AU2007240851A1

AU2007240851A1 - Apparatus and method for attaching solar panels to roof system surfaces

Info

Publication number: AU2007240851A1
Application number: AU2007240851A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Jack P. Deliddo
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2006-04-22
Filing date: 2007-04-17
Publication date: 2007-11-01
Also published as: WO2007123927A2; WO2007123927A3

Description

WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 1 DESCRIPTION APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ATTACHING SOLAR PANELS TO ROOF SYSTEM SURFACES REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATION 5 This application is a continuation in part of the provisional application of same title filed April 22, 2006, Serial Number , and is incorporated herein fully by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention pertains generally to a mechanical device and method for attaching 10 solar panels (that is, photovoltaic panels), or a series of panels, to the surface of a roof. In particular, this invention pertains to apparatus and methods for attaching thin film and framed solar panels in a way that can be readily installed on and removed from a variety of different type roof surfaces, is durable, lightweight, accommodates the various weather conditions encountered by such systems, including the differing coefficients of 15 thermal expansion between whatever the roof material upon which the panels are installed and the panels themselves, is attractive, and is cost effective. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION With the increasing cost and demand for energy in all forms and in all applications, alternative sources for energy continue to be sought and utilized. One 20 example of this is the commercial and residential use of solar energy. Particularly in the commercial arena, designers, developers and owners of large commercial buildings are increasingly considering alternative sources of core and/or supplemental energy rather than face the certainty of price increases and the uncertainties of availability in the future. Indeed, some commercial users intend to provide electricity generation not only 25 for their own on-site consumption, but also for sale of power to the local community utility companies. One of the most popular means for on-site power generation is solar power. The use of solar power is of course not new. The harnessing and use of solar power by mankind probably dates back to the 7 h Century B.C., when magnifying glasses were WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 2 used to focus light on a fuel to light a fire for light, warmth and cooking. It is reported that in the 2 nd Century B.C., the Greek scientist Archimedes used focused and reflected sunlight to set attacking Roman ships afire. A popular solar-powered, electrical generation device is the photovoltaic system 5 that converts light into electricity. The basic light-to-electricity phenomenon (sometimes referred to as the photovoltaic or PV effect) was first discovered in 1839. But it took nearly another century before scientists truly understood this process, and it was discovered that the conversion process occurs at the atomic level. During that time, many renowned scientists became interested in the PV effect. Even Albert Einstein 10 published a paper on it in 1905. The actual birth date for modem photovoltaic technology is traced back to 1954, when scientists Chaplin, Fuller and Pearson, all at Bell Labs, developed the silicon photovoltaic cell - which was the first solar cell that was capable of generating enough power to run common electrical equipment. Interestingly, solar-powered dollar bill 15 changers were among the first products to be solar powered. Perhaps the most significant early utilizations of PV cells were on satellites. In 1958, a small PV array was used on the Vanguard I space satellite to power its radios. Later that same year, satellites Explorer III, Vanguard II and Sputnik-3 all included PV-powered systems onboard. The efficacy and reliability of PV was now established, and by the next 20 decade, selenium and silicon cells were being commercially produced and sold. In 1972, the University of Delaware established the Institute for Energy Conversion to do research on and development of thin-film photovoltaic and solar thermal systems, and that Institute built a PV/thermal hybrid system that used roof integrated arrays to feed power through a special meter to the local utility company 25 during the day, and then lower-cost power was purchased during the sun-less night. The roof-integrated PV system had been borne. Not long thereafter, the energy crisis, with its long lines at the gas pump and spiking gas prices, fanned the public interest in non-fossil fuels, and solar power was at the top of the list. So much so that the U.S. Government launched the Solar Energy 30 Research Institute as part of the Department of Energy. And interest in photovoltaic WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 3 systems, which were already being used in many commercial applications, became similarly attenuated. That interest has essentially continued unabated since. Therefore, for over thirty years, it has been know that photovoltaic products, including thin film products, could be attached to the roof of buildings in order to 5 generate electricity. And in that time, an enitre industry has evolved tdhat is devoted to that very thing, and that industry has, over that time, developed a number of methods for attaching the panels to a roof. Many of the systems have involved mechanically attaching the panels directly to the roof system surface using, for example, bolts or screws or other similar devices. Of course, these systems inherently involved drilling 10 holes into the roof system surface or otherwise disturbing the integrity of the roof surface, particularly over time as inclement weather, wind and heat (with the differing coefficients of expansion between the panels and the roof surface) created stresses at the attachment points. This could and often did lead to compromising the water repellant properties of the roof or worse. Accordingly, attachment systems that did not puncture 15 the existing surface were preferred. Also, for significant tax reasons, having the system not be permanently attached to the roof of the structure was often preferred. Therefore, attachment systems in which the panels were removably secured on the roof top were developed. A commonly used system involved the panel/frame systems being simply laid on 20 the roof material and weighed there using ballast blocks. Needless to say, building the frame and using ballast blocks to hold them down onto the roof added costs, components and weight to the system. Some existing systems may not have been initially engineered to withstand the added weight of the panels and ballast. Accordingly, the cost not only to purchase and install the panels and the ballast, but to also reinforce to roof system may 25 have proven prohibitive. The ballast weight may need to be substantial because the solar panels, by definition, must cover a relatively large area in order to be effective. Therefore, they may be subjected to very high winds, and the ballast needs to keep the panels and support structure in place, otherwise they can become an airborne projectile that can cause damage to people and property.

WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 4 The added costs, inconvenience and weight affiliated with these ballast-type systems created the need in the industry for a better apparatus and method to attach solar panels, and particularly thin film panels, to an existing roof system. While this development was ongoing in the field of photovoltaic panels and their 5 use in roof-based systems, a Swiss engineer, Georges de Mestral, who had become intrigued with the way in which seeds from a particular plant that grew in the Alps so securely stuck to his clothing and to the fur of his dog after their daily summer walk, was developing the hook and loop attachment technology. In 1941, upon examining the seeds and how they became attached to his dog and himself more closely, Mr. de Mestal 10 saw that the spherical seeds had tiny hooks on the end of their needle-like projections, and those hooks mechanically attached themselves to the fabric in his clothing and his dog's fur, from which they could be removed, but with considerable effort. He saw the possibility of using a similar arrangement to bind two materials together securely but reversibly in a simple fashion. Thus was born the now well-known hook-and-loop 15 attachment system, which de Mestral named VELCRO®, now a registered trademark of the Velcro USA company, headquartered in Manchester, New Hampshire. The hook and-loop attachment system has been used for many varied applications, from all sorts of clothing as replacement for buttons and zippers, for children's shoes to replace the laces, and to many strap-like applications to replace buckles, as the hook material on one side 20 of the strap will adhere to the loop material on the other side of the strap when it is wound upon itself. Prior to the work on the inventions herein described, however, it is believed that no one has even attempted to apply hook-and-loop technology as an attachment mechanism for adhering solar panels to roof systems, let alone done so successfully. 25 Indeed, the applicant is in the process of working with Velcro USA on a supply agreement for the embodiments shown herein, and the representatives at Velcro USA with whom applicant have dealt have also confirmed that they too are unaware of anyone before applicant utilizing the Velcro® hook and loop material for the applications herein described. 30 That hook and loop material has not previously been used in this application is not surprising. For one thing, it is extremely important that once solar panels are put into WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 5 place on a roof, that they stay there. Unfortunately, by definition solar panels must be exposed to the elements, including the wind. And in certain situations and environments, the solar panels can be exposed to wind gusts up to and even in excess of 100 mph. Earthquakes can also cause the solar panels to move if not adequately secured. Because 5 of the risk of injury to property and to persons if the solar panels move, or worse, become airborne in the wind, require that whatever method and mechanism are used to secure the panels to the roof, they must be adequate to hold the panel in place even in extreme conditions. Given these concerns, it is not surprising that using hook-and-loop technology has not previously been used, and would not be an obvious choice to use, as 10 the means and method to attach these panels to a roof. Utilizing the methods and apparatuses hereinafter described, a system for attaching solar panels is achieved which is lightweight (typically less than 1 pound per square foot of coverage) such that re-engineering of the existing roof system is not required; is low cost (requiring less time, personnel, hardware and equipment to install); 15 provides for rapid electrical integration; requires no roof penetration; requires no ballast; presents no added roof obstacles beyond the panels themselves; is easily removable, if necessary, without damage to the roof system; can be applied not only to flat roof systems, but also to sloped and curved roof systems; can be easily configured to accommodate existing roof installations; and is aesthetically pleasing, among other 20 advantages. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention uses a hook-and-loop system as the attachment means to adhere the solar panels to the rooftop material, or to an intermediary structure. This can be used with either the flexible thin film solar panels, or with framed solar panels. This 25 can be used to attach the framed panels directly to the roof surface, or to racks or other intermediate structures that are in turn attached to the roof. The hook material can be attached using any suitable means such as adhesive along the edges of the underside of the flexible thin film solar panel, and the loop material can be attached directly to the top of the roofing systems, again using any suitable means, such as adhesive, in an area that 30 coincides with the preferred arrangement of the panels on the roof, so that the hook and loop aspects properly align and mate upon installation. In the preferred embodiment, it WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 6 has been found that for ease and success of installation, the entire underside of the thin film solar panels can be fitted with either the hook or the loop material, and that the other portion can be strategically placed on the roof, thereby eliminating the need for the two portions to be exactly aligned before attachment. In another preferred embodiment, the 5 hook material, being less expensive than the loop material, is attached to the underside of the panel, and the loop material is attached to the roof. In another preferred embodiment, the hook material is thermally bonded directly to the underside of the panel during the construction of the panel, preferably a Uni-Solar PVL-136 Panel, so as to eliminate the need for an adhesive layer between the hook material and the underside of the panel. In 10 yet another preferred embodiment, the solar panels are first housed or adhered to steel, metal or plastic frame-like or rack-like substrate (which can have flat or corrugated underside, and then the substrates can be attached to the roof system using hook and loop. In yet another preferred embodiment, the substrate is formed into customized channels or track into which the thin film panels are inserted, and then the track is 15 attached using hook and loop material. In the preferred method, the amount of area required for hook and loop attachment is calculated to ensure that the panels, once attached, remain in place. Utilizing this system, the panels can be attached in a way that is very cost effective, and does not add weight to the roofing system. Also, the hook and loop 20 material will absorb some movement between the solar panels and the roof system which occurs dues to the differing coefficients of heat expansion between the two different materials. Therefore, the roofing system nor the panels will be subjected to damaging stress as the panel and the roof system are repeatedly cycled through the heat of the day and the cold of the night. 25 DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 shows a typical attachment arrangement in which either the hook or the loop portion of a typical hook-and-loop two part attachment system is attached to the underside of the solar panel, whereas the other part of the hook-and-loop attachment system is attached directly to the upper surface of the roof. In this instance, the hook and 30 the loop portions will interact to hold the solar panel directly to the roof.

WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 7 Figure 2 shows an alternative attachment arrangement in which the solar panel is first attached to an intermediate device, such as a frame, and then either the hook or the loop portion of a typical hook-and-loop two part attachment system is attached to the underside of the frame, whereas the other part of the hook-and-loop attachment system is 5 attached directly to the upper surface of the roof. In this instance, the hook and the loop portions will interact to hold the framed solar panel to the roof. Figure 3 shows the presently preferred construct of the thin film solar panel to which the hook material is thermally bonded to the entirety of the underside of the solar panel. 10 Figure 4 shows in side view a schematic of the preferred mating of the solar panel, the hook material, the loop material and the upper surface of the roof system. Figure 5 shows an alternative method for bonding the hook material to the underside of the panel using an intermediate double-sided adhesive. Figure 6 shows a side view of one embodiment in which a thin film solar panel is 15 attached to the roof wherein the entirety of the underside of the panel is fitted with the hook material, and strips of the loop material are attached to the roof system. In this embodiment, the loop material strips are first laid out and attached to the roof, and then the hook material on the underside of the panels is attached thereto. Because the entirety of the underside of the panel is fitted with the hook material, exact precision in aligning 20 the hook material with the loop strips is not required. The amount of the loop material required per square area of panel is calculated using the method of this invention. Figure 7 shows another embodiment in which the underside of the solar panel is completely fitted with a layer of double-sided adhesive to which the hook material is similarly attached, covering the entire underside of the panel. The loop strips, in an 25 amount calculated as hereinafter described, are then attached to the edges of the panel's underside-covered hook material. Adhesive on the underside of the loop strips is then used to attach that assemblage to the roof system surface (or other intermediary structure or substrate). Figure 8 shows yet another embodiment in which adjacent panels, which hook 30 material attached, can be attached to one another in a sheet-like way, and then the entire sheet attached to the loop material attached to the roof system surface.

WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 8 Figure 9 shows an alternative embodiment in which an array of framed solar panels are mechanically attached to brackets, which are in turn attached to the roof system surface using hook and loop material. Figure 10 shows an alternative embodiment in which the framed solar panels can 5 be directly attached to the roof system surface by placing strips of hook material to the frame edges, which then mate with loop material attached directly to the roof system surface. Figure 11 shows an alternative embodiment where, due to the latitude of the building location, it is preferred that the panels not be installed flat on the roof system 10 surface, but are at a slight angle so as to catch the sun's light more directly. In that instance, as shown in this Figure, the framed solar panels can be attached to a simple intermediate structure that can be constructed of metal or plastic or other suitable material and that when attached to the roof system, presents the solar panel at the preferred angle relative to the sun. The framed solar panel can be mechanically attached 15 to the support structure by any suitable means, such as screws or bolts, for example, and the structure can be attached to the roof surface using hook and loop. Again, the amount of hook and loop material that must be used is calculated using the method hereinafter described. Figure 12 shows another embodiment that can be utilized with a pre-framed 20 panel, in which a I-Rail or similar intermediary structure is used, to which the frame of the panel is attached to the upper portion by mechanical means such as screws or bolts, and the lower end of the I-Rail is attached to the roof system surface using hook and loop. As shown here, both the hook and loop portions are attached using a double-sided adhesive. 25 Figure 13 shows another embodiment that can be utilized with a pre-framed panel that utilizes the same I-Rail or similar intermediary structure as in Figure 13, but in which an upper pair of metal and rubber washers are used with a single screw that does not puncture the panel frame. Figure 14 shows an embodiment that can be utilized with the flexible panels and 30 with the I-Rail or similar intermediary structure as in Figures 12 and 13, in which a metal plate is first attached to or lain on the upper surface of the I-Rail or block, and the WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 9 flexible panels attached thereto by means of a clamping device, which is attached to the I-Rail by mechanical means such as screws or bolts, and the lower end of the I-rail is attached to the roof system surface using hook and loop. As shown here, both the hook and loop portions are attached using a double-sided adhesive. 5 Figure 15 is another embodiment by which the flexible panels can be attached to the underlying metal plate, and then the adjacent plates attached to a single I-Rail. Figure 16 shows a top view of a grid lay-out in which the I-Rails are of relatively short length such that they appear to be square and are positioned only at the corners of each of the panels. 10 Figure 17 is another embodiment by which the flexible panels can be attached to an underlying metal plate, but in this instance the underlying metal plate resides on a corrugated substrate structure (shown in cross-section in this Figure). Figure 18 shows the same embodiment as in Figure 17, but with the additional detail showing how the substrate structure can be attached to the roof system surface 15 using the hook and loop system. Figure 19 shows a typical layout of a pair of thin film solar panels, depicting their relative length and width, as they would appear in a top view after they had been installed on the roof system structure by any of the embodiments shown above, except those using the I-Rail component. The top view of those embodiments would appear 20 substantially the same, except that the screws, clamps and washers used to attach the assemblage to the I-Rail would be visible, but only barely. As can be seen from this Figure, the resulting installation has a clean, aesthetic appearance. Figure 20 is a flow chart that summarizes the steps by which the amount of hook and loop material to be used in any given application is determined, and other steps in 25 the preferred method for attachment of solar panels using hook and loop material. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A shown in Figure 1, the preferred attachment method utilizes a hook and loop material, such as that available from Velcro USA. The preferred material is Velcro@ hook material model 752 and Velcro® loop material model 3001. In the most basic form 30 of attachment, a solar panel 10 as shown in Figure 1 is a thin film flexible panel, such as is available from Uni-Solar, among other suppliers. In the preferred embodiment, the WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 10 panel is a Uni-Solar@ panel model number PVL-136, although other types and models can be utilized. Typically, the Uni-Solar panels are commerically available in size that is approximately 216 inches long, 15.5 inches wide, and .12 inches thick, weighing 17 pounds. These solar panels can be ordered with an adhesive material already applied to 5 their underside, covered by a peelable protective material. As shown in Figure 1, the solar panel 10 has attached to its underside with adhesive 12 to the hook material 14 of a conventional hook and loop attachment system. The hook material 16 is attached by means of an adhesive layer 18 to the roof system surface 20. Although in this embodiment, and in the various other embodiments herein 10 discussed, disclosed and depicted, the hook material 14 is shown as being attached to the underside of the solar panel (or panel frame as the case may be), and the loop material 16 is shown as being attached to the roof system surface 20, the opposite could be done as well, with the loop material 14 attached to the underside of the panel 10 and the hook material 14 attached to the roof system surface 20. The orientation disclosed, however, 15 is preferred in that hook material 14 is typically less expensive that loop material 16, and since in most application less material is applied to the roof system surface 20 that is applied to the panel 10, apply the hook material 14 to the panel 10 is a potential cost saving matter. The preferred adhesive layers 12 and 18 for this embodiment is available from 20 Sika Corporation, SikaLastomer@-68 ethylene propylene copolymer tape, as it has been found to have acceptable strength and durability, and compatibility with the material in the underside of the most commerically available flexible solar panels 10. It has also been found to be suitable for attachment to most roof system surfaces 20. Because, however, there are many different types of roof surface materials, any adhesive 18 must 25 first be tested to confirm that it will properly adhere to and is compatible with the roof surface 20, but also care should be taken to ensure that application will not adversely affect any warranty that may then be extant for the roof system and/or surface. The adhesive layer 18 is applied to the underside of the loop portion 16, and then that combination is applied directly to the roof surface 20. It is important, of course, to 30 ensure that the roof surface 20 is free of contaminants or other material that would impede a good bond between the adhesive layer 18 and the surface 20. Utilizing thin WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 11 film panels 10 provides a flexible, lightweight system that will find utility with most roof systems, and will be particularly useful and applicable in situations that involve curved or sloped roof systems, or where the existing roof system is not engineered to accommodate significant added weight, or where aesthetics of the roof after installation 5 is a design criteria. In addition to thin film flexible solar panels, also commerically available are framed solar panels 22 in which the panels are not flexible, but are typically constructed of some type of rigid material housed within a protective metal frame 24. In that circumstance, the hook material 14 can be attached using the adhesive 18 to the metal 10 frame 24, and the mating loop material 16 attached to the roof as described above. Turning to Figure 3, the presently preferred solar panel 10 in which the hook material 14 is bonded directly to the underside of the panel 10 during or immediately after manufacture of the panel itself is shown. As shown in Figure 3, a portion fo the hook material 14 is depicted as being peeled away from the underside of the panel 10. 15 As manufactured, however, the preferred embodiment will have the entire underside of the panel 10 covered with securely attached hook material 14, and no portion will be separated as shown in Figure 3. The depiction in Figure 3 is included only to emphasis that what is depicted is two similar sized components (panel 10 and material 14) that are directly bonded to one another. 20 Using this pre-bonded panel-and-hook-material component eliminates the need for the separate step of applying the hook material to the underside of the panel in the field, and also eliminates a separate component that must be applied in the field, such as addition adhesive material tape that can be used to attach the hook material to the underside of the panel. Also, application of the hook material 14 to the solar panel 25 during or immediately after the manufacturing process will ensure a superior and more reliable attachment that will not be affected by conditions at the job site, or dependent upon the skill of the installer. In this embodiment, the entire underside of the panel is affixed with hook material 14. Although for most installations, less than all of the directly-bonded hook 30 material 14 will be mated with loop material, it is still believed that the benefits to be WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 12 derived from direct-bonding outweighs any material cost saving that could realized by only applying the amount of hook material 14 actually needed at the job site. Any of the conventional means for direct bonding of the hook material 14 to the underside of panel 10 could be used. For example and not limitation, a thermal bonding 5 or other heat weld could be employed; or any suitable adhesive material could be used, such as a polymer adhesive of the types available from various vendors, such as Du Pont. Figure 4 shows schematically in side view the application sandwich using the preferred panel 10 shown in Figure 3, with the hook material 14 having been directly bonded during or immediately after manufacture of the panel 10, which is attached to the 10 loop material 14 which is in turn attached to the roof system surface 20 by means of adhesive layer 18. Turning to Figure 5, Turning to Figure 5, another embodiment is shown in which the panel 10 is attached to the hook material 14 by means of the intermediately adhesive tape 12. As shown here, even in this embodiment, it is preferred that the entire underside 15 of the panel 10 be fitted with the hook material 14. This will provide a more durable adhesion between the two interfaces of panel-tape and tape-hook material as there will be greater surface area of attachement, and also fewer edge areas where initial separation can occur. At this point, it should be noted that there are many different types of roof system 20 surfaces 20 that may be encountered in the field. Some of the more typical surfaces to which solar panels may be attached using the means and methods discussed herein are white membrane, metal, PVC or foam. Of course, in order for the means and methods discussed here to be utilized, the roof system surface 20 must be of a type to which an adhesive will adequately adhere in terms of strength of bond, durability of bond, and lack 25 of damage to the surface material. If the roof system surface 20 is not of such a material, then an intermediately step to coat the surface with a material that will provide such a suitable attachment material may be necessary. For example, for a foam-type roof system surface, it has been found that first applying a coating of HYDRO Bond #7 primer to the foam will create an upper surface to which the loop material 16 can be 30 readily attached. It has also been discovered that if desired the loop material 16 can be directly embedded in the still-wet primer after it is applied, and that once attached, the WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 13 loop material is adequately secured. For another example, some roof system surfaces 20 or topped with an asphalt material. It has also been discovered that the loop material 16 can be directly embedded in the asphalt material, and that too will provide a suitable attachment. Such an arrangement is graphically depicted in Figure 6 where strips 26 of 5 the loop material 16 are shown has having been slightly embedded in the upper coating 28 of the roof system surface 20. Of course, it is also possible to apply all of the various components of the sandwich -- panel 10, tape 12, hook material 14 and the desired amount of the loop material 18 - initially and before taking these sandwiched components to the job site. 10 Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 7, with the ends of the components shown separated from one another in this view for each of undestanding. In actual use, of course, all components depicted would be sandwiched together over their entire surface. It would also be possible to assemble and join by any suitable means a number of adjacent panels 10 to create a wide array 28, as is depicted in Figure 8. As shown there, 15 in this installation, the individual panels 10 have had the hook material 14 pre-attached, and the stips 26 of loop material 16 have already been afixed to the roof system surface 20, either by use of an intermediate adhesive layer 18 or by directly embedding the underside of the strips 26 into a layer of material that has been applied to the surface 20. As mentioned above, in addition to thin film flexible solar panels, other 20 commerically available solar panels are rigid and sold pre-framed. The attachment means and methods herein described can also be adapted to for attachment of them to roof system surfaces 20 as well. Two such attachment methods are shown in Figures 9 and 10. In Figure 9, the framed solar panels 30 can be attached at each corner to a suitable bracket 32 by any conventional means, such as bolts, or screws, or other 25 adhesive (not shown). Although not shown in this embodiment, assuming there is sufficient contact area between the frame 34 of the panels 30 and the brackets 32 such that sufficient hook and loop material can be applied to achieve design goals in terms of resistance to uplift wind pressure on the installed panels (see detailed discussion below), it would also be possible to utilize hook and loop materials as the attachment means 30 between the panels 30 and the brackets 32. The brackets 32 can be attached to the roof system surface 20 using the hook and loop method described above in which the hook WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 14 material 14 is attached to the underside of the base 36 of the bracket 32. In this instance, it would be necessary that the total surface area of mated hook and loop materials 14 and 16 on all of the brackets 32 in the array of installed panels 30 such that the resultant resistance of the installed panel array to wind pressue uplift meets design goal. Figure 10 5 shows how the framed panel 30 can be directly attached to the roof system surface 20 by applying stips 26 of the loop material 16 directly to the surface 20, and then mating thereto the hook material 14 which is attached to the frames 34. Because the frames 34 are typically constructed of some type of metal, the intermediate layer of adhesive tape 12 will be required. 10 Figure 11 shows another possible installation option using framed solar panels 30. In this arrangement, because of the geo-latitude of the installation site, it is preferred that the panels 30 be raised off of the horizontal (or whatever plane the exiting roof system surface 20 resides in). Therefore, the framed solar panels 30 are first attached to a substrate structure 38 that will, once attached to the roof system surface 20, place the 15 panels in the proper elevation. In this instance, the hook material 14 can be attached to the base 40 of the structure 38, and then mated with the loop material 16 that is attached to the surface 20. Because the structure 38 will likely be made of metal of other similar material, the intermediate adhesive layer 12 will be utilized. It will again be necessary to ensure that the total amount of mated hook and loop materials 14 and 16 will be 20 sufficient to obtain the design goal for resistance to wind pressure for the particular installation. Figure 12 depicts yet another way in which framed solar panels 30 can be attached to a roof system surface 20 using the hook and loop system. For some installations, it is preferred that, although the panels 30 can be laid parallel to the surface 25 20, that the panels 30 be elevated a short distance above the surface 20. There can be several reasons for this, one being the desire to install some type of additional insulation material between the panels 30 and the surface 20, or to provide space for other items, such as wires, cables or air conditioning tubes. In order to provide that space, spacer block or rail units 42 can be utilized, shown in cross-section in Figure 12. In this 30 embodiment, the units 42 can be made of any sufficient rigid and durable material, such as aluminum, and comprise a flat base 44 and an upper platform area 46, separated by a WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 15 rib 48 that can be of any desired length. The frame portion 34 of the panels 30 are attached to the upper platform area 46 by any conventional means, such as the screws 50 depicted here. The base 44 is attached to the roof system surface 20 using the hook-and loop sandwich described above, which, as depicted in Figure 12 comprises adhesive 5 layer 12, the hook material 14, the loop material 16, and another adhesive layer 18. Using the cross-sectional shape for unit 42 as showin in this Figure (which resembles and I-beam), allows for maximizing the base 44 and platform 46 surface areas while adding at little weight to the overall installation as possible. Also, this I-beam shape will also nicely accommodate the installation of insulation 52 in the space between the base 10 44 and platform 46. A slightly different embodiment is shown in Figure 13 in which instead of a pair of screws 50, each of which puntures the framed panel 30 and frame 34, a single screw 56 and a pair of washers 51 and 53 are utilized, with washer 51 being made of metal, and washer 53 being made of a rubber material such as neoprene. In this embodiment, a 15 single screw 50 is used to hold the washers 51 and 53 securely against the tops of the frames 34 of adjacent panels 30. An alternative means for attaching either framed or unframed rigid solar panels is shown in Figure 14, in which the solar panel 54 (which is shown here as a flexible panel, but which could also be a framed panel) is affixed to a backing plate 56. This Figure 20 depicts un-framed solar panels 54 being attached to an I-Rail unit 42 by means of a single threaded screw 58 that holds bracket 60 in place against the adjoining panels 54 and plates 56 so they are held in position on the upper platform area 46 of the unit 42. Using this embodiment, it may not be necessary that the solar panels be adhered to the plate 56 (as shown in this Figure). In a suitable situation, the use of the brackets 60 may 25 be sufficient to hold the panels in correct position against the plate 56. The attachment of the base 40 to the roof system surface 20 is as described above. This Figure also depict another way in which flexible thin film panels 10 can be attached in an elevated postion above the roof surface 20. Figure 15 depicts yet another embodiment for attaching the adjacent panels 54 to 30 the I-Rails. As shown here, the backing plates 56 are designed and constructed to be slightly wider than the panels 54 so that each plate 56 will have a flange 57 that extends WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 16 a short distance, and those adjacent flanges 57 will overlap on the upper platform of the I-Rail unit 42, to which they can be securely attached using a single screw 50. As mentioned above, the units 42 can be in the form or elongate rails or shorter, blocks. In most instances, the shorter block configuration will be preferred so as to 5 reduce cost. As with all other installations, however, it will be necessary to ensure that the coverage area of mated hook and loop material is sufficient to withstand the design wind pressure and uplift force on the installed panels. Figure 16 depicts one such arrangement in which the block-shaped units 42 are arranged so as to hold the maximum number of panels with the minimum number of units 42. 10 Figure 17 is another embodiment by which either the flexible or framed panels 54 can be attached to an underlying metal plate 60, but in this instance the underlying metal plate 60 is attached to another structure 62 which has a corrugated shape (shown in cross-section in this Figure). This type system can be used when the existing roof sytem surface 20 does not lend itself to adhesive attachment. For example, if the existing roof 15 system surface 20 included a gravel material as the top most layer, applying adhesive directly to the gravel would not prove workable. Accordingly, in that instance a substrate such as the corrugated structure 62 shown in this Figure can be utilized. The panels 54 can be attached to the upper side of the metal plate 60 using either direct adhesive or the hook and loop system, and then the structure 62 attached to the roof 20 surface by any suitable means, for example, cables or poles (not shown). This structure 62 can also be used for attachment to roof system surfaces that would also accommodate one of the direct attachment embodiments depicted above, but the addition of a continuous metal substrate is preferred. For example, it may be that the owner of the building wants to run wires, cables or other items under the panels, in which case each 25 corrugated channel will also act as a raceway for holding and hiding the cable and wires. In this latter instance, the structure 62 can be attached to the roof system surface 20 using the hook and loop system described above, which is depicted in cross-section schematic in Figure 18. Figure 19 depicts the relative length and width of a typical side-by-side 30 arrangement of flexible panels 10.

WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 17 It is of course important that each and every installation being approached as a unique project that must be considered independently in terms of, among other things, the amount of mated hook and loop material 14 and 18 that must be applied. In this regard, the steps discussed below (and generally summarized in Figure 20) must usually 5 be undertaken for each installation project: 1. Determine actual force in pounds per square inch necessary to separate the hook material from the loop material of the hook and loop product to be used in the installation ("Fsa") using standard testing protocols. 2. Determine desired design separation force ("Fsd") that will be used in 10 arriving at a suitable designed-in margin for error and safety, such as Fsa divided by 3. 3. Determine the actual geographic site location for the installation project ("the Site"). 4. Consult the applicable governmental building code for the Site (for example, 15 the California Building Code for most locations within the state of California), and determine therefrom the design specification wind speed for that specific site location (typically given in the minimum miles per hour the building structure must be designed to withstand, such as 75 miles per hour) 5. Consult the applicable governmental building code for the Site and determine 20 the criteria for categorizing the Site's "Exposure" (usually on a scale of A, B, C, or D) which is generally a measure of the Site's exposure to wind pressure due to surrounding topographic details. 6. Analyze the Site and its surrounding topographic details and apply against the Exposure criteria for that Site to determine the Site's Exposure grade. 25 7. Consult the applicable governmental building code for the Site to determine the criteria for any other factors that have to be taken into account when calculating the minimum uplift force which the installed panels must be designed to withstand. Such other factors typically include the height of the structure, the "importance" of the facility, the slope of the roof to which the 30 panels will be attached, whether the roof has overhang or other distinguishing WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 18 features, and where on the roof the panels will be installed (near the edge of the roof, for example). 8. Compare and apply any such other factors to the specific structure and the specific installation to determine any other multipliers that have to be taken in 5 to account in the calculation of the amount of mated hook and loop material to be used for each installed panel. 9. Take all of the applicable factors into account to determine the minimum uplift force ("Fmu") in pounds per square inch that the specific roof installation on that specific structure and type roof at that Site must be 10 designed to withstand. 10. Determine the total square area of coverage for each of the solar panels to be installed in square inches. For example, a solar panel that is 216 inches long and 15.5 inches wide will have a total coverage area of 3348 square inches. 11. Multiply the Fmu (in pounds per square inch as calculated in steps 1-9 above) 15 times the total area of each individual solar panel to be installed using the hook and loop attachment to calculate total uplift pressure which each installed panel must be able to withstand. For example, if Fmu for a particular project was .14, and Fsa was 9 pounds per square inch, such that Fsd is 3 pounds per square inch, then the total area on each installed panel 20 that must have mating hook and loop material is 156.24 square inches. 12. Design all other interfaces in the attachment of the solar panels to the roof system surface tohave an Fsa that is greater than that for the applied hook and loop material, so that in the unlikely event the solar panels are subjected to wind pressure and uplife that is greater than the designed for capacity, the 25 panels will separate from the roof at the hook and loop interface so as to minimize damage to the roof and the building structure. 13. Coordinate with the manufacturer of the existing roof system surface to ensure that application of the panels will not adversely affect the surface or hinder or void any existing warranty on the structure integrity and weather 30 resistance of the roof system surface.

WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 19 A sample spreadsheet showing a table of the calculation performed for a different type structures in an area rated for wind pressure of 75 miles per hour, and a grade "C" exposure, is set forth here (references to Figures, Tables and Sections are to those referenced items in the California Building Code, and references to "Velcro" are 5 references to Velcro® hook and loop product, and specifically to Velco® hook model 752 and loop model 3001: Basic Wind Speed: 75 mph (Flgure 16-1) qa = 14.5 psf (Table 16-F) Exposure: C (Section 1616) Occupancy: 4 (Table 16-K) Iw = 1.00 (Table 16-K) P CeCqqadw Co: 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.23 1.31 1.43 Desert lon Cq 0-15 20 25 30 40 60 ROOF RELMENTS .1patelyvendoned) apepov7: 1 2 1.3 out 20.0 21.3 22.4 23.2 24.7 27.0 P vl-4' x lr-0'. lt 478 509.9 537 555.1 591 645.3 Ae al velco (3psi aow). In 160 170 180 186 198 216 sope 7:12 to 12-12 1.3 Infout 20.0 21.3 22.4 23.2 24.7 27,0 P v r-4X 1ro'. m 478 509.9 537 555.1 591 645.3 Area of vapo ( psiafow). In 2 160 170 180 186 198 216 aope 12-f2 1.2 Inhout 18.4 19.7 20.7 21.4 22.8 24.9 Pa r-- X s-a-. ms 442 470.7 495.7 512.4 546 595.7 Area Vehko (I psiallow). In 2 148 157 166 171 182 199 PARTIALLY ENCLOSED STRUCTURES stlopeC212 1.7 out 26.1 27.9 29.3 30.3 32.3 35.2 ELEMENTS& P v'-4-e ia-r. ma 626 666.8 702.2 725.8 773 843.9 COMPONENTS Ama of Veo (3 pW aUow). Ia 209 223 235 242 258 282 b= IN AREAS OF slo~e 212 n 7:12 1.8 out 24.6 26.2 27.6 28.5 30.4 33.2

DISCONTINUITY

2 P xl-4' t1,. Wlb 5B9 627.6 660.9 683.2 728 794.2 Aea of voicro (3 lpsi ow). In 197 210 221 228 243 265 slope 2:12 to 7:12 0.8 In 12.3 13.1 13.8 14.3 15.2 16.6 Pa l'-x s1*-V. a 294 313.8 330.6 341.6 364 397.1 Area of Veoro (3 psi allow). In 99 105 111 114 122 133 slope -7:12to 12:t2 1.7 infout 26.1 27.9 29.3 30.3 32.3 35.2 P ar-4,a'r'.ms 626 656.8 702.2 725.8 773 843.9 Area ofVeI (3 ps anow), a 209 223 235 242 258 282 ope - 1z-a 1.6 out 24.8 26.2 27.6 28.5 30.4 33.2 Ps r-a, e.o%. lbs 569 627.6 680.9 683.2 728 794.2 Afea c Ve om (3 pl atow). In" 197 210 221 228 243 265 aw , I12 1.2 In 18.4 19.7 20.7 21.4 22.6 24.9 P Xl4-xa18!-. Wm 442 470.7 495.7 512.4 546 595.7 Aro of vero (3 psi al). Ina 148 157 160 171 182 199 kLEEI T I ROOF EAVES. RAKES OR RIOGES WITHOUT OVERHANGS "' COMPONENTS slopo 2:I2 2.3 up 35.4 37.7 39.7 41.0 43.7 47.7 IN AREAS OF P. .4 1 . lIr.s 848 902.2 950.1 982 1040 1142 DISCONTINUITIES r vco (3 psi eow). in 283 301 317 328 349 381 ;;.5: WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 20 Although various specific embodiments have been set forth above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the inventive concepts herein disclosed are not limited to thosespecific embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the protection herein provided is not limited to the specific embodiments, but is of the full scope of the following claims, 5 including equivalents thereto.

Claims

1. An apparatus for attaching a flexible solar panel to a roof system surface, comprising: a. a flexible solar panel having a defined length and width, thus 5 having a calculated total surface area; b. hook and loop attachment material for attaching said panel to said roof system surface; c. the hook portion of said hook and loop material being attached to the underside of said panel or to said roof system surface; 10 c. the loop portion of said hook and loop material attached to the other of said said roof system surface or said panel; d. such that there is mating contact between said hook portion and said loop portion when said panel is placed into its desired position on the said roof system surface; and 15 e. the area of said mating contact is pre-determined to ensure sufficient separation force will be required to cause said panel to separate from said roof system surface at the interface between said hook portion and said loop portion.

2. The invention of claim 1 in which said hook portion is attached to the underside of said panel, and said loop portion is attached to said roof system surface. 20

3. The invention of claim 1 in which said hook portion and said loop portions are attached to said panel and said roof system surface respectively by a separately applied adhesive material such as double-sided adhesive tape.

4. The invention of claim 1 in which said hook portion or said loop portion that is attached to the underside of said panel covers the entirety of the underside of said 25 panel.

5. The invention of claim 4 in which said hook portion or said loop portion that is attached to the underside of said panel is directly attached.

6. The invention of claim 1 further comprising an intermediate structure having a first side and a second side that is attached at said first side tosaid roof system 30 surface, extends a distance thereabove, and to said second side thereof is attached said panel, in which the attachment means for attached said first side and said second side to WO 2007/123927 PCT/US2007/009430 22 said roof system surface and the underside of said panel respectively comprises hook and loop material.

7. The invention of claim 6 in which said intermediate structure is constructed of aluminum and has an I-beam cross sectional configuration. 5

8. The invention of claim 6 in which said intermediate structure has a corrugated cross sectional configuration that substantially extends the entire length and width of said panel.

9. A method for attaching solar panels having a defined length and width to a roof system surface of a building using hook and loop material, the method comprising 10 the steps: a. determining the actual total separation force per square inch of said hook and loop material; b. determining the safety factor to used as a multiplier as to the acutal separation force for margin-of-error design purposes; 15 c. consulting the applicable building codes for the building location, type and surrounding topography, and for the location of the installed panels on the roof to determine design factors to be taken into consideration for the minimum allowable wind pressure and uplift force to be withstood by the installed panels before separating for the roof system surface; 20 d. applying said factors to the intended application to determine the minimum amount of mated hook and loop material that must be used on each attached panel; e. comparing the actual separation force required to separate the attached panels from the roof system surface at the hook and loop interface; 25 f. determining the actual separation force required to separate the attached solar panels from the roof system surface at each of intermediate interface; and g. if necessary, modifying the interfaces so that any separation due to wind pressure and uplift forces on the attached panels will occur at the hook and loop interface.