed with 1960ii1 of serum was mixed with ISO00pl of PBS and then phosphate buffered saline with 19 60 [d 1 of PBS emulsified in I OOOiiI of Freund (PBS) and then emulsified Incomplete Adjuvant.

in IlOOOPl of Freund's Incomplete SHAM A 200pI aliquot of DHBV A 200pl aliquot of A 200u1 aliquot of DI-IBV (Dim, positive serum pool #4 DH-BV positive serun positive serum pool #14 (20.4.9 SERUMI (20.4.99) was mixed with pool H14 (20.4.99) was was mixed with 300jil of PBS CONTROL) 300pI of PBS and lO0pI of a mixed with 300pl of and lO0pI 2% gluitaraldehyde solution PBS and lO0pI Aidal Plus (Whiteley Chemical (Aidal Plus from Whitelcy Aidal Plus (ifteley and incubated for 10 minutes t Chemicals) and incubated Chemicals) and inactivate (lhe DHIBV. A 't0pI for 10 minutes to i nactivate incubated aliquot of the inactivated the Dl-IB\'. A 4Oiml aliquot for 10 minutes to serum/PBS mnixture was added of the inactivated inactivate the DHBV. 19601d PBS and emiulsified in serumn/PBS mixtulre wvas A 40p]i aliquot of the 100011 Freunds Incomplete added to 1960t1d PBS. inactivated serum/PB 3Adjuvant.

mixture was added to 1960i PBS and emulsified in 1OOOpI Freunds Incomplete Adjuvant.

MOCK PBS A 20001d aliquot of A 2000111 aliquot of PBS was (D H BV PBS was emulsified emulsified inl 10001d Fretinds NEGATIVE in 1OO0pl Freunds Incomplete Adjuvant.

CONTROL) Incomplete -44- 00 4. Experimental Procedure O Ducks were challenged with 1000 l of DHBV positive serum (serum pool 20.1.97) on day 29, post-hatch. Serum pool 20.1.97 was shown to have 1.8 x 1010 C, 5 genome equivalent (gev)/ml by dot-blot hybridization. One genome equivalent (gev) is approximately one viral particle. Ducks were bled prior to full vaccination NC\ on days 1 and 10, prior to challenge on days 17 and 23, and post challenge on days 00 S37, 43 and 52. Their serum was tested for DHBV DNA by dot-blot hybridization as CN described by Deva et al. (1995). Ducks were euthanized on day 58 and their livers removed, the DNA extracted and tested for the presence of DHBV by dot-blot hybridization as described by Deva et al. (1995).

Analysis of Results a. Test ducks. Five of the 6 test ducks vaccinated with the test vaccine remained negative for DHBV DNA in the serum and liver following challenge.

One test duck became positive for DHBV following challenge.

b. Sham vaccinated ducks. All 4 of the ducks vaccinated with glutaraldehyde inactivated serum became DHBV positive following challenge with

DHBV.

c. Mock vaccinated ducks. All 6 of the 6 mock-vaccinated negative control ducks became DHBV positive following challenge.

The Chi-square analysis was used to compare differences between treatments. Significantly more control ducks (mock vaccinated) became DHBV positive following challenge than the ducks vaccinated with delipidated serum (p<0.05).

Vaccination of ducklings with delipidated DHBV positive serum using the above protocol resulted in prevention of DHBV infection following challenge with DHBV positive serum in 5 of 6 ducklings. This suggests that the delipidated serum vaccine is capable of inducing a positive immunogenic response in vaccinated ducks. It is further believed that the delipidation process exposed patient-specific antigens that were previously unexposed and/or caused a structural change in the 00

O

O-i viral particle structure to enable the positive immunogenic response. In comparison 6 of 6 mock vaccinated and 4 of 4 sham-vaccinated ducks became DHBV positive O following vaccination suggesting no induction of inmlunity in these ducks due to lack of immune response.

EXAMPLE 2 00 0 A. Delipidation of Cattle Pestivirus (bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV), as a Model for Hepatitis C

C

N A standard cattle pestivirus isolate (BVDV) was used in these experiments. This isolate, "Numerella" BVD virus, was isolated in 1987 from a diagnostic specimen submitted from a typical case of 'Mucosal Disease' on a farm in the Bega district of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This virus is non-cytopathogenic, and reacts with all 12 of a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised at the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), NSW, Australia, as typing reagents. Therefore, this virus represents a 'standard strain' of Australian BVD viruses.

The Numerella virus was grown in bovine MDBK cells tested free of adventitious viral agents, including BVDV. The medium used for viral growth contained 10% adult bovine serum derived from EMAI cattle, all of which tested free of BVDV virus and BVDV antibodies. This serum supplement has been employed for years to exclude the possibility of adventitious BVDV contamination of test systems, a common failing in laboratories worldwide that do not take precautions to ensure the test virus is the only one in the culture system. Using these tested culture systems ensured high-level replication of the virus and a high yield of infectious virus. Titration of the final viral yield after days growth in MDBK cells showed a titer of 1068 infectious viral particles per ml of clarified (centrifuged) culture medium.

1. Treating Infectious B VD V 100ml of tissue-culture supernatant, containing 1 0 6.

8 viral particles/ml, was harvested fiom a 150 cm 2 tissue-culture flask. The supernatant was clarified -46by centrifugation (cell debris pelleted at 3000 rpmn, 10 mmrin, 40C) and 10 ml set aside as a p~ositive control for animal inoculation (non-treated virus). The remaining 90 ml, containing 10 7 .7 infectious virus, was tr eated using the following protocol: 180 ml of a solvent mixture butanol:diisopropyl ether (DJPE) CK 5 was added to a 500 ml conical flask and mixed by swirling. The mixture was then shalken for 60 min at 30 rpm at room temperature on an orbital shaker. It N was then centrifuged for 10 min at 400xg at 4 0 C, after which the organic solvent 00 phase was removed and discarded. In subsequent steps, the bottom layer (aqueous phase) was removed from beneath the organic phase, improving yields considerably.

The aqueous phase, after the butanol:DIPE treatment, was washed four times with an equal volume of fresh diethyl ether (DEE) to remove all contaminating traces of butanol. After each washing, the contents of the flask was swirled to ensure even mixing of both aqueous and solvent phases before centrifugation as above (400 x g, 10 min, 4 0 After four washes, the aqueous phase was placed in a sterile beaker covered with a sterile tissue fixed to the top of the beaker with a rubber band to prevent contamination and placed in a fune hood running continuously overnight (16 hr) to remove all remaining volatile ether residue fi-om the inactivated viral preparation. Subsequent culture of the treated material demonstrated no contamination. The treated viral preparation was then stored at 4 0 C under sterile conditions until inoculation into tissue culture or animals to test for any remaining infectious vinis.

2. Testing of treated B VD Vpreparation a. Tissue-culture inoculation Two milliliters of the solvent-treated virus preparation, expected to contain about 107*1 viral equivalents, was mixed with S mil tissue-culture medium Minimal Eagles Medium (MEM) containing 10% tested-free adult bovine serum and adsorbed for 60 min onto a monolayer of MDBK cells in a 25 cm' tissueculture flask. As a positive control, 2 ml of non-treated or substantially lipidcontaining infectious virus (also containing about 107A viral equivalents) was -47- 00 O similarly adsorbed on MDBK cells in a 25 cm 2 tissue-culture flask. After 60 min, the supernatant was removed fiom both flasks and replaced with normal growth medium ABS). The cells were then grown for 5 days under standard conditions before the MDBK cells were fixed and stained using a standard C 5 immunoperoxidase protocol with a mixture of 6 BVDV-specific monoclonal antibodies (EMAI panel, reactive with 2 different BVD viral proteins).

0 C There were no infected cells in the monolayer of MDBK cells that was Sinoculated with the organic solvent treated virus. In contrast, approximately CI of the cells in the control flask (that was inoculated with non-inactivated BVDV) were positive for virus as shown by heavy, specific, immunoperoxidase staining.

These results showed that, under in vitro testing conditions, no infectious virus remained in the treated, at least partially delipidated BVDV preparation.

b. Animal Inoculation An even more sensitive in vivo test is to inoculate naive (antibody negative) cattle with the at least partially delipidated virus preparation. As little as one infectious viral particle injected subcutaneously in such animals is considered to be an infectious cow dose, given that entry into cells and replication of the virus is extremely efficient for BVDV. A group of antibody-negative steers (10-12 months of age) were randomly allocated to 3 groups.

The first group of 6 steers was used to test whether BVDV had reduced infectivity. The same at least partially delipidated preparation of BVDV described above was used in this example. Two steers were inoculated with a vaccine having at least partially delipidated viral particles to act as a positive control for the vaccine group. These two positive control animals were run under separate, quarantined conditions to prevent them from infecting other animals when they developed a transient viraemia after infection (normally at 4-7 days after receiving live BVDV virus). The two remaining steers acted as negative "sentinel" animals to ensure there was no naturally-occurring pestivirus transmission within the vaccinated group of animals. Antibody levels were measured in all 10 animals using a validated, competitive ELISA developed at -48- EMAI. This test has been independently validated by CSL Ltd and is marketed by IDEXX Scandinavia in Europe.

O The six animals in the first group each received a subcutaneous injection of 4.5 ml of the at least partially delipidated BVDV preparation, incorporated in a l 5 commercial adjuvant. Since each ml of the at least partially delipidated Spreparation contained 10" viral equivalents, the total viral load before the Cl delipidation process was 10 7 tissue culture infectious doses (TCID) 50 The 00 0 positive-control animals received 5 ml each of the non-delipidated preparation, C 1 that is, 10 7 5

TCID

5 s injected subcutaneously in the same way as for the first group. The remaining two 'sentinel' animals were not given any viral antigens, having been grazed with the first group of animals throughout the trial to ensure there was no natural pestivirus activity occurring in the group while the trial took place.

There was no antibody development in any of the vaccinated steers receiving the at least partially delipidated BVD virus preparation until a second dose of vaccine was given. Thus, at 2 and 4 weeks after a single dose, none of the 6 steers seroconverted showing that there was no infectious virus left in a total volume of 27 ml of the at least partially delipidated virus preparation. This is the equivalent of a total inactivation of 108.2 TCIDs 0 In contrast, there were high levels of both anti-E2 antibodies (neutralizing antibodies) and anti-NS3 antibodies at both 2 and 4 weeks after inoculation in the two steers receiving 5 ml each of the viral preparation prior to delipidation. This confirmed the infectious nature of the virus prior to delipidation. These in vivo results confirm the findings of the in vitro tissue-culture test. The two 'sentinel' animals remained seronegative throughout, showing the herd remained fiee of natural pestivirus infections.

The panel of monoclonal antibodies used detected host antibodies directed against the major envelope glycoprotein which is a glycoprotein incorporated in the lipid envelope of the intact virus. The test systems also detected antibodies directed against the non-structural protein, NS3 that is made -49- 00

O

within cells infected by the virus. This protein has major regulatory roles in viral replication and is not present within the infectious virus. There was no evidence O in the vaccinated cattle that infectious virus was present, indicating all infectious viral particles had been destroyed. All pestiviruses are RNA viruses. Therefore, N 5 there was no viral DNA present in the delipidated preparation. These results 8 demonstrate the efficacy of the present method to at least partially delipidate c virus such that substantially no infectious virus is found in animals receiving the Sdelipidated virus.

B. Delipidated B IVD V Preparation as a Vaccine in Steers All six steers that had received an initial dose of 4.5 ml of the at least partially delipidated BVDV preparation described in above in Section A were again injected subcutaneously with a similar dose at 4 weeks after the first priming dose. At this time there were no antibody responses after the initial dose.

It is normal for an animal to react after the second dose. Strong secondary immune responses for anti-E2 antibody levels (equivalent to serum neutralizing antibodies SNT) were observed in 3 of the 6 steers at 2 weeks after the second dose of the at least partially delipidated virus. This response was more than inhibition in a competitive ELISA. The remaining 3 animals showed weak antibody responses (23-31% inhibition).

In contrast to the anti-E2 antibody responses, only one animal developed a strong anti-NS3 antibody response (93% inhibition) at 2 weeks after the second dose of at least partially delipidated BVDV. A second animal had a weak anti- NS3 response (29% inhibition) and four animals showed no antibody following administration of 2 doses. This was not unexpected since similar responses following administration of at least partially delipidated BVDV vaccines have been observed previously. The antibody levels in steers following 2 doses of the at least partially delipidated BVDV preparation demonstrate its potential as a vaccine since antiE2 antibody levels were measurable in all 6 vaccinated steers at 2 weeks after the second dose.

EXAMPLE 3 Use of Delipidated SIV to Ihduce or Augment SIV Specific Humoral and CD4 T 0 Cell Memoiv Responses in Mice a Model for a New Auto-vaccination Strategy against Lentiviral Infection C 5 The following studies focused on the simian equivalent of human HIV, Cl termed SIV. The purpose was to utilize delipidated SIVmac251 (an uncloned C highly pathogenic isolate of SIV) to cany out studies to determine the relative 00 Simmunogenicity of the delipidated virus in mice. The complete nucleotide CK1 sequence of an infectious clone of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques, SIVmac239, has been determined. Virus produced from this molecular clone causes AIDS in rhesus monkeys in a time frame suitable for laboratory investigation. The proviral genome including both long terminal repeats is 10,279 base pairs in length and contains open reading fiames for gag, pol, vif, vpr, vpx, tat, rev, and env. The nef gene contains an in-fiame premature stop after the 92nd codon. At the nucleotide level, SIVmac239 is closely related to SIVmac251 and SIVmacl42 (Regier DA, Desrosiers Annual Review Immunology. 1990;8:557-78.) Experiments were performed to determine the minimal dose of delipidated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that would produce a readily recognizable boosting of the virus specific humoral and/or cellular immune response in previously primed Balb/c mice. All experiments were carried out in a BSL3 facility.

The immunogenicity of the delipidated virus preparation was compared with an aliquot of the same virus in its native form. The quality (titer of antibody, the conformational and linear epitope specificity of the antibody, the isotype content of the antibody and the function of the antibody) and quantity of antibody induced by immunization of mice with equivalent protein amounts of the nondelipidated and delipidated virus preparation were ascertained as described below. Total protein from an aliquot of wild type virus and total protein recovered following delipidation of the same aliquot of virus were determined using standard quantitative protein assay (Biorad, BCA kit assay, Rockford, -51 00 O O Illinois). The total protein profile was determined using SDS-PAGE analysis of the wild type virus and the delipidated virus preparation and the relative epitope O preservation was ascertained by Western Blot comparison of wild type with delipidated virus.

N 5 Equivalent protein amounts of the chemically treated wild type and the delipidated virus were analyzed for their ability to boost virus specific immune response in groups of mice. The sera from these inmmunized mice were assayed 00 Sby ELISA and Western Blot analysis for reactivity against native wild type and C for comparison the delipidated virus preparation. Spleen cells were assayed for their CD4 and CD8 SIV virus env and gag specific immune response enhancing capacity as outlined below. Standard statistical analyses were perfonmed for the analysis of the data.

Four to six week old healthy female Balb/c mice from the Jackson labs, Bar Harbor, Me were purchased and housed in the BSL2/3 mouse housing facility at Emory University. Twenty Balb/c mice were each immunized subcutaneously with 25 ug of protein of 2-2 dithiopyridine-inactivated 1 incorporated in an equal volume of Freunds incomplete adjuvant.

A sufficient quantity of SIVmac251 was delipidated to provide the amount needed for boosting these mice per schedule. Delipidation consisted of incubating SIVmac251 with 10% DIPE in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). ml of a 10% DIPE solution in PBS was prepared and mixed on a vortexer until it appeared cloudy.

The virus preparation: A lml tube from Advanced Biotechnologies SIVmac251 was used as seed stock (Sucrose Gradient Purified Virus Img/ml).

The supplier reported a titer of 1067 with total protein of 1.074 mg/mL (Pierce BCA protein method) and virus particle count of 6.95 1 0 /ml It was confirmed that the virus had a titer of 107.0 using CEMxI74, the first time as a rapid assay, and the second time in quadruplicate cultures/dilution. A measurement of p27 in this preparation revealed a value of 106 ug/ml. Next, Rl of the undiluted viral stock was introduced into 0.6 ml clear snap-cap polypropylene Eppendorf tube.1 Then, 2.5 p1 of 10% DIPE solution was added -52- 00

O

Sinto the Eppendorf tube containing virus and vortexed for 15 seconds. The tube was spun (using an Eppendorf 5810R centrifige) at room temp at 1000 x g for 2 O minutes. No bulk solvent was removed. The solvent was removed by vacuum centrifugation (Speedvac Concentrator Model SVC200H) at 2000 rpm with no C ,5 heat for 30 minutes. The volume in the tube was adjusted to 25 [l with PBS.

Total protein recovery was measured using a Pierce BCA protocol. Gels (12% C SDS-PAGE) were employed for specific protein recoveries (env protein, pol 00 0 protein, gp41, p27 and gag protein) and stained with Coomasie Blue and Cl provided semi-quantitative results using OD. Western blots were run using serum fiom SIV-infected monkeys to measure envelope protein, gp66, gp41, p27, gag, and p6 gag. The viral infectivity of the preparation was determined using a luciferase assay and CEM-174 cells. The virus titer was 104.5, a 2.5 log reduction from that measured in undelipidated stock. This delipidated SIV preparation appears to retain greater than 90% of the major protein constituents of SIVmac251 such as the gag and env proteins.

Next, the immunogenicity of the modified viral preparation was determined in the twenty adult female Balb/c mice described above that were each immunized subcutaneously with 25 ug of protein of 2-2 dithiopyridineinactivated SIVmac251. On day 14, groups 3-6 were boosted with 10 ug to .01ug (based on total protein of stock) of delipidated virus in 0.5 ml normal saline. The estimated actual virus protein content was equal to 1/10 that of total protein based on the ratio of total protein/p27 protein in stock. The mice were injected with the delipidated vaccine composition as follows: -53 00

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O

In t-i o (Nq 00 0 0~ Table 3 Groups (containing 4 Initial Immunization Day 14 Booster mice each) s.c. 2-2 Injections i.v.

dithiopyridineinactivated SIVmac251 GROUP 1 Control Non-inununized Administered- saline without delipidated virus GROUP 2 Immunized Not administered GROUP 3 Immunized 0.5 ml saline 10 ug of delipidated virus GROUP 4 Immunized 0.5 ml saline 1.0 ug of delipidated virus GROUP 5 Immunized 0.5 ml saline 0.1 ug of delipidated virus GROUP 6 Immunized 0.5 ml saline 0.01 ug of delipidated virus Four days after the booster injection, the mice were anesthetized and blood was collected via retro-orbital puncture and intra-cardiac puncture. About 0.5 ml of blood was collected from each mouse, primarily from intra-cardiac puncture.

The blood was permitted to clot at room temperature. The spleen of each mouse was aseptically removed and transported to the lab under double bag containment. The clotted blood from each mouse was centrifuged at about 450xg at room temperature, and serum was collected fiom tube, transferred to a sterile tube, and stored at -70 °C until use. ELISA was performed to determine antibody titers against SIV for each serum sample.

SIV ELISA Protocol Stocks of positive and negative serum and fluids to be tested were frozen in aliquots to be used on every plate to standardize each run.

Coated Corning Easy-Plates were washed with 100 ul per well of poly-llysine at a concentration of 10 ug per ml of PBS, pH 7.2-7.4. Plates were covered and incubated overnight at 4 oC. Several plates were coated at one time and stored for subsequent use. Next, excess polylysine was removed and the plate dried for a few minutes. About 100 ul of 2% Triton-X was added to 100 ul of the stock ABI SIVmac251 the samples sat for 5 minutes. Next, 50 ul of -54 00

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C. coating buffer of pH 9.6 was added. Next, 100 ul of the viral antigen was added to each well of 5 plates, which were covered and incubated at 4 °C overnight.

O After the overnight incubation, wells were washed 3 times with PBS-T.

The wells then received 200 ul per well of 2% nonfat dry milk in PBS for one 1 5 hour at room temperature to block non-specific binding. Excess fluid was Sremoved. About 100 ul of test or control serum diluted at 1/100 in 10% RPMI CN 1640 or PBS with 10% calf serum was added to duplicate wells and incubated for 00 S2 hours at 37 Wells were washed 4 times with PBS-T. Next 100 ul of C1 Southern Biotech (from Fisher) alkaline phosphatase anti Mouse IgG (diluted 1/800 in media or PBS with 10% calf serum) was added and incubated 1 hour at 37 OC. Wells were washed 4 times with PBS-T.

The BIORAD Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate kit was used to develop a reaction product. One substrate tablet was added for each 5 ml of IX buffer and mixed. Next 100 ul was added per well and evaluated at about 5, 10, 15, 30 and then at 1 hour intervals for color development.

Blank readings were obtained fiom the media controls when the positive control was above 1.500 and the negative control was 0.100 to 0.200 for the serum. The results were then recorded and the means and the standard deviations of the negative control, positive control and the experimental samples were calculated. The negative cutoff value was the mean of the negative control plus 0.150.

Inmutnogenicity Results The immunogenicity of the delipidated SIV virus preparation in mice was examined with an ELISA assay. The mean optical density was examined at 405 nm at various dilutions of serum. Table 4 provides the results of the ELISA test on serum samples.

00 O O C Table 4 Serum dil. No boost 10 ug boost 1 ug boost 0.1 ug boost 0.01 ug boost 1/100 2.541 3.663 3.289 2.846 2.627 1/500 1.035 2.86 2.055 1.458 1.257 1/2500 0.449 1.239 0.855 0.601 0.445 n 1/12500 0.194 0.463 0.304 0.229 0.181 1/62500 0.127 0.151 0.153 0.129 0.123 1/312500 0.11 0.116 0.108 0.108 0.107 00 SAnalysis of responses of dissociated spleen cells obtained from inmmunized mice A single cell suspension of spleen cells was prepared from each individual mouse by gently teasing the splenic capsule and passing the cells through a 25 gauge needle. Spleen cells were dissociated into a single cell suspension in medium (RPMI 1640 supplemented with 100 ug/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin, 2mM L-glutamine), washed twice in medium and subsequently adjusted to 10 million cells/ml. 0.1 ml of this cell suspension from each mouse was dispensed into each well of a 96 well round bottom microtiter plate containing medium. Remaining cells were cryopreserved. These spleen cell cultures were then assessed for the ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to synthesize IFN-gamma by standard intracellular cytokine staining (ICC) and flow cytometry.

Two individual wells containing the duplicate cell cultures from an individual mouse received either a) 0.1 ml of medium containing 2 ug/ml of each of a pool of SIV envelope (SE) peptides, ranging from 8 to 9 peptides per pool depending on the pool (n=17 pools), or b) 0.1 ml of medium containing 2 ug/ml of each of a pool of SIV gag (SG) peptides, ranging from 7 to 8 peptides per pool depending on the pool (n=16 pools). Controls consisted of spleen cell cultures that received media alone (background control) or a previously determined optimum concentration of phorbol myristic acetate (PMA 1 ug/ml) ionomycin (0.25 ug/ml) for maximal IFN-ganuna staining (positive control). The SIV env peptides (n=72 individual peptides) were mixed in a grid fashion of an 8 x 9 matrix and the SIV gag peptides 62 peptides with two pools missing a peptide each and one pool missing two peptides) were mixed in a grid fashion of -56an S x S m-atrix which permitted Identification of individual peptide specific immilune resp~onses. The SIV gag peptides were generally synthetic 20 mer peptides that overlapped each other by 12 amnino acids and encompassed the entire SIV gag sequence. The SIV env peptides were generally synthetic 25 mer peptides that overlapped each other by 13 amnino acids and encompassed the entire SIV env sequence. Peptide pools were made to contain 2.0 ug/mIl of each peptide. For- each spleen cell preparation there were 36 wells of culture. The components of the pools of env and gag overlapp)ing peptides are described CK1 below. Shown are the peptides that compose the pools with their respective position within SI\Jmac239gag (SG) and env' (SE).

Table Pool arrangement of individual SIV mac 239 gag peptides overlap by 12 Pool I Pool 2 Pool 3 Pool 4 Pool 5 Pool 6 Pool 7 Pool 8 Pool 9 SglI Sg 2 Sg 3 Sg 4 Sg 5 Sg 6 Sg 7 Sg 8 Sg 9 Sg 1 SglIl Sgl12 SO-l3 S-14 Sgl15 S-g16 Pool 11 Sg 17 Sg IS S- 19 Sg 20 Sg 21 Sg 22 Sg 23 Sg 24 Pool 12 S-25 Sg 26 8g27 Sg 28 Sg 29 Sg 30 Sg 31 Sg 32 Pool 13 Sg 33 Sg 34 Sg 35 S-36 Sg 37 Sg38 Sg 39 Sg PoolI14 Sg 41 Sg 42 Sg 43 Sg 44 Sg 45 Sg 46 Sg 47 Sg 48 Sg 49 Sg 50 Sg 5l Sg 52 Sg 53 Sg 54 Sg 55 Sg 56 Pool 16 Sg57 Sg 58 Sg 59 Sg 60 Sg 61 Sg 62 -57 00 Table 6 Pool aniangement of individual Sly rnac239 env peptides overlapping by 13 Pool 1 Pool 2 Pool 3 Pool 4 Pool 5 Pool 6 Pool 7 Pool 8 Pool 9 Se]I Se 2 Se 3 Se 4 Se 5 Se 6 Se7 Sec8 Se 9 SelO0 Sell Se 12 Sel13 Sel14 SeI 15Se16 PoollII Se 17 Se 18 SeI19 Se 20 Se 21 Se 22 Se 23 Se 24 Pool12 Se 25 Se 26 Se 27 Se 28 Se 29 Se 30 Se 31 Se 32 Pool13 Se 33 Se 34 Se 35 Se 36 Se 37 Se 38 Se 39 Se Pooll14 Se 41 Se 42 Se 43 Se 44 Se 45 Se 46 Se 47 Se 48 Se 49 Se 50 Se51 Se 52 Se 53 Se 54 Se 55 Se 56 Pool16 Se 57 Se58 Se 59 Se 60 Se 61 Se 62 Se 63 Se 64 Pool17 Se 65 Se 66 Se 67 Se 68 Se 69 Se 70 Se71 Se 72 Table 7 SIV mac 239 gag peptides.

These peptides are generally 20 mers overlapping by 12 amino acids. They were selected for synthesis with the prov'iso that there was no Q at the amino terminus, and no P in last or second to last position at the carboxy terminus.

SEQ ID NO:I SEQ ID NO:2 SEQ ID NO: 3 SEQ ID NO:4 SEQ ID NO:5 SEQ ID NO:6 SEQ ID NO:7 SEQ ID NO:S SEQ ID NO:9 SEQ ID NO: 10 SEQ ID NO:1I1 SEQ ID NO: 12 SEQ ID NO: 13 SEQ ID NO: 14 SEQ ID NO: 15 SEQ R) NO: 16 SEQ Il)NO: 17

MGVRNSVLSGKKADELEKIR

SGKKADELEKIRLRPNGKKK

EKIRLRPNGKKX YM\LKIQHVVW GI00CYMLKHVVWAANELDR.F

HVVWAANELDRFGLAESLLE

LDRFGLAESLLENIUEGCQKI

SLLENKEGCQKILSVLAPLV

CQILSVLAPLVPT'GSENLK

APLVPTGSENLKSLYNTVCV

ENLKSLYNTVCVIWCIHAE

TVCVLWCII-IAEEKVK.HTEEA

I-ALEKVKH4TEEAKQJVQI-IL TEEAIK-QIVQRHiLVVETGT-r VQRIHLVVETrG'FF'ETMPKTSR

GTFFETMPKTSRPTAPSSGRG

TSRPTAPSSGRGGNYPVQQI

SGRGGNYPVQQIGGNYVHL

SG I SG 2 SG 3 SG 4 SG 5 SG 6 SG 7 SG 8 SG 9 SG 10 SG 11 SG 12 SG 13 SG 14 SG 15 SG 16 SG 17 1-20 9-28 17-3 6 25-44 3 3-52 41-60 49-68 5 7-76 65-S4 73-92 8 1-100 89-lOS 97- 115 104- 123 113-132 12 1-140 129- 147 58 00 SEQ ID NO: 1S SEQ 1D NO: 19 SEQ TD NO:20 SEQ ID N0:2I SEQ ID NO: 22 SEQ ID NO:23 SEQ ID NO:24 SEQ ID NO:25 SEQ ID NO:26 SEQ ID NO:27 SEQ ID NO:28 SEQ ID NO:.29 SEQ ID NO:30 SEQ ID NO:3 1 SEQ ID NO:32 SEQ ID NO:33 SEQ ID NO:34 SEQ ID NO.35 SEQ ID NO:36 SEQ ID NO:37 SEQ ID NO:38 SEQ ID NO:39 SEQ ID NO:40 SEQ ID NO:41 SEQ ID NO:42 SEQ ID NO:43 SEQ LD NO:44 SEQ ID NO:45 SEQ ID NO:46 SEQ ID NO:47 SEQ IDNOWAS SEQ ID NO:49 SEQ ID NO:50 SEQ ID NO: 51 SEQ ID NO:52 SEQ ID NO:53 SEQ ID NO:54 SEQ ID NO:.55 SEQ ID NO:56 SEQ ID NO:57 SEQ ID NO:58 SEQ ID NO:59 SEQ ID NO:60 SEQ ID NO:61 SEQ ID NO:62

PVQQIGGNYVIILPLSPRTLN

YVHJLPLSPRTLNAWVKIEE

RTLNAWVIQLIEEI<KFGAEV\'

LIEEKKF7GAEVVPGFQALSE

AEVVPGFQALSEGCTPYDIN

ALSEGCTP"YIMNQMLNCVGD

YDINQMLNCVGDHQAAMQII

CVGDHQAAM4QIIRDJFNEEA MQIIRD1 INEEAADWDLQH

NEEAADWDLQHPQI'APQQGQ

LQHPQPAPQQGQLREPSGSDI

GQLREPSGSDIAGTFSSVDE

SDIAGTTSSVDEQIQWMYRQ

SVDEQ1QWM-iRIQQNM"IPVGN

MYRQQNPIPVGNIYRRWIQL

PVGNlYRRWlQLGLQKCVRM

WIQLGLQKCVR.MYNPTNILD

C\'RMYNPTNILDVKQGPKE

TNILDVKQGPKEPFQSYiVDR GPKEPFQSY\FFYKSl-RA E N-VDRFYKSLRAEQTDAAVlCN

LR-AEQTDAAVKNVVMTQTLLI

AVKNMIMTQITLLIQNANPDCK

T'LLIQNANPDCKLVLKGLGV

PDCKL-VLKGLGVN-PTLEEML

GLGVNPTLEEMLTACQGVGG

EEMLTACQGVGGPGQKARLM

GVGGPGQCkARLMAEALKEAI

ARLMAEALKEALAPVPIPFA

KEALAPVPIPFAAAQQRGPRK

PFAAAQQRGPRKPIKCWNCG

GPRK-PIKCWNCGKEGHSARQ

WNCGKEGHSARZQCRAPRRQG

SARQCR-APRRQGCWKCGKMD

RRQGCWKCGKM4DHVMAKCPTA 1JVIDI-VMAKCPDRQAGFLGLG

CPDRQAGFLGLGPWGKKIRN

LGLGPWGKIPRNFPMAQVFIQ

KPRNF1"MAQVHQGLMPTA

MAQVI-QGLMPTAPPEDPAVD

MPTNPPEDPAVDLLKNYMQL

PAVDLLKNYMQLGKQQREKQ

YMQLGKQQREKQRESR-EKPYK

EKQRESREKPYKEVTEDLIJI

IUiYKEVTEDLLHLNSLFGGDQ ScG IS 8G 19 8620 SG 21 SG 22 S5G23 SG 24 SG 25 SG626 SG 27 86 28 SG 29 SG 30 86 31 SG 32 SG 33 SG634 SG 35 SG 36 SG 37 SG 38 SG 39 SG040 SG 41 SG 42 5G643 SG644 SG645 SG 46 SG 47 SG 48 SG 49 SG 50 SG 51 86 52 SG 53 8G654 SG 55 SG 56 SG 57

SGS

SG659 SG 60 SG 61 SG 62 136-155 144- 163 152-171 160-179 168-187 176- 195 184-203 192-211 200-218S '208-227 2 16-236 22-6-245 234-253 242-261 250-269 258-277 266-285 274-292 2381-300 289-30S 297-3 16 305-324 3 13-3 32 32 1-340 329-348 337-356 345-364 353-372 361-3 369-389 378-397 386-405 394-4 13 402-421 4 10-430 4 19-438 427-446 435-454 443-460 449-458 45 7-476 465-484 473-493 482-501 490-510 The amnino acid sequence for gag of SIVmac239 is shown in SEQ ID NO:63.

00 SEQ ID NO: 63 1 MGV-RNSVLSG KKADELEKIR LRPNGKKKYM LKHiVVWAANE LDRFGILAESL, 51 LENKEGCQKJ LSVLAPLVPT GSENLKSLYN TVCVIWCIHA EEKVKHTEEA 101 KQIVQRI-iLVV ETGYITETMPK TSRPTAPSSG RGGNYPVQQI GGNYVHLPLS 151 PRTLNAWVKL IEEKK.FGAEV VPGFQALSEG CTPYThNQML NCVGDHQAAM 201 QJIRDI[NEE AADWDLQHPQ PAPQQGQLRE PSGSDIAG'IT SSVDEQIQWM 251 YRQQNPIPVG NIYRRWIQLG LQKCV-RMYNP TNILDVKQGP KEPFQSYVDR 301 FYKSLR-AEQT DAAVKNWMTQ TLLIQNANPD CKLVLKGLGV NPTLEEMLTA 351 CQGVGGPGQK ARLMAEALKE ALAPVPIPFA AAQQRGPR-KP IKCWNCGKEG 401 HSARQCRAPR RQGCWKCGKM DHIVMAKCPDR QAGFLGLGPW GKKPRNFPMA 451 QVHQGLMPTA PPEDPAVDLL KNYMQLGKQQ REKQRESREK PYKEVTEDLL 501 IILNSLFGGDQ The following peptides are located within SEQ ID NO:63: p 17 (1-135 SG 1-16); p27 (136-354 SG 17-43); x peptide (355-371 SG 44-45); p 9 (372-447 SG 46-65);and, p 6 (448-5 10 SG 56-62).

Table 8 Overlapping peptides in Ens' of SIVi-nac239 (25-mer with I 3-mer overlapping) SEQ ID NO:64 SEQ ID NO:65 SEQ ID NO:66 SEQ ID NO:67 SEQ ID NO:68 SEQ ID NO:69 SEQ ID NO:70 SEQ ID NO:71 SEQ ID NO:72 SEQ ID NO:73 SEQ ID NO:74 SEQ ID NO:75 SEQ MD NO:76 SEQ ID NO:77 SEQ ID NO:78 SEQ ID NO:79 SEQ ID NO:SO SEQ ID NO:8 1 SEQ ID NO:82 SEQ ID NO:83 SEQ ID NO: 84 SEQ ID NO:85 SEQ ID NO:86 SEQ ID NO:87 SEQ ID NOM8 SEQ ID NO:89 SEQ ID NO:90 SEQ ID NO:91 SEQ ID NO:92 SEQ ID NO:93 SEQ ID NO:94 SEQ ID NO:95 SEQ ID NO:96 MGCLGNQLLIA1LLLSVYGIYCTLY

LLLSVYGIYCTLYVI'VFYGVPAWRN

YVITVFYGVPANWRNATIPLFCATKNIZ

NAT1PLFCATKNRDTWGITFQCLPDN

RDTWGYFQCLPDNGDYSEVALNVT'E

NGDYS EVA LNVTESFDA WNNTVTEQ ESFDAWNNTVTEQA IEDVWQLFETS

QAIED\IWQLFETSIK-PCVKLSPLCI

SIKPCVKLSPLCITMRCNKSETDRW

TMRCNKSETDRWGLTKSI'TrFASIT WGLTKSITTrASYI'S1TASAKVDMV

TFSTTASAKVDMVNETSSCIAQDNC

NVNETSSCIAQDNCTGLEQEQMISCK

CTGLEQEQMISCKFNMTGLKRDKKK

K.FNMTGLKRDKKKEYNETWYSADLV

KEYrNETWYSADLVCEQGNNTGNESR

VCEQGNNTGNESRCYMNHCNTSVIQ

RCYMNI-ICNTSVIQESCDKHYWDAIR

QESCDKI-YWDAIRFRYCA PPGYALL

RFRYCAPPIGYALLRCNDTNYSGFMP

LRCNDTNYSGFMPKCSKVrVVSSCTRt PKCSKVVfVSSCT'RNMETQTSI-WFGF

RMMETQTSTWFGFNGTRAENRTYIY

FNGTRAENRTYIYWHGIDNRTIISL

YWHGRDNRT!ISLNKYYNLTMKCRR

LNKYYrNLTMKCRRPGNKTVLPVTIM RPGNKTVLPVT1M4SGLVFHiSQPfN'D

MSGLVFHSQPINDRPIKQAWCWFGGK

DRPKQAWCWFGGKWKDAIKEVfKQTI KWKDAIKEVKQTIV KI1PRYTGTNNT IVKH-PRYTGiTNNTD'IKNLTAPGiGGD

TDKINLTAPGGGDPEVTFMWTNCRG

DPEVTFMWTNCRGEFLYCK4NWFLN SE 1 SE2 SE3 SE4 SE5 SE6 SE7 SE8 SE9 SE 10 SEI I SE 12 SE 13 SE 14 SE 15 SE 16 SE 17 SE 18 SE 19 SE20 SE2 1 SE22 SE23 SE24 SE25 SE26 SE27 SE28 SE29 SE30 SE31 SE32 SE33 1-25 13-37 25-49 37-61 49-73 61-85 73-97 S5-109 97- 12 1 109- 133 12 1-145 133-157 145- 169 157-181 169-193 IS 1-205 193-2 17 205-229 217-241 229-253 24 1-265 253 -277 26S-289 277-30 1 2S9-3 13 30 1-325 3 13-337 32)5-349 337-36 1 349-373 36 1-385 373 -3 97 3835-409 60 00 00 SEQ ID NO:97 SEQ ID NOM9 SEQ ID NO:99 SEQ ID NO: 100 SEQ B)NO:I01 SEQ ID NO: 102 SEQ ID NO: 103 SEQ ID NO: 104 SEQ ID NO: 105 SEQ ID NO: 106 SEQ ID NO: 107 SEQ ID NO: 108 SEQ ID NO: 109 SEQ ID NO:]I 10 SEQ ID NO: I I1 SEQ ID NO:1 112 SEQ ID NO:] 113 SEQ ID NO:] 114 SEQ ID NO:] 115 SEQ ID NO: 116 SEQ ID NO:] 117 SEQ ID NO:1I IS SEQ ID NO:I 119 SEQ ID NO: 120 SEQ ID NO: 121 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 123 SEQ ID NO: 124 SEQ ID NO: 125 SEQ ID NO: 126 SEQ ID NO: 127 SEQ ID NO: 128 SEQ ID NO: 129 SEQ ID NO: 130 SEQ ID NO: 131 SEQ ID NO:132 SEQ ID NO: 133 SEQ ID NO: 134 SEQ ID NO: 135 GEFLYCK-MNWFLNWVEDRN.TANQKP SE34 NVEDRJ'NTANQKPKCEQI-1I(RNYvPCH- SE35 PKEQHKR-NYVPCH IRQII7NTWHiK\G SE36 H IRQIrNTWI-IKVGKNVYLPPR-EGDL SE37 GKNVYLPPREGDLTGNSTVTSLIAN SE3S LTCNSTVTSLIANIDWIDGNQThIT SE39 NIDWIDGNQTNITMSAEVAELYRLE SE40 TM~vSAEVAELYR-LELGDYKLVETP1 SE4 1 ELGDYKLVEITPIGLAPTDVKRYTT SE42 IGLAPTDVKRZY'ITGGTSRNKRGVFV SE43 TGGTSRNK(RGVFVLGFLGFLATAGS SE44 VLGFLGFLATFAGSAMGAASLTLTAQ SE45 SAMGAASLTLTAQSRTLLAGIVQQQ SE46 QSRTLLAGIVQQQQQLLDVVKRQQE SE47 QQQLLDVVKIZQQELLRLTVNVGTKI'L SE48 ELLRLTVWGTKNLQTR\'TAIEKYLK SE49 LQTRVTAIEKYLKDQAQLNAWGCAF SE50 KDQAQLNAWGCAFRQVCI-ITTVPWPN SE51 FRQVCHTTVPWPNASLTPKWNNETw SE52 NASLTPKWNNETWQEWERKVDFLEE SE53 WQEWERKVDFLEENITALLEEAQIQ SE54 ENITALLEEAQIQQEKNMYELQKLN SE55 QQEKNMYELQKINSWDVFGNWFDLA SE56 NSWD\'FGNWFDL-ASWIKYIQYG\'Y1 SE57 ASWIKYIQYG\TYIV\'GVILLRIVIY SE58 1\'VGVILLRIVIYIVQMLAKLRQGY SE59 YIVQMLAKLRQGYRJP\'FSSPPSYFQ SE60 YR-PVFSSPPSYFQQTHIQQDP)ALP)T SE61 QQTHIQQDPALPTREGKERDGGEGG SE62 TREGKERDGGEGGGNSSWPWQIEYI SE63 GGNSSWPWQIEYIHFLIRQLIRLLT SE64 IHFLIRQLIRLLTWLFSNCRTLLSR SE65 TWLFSNCRTLLSRVYQILQPILQR-L SE66 R\rYQILQPILQRLSATLQRIREVLR SE67 LSATLQRJREVLRTELTYLQYGWSY SE68 RTELTYLQYGWSYFHEAVQAVWRSA SE69 YF1HEAVQAVWVRSATETLAGAWGDLW SE70 ATETLAGAWGDLWETLRRGGRWILA SE7 1 WETLRRGGRWILAIPRRIRQGLELTLL SE72 397-4 1 1 409-433 421-445 433 -4 57 445-469 457-481 469-493 481-505 493-517 505-529 517-541 529-553 54 1-565 5 53-5 77 565-5S9 577-60 1 589-6 13 601-625 6 13.637 625-649 637-661 649-673 66 1-685 673-697 685 -709 697-721 709-73 3 72 1-745 733-757 74 5-769 757-781 769-793 78 1-805 793 -S 17 805-829 817-841 829-853 841-865 853 -877 The cultures were Incubated overnight at 37 0 C in a 7% C0 2 humnidified atmosphere. Cells fr-om each well were gently removed, transferred to 5.0 nil FAGS test tubes and washed. One set of cells was stained with anti-CD33" anti- CD4 4 The other duplicate set was stained with zinti-CD3+ anti-CD8+ (see below).

These cell surface stained cells were then pen-neabilized and stained for intracellular content of IFN-garma using an anti-IFN-garnma staining antibody using standard intracellular staining protocols. Each stained cell population (about 10,000 cells f-rm each tube) was then analyzed using a FAGS flow -61- 00 O O 0. cytometer and the fiequency of CD3 CD4 and CD3 CD8 T cells synthesizing IFN-ganmma was determined. The negative and positive controls were utilized for Sbackground control and for positive control references. About 1000 analyses were performed in this manner during this experiment.

C, 5 The fiequency of CD4 T cells (y axis) that expressed IFN-gamma by spleen cells fiom the six groups of mice in response to pools of SIV env peptide 0 C (17 pools) and SIV gag peptides (16 pools) were determined. Also determined Swas the fi-equency of CD8s T cells (y axis) that express IFN-gamnma by spleen cells from the same six groups of mice in response to pools of SIV env peptide and SIV gag peptides. Data were the mean value from 4 mice/group. Results of these initial studies indicated that delipidated SIVmac251 at a dose of 10 ug or ug led to marked augmentation of the SIV specific humoral responses in previously primed BALB/c mice. Even a dose of 0.1 ug (5 x 106 viral particles) led to detectable enhancement of the SIV specific humoral responses in these mice. A dose of 1.0 ug, but not 10 ug, led to markedly broad breadth of SIV env and SIV gag peptide specific CD4 T cell responses as measured by IFN-g synthesis in previously primed BALB/c mice.

EXAMPLE 4 Direct Delipidation of IV-1 and Removal of Solvents with Charcoal Column and Retention of HIV Proteins About 25 ul of 1000x HIV-1 IIIB was mixed with 1) nothing; 2) 12.5 ul butanol/DIPE (25:75); 3) 2.5 ul 100% DIPE; or 4) 12.5 ul 1% DIPE in PBS and the samples were vortexed for 15 seconds. A charcoal column (0.5-mi) was generated by loading 2 ml of PBS-washed Hemasorba charcoal into 3-ml BD LuerLock syringe containing a Whatman filter frit. The column was washed with glucose/PBS (5 to 10 column volumes). The column was incubated in glucose/PBS for 30 min. This column was used to remove solvents from treated plasma. The virus-solvent mixtures were loaded individually onto separate columns. The columns were chased with I ml of PBS. The elution volumes were 62 00 measured and samples assayed for p24 by ELISA, protein, and subjected to Western blotting.

The samples treated with 1% DIPE showed excellent p2 4 recovery compared to controls. The samples treated with 10% DIPE or butanol/DIPE showed slightly less p24 recovery. The total protein recoveiy was similar in terms of percentage relative to control, to the 124 results obtained 1% DIPE, DIPE or butanol/DIPE.

00 Western blot analysis, perfomed in a similar manner to the protocol provided below in this example, revealed numerous inimunoreactive bands when probed with human anti-HIV IgG wvith butanolDTPE, 10% DIPE o- l%DIPE solvent treatments. Wcstern blot analysis also revealed positive inimunoreactive bands corresponding to p24 with butanol/DIPE, 10% DIPE or 1% DIPE. Positive immunoreactive bands were obscrved for gp4l using 10% DIPE or 1% DIPE.

Additional positive immunoreactive bands were observed for g1l20 with butanol/DIPE, 10% DIPE or l%DIPE, although the intensity of staining was higher with 10% DIPE or IlDIPE.

SI!' and HI' Westel-rn Blot Analvisis Reagents for comparison included delipidated SlVniac251, heat inactivated SIV mac25I and a rabbit polyclonal antibody against whole SIV (available through the AIUDS reagent repository, Rockville, MD). About I ug of protein was required to visualize most of the SIV bands in the Western blot.

SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was perfonned on the viral lysates (lysate buffer:50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.4; 1% NP-40; 0.25% sodium (eoxycholate; 150 mM NaCI; I mM EGTA; 1 mM PMSF; 1 ug/mI each of alrotinin, leupeptin and pepstatin; 1 mM sodium vanadate; 111M NaF).

A silver stain was used to visualize the bands which reveal the various viral proteins present following delipidation with respect to mnolecular weight standards. The heat inactivated SI\rmac25I proteins were compared with the delipidated SIVrnac25l proteins on the gels. A similar SDS-PAGE was run and the proteins are transferred to ilitrocellulose. The blotted nitrocellulose was 63 00

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O- washed twice with water. A minimum of three blots each for the delipidated SIVmac251 and the heat inactivated SIVmac251 were run.

The blotted nitrocellulose was blocked in freshly prepared PBS containing 3% nonfat dry milk (MLK) for 20 min at 20-25 OC with constant Cl€ agitation. The nitrocellulose strips were incubated with a freshly prepared predetermined optimum concentration of the rabbit polyclonal anti-SIV antiserum 00 (about 5 ml of a 1:1000 dilution of the antiserum in PBS-MLK) overnight with agitation. The nitrocellulose strips were washed twice with water. The strips were incubated with horseradish peroxidases (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG 1:3000 dilution in PBS-MLK for 90 min at room temperature with agitation. The nitrocellulose was washed with water twice and then with PBS- 0.05% Tween for 3-5 min. The nitrocellulose strips were washed with 4-5 changes of water.

Detection of the developed bands was achieved via detection of the developed bands. The bands developed using the heat inactivated SIV with the delipidated SIV were compared.

A similar approach was used for Western blot analysis of solvent treated HIV-1 passed through charcoal columns and probed for p24, gp41, gpl20, and also for HIV antigens using an human anti-HIV IgG. Western blotting was perfonned on SDS-PAGE separated virus samples transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes are probed with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to viral proteins and developed with secondary antibodies conjugated with peroxidase and enhanced chemiluminescence reagents.

EXAMPLE Development of a Modified SARS Viral Particle for use as a Vaccine A. Optimization of a solvent treatment method for SARS virus Seed virus production of virus. Stock SARS virus (specimen number 809940 strain 200300592) was obtained from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

The virus is grown in Vero E6 cells (ATCC CRL 1586). The virus sample is thawed and 0.1 ml is inoculated with a pipette into each of 5 test tubes of Vero E6 cells containing about 2 ml outgrowth medium (90% Eagle's minimal -64- 00 O O CL essential medium in Earle's balanced salt solution with 10% fetal bovine serun).

The remainder of the virus sample is stored at -80°C. When 75-100% of the cell O sheet in each tube show cytopathic effects (CPE), the cells are harvested by freezing and scraping, pooled and frozen at -80 0 C in 1 ml aliquots. The virus is C, 5 titered in test tubes of Vero E6 cells by the TCIDso method (serial 1:10 dilutions of virus in quadruplicate).

O

CN Solvent treatment of virus. SARS virus is solvent-treated by various methods 00 O used for SIV, DHBV and BVDV as described herein, to optimize the process for CN maximum envelope protein recovery and minimum residual infectivity.

Parameters explored for SARS virus solvent treatment are: solvent type or combinations; solvent ratios; solvent to virus ratio; treatment time; treatment temperature; mixing method; and solvent removal process. Stock SARS virus preparations in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) are combined with DIPE resulting in about 2000 to 10,000 ppm and mixed by end over end rotation for to 60 minutes followed by centrifugation at 1000 x g for 2 minutes. Residual solvent is removed by either vacuum evaporation or adsorption to activated charcoal. In addition, combinations of DIPE and n-Butanol are tested in ratios of 60:40 to 95:5 (vol/vol), resulting in about 200 to 40,000 ppm total solvent concentration, mixed end over end for 20 to 60 minutes followed by centrifugation at 1000xg for 2 minutes. Residual solvent is removed by adsorption to activated charcoal.

All samples from the various treatment methods described above are characterized by PAGE, including Western blot, to determine presence of viral protein and total protein. Quantification of specific viral antigens and proteins are evaluated by inununospecific assay such as ELISA. Infectivity is evaluated using Vero E6 cytopathic assay (Reed and Muench; Am. J. Hygiene 1938;27:493-497).

Selection is made as to the most effective method of solvent treatment based on maximum target viral protein recovered, greatest reduction in infectivity and inmlunogenicity in mice.

65 00 O O O- B. Optimization of a chemical treatment method for SARS based on known viral inactivation agents O In situations where the present treatment method reduces infectivity to a level that is insufficient for a vaccine, chemical inactivation of the solvent-treated C1 5 virus may be indicated. Chemical inactivation is considered successful if Sinfectivity is reduced by 6 logs.

C1 Methods. The light-activated cross-linking reagent psoralen is used. The psoralen 00 Stricyclic planar ring system intercalates into single stranded RNA and is light CK activated. NHS-psoralen (Pierce Biochemicals, Rockford IL) is dissolved in DMSO before adding to aqueous reaction mixture. The NHS ester cross-links to primary amines at pH 7-9. Solvent-treated vinls solution is mixed with NHSpsoralen (150 mM) in 0.1M sodium phosphate, 0.15M NaCI, pH 7.2.

Photoreactive coupling is achieved by exposure to light >350run for 30 minutes or 3 Joules/cm-.

Cytopathic endpoints (CPE) in Vero E6 cells is typically noted on the fifth day post-inoculation. It is focal in appearance, with cell rounding and a refractiveness in the affected cells that is followed by cell detachment. The CPE quickly spreads to involve the entire cell monolayer within 24-48 hours. Thus if cell integrity is destroyed it indicates that the virus is infectious.

C. Evaluation of native viral protein structure and viral envelope changes post treatment To evaluate the effect of the solvent treatment on viral proteins, virus samples are characterized by non-denaturing PAGE including Western Blot to determine presence of native viral protein. Total soluble protein is measured using SDS PAGE. The most effective method of solvent treatment is selected based on maximum target viral protein recovered and greatest reduction in infectivity. A double antibody sandwich ELISA is used to detect SARS antibodies (Current Protocols in Imnunology, Vol 1, supp. 8, 1991, John E Coligan, et al. eds.; Richard Coico, series ed., publisher: Current Protocols, John -66- 00 O O e Wiley and Sons). Polyclonal anti-SARS antibody is biotinylated and SARS virus antigen is produced fiom stock SARS virus.

0 Native gel electrophoresis. Native gel electrophoresis is performed at room temperature in polyacrylamide gels and proteins are visualized either with silver 1 5 staining or are transferred to nitrocellulose for detection with labeled goat-antimouse antibodies (Western blot). Samples of SARS virus pre and post solvent 00 N treatment are analyzed using a pool of SARS virus proteins as a standard.

O Western blot. Proteins on gels are transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. For high molecular weight proteins transfer time is at least 90 minutes. After blocking with BSA and milk, nitrocellulose is incubated with polyclonal antibodies to SARS virus spike and membrane proteins. Mouse antibodies are visualized with horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies.

Commercially available SARS virus polyclonal antibodies are purchased.

Alternatively, the antibodies are produced in weanling BALB/c mice by the method briefly described below.

Production of mouse anti-SARS antibodies. If SARS polyclonal antibodies are not commercially available, mice are injected with concentrated psoralen-treated stock virus preparation that has been purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Inactivation is confirmed in Vero E6 cells. Twenty-two weanling BALB/c mice are divided into 2 groups of S mice each with the remaining 6 mice as controls. The two groups of 8 mice each are inoculated subcutaneously (sc) with 10 ug (low) or 50ug (high) doses of the virus prep mixed with MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A, synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate; Ribi Adjuvant System, Corixa Corp. Hamilton, MT). The 6 control mice are inoculated with an equivalent amount of the cell culture medium mixed with adjuvant. Inoculations are repeated at 2 and 4 weeks. At 6 weeks mice are anesthetized and exsanguinated by retro-orbital bleeding intracardiac puncture. The serum from each group is pooled to titer for neutralizing antibody.

If SARS virus spike and membrane proteins are in their native conformation, antibodies raised to these intact proteins in mice are recognized in the Western blot. The silver stained gels are expected to show retention of viral -67- 00 O O proteins until the point where solvent treatment denatures the proteins such that they can no longer be detected by this method.

0 Additional and alternative methods. Additional methods are used to confirm results from Western blots. Electron microscopy is used to assess virus structural C 5 integrity and to compare changes pre and post solvent treatment (Graham DR, et al., (2003) J Virol. 77(15): 8237-8248). Viruses are inactivated with C glutaraldehyde prior to removal from the BSL-3 facility.

0 EXAMPLE 6 Ability of solvent and chemically treated SARS viral particles to produce an inmune response in mice Animals are vaccinated with viral preparations from solvent treatment methods using varying concentrations of solvents, mixing times and energy as well as solvent combinations resulting in low to high degrees of lipid removal.

Comparison of results from each method in the vaccinated animals is used to determine which viral prep provides the best immunological response. To be useful as a vaccine the solvent-treated SARS virus must be both antigenic, as evidenced by antibody production and cause increased cytokine production.

A. Injection of mice with solvent and chemically treated SARS viral particles for antibody production and to test for the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies Previously primed Balb/c mice are used to determine the minimal dose of solvent-treated SARS virus that leads to readily recognizable virus specific humoral or cellular immune response in these mice using methods described by Ansari et al. Virology 76 1731-1743, 2002). Twenty adult female Balb/c mice are each injected with 25 ug of chemically inactivated SARS virus protein incorporated in an equal volume of adjuvant subcutaneously. Four mice serve as control non-immunized mice (Group 1).

Sufficient SARS virus is treated according to methods described in Example 5 so that the amount needed for boosting these mice per schedule is available. On day 14 following initial priming, 5 groups of 4 mice per group are -68- 00

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CL treated as follows: Group 2 0.5 ml saline, Group 3 0.5 ml saline containing ug of solvent-treated virus, Group 4 0.5 ml saline containing 1 ug of O solvent-treated virus, Group 5 0.5 ml saline containing 0.1 ug of solventtreated virus, Group 6 0.5 ml saline containing 0.01 ug of solvent-treated virus.

CI 5 Four days after boosting, all mice are anesthetized and blood is collected via retro-orbital puncture. Serum is obtained from the collected blood. Spleens are 00 CN collected fiom each test mouse for spleen cell preparation (see below). Serum O and spleen cells collected from these mice are used as the basis for the analyses Cl as described below in this example.

B. Test for production of mouse neutralizing antibodies in serum using Vero E6 cell cytopathic assay To determine if the treated virus preparations are capable of raising SARS virus neutralizing antibodies serum samples collected from the mouse immunization are tested to evaluate if they are capable of protecting Vero E6 cells from cytolysis.

Purification of virions. Briefly, viruses are isolated from clarified cell culture supenatants by two successive rounds of ultracentrifugation in 25 to sucrose density gradients. Virus-containing fractions are identified by UV absorption at 254 and 280 nm. Peak UV-absorbing fractions are pooled, diluted to below 20% sucrose with TNE buffer (0.01 M Tris-HCI [pH 0.1 M NaCI, and 1 mM EDTA), ultracentrifuged to a pellet, and resuspended in TNE buffer.

Samples are stored at -80°C. Treated virus is prepared by incubating virus at the indicated concentration of capsid protein in the presence of the appropriate agent under the appropriate incubation conditions. Virus is then repurified through a sucrose pad by ultracentrifugation for 1 h at 100,000 x g at 4 0

C.

Virus Neutralization Assay. Stock SARS virus obtained from the CDC is titrated in quadruplicate in test tubes of freshly confluent Vero E6 cells for 7 days at 370 C to obtain the TCID50/0.1 ml based on the appearance of CPE. The inactivated mouse anti-SARS antiserum is serially diluted 1:10 using cell culture medium without serum. Equal volumes of diluted specific antiserum are mixed with 100 00

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O- TCIDso of stock SARS virus and incubated for 1 hour. Duplicate tubes of Vero E6 cells are inoculated with 0.2 ml of each virus-antiserum dilution mixture and O incubated for 7 days. This titration is repeated with each neutralization assay. The dilution of antiserum that neutralizes at least 100 TCID 50 of virus, based on the C 5 appearance of CPE, represents one antibody unit. In additional neutralization Sassays, serial 1:10 dilutions of the virus to be confirmed as SARS and twenty N antibody units of specific immune serum are employed in equal volumes.

0 Infectivity assay. Each solvent-treated sample of SARS virus is inoculated into C two or four tubes of Vero E6 cells and incubated for at least 7 days to detect the presence of CPE. Non-solvent-treated stock SARS virus is inoculated as above as a control. Virus titers are calculated by TCID 50 It is expected that the SARS virus causes cells to round up, become refractive and detach in 24-48 hours. If neutralizing antibody is present, the cells remain intact. Neutralizing antibody in the test sera should protect cells from 100 TCIDso of virus. If mouse antibodies to Vero cell proteins are produced, serum from mice injected with mock viral preparations starting with Vero E6 cells is used as a control. If necessary, anti- Vero cell antibodies are removed from mouse sera by affinity purification.

C. Evaluate mouse cellular response on vaccination with solvent-treated SARS viral particles Cytokines are critical in orchestrating inmmune responses. A cellular response is significant relative to addressing the issue of transient immunity seen with other coronavirus vaccines. As an indication of mouse cellular immune response, the cytokine gamma interferon, and interleukins such as IL-2, are measured as used for retroviruses in vaccinated mice from the method described above in this example.

Collection of Spleen Cells and Intracellular Cytokine Staining Analysis. Spleen cells are collected aseptically and a single cell suspension made, by forcing through a narrow gauge needle. Cell counts are performed. Cells are resuspended at 1 million cells/ml in RPMI 1640 complete media (RPMI 1640 100 U/ml Spenicillin 100 ug/ml streptomycin 2 mM L- glutamine 10 select lot of fetal calf serum). Cell suspension (100,000 cells) is dispensed into wells of a 96- O well plate. Media is added to triplicate wells (negative control) and phorbol myristic acetate (PMA 50 ng/ml) Ionomycin (1 ug/ml) to 3 additional wells (positive control). The SARS pools of overlapping peptides (set up as a grid) to cover certain SARS coding sequences for viral structural genes (the E, M and S N protein sequences) is then added to the appropriate wells. The media cocktail is 00 Sadded and incubated overnight. Add, incubate, remove and wash as appropriate C1 for additions of BrefeldinA solution, antibody cocktail of PerCP-labeled CD4 and FITC-labeled CD8 in FACS wash. The contents of each well are transferred to FACS tubes followed by addition of perm/fix. After wash with Perm Wash, add phycoerythrin (PE) anti human IFN-gamma. Repeat incubation, wash and remove wash solution. Fresh 1% paraformaldehyde is added and samples are refrigerated in the dark until ready to analyze. The data on all samples is collected and the thresholds are drawn based on the signal obtained with the media control and PMA lonomycin. Data fiom on about 100,000 events is collected. The peptides are identified that induce a positive interferon gamma or interleukin response to overlapping peptides. The presence of cytokine positive cells indicate that the solvent-treated SARS virus is effective in eliciting a cellular immune response.

EXAMPLE 7 Delipidated SIV virus shows reduced infectivity and causes CD4 and CD8 Tcell immunological responses when administered to mice.

A prime-boost immunization strategy using SIV delipidated pursuant to the present invention gives rise to a broader CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses (interferon gamma production) in mice than aldrithiol-2 (AT-2) treated or live virus. More specifically, the present invention gives rise to an improved imlunuological response across a broader array of antigens as compared to nondelipidated viral particles. The present invention specifically encompasses a modified viral particle having an increased immunological response to a wider 00 O O C| range of antigens, such as a range of a minimum of 5% more antigens as compared to non-delipidated viral particles.

O In the present example, the delipidation of SIVmac251 reduced viral infectivity while retaining the major SIV proteins (env, gag, pol, tat). The studies C 5 were canried out in Balb/c mice immunized with AT-2-treated virus Ssubcutaneously (sc) plus adjuvant and boosted with either AT-2-treated virus, CK, live virus or delipidated virus. Routes of administration and intervals between oO 0 prime and boost and dose levels were evaluated. Spleen cells were collected and c1 cultured with individual pools of overlapping SIV env and gag peptides covering the entire SIV amino acid sequence for env and gag. The ability of the spleen cells to synthesize (interferon) IFN-ganmna by standard intracellular cytokine staining (ICC) and flow cytometry was measured. Delipidation was performed using 1% DIPE.

Materials and Methods: SIVmac251 antigen treatments AT-2 inactivation: For the purpose of primary immunization as well as boosting control, aliquots of sucrose banded SIVmac251 were inactivated via treatment with AT-2 as described previously (Rossio et al., J. Virol. 72: 7992, 1998).

Briefly, a 100 mM stock solution of AT-2 (Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI) was prepared freshly in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). AT-2 was then added directly to the virus at a final concentration of 300 tM and incubated for 1 h at 37 0

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before aliquoting the virus and storing it at -70 0 C, until used for immunization.

DIPE solvent treatment: Two hundred jtg aliquots of sucrose purified SIVmac251 total protein were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and added various amounts of diisopropyl ether (DIPE) (VWR, West Chester, PA) to bring the total volume to 1 mL in Eppendorf microfuge tubes to achieve various DIPE concentrations. Solvent treatment of the viral antigen preparation was performed for 20 minutes at room temperature. After a brief centrifugation to collect the sample to the bottom of the tubes, the solvent was evaporated in a Speedvac evaporator (Savant) for 90 minutes at room temperature. At the end of this procedure, the volume was reconstituted to 1 ml using injection grade water.

-72- 00 O O O-i A 25 piL of solvent-treated sample was diluted with 75 pL distilled water and submitted to gas chromatography analysis to ascertain removal of solvent. The O acceptable limit of residual DIPE solvent in any sample used for immunization was <25 ppm. Each sample was then aliquoted in appropriate quantity for C 5 booster immunization and stored at -70 0

C.

0 Viral protein recoveiy and infectivity assays SThe effect of solvent treatment of SIVmac251 was ascertained by total C protein analysis using the BCA (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and the Lowry assay (Biorad, Hercules, CA), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining and by Western blot analysis using a pool of SIV reactive monkey serum. In addition, SIVgag p27 recovery was tested by EIA (Coulter Immunotech, Hialeh, FL) and viral RNA by real-time amplification (Amara et al., Science 92:69, 2001). Residual viral infectivity was evaluated in each treated aliquot by standard titration on CEMxl74 cells and monitoring of p27 production in the supernatant fluids of individual well. The infectious titers were calculated according to the Speannan-Karber method.

Isopycnic density gradient centrifuigation Virus density profiles were evaluated by subjecting them to isopycnic gradient centrifugation. Briefly, 1.3 ml each of 20%-60% sucrose in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was over-layed, with 8% increments in sucrose concentrations. Six sucrose concentrations were layered, from 60% sucrose at the bottom, to 20% sucrose at the top. Virus samples (prepared after pelleting through a 20% sucrose cushion) in 750 pl PBS were carefully over-layed on top of the 20% sucrose. All tubes were spun in an 80Ti rotor for the Beclkman L8 Ultracentrifuge at 40,000 rpm, and at 4 0 C for 16 h. Starting from the top, 17 fractions of 525 pll per tube were collected: Virus concentrations were analyzed using a commercial SIV Gag p27 ELISA kit (Coulter, CA).

-73- 00 O- Fast Performance Liquid Chiromalography (FPLC) virus analysis Delipidated viruses were further analyzed by FPLC in a Phannacia FPLC System. Virus samples (200 1d) were injected into a Superose 6 HR 10/30 (Pharmacia, Sweden) column. Sixty fractions of 500 .tl each were collected, at a l 5 flow rate of 0.4 ml/min in PBS without Ca and Mg. Presence of SIV in the fractions was detected by a p27 ELISA (Coulter, CA). Amounts of cholesterol in 00 the vinis fractions were analyzed by the Amplex Red Total Cholesterol Assay 00 O according to manufacturer's instructions (Molecular Probes, OR).

Imnmunization of Mice Four to six-10 week old female Balb/C mice were given a primary immunization with 10 .tg of sucrose banded AT-2 inactivated SIVmac251 (ABI, Columbia, MD) emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA) and administered subcutaneously For purposes of control some mice were primed with IFA only. Groups of 6 animals were then administered a booster immunization 2 weeks later using variable doses of treated vs. non treated SIVmac251 intravenously. The animals were then sacrificed 4 days post boost to collect blood and splenocytes to perform the immune analyses described below.

Intracellular IFN-y response evaluation of cell mediated responses These analyses were performed using intracellular cytokine (ICC) analyses following short-term antigen specific restimulation in the presence of .tg/mL of Brefeldin A and 1 (tg/ml each of anti-mouse CD2S and CD49d monoclonal antibodies followed by evaluation of the frequencies of IFN-y producing CD4 and CD8 T-cells. The standard protocol consisted of a 12 h restimulation of 1xl0 6 splenocytes with pools of peptides (containing 2 upg/ml of each individual peptide) encompassing the entire SIV gag (16 peptide pools, mers overlapping by 12 residues) and SIV env (17 peptide pools, overlapping by 13 residues), each pool containing 7-9 peptides. Positive control samples consisted of splenocytes stimulated with the mitogens PMA/ionomycin and PHA; negative controls are no peptide stimulation and stimulation with the -74ovalbumin specific peptide SYNFEKL (SEQ ID NO: 136). The cultures were canied out for 2 hours before adding the Brefeldin A designed to prevent 0 excretion of the cytokine and promote its intracellular accumulation. The restimulated splenocytes were then stained for CD4 CD8 and intracellular for C 5 IFN-y. Evaluation of frequencies of IFN-y positive CD4 4 and CDS T- cells were Sanalyzed by counting about 200,000 events/sample using a FACS Calibur C (Beckton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA).

00 Serology SIV EIA: Serum samples were titered for antibodies to viral epitopes using routine EIA and Western Blot analysis. Briefly, poly-L-Lysine (10 [tg per ml of PBS) coated ELISA micro plates were adsorbed 2 uig purified SIVmac25 /well overnight in standard bicarbonate coating buffer, pH 9.6 at 4 0 C. Following 3 washes with PBS/Tween 20, the plates were blocked for 1 h at room temperature with PBS containing 2% non-fat dry milk. Sequential two-fold serum dilutions were then added to the plate as well as positive and negative control samples in duplicates and incubated at 37 0 C for 2 h. After washing the unbound antibodies, the plates were incubated for 1 h at 37 0 C with an alkaline phosphatase-anti mouse IgG conjugate (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL), and later developed with pnitrophenylphosphate (BioRad) at room temperature. The plates were read at a 450nm wavelength using an ELISA reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA).

SIV Western blots: For Western blot analysis, commercially available SIV western blot kits (Zeptometrix, Buffalo, NY) were utilized against mouse sera diluted 1:100 and developed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Results Viral delipidation results in removal of cholesterol without loss of viral proteins Our previous optimization procedures led to the finding that DIPE treatment effectively delipidated HIV without significant loss of viral proteins (data not shown). We extended these findings to evaluate whether this method could delipidate S1V-mac251. SIV-mac251 was delipidated using DIPE without 75 00

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P- significantly affecting total protein or viral proteins (p27). Recoveries of both total viral protein and viral gag p 2 7 were not significantly different when O compared to live SIV. These findings were confinned by silver staining and Western blot analysis of SIV. Delipidated virus showed a reproducible 2 log C 5 reduction in infectivity (Figure Removing cholesterol fiom virus using our method reduces infectivity in a similar manner to P-CD removal of cholesterol in 00 00 HIV-1 (Nguyan et al., J. hInmunol. 168:4121, 2002; Graham et al., J. Virol.

O 77:8237, 2003), without losing viral RNA or viral proteins. To further characterize the loss of lipids to the physical properties of the treated virus, we evaluated the virus particle profiles by fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) (Figure The FPLC profiles of the control and aldrithiol-2 (AT-2) treated viruses were similar (data not shown). However, DIPE treated virions changed their structural profile, compared to the live control virions. To evaluate whether our delipidation procedure led to removal of cholesterol, we analyzed treated viruses for cholesterol using the Amplex Red assay following FPLC separation. The DIPE treated viruses had approximately 80% less cholesterol than the control virus when expressed as cholesterol/gag p27 protein ratio.

Viruses were further analyzed by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, to evaluate particle densities. Delipidation changed the buoyancy of the virions, resulting in a shift of the density range of viral particles (Figure 4).

Delipidated viruses are able to elicit broader cell-mediated inunne responses during boosting To evaluate whether the delipidated viruses had enhanced immunogenicity in boosting cell mediated immune responses, we boosted mice primed with AT-2 inactivated SIV (Rossio et al., J. Virol. 72: 7992, 1998; Arthur et al., AIDS Res. Human Retrovimrses 14:Suppl. 3. S311, 1998) with control and delipidated virus. After two weeks, immunized mice groups (6 mice per group) were boosted with 1 tg total viral protein of either live SIV, AT-2 inactivated SIV, or DIPE delipidated SIV. T-cell responses were evaluated using SIV Gag and SIV gpl20 envelope overlapping peptide pools, and responding cells i detected by intracellular interferon-y (IFN-y flow cytometry (ICC). DIPE C3 delipidated virus booster elicited broader CD4' and CDS+ responses, compared to control or AT-2 groups (Figures 8A and 8B). Specific IFN-y peptides were also determined from the peptide pool grids, yielding similar patterns to those seen Cl€ when analyzing the peptide pools. DIPE treated SIV also elicited new peptide pool recognition patterns, compared to the other groups (Table The data were N 0especially striking for CD4 responses to env peptide pools. DIPE group had a Sstatistically significant increase in responses compared to the live SIV boosted group 0.006), and to the AT-2-treated SIV boosted group (p=0.0001).

Similar trends were observed with the DIPE treated SIV for CDS8 env peptide pool responses (p=0.001 relative to live and p= 0.02 relative to AT-2 group).

CD4 gag responses were significantly increased as well (p=0.03 relative to AT-2 group). The DIPE treated SIV boosted group also had more IFN-y positive cells than the other two groups. Antigen dosage studies indicated that a surprisingly low close of 1 tg of DIPE delipidated virus (which corresponds to approximately 200 ng of SIV p27) was sufficient to elicit broad CD4 and CD8 immune responses to both gag and env. Broad CD4 and CD8' responses to env and gag peptide pools were observed in mice boosted with delipidated virus when compared to AT-2 treated or live virus boost (p>0.001).

Predominantly CD4 T cell responses were observed at antigen doses as low as 0.05 ug of delipidated virus administered IV without adjuvant, whereas higher doses were needed for AT-2 or live SIV protein. Preliminary antibody responses indicate that the delipidated virus is stimulating antibody responses as well. These findings show a CD4 and CD8 cellular responses to a broad array of SIV antigens elicited by very low boost concentrations of virus delipidated with the method of the present invention.

In the following few paragraphs a response is operationally defined as a CD4 cellular response to SIV env peptides in terms of a percentage of CD4+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma. Peptide pools that elicited responses, and several ranges of responses (percentage of CD4+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma) are indicated.

-77- 00

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0. The CD4 cellular response to SIV env peptides was not significant in mice treated with 5 ug of live virus. Following administration of various O amounts of 1% DIPE delipidated virus, a CD4 cellular response to SIV env peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a response was elicited from three (N 5 env peptide pools 5 6 and 13 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a broad response was elicited from over several env peptide pools S(3, 4, 5 8, 11, 12 13 14 (0.13-0.34%),

OO

At the higher dose of 5 ug, a response was observed to env

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peptide pool 5 (0.17-0.23%).

The CD4 cellular response to SIV env peptide to boost with various amounts of AT-2 treated virus revealed limited response. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a response was elicited from one env peptide pool (10 At a dose of ug, a response was elicited from about one env peptide pool (10 (0.08- At the higher dose of 5 ug, the CD4 cellular response was not significant.

The CD4 cellular response to SIV env peptide to boost with various amounts of live SIV virus showed a response at a dose of 0.05 ug from pools 1 0.05-0.23%), 8 12 (0.11-0.21%) and 14 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a response was elicited from three env peptide pools (8 (0.22-0.36%), 12 (0.12-0.58%) and 13 At the higher dose of 5 ug, the CD4 cellular response was not significant.

In the following few paragraphs a response is operationally defined as a CD8+ cellular response to SIV env peptides in terms of a percentage of CD8+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma. Peptide pools that elicited responses and several ranges of responses (percentage of CD8+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma) are indicated.

Following administration of various amounts of 1% DIPE delipidated virus, a CD8 cellular response to SIV env peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a response was elicited from two env peptide pools 5 (0.22-1.22%) and 13 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a broad response was elicited from several env peptide pools (2 3 4 5 (0.06- 00 O O C 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (0.98-1.35%) and 16 (0.11-0.31%) At the O higher dose of 5 ug, a response was observed to env peptide pool 13 (0.27- 14 (0.28-0.48%) and 15 (0.31-0.35%).

l 5 Following administration of various amounts of AT-2 treated virus, a in Slimited CD8 cellular response to SIV env peptides was observed. At a dose of

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N 0.05 ug, a CD8 cellular response, was elicited from env peptide pool 16 (0.08- 00 0 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a response was elicited firom env peptide pools 7 C (0.18-0.33%) and 16 At the higher dose of 5 ug, the CDS cellular response was not significant.

Following administration of various amounts of live SIV, a limited CD8 cellular response to SIV env peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a CD8 cellular response, was elicited from peptide pools 1 8 (0.13- 12 (0.11-0.21%) and 14 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a response was elicited from peptide pools 8 12 and 13 (-0.02- At the higher dose of 5 ug, the CDS cellular response was not significant.

In the following few paragraphs a response is operationally defined as a CD4 cellular response to SIV gag peptides in terms of a percentage of CD4+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma. Peptide pools that elicited responses, and several ranges of responses (percentage of CD4+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma) are indicated.

Following administration of various amounts of 1% DIPE delipidated virus, a CD4 cellular response to SIV gag peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a response was elicited from gag peptide pools 5 (0.22-1.22%) and 13 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a broad response was elicited from about five gag peptide pools (3 5 7 10 (0.19and 15 At the higher dose of 5 ug, the response decreased to about four gag peptide pools 3 5 14 and 15 (0.18-0.56%).

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SFollowing administration of various amounts of AT-2 treated virus, a limited CD4 cellular response to SIV gag peptides was observed. At a dose of 0 0.05 ug, a CD4 cellular response, was elicited from three gag peptide pools 11 and 13 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a N 5 limited response was elicited from gag peptide pool 7 At the Shigher dose of 5 ug, the CD4 cellular response was not significant.

C Following administration of various amounts of live SIV virus, a CD4 0cellular response to SIV gag peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a CD4 C cellular response, was elicited from about 2 gag peptide pools (2 (0.59-1.23%) and 9 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a response was elicited from about four gag peptide pools (2 3 6 and 9 (0.15- At the higher dose of 5 ug, a response was elicited from about two gag peptide pools (2 (0.16-0.51%) and 6 In the following few paragraphs a response is operationally defined as a CDS cellular response to SIV gag peptides in terms of a percentage of CD8+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma. Peptide pools that elicited responses, and several ranges of responses (percentage of CD8+ cells that are positive for interferon gamma) are indicated.

Following administration of various amounts of 1% DIPE delipidated virus, a CDS cellular response to SIV gag peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a response was elicited fiom about five gag peptide pools (2 (0.19- 3 4 6 and 13 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a response was elicited from about six gag peptide pools (2 3 6 7 10 (0.01-0.92%), and 15 At the higher dose of 5 ug, a response was elicited from about seven gag peptide pools (2 3 4 (0.18-0.91%), 10 14 and 15 Following administration of various amounts of AT-2 treated virus, a CD8 cellular response to SIV gag peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a CDS cellular response, was elicited from five gag peptide pools (10 (0.28- 11 12 13 and 14 (0.19- 00 O O At a dose of 1.0 ug, a response was elicited from about three gag peptide pools (10 11 and 12 At the 0 higher dose of 5 ug, a response was elicited from about one gag peptide pool (0.07-0.27%).

Cl 5 Following administration of various amounts of live SIV vinrs, a CD8 cellular response to SIV gag peptides was observed. At a dose of 0.05 ug, a CD8 C1 cellular response, was elicited fi-om about 3 gag peptide pools (2 9 00 S(0.32-0.82%), and 15 At a dose of 1.0 ug, a response was elicited c from about five gag peptide pools (2 3 6 (0.01- 9 and 12 At the higher dose of 5 ug, a response was elicited fiom about three gag peptide pools (2 9 and 12 Taken together, these data demonstrate that mice immunized with AT-2 treated SIV virus show enhanced immunological responses to boosting with delipidated SIV virus when compared to boosting with AT-2 treated virus or live SIV virus. The delipidated SIV virus was more immunogenic than the AT-2 treated virus in terms of the percentage of CD4 and CD8 with enhanced IFN-y staining.

Our data indicate that delipidated viruses elicited strong T-cell mediated immune responses, without the use of an adjuvant. Increase in the breadth and strength of the overall cell-mediated immune response was observed in the DIPE boosted mice group, compared to the live and AT-2 treated groups. Tables 9 and present a summary of these results.

-81 00 TABLE 9 CIJ4 ENV' POOLS

RESPONDING

0 05 fig DIPE 1 121314 51 71 819 110 1VL~ 111121] 14 115 1617 I jig DIPE 11 11 1 j4 1 1 CD8 ENV POOLSII

RESPONDING{I

0.05 jig D~iPE

+I+

lI g DIPE pg DIPE I CI)4 GAG POOLS RESPONDING 1 2 3 4~ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.05 pg DIPE I I pg DIPE f 4 pg DIPE CD8 GAG POOLS RESPONDING I I I 0.0.5 p6DIPE I IVg DIPE pg DIPE +1 4 TABLE 9. SI\' gag and env peptide pool responses for CD4 4 and CD8+ T-cells in mice boosted with 0.05, 1, or 5 pg total protein. I million mouse PBMICs were stimulated with different peptide pools as indicated, for 2 hi. After blocking protein secretion by Brefeldin A, aiiti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies were added, cells permeabilizeci and further stained with anti-IFN-7 Ab.

1 0 Cells were subsequently analyzed by FAGS. Any responses above 0. 1% of total cells positive for IFN-y staining were considered as a positive response. Shaded symbols represent DIPE treated viruses at I pLg dose.

82 00 TABLE CD4 ENV POOLS 5 6 74 9 10To- 1 1 1 I 16 17

RESIONDINGI

1% DIPE LIVE t AT-2 CONTROLS No detectable iesponscs CD8 ENV P'OOLS

RESP'ONDING

HA D II E LIVE LIVE L+ CONTROLS No dectectable resj)oI)es CI.4 GAG P'OOLS RESPONDING I 2 345 6 [7 8 9 101I 2131 51 1% DIPE 1+ LIVE AT-2 CONTROLS Noetbc repnes CID8 GAG POOLS RESPONDING 1% DIPE 1+ LIVE AT-2 K I I+ CONTROLS No detectable responsesI TABLE 10. Mice were inmmunized with 10 pIg of SW\ incoporated in Freund's incomplete adjuvant sc and 2 weeks later boosted iv Nvitli varying concentration of DIPE treated SIV, AT-2 treated SI\I or untr-eated live Contr-ols consisted of groups of mice printed with saline but boosted with DIPE, AT-? or untreated virus or groups of mice primed with SIV but boosted with saline. Spleen cells were assayed for response to pools of 5JIf env' or SIV gag overlapping peptides utilizing the ICC assay for CD4' or CD8+ T-cells synthesizing IFN-g, and denotes a net response (response to media and inrelevant peptide was deducted) to the appropriate peptide pool.

Antibody) titer-s ar-e enhanced in DIPE treated SIV boosted group Anrtibody (Ab) titers to whole virions were determnined for each group.

Antibody titers to SIV gpl2O were significantly lower in the AT-2 boosted group compared to thle DIPE boosted grouips (p=0.02) (Figure In general, DIPE boosted mice gav'e higher Ab readings, compared to either the live, or AT-2 boosted gtoups, for both SLV gpl2O and SIV Gag (Figure 10). When Ab titers were measuired in a subsequent experiment at 4 weeks, boosting was observed for all groups (data not shown). Gag (p55) antibody titers, measured by ELISA (absorbance at 450iur), were higher in serum from mice boosted with delipidated I than either live or AT-2 treated SIV boosted groups. Western Blot analysis supported the antibody ELISA data, as a broader p27 band was observed 00 17i by the delipidated SIV boosted serum, compared to live or AT-2 treated mouse serunm. This indicates a broader p27 epitope recognition by gag antibodies from the delipidated SIV boosted mice. Maturation of antibody response to both gag and env was observed when mice were boosted 4 weeks after priming compared C 5 to a 2 week boosting post prime. Route of administration, subcutaneous (sc) or intravenous did not affect antibody (ELISA) titers. A stronger correlation is C seen between CD4" T-cell and antibody responses to both SIVmac251 gag and Senv proteins in mice boosted with delipidated virus compared to live or AT-2 treated virus boosts.

Strong correlation between CD4 responses and antibody responses We further determined the impact of inmmunization by comparing the CD4 responses to gag and env peptide pools to the antibody responses to recombinant gag and env. A strong correlation was observed between the cellular responses (CD4) and the humoral responses (antibody responses) (Figure 11), indicating additional benefits of enhanced cell mediated immune responses.

DIPE-treatment created a powerful cell mediated immune response, and a good humoral response in the absence of an adjuvant. Significantly, an effective boosting was achieved with as little as 1 mg total viral protein of DIPE treated SIV, representing about 200 ng of SIV p27.

Our ability to elicit virus peptide specific inunune responses with as little as 1 (tg of total virus protein was both surprising and unexpected. This level of immune response achieved with a single IV boost without co-administration of adjuvants suggests that the biochemical nature of delipidated virus is sufficiently altered to direct an efficient processing and presentation, or recognition of a larger number of viral peptides different from those elicited by live or AT-2treated SIV.

In conclusion, we have compared the immunogenicity of live SIV, AT-2 treated SIV, and delipidated SIV (DIPE) in Balb/c mice, and observed a significant enhancement of cell-mediated immune responses from the groups boosted with DIPE treated viruses. Surprisingly, effective boosting was achieved 84 Swith a very low dose of 1 (tg total viral protein, which corresponds to about 200 ng of SIV p27. These results were obtained without the use of adjuvants in the O boost doses, indicating a substantial increase in immunogenicity. Our results show that delipidating viruses enhanced the antigenicity of the virus, while Cl 5 significantly reducing its infectivity. Our results differ from previous findings that cholesterol-depletion of HIV dramatically reduces virus infectivity (Nguyan C' et al., J. Immunol. 168:4121, 2002; Graham et al., J. Virol. 77:8237, 2003; Liao oO O et al., AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses 19:675, 2003), because P-CD treated Sviruses resulted in dramatic loss of viral RNA and viral proteins, thus contributing to the loss of infectivity. Delipidated viruses have negligible loss of viral RNA and viral proteins.

While not wanting to be bound by the following statement, it is believed that the delipidation process may create virus particles which are better processed or presented by antigen presenting cells, leading to the broad peptide pool responses observed. Additionally, delipidation of viruses could expose more cellular antigens (picked up by the virus when budding from infected CEMx174 cells) such as MHC II molecules, which could act as adjuvants in enhancing cellular responses. Serum Ab titers and Western blot analysis of Ab sera profiles, indicated enhanced anti-Env antibodies, and consistent broadening of SIV gag specific antibody responses in DIPE-treated SIV- boosted groups, perhaps indicating an increase in anti-p27 Ab titers, or an increase in Ab avidity to viral proteins. The present results demonstrate that DIPE delipidation of SIV affects the ilmmunogenicity of the virus in mice. It is believed that this novel delipidation method will contribute to HIV therapeutic vaccine design and development.

EXAMPLE 8 Total protein and p24 protein recovely in -HIV virus treated with various delipidation procedures.

The applicants have found that the aforementioned delipidation processes are capable of producing intact viral particles, as measured by the degree of total 85 00 O O protein recovery and p24 protein recovery.

e¢ The sample containing the HIV virus was mixed with solvent using endover-end rotation at room temperature for 20 minutes at a speed of 70%. Next the sample was centrifuged for 2 minutes at 1000 x g and then passed through a charcoal column. Total protein was measured by BioRad Assay. Viral p24 was measured by p24 sandwich ELISA (Coulter) 00 Total protein recovery for delipidation processes using 1% DIPE, 1% 0 butanol/DIPE, 1% butanol, 2% butanol, and 5% butanol are within 10% of the control, specifically in the range of 63% to 75% of total input. P24 protein recovery for delipidation processes using 1% DIPE, 1% butanol/DIPE, 1% butanol, 2% butanol, and 5% butanol are within 40% of the control, with 2% butanol yielding a p24 protein recovery percentage of around 78% relative to a control recovery percentage of around 83%.

EXAMPLE 9 Buoyant density and imnmunoreactivity (gp20 and p 2 4 profile of HIV and SIV particles treated with various delipidation procedures.

The aforementioned delipidation processes modified the buoyant density of viral particles. Changes in density are useful indicators of successful delipidation because the removal of lipids from viral particles changes the protein to lipid ratio and, as a result, the particle density. In this experiment, the isopyknic densities of control and solvent treated HIV and SIV particles were determined and the changes in density were correlated with measured lipid content of control and treated viruses.

Solvent treatments broadened the density range of HIV and SIV particles and high solvent concentrations shifted the virus to higher overall density, based on Western blot analyses and protein profiles, which is consistent with the loss of lipids. Specifically, Figure 1 depicts the density of sucrose gradient fractions as indicated by the graphing of density against fi-action number for viral particles subjected to delipidation using 1% DIPE, 1% butanol/DIPE, 1% butanol, 2% butanol, and 5% butanol, along with a control group. HIV was delipidated and -86- 00 Ssucrose purified. Virus was loaded onto sucrose gradients and centrifuged until equilibrium densities were reached. Figure 2 depicts the p24 protein concentration for each of the fraction numbers. As expected, the protein concentration for the control group was highest with 1% butanol/DIPE C 5 demonstrating a relatively larger concentration of p24, although registering at a higher density than the control. Other density modified p24 concentrations were c exhibited for 5% butanol, 2% butanol, 1% butanol, and 1% DIPE. The density Smodifications demonstrate a degree of success in delipidating the viral particles.

C

The HIV-I virus was run on a sucrose gradient and various fractions were collected and then run on an SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to a membrane, and blotted using a positive control sera from an HIV-I infected individual.

Western blot analyses were conducted with antibodies for envelope protein gpl20 and capsid protein p24 for the various density fiactions derived for each of the delipidation processes and the control for HIV-1 viral particles. The Western blot analysis of control samples revealed strong bands of p24 protein and gpl20 protein at the expected density fractions. The majority of intact virions eluted in fractions 5-7. The various delipidation processes produced changes in the location of the p24 and gpl20 immunoreactive fractions, indicating alterations in the density of the treated viral particles. Treatment of HIV-1 with 1% DIPE produced a shift of immunoreactive bands to higher density fractions. Treatment of HIV-1 with 1% DIPE/butanol and separately with 1% butanol also produced a shift of inumunoreactive bands to higher density fractions. Treatment of HIV-1 with 2% butanol resulted in a loss of many proteins, including a decrease in p24 protein and gpl20 protein, and an increase in density of the viral particles. Treatment of HIV-1 with 5% butanol resulted in an almost complete loss of p24 protein and gpl20 protein immunoreactivity, and a marked increase in density of the viral particles.

In Figure 3, an isopycnic gradient analysis of delipidated HIV, indicated by a graphing of percent of total recovered p24 protein against fraction number, is shown. A substantial amount of the total recovered p24 protein for the samples subjected to delipidation processes is found at higher densities. For each of the 87- 00

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samples delipidated with 1% DIPE, 1% butanol/DIPE, 1% butanol, 2% butanol, and 5% butanol, greater amounts of p24 protein were recovered at the higher fraction numbers (higher densities) as compared to the control group. That density shift is further shown in Figure 4 where the isopycnic density of SIV-mac c 5 251, indicated by a graphic of gag p27 concentration against fiaction number, is depicted. Relative to a control, the delipidation samples for 1% DIPE and 1% o butanol both exhibited a shift in density.

O0 EXAMPLE Reduction in cholesterol content of HIV and SIV viral particles subject to delipidation procedures.

The applicants have found that the aforementioned delipidation processes modify the degree of cholesterol in viral particles. Changes in cholesterol are useful indicators of successful delipidation because the removal of lipids from viral particles changes the amount of cholesterol and the cholesterol to protein ratio. Exposure of HIV and SIV particles to organic solvents removes lipids while preserving proteins, thereby resulting in loss of viral infectivity while maintaining or enhancing the immunogenicity of particles.

In Table 11 the cholesterol to total protein ratio of viral particles delipidated by 1% DIPE, 1% butanol, 1% butanol/DIPE, 2% butanol, and butanol, along with a control, is shown. HIV was delipidated and purified on sucrose. Cholesterol was measured with Amplex Red assay, a commercially available bioassay from vendors such as Molecular Probes, Inc., and total protein was measured. The data shows a decreased cholesterol content, relative to total protein, for each of the delipidated samples.

00 O O STable 11 _C Cholesterol and protein levels in HIV subject to different lipid removing solvents Chol. SD Protein Chol./ g (ig/ml) (ug/ml) of Control (ug/ml) protein Control 11.06 0.31 100.00 75.45 0.15 In 1%DIPE 6.49 0.06 49.15 90.03 0.07 1%But/DIPE 5.87 0.44 48.14 83.18 0.07 C 1%Butanol 5.52 0.60 45.90 82.08 0.06 00 2%Butanol 5.14 0.16 43.54 80.53 0.06 3.86 0.07 35.08 75.01 0.05 SIV was delipidated and purified on 20% sucrose. Cholesterol was measured with Amplex Red assay and Gag p27 protein measured. Data is expressed as cholesterol to Gag p27 protein ratio. DIPE treated virus had less cholesterol than control, indicating effective delipidation. Similarly, relative to the control, the 1% DIPE sample has a decreased cholesterol to protein ratio.

1% DIPE treatment effectively removed 80% cholesterol while maintaining the structural integrity of the virus measured by the p27 recovery. 5% DIPE:nbutanol treatment led to a dramatic loss of viral protein, total protein, and cholesterol. This method was too harsh. 1% butanol treatment was not effective at delipidating the virus, as the amount of cholesterol measured was still intact.

The recovery of total cholesterol is about 37% and 78% for 1% butanol and 1% DIPE, respectively, and the corresponding recovery of p27 protein is about and 15%, respectively, further indicating a successful delipidation of viral particles while still keeping a substantial portion of such viral particles intact.

Referring to Figures 5 and 6, FPLC profiles of fractionated SIV-mac251 are shown for Gag p27 and cholesterol. The graphs demonstrate that, for a 1% DIPE delipidation, the concentration of gag p27 substantially diverges from the control at higher fraction numbers while the concentration of cholesterol is substantially lower than the control for nearly all fractions.

00 O O EXAMPLE 11 C Monkeys boosted with delipidated HIV have higher Ab titers compared to live HIV boosted group.

Four monkeys were primed with an equivalent of 5 ug p24 HIV-IIIB in C 5 incomplete Freund's Adjuvant. Monkeys were then separated into two groups of two monkeys. Group 1 (RII RFo) received 1 ug DIPE delipidated HIV-IIIB 0 every month; group 2 (RFt Rom) received 1 ug live HIV-IIIB every month.

SCellular parameters were measured by immunocytochemistry. Staining was done at 7 days post boost, while Ab titers and neutralization Ab were taken at 4 weeks post boosting. Ab titers to whole HIV-IIIB lysate were measured. Group 1 animals (which received delipidated virus) had higher Ab titers than the two control monkeys in Group 2. Delipidated virus boosting enhanced Ab titers to the whole virion (data not shown).

Pooled CD4 T-cell responses to all the peptide pools are displayed in Figure 12. Overall, animals showed a better response to ENV peptide pools than to GAG peptide pools. Both of the animals in Group 1 (RIl and RFo) had cumulative responses for Gag and for Env Only one animal in the control Group 2 (RFt) had an appreciable response to Gag and for Env The other control animal, Rom, had very low responses to the peptide pools.

Overall, monkeys given delipidated virus showed better cell mediated immune response (measured by ICC). The Ab data correlates well with the CD4+ ICC data. Animals showing ICC responses also have good Ab titers. The Western Blot data also correlates well with both the Ab data and the ICC results.

EXAMPLE 12 Dendritic cells exposed to delipidated SIV stimulate enhanced CD4 proliferation compared to dendritic cells exposed to live virus PBMCs fiom a long term non-progressor monkey were employed.

PBMCs were isolated using ficoll separation, and monocytes were cultured out using plastic adherence of 3x10 7 PBMC in 5 ml RPMI-10% FCS at 37 0 C for 2 00 hirs. Non-adherent cells were removed and flasks gently washed with wani IX PBS. Monocytes were incubated with I00U/ml LL-4 and IOOOU/ml of GM-CSF for 4 days in RPMI-15% FCS. This procedure generated immature dendritic cells (DC).

Immature DC (2x10 3 were pulsed with 50 ng of AT-2 treated SW-, delipidated SIV DIPE with end-over-end mixing for 20 min) or live SI\ for C-i 3hr at 37 0 C. Cells were washed extensively to eliminate excess virus and were 00 checked by SIVp27 for amount of residual virus. DC (2xl l) were resuspended for 3 days in R-15 with 10OU/nil TNE-a, IL-4, GM-CSF to induce DC maturation. Next, 2x106 peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were added to the DC cultures, for 24-36u-, before performing proliferation assay using the cyQUANT Cell Proliferation Assay Kit (Molecular Probes) [Note: CD8+ cells were depleted from the PBLs prior to use]. Proliferation assay performed according to manu facturer's protocol (cyQUANT-Molecular Probes). Briefly, cells were pelleted and the supernatant removed. The pellet was then fr-ozen for about l1i, and 4X CyQUANT dye concentration added to the pellet. The supernatant of lysed cells was allowed to sit for about 10 min before reading a fluorescent plate at wavelengths of 480 for excitation and 520 for emission.

The proliferation was calculated as follows: [(test proliferation-control proliferation)/ (control proliferation)]xl 00. The control proliferation is the proliferation of PBMC DC without adding the antigen to provide background noise.

Dendritic cells (DC) are powerfil antigen p)resenting cells to the CD4, CD8, and CD2O B-cells. The results demonstrate that dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with delipidated SIV triggered a 16% better proliferative response in CD4+ cells compared to DCs pulsed with live virus (208672 with delipidated virus vs 165616 with live virus). This str1ongly suggests a better antigen processing/presentation of the delipidated v'irus by the DC.

CD4 proliferation is a functional index of CD4 responses to a given epitope. It is more specific readout than IFN-'y secretion, since in HIV infected -91- 00 O O L people, their CD4 cells produce IFN-y, but do not proliferate in response to c antigen.

Virus delipidated with the method of the present invention can increase proliferation of antigen specific CD4 cells which leads to a more efficient

C

5 maturation of the CD8 cells and maturation of plasma cells (B-cells which produce antigen specific Ab). Since control of viral infection is dependent on C CD4 cellular proliferation, the method of the present invention provides an Seffective functional vaccine.

cAll patents, publications and abstracts cited above are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing relates only to preferred embodiments of the present invention and that numerous modifications or alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

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Claims (31)

1. A modified viral particle comprising a partially delipidated viral particle, CC wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic and comprises an envelope with proteins and a lower lipid content as compared to an envelope in an Cc unmodified viral particle, and wherein the lower lipid content is obtained by treating a viral particle with an organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant.

2. The modified viral particle of claim 1, wherein the modified viral particle is 00 immunodeficiency virus or coronavirus.

3. The modified viral particle of claim 2, wherein the modified viral particle is an HIV viral particle.

4. The modified viral particle of claim 3, wherein the modified HIV viral particle has reduced cholesterol content when compared to the unmodified HIV viral particle. The modified viral particle of claim 4, wherein the modified HIV viral particle is an HIV viral particle having a lower cholesterol content and a lower cholesterol to total protein ratio than an unmodified HIV viral particle and the lower cholesterol to total protein ratio in the modified HIV viral particle is reduced no more than 60% as compared to a cholesterol to total protein ratio in the unmodified HIV viral particle.

6. The modified HIV viral particle of claim 4, wherein the modified viral particle is an HIV viral particle having a lower cholesterol content than an unmodified HIV viral particle and the lower cholesterol content is reduced no more than 54% as compared to a cholesterol content in the unmodified HIV viral particle.

7. The modified HIV viral particle of claim 5, wherein the cholesterol content in the modified HIV viral particle is reduced no more than 50% as compared to the unmodified HIV viral particle.

8. The modified HIV viral particle of any one of claims 3 to 7, wherein the modified HIV viral particle has a different buoyant density than the unmodified HIV viral particle. -93 00 S9. The modified viral particle of any one of claims 3 to 8, wherein the modified HIV viral particle has p24 levels higher than 40% of p24 levels in the unmodified HIV viral particle.

10. The modified viral particle of claim 9, wherein the modified HIV viral particle CC has p24 levels at least 94% of p24 levels in the unmodified HIV viral particle.

11. The modified viral particle of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the modified 0viral particle has an infectivity reduced by no more than 2.5 log units as compared to 00 the unmodified viral particle.

12. A modified HIV viral particle comprising a partially delipidated HIV viral particle comprising: a viral envelope having a lower cholesterol content and a lower cholesterol to total protein ratio than the envelope of an unmodified HIV viral particle, wherein the lower cholesterol to total protein ratio in the modified HIV viral particle is reduced no more than 60% as compared to a cholesterol to total protein ratio in the unmodified HIV viral particle; and, a different buoyant density than the unmodified HIV viral particle, wherein the lower cholesterol content is obtained by treating an HIV viral particle with an organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant.

13. The modified HIV viral particle of claim 12, wherein the modified HIV viral particle has p24 levels within at least 40% of p24 levels in the unmodified HIV viral particle.

14. The modified HIV viral particle of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the cholesterol content in the modified HIV viral particle is reduced no more than 54% as compared to cholesterol content in the unmodified HIV viral particle. A modified HIV viral particle comprising a partially delipidated HIV viral particle comprising: a viral envelope with a lower cholesterol content than a cholesterol content in a viral envelope of an unmodified HIV viral particle, wherein the lower cholesterol content in the modified HIV viral particle is reduced no more than 54% as compared to a cholesterol content in the unmodified HIV viral particle, -94- 00 ri wherein the lower cholesterol content is obtained by treating an HIV viral Sparticle with an organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant.

16. The modified HIV viral particle of claim 15, wherein the cholesterol content in the modified viral particle is reduced no more than 50% as compared to the cholesterol Cc, content in the unmodified viral particle.

17. The modified HIV viral particle of claim 15 or claim 16, further comprising a N protein, wherein the protein is gp41, gp120, or p24 protein. 00 c 18. A modified viral particle comprising a partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is produced by exposing a non- delipidated viral particle to a delipidation process comprising treating the non- delipidated viral particle with 0.5% to 2% organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is not a detergent or a surfactant, and wherein the partially delipidated viral particle comprises at least one exposed envelope viral antigen that was not exposed in the non- delipidated viral particle.

19. An antigen delivery vehicle obtained by a method comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles in a fluid, each viral particle having a viral envelope containing lipid; exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process to create modified viral particles, the delipidation process comprising treating the viral particles with 0.5% to ether, wherein the delipidation process decreases the lipid content of the viral envelope and exposes at least one antigen, wherein the modified viral particle comprises patient specific antigens. The antigen delivery vehicle of claim 19, wherein the viral particle is immunodeficiency virus or coronavirus.

21. A composition comprising at least a partially delipidated HIV viral particle comprising an envelope and having at least one exposed viral antigen that was not exposed in a non-delipidated HIV viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic, has a ratio of gg of cholesterol relative to jig of total protein of at least 0.06, and has no detergent or surfactant molecules in the envelope. 00 O O c 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the immunogenic partially delipidated SHIV viral particle enhances interferon gamma production by T-cells. Q 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the T-cells are CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells.

24. The composition of any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the immunogenic partially delipidated HIV viral particle enhances proliferation of cells of the immune system. 00

25. The composition of any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the partially delipidated HIV viral particle has a lower cholesterol content than a cholesterol content of the non-delipidated HIV viral particle.

26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the lower cholesterol content is at least 20% lower than the cholesterol content of the non-delipidated HIV viral particle.

27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the lower cholesterol content is at least lower than the cholesterol content of the non-delipidated HIV viral particle.

28. The composition of any one of claims 21 to 27, comprising partially delipidated viral particles from one or more strains of virus or one or more types of virus.

29. The composition of any one of claims 21 to 28, wherein the partially delipidated HIV viral particle has a different buoyant density than the non-delipidated HIV viral particle. The composition of any one of claims 21 to 29, wherein the partially delipidated HIV viral particle comprises a protein and the protein is gp41, gpl20, or p24 protein.

31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the partially delipidated HIV viral particle has p24 levels higher than 40% of p24 levels in the non-delipidated HIV viral particle.

32. A modified viral particle comprising a partially delipidated viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic and comprises an envelope with proteins and a lower lipid content as compared to an envelope in an -96- 00 unmodified viral particle, wherein the partially delipidated viral particle is obtained by Sa delipidation process comprising treating viral particles with an organic solvent which is not a detergent or a surfactant, and wherein the delipidation process decreases the E3 lipid content of the viral envelope and exposes at least one antigen.

33. A modified viral particle comprising a partially delipidated viral particle, Swherein the partially delipidated viral particle is immunogenic, comprises an envelope Swith proteins and a lower lipid content as compared to an envelope in an unmodified Sviral particle, the envelope of the modified viral particle containing no detergent or surfactant molecules.

34. A method for creating a modified viral particle comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles, each having a lipid-containing viral envelope, in a fluid; exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process comprising treating the viral particles with an organic solvent which is not a detergent or a surfactant; and, partially delipidating the viral particles, wherein the delipidation process at least partially reduces the lipid content of the viral envelope to create the modified viral particle and wherein the modified viral particle is capable of provoking an immune response when administered to a patient. A method for creating an antigen delivery vehicle comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of viral particles, each having a lipid-containing viral envelope, in a fluid; exposing the viral particles to a delipidation process comprising treating the viral particles with an organic solvent which is not a detergent or a surfactant; and, partially delipidating the viral particles to create modified viral particles that act as antigen delivery vehicles, wherein the delipidation process at least partially decreases the lipid content of the viral envelope to expose at least one viral antigen and wherein the at least one exposed viral antigen is capable of provoking an immune response in a patient.

36. A method of providing protection in a patient against an infectious viral particle comprising the step of: administering to the patient an effective amount of the composition of any one of claims 21 to 31 and optionally a pharmaceutical carrier, wherein the amount is -97- 00 cr effective to provide a protective effect against infection by the infectious viral particle Q. in the patient. Q 37. A method for provoking an immune response in a patient having a plurality of lipid-containing viral particles comprising the steps of: obtaining a fluid containing the lipid-containing viral particles from the patient; N contacting the fluid containing the lipid-containing viral particles with a first organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant and that is capable of extracting Clipid from the lipid-containing viral particles; 010 mixing the fluid and the first organic solvent; C, permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; collecting the aqueous phase containing modified viral particles with reduced lipid content; and, introducing the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles with reduced lipid content into the patient wherein the modified viral particles with reduced lipid content provoke an immune response in the patient.

38. The method of claim 37, further comprising: contacting the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles with charcoal capable of removing the first organic solvent; and, eluting the aqueous phase containing reduced levels of the first organic solvent from the charcoal before collecting this aqueous phase and introducing this aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles to the patient.

39. A method for treating a viral infection in a patient comprising: removing blood containing a plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles from the patient; obtaining plasma from the blood, the plasma containing the lipid containing infectious viral particles; contacting the plasma containing the lipid-containing infectious viral particles with a first organic solvent that is not a detergent or a surfactant and that is capable of extracting lipid from the lipid-containing infectious viral particles to produce modified viral particles having reduced lipid content; mixing the plasma and the first organic solvent; permitting organic and aqueous phases to separate; collecting the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles; and -98- 00 introducing the aqueous phase containing the modified viral particles into the patient wherein the modified viral particles have at least one exposed viral antigen that was not exposed in the plurality of lipid-containing infectious viral particles and the rn f modified viral particles provoke an immune response in the patient.

40. Use of the modified viral particle of any one of claims 1 to 18, 32 or 33 or the a antigen delivery vehicle of claim 19 or 20 or the composition of any one of claims 21 to 3 1 for the manufacture of a medicament for providing protection in a patient against an infectious viral particle or for provoking an immune response in a patient or for treating 00 a viral infection in a patient.

41. A modified viral particle substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of the Examples or Figures. -99-