AU2007203325B2 - Synthetic Heparin Pentasaccharides - Google Patents

Description

TITLE

0 O Synthetic Heparin Pentasaccharides Field of the Invention oo This invention is directed to intermediates, and processes for the chemical synthesis of AT-ll binding heparin or heparinoid, pentasaccharides.

In c Background Art O 10 Vascular thrombosis is a cardiovascular disease indicated by the partial or total occlusion of a blood vessel by a clot containing blood cells and fibrin. In arteries, it results predominantly from platelet activation and leads to heart attack, angina or stroke, whereas venous thrombosis results in inflammation and pulmonary emboli. The coagulation of blood is the result of a cascade of events employing various enzymes collectively known as activated bloodcoagulation factors. Heparin, a powerful anticoagulant has been used since the late 1930's in the treatment of thrombosis. In its original implementation, tolerance problems were noted and so reduced dosage was suggested to reduce bleeding and improve efficacy. In the early 1970's, clinical trials did indeed indicate acceptable tolerance was obtainable whilst still preserving antithrombotic activity. Unfractioned heparin (UFH) is primarily used as an anticoagulant for both therapeutic and surgical indications, and is usually derived from either bovine lung or porcine mucosa. Amongst the modern uses of unfractioned heparin are the management of unstable angina, an adjunct to chemotherapy and anti-inflammatory treatment, and as a modulation agent for growth factors and treatment of haemodynamic disorders.

In the late 1980's, the development of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) led to improvements in antithrombotic therapy. LMWHs are derived from UFH by such processes as; chemical degradation, enzymatic depolymerisation and y-radiation cleavage. This class of heparins has recently been used for treatment of trauma related thrombosis. Of particular interest is the fact that their relative effects on platelets are minimal compared to heparin, providing an immediate advantage when treating platelet 2 compromised patients. The degree of depolymerisation of UFH can be

O

0 controlled to obtain LMWH of different lengths. Dosage requirements for the

(N

-treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are significantly reduced when Semploying LMWH as opposed to UFH, although in general the efficacy of both 00 therapeutics seems to be comparable. In addition, LMWH can be effective as an alternative therapeutic for patients who have developed a sensitivity to l UFH. Unfortunately, there has recently been a great deal of concern in the use of LMWH due to the perceived potential for cross-species viral Scontamination as a result of the animal source of the parent UFH.

0 10 One way of avoiding the possibility of cross-species contamination, is c- to prepare heparins by chemical synthesis. This method would also provide the opportunity to develop second generation heparins or heparinoids, that can be tailored to target particular biological events in the blood coagulation cascade.

An investigation to determine the critical structural motif required for an important binding event in a coagulation cascade involving heparin, dates back to the 1970's. Some structural features of heparin were defined, but the binding domains of interest remained essentially undefined. Research conducted by Lindahl and co-workers' and separately by Choay and coworkers 2 eventually led to the determination that a pentasaccharide sequence constituted the critical binding domain for the pro-anticoagulant cofactor, antithrombin III (AT-III). After determination of the critical heparin sugar sequence, complete chemical syntheses were embarked upon to further prove the theories. Complete syntheses of the pentasaccharide binding domain were completed at similar times by Sinay and co-workers 3 and by Van Boeckel and co-workers 4 Significant difficulties were encountered during both these reported syntheses. The synthesis by Van Boeckel and co-workers provided a method on reasonable scale (156mg's of final product) and with improved yields compared to the Sinay synthesis, but still only provided an overall yield of 0.22%, (compared with 0.053% for the Sinay synthesis). One particular problem encountered during the final deprotection, was the intermolecular reaction of the hemiacetal (the reducing end functionality of the sugar), which led to the formation dimers and trimers. To reduce the likelihood of this occuring, an a-methyl glycoside of the pentasaccharide was synthesised. The structures of interest are represented in Figure 1, wherein I represents the hemiacetal form, and II represents the a-methylglycoside form.

oso coo-

INR

R=S0 3 OS03 OSO3 HO OH D E F G H

II

Figure I As mentioned, studies have determined that the significant biological event in preventing thrombosis is the binding of a pentasaccharide sequence 5 of heparin, to heparin cofactor antithrombin III (AT-Ill). As well as pentasaccharide I, the important derivative II has also been prepared by total synthesis 6 Compound II has recently completed phase III clinical trials for the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. The following patents display some relevance to the present invention. Patent US 4,401,662 claims composition of matter on the pentasaccharide AT-Ill binding sequence of heparin as does US 4,496,550. Patents EP 0,084,999 and US 4,818,816 detail synthetic methodologies towards pentasaccharide I, and derivative II.

Object of the Invention 0 0 It is an object of the invention to provide a synthetic preparation for

(N"

Sheparin pentasaccharides, and intermediates thereof, and to novel intermediates for heparin pentasaccharides, and to novel heparin 00 pentasaccharides.

The present invention provides composition of matter of intermediates, and a process for the synthesis, of AT-ll1 binding heparins and heparinoids.

SWhat this entails is a stepwise synthetic process employing monosaccharide building blocks.

0 10 The nature of the AT-Ill binding pentasaccharide is such, that under cursory analysis of the individual monomeric units constituting the pentasaccharide, we note that each is distinct from the others. Secondly, we can see that there is an alternating stereospecificity in regard to the glycosidic linkages (Fig. 2).

a-linked p-linked a-linked p-linked oso I c oso03 c o OSO c rcoo 'L0 0 0 0 0 Ho o o o OH O OH O OSO3 O OOHO O OH R HO

O

E D C B A SHNS03 OH HNS03 OSA NHSO Glucosamine Glucuronic acid Glucosamine Iduronic acid Glycosides and hemi- 2-N-sulphated and 2-N-sulphated, 2-O-sulphated acetal of Glucosamine, 6-O-sulphated 3-O-sulphated and both 2-N-sulphated and 6-O-sulphated 6-O-sulphated Fig. 2 In a synthesis, the difference evident in each block requires that each individual monomer used in the synthesis will need a different protecting group pattern. In light of this, it is essential in the synthesis of the above pentasaccharide that a protecting group strategy is carefully conceived. As can be seen, the pentasaccharide displays O-sulphation, N-sulphation, there are free hydroxyl groups, and there are stereospecific glycosidic linkages.

Therefore, a protection strategy is required such that sulphation can be effected at the required sites, whilst leaving some hydroxyl groups

O

0 unsulphated (note that due to the chemical lability of N- and O-sulphates,

(N

Ssulphation needs to be effected late in the synthesis), a protection strategy Sis required that assists in effecting the appropriate glycosidic linkage and a 00 protection strategy is required that enables the correct (in terms of regio- and stereoisomerism) glycosidic linkages to be formed. a-Glycosidic linkages are c typically generated by the use of what are known as non-participating m protecting groups, whilst p-linkages are effected by participating protecting C1 groups. Some N- and O-participating and non-participating protecting groups 0 10 are known to the art (the art being considered carbohydrate chemistry). It is c also well known to the art that the kind of protecting groups employed can effect the reactivity of the building block. The culmination of these requirements are demonstrated in the exemplary building block in Fig. 3 below, which displays the kind of characteristics required to effect the synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides.

OR

4 0

OR

2

X

R

3 0

NR

1 Fig. 3, Exemplary Building Block C In exemplary building block C, X is a leaving group suitable of reacting with another monomer or acceptor, to form an interglycosidic linkage; R' is a non-participating amino protecting group so as to effect an a-linkage upon activation of X followed by coupling to an appropriate acceptor; R 2 and R 4 can be similarly protected to allow for eventual O-sulphation, whilst R 3 is required to be differentially protected so as to allow the formation of an acceptor hydroxyl group to couple this block to the next in the chain. The building blocks in Fig. 4 exemplify the kind of derivatised monosaccharides required to effect the synthesis of heparin AT-III binding pentasaccharides.

ORs R ORs ORs 0 0 0 0 0 c1 ORH Rs X RH OR R RL RL-

R

RLO RL E D OR c R B OR A RA 00 W nFig. 4

(N

The protecting groups represented by 'Rs' in Fig. 4 are sites that will eventually require O-sulphation, the protecting groups represented by 'RH' 0need to be orthogonal to 'Rs' and represents sites that will eventually become hydroxyl groups. The substituents 'Xi' and 'X 2 represent leaving groups that are activated to react with another suitable protected building block to form a glycosidic linkage, and,in the case of X 1 may also be derivatised as alkyl glycosides or substituted with a group suitable to allow conjugation to a support for drug delivery. The 'RL' groups are protecting groups orthogonal to both 'Rs' and and represent sites through which chain elongation via glycosylation occurs. is representative of either a protected or latent carboxylate function. The 'RA' groups are non-participating amino protecting groups that enable a-linkages to be formed while the 'RB' groups may be either a participating or non-participating amino protecting group. There is another level of complexity to be added to the synthesis in as much as the protecting groups in blocks D and B that are indicated by the boxes, need to be such that they allow for the formation of a P-glycosidic linkage. This may require a two stage protection at the indicated sites, ie. a protection followed by deprotection and subsequent reprotection with a different protecting group.

The initial protection is required to effect the correct stereochemistry in a glycosylation, and second stage protection to allow for the correct sulphation pattern.

As is evident, the pentasaccharide can be constructed in a variety of different ways; blocks B and A can be coupled, blocks E and D can be coupled, block C can be coupled to either, and the resulting dimer and trimer can finally be coupled to form the pentasaccharide. Alternatively, each block can be added sequentially and so on. There are a number of alternative coupling sequences that can be easily conceived and the choice made in regard to this, in itself, has a marked effect on the synthetic methodologies that will finally be employed, and therefore impacts on the overall success of the synthesis.

The present invention provides pentasaccharide building block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block being of General Formula la, ORsi E D C B A General Formula la (Block E-D-C-B-A) In which the configuration of the monosaccharidic units and the stereochemistry of the internal linkages is defined as D-gluco-alpha-1,4-Dglucurono-beta-1,4-D-Gluco-alpha-l,4-L-idurono-alpha-l,4-D-gluco, and the substituents are defined as; Xi is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkenyloxy, C2 to C10 alkoxy, aryloxy- thioalkyl, thioaryl, imidoyl, a tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; or an alpha methoxy group; RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH2 and RBI independently are combinable to form a cyclic carbamate; (Ni RA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, NH-Fmoc, NH-Boc, NH-Troc, N-phthalimido, 0 NH-Ac, NH-Allyloxycarbonyl; or RH1 and RA are combinable to form a cyclic carbamate; Rsi is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl groups; a tertbutyldiphenylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl or trimethylsiloxyethyl; group; allyl; RS2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl groups; a tertbutyldiphenylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl group; allyl;

RS

3 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl and substituted alkylacyl groups; a tertbutyldiphenylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl or trimethylsiloxyethyl group; allyl RS4 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl groups; a tertbutyldiphenylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl or trimethylsiloxyethyl group; allyl, Rss is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl and substituted alkylacyl groups; a tertbutyldiphenylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl or trimethylsiloxyethyl group; allyl, or Rs 5 and RH can be combined to form a cyclic acetal or ketal moiety; SREI is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-C5 alkyl; substituted alkyl, C3-C5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; I RE2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-05 alkyl; n substituted alkyl, C3-05 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups;

(N

Re is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an O amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and RB are combinable to form a cyclic carbamate; RBI is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH2 and RBI are combinable to form a cyclic carbamate; Rp, is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl groups; Rp 2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl groups; C3-05 alkenyl.

Preferably, any one of the substituents Rsl, RS 2

RS

3

RS

4 and Rss 5 in building blocks EDC, EDCB, DCBA, CBA, A and B are as defined above, as appropriate.

The present invention further provided a monosaccharide of General Formula

XIV,

C

17. UKEI 0

RLO

o X4 2 0 RpO ORP2 c General Formula XIV (Block D) in which the ring is of the D-Gluco stereochemistry; wherein: C RE1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-05 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C3-C 5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; Rp, is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; RP2 is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl;benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; X4 is selected from a; thioalkyl, thioaryl, fluoro, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4acetoxybenzoyl, 4-acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group;, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; Ey-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1 imethyl-2,6-d ioxocyclohex-1 -ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1 (1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, T h t 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups;

O

Sallyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups.

In another aspect the invention provides for a monosaccharide building block in the D-glucopyrano configuration, for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula I, SORs ReO R X RA X General Formula I (Block A) Wherein X 1 includes but is not limited to: hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, or other suitable leaving group; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; other suitable groups will be known to those skilled in the art, RA includes but is not limited to: an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde, NH- DTPM, NH-Fmoc, NH-Boc, NH-Cbz, NH-Troc, N-phthalimido; or, other such suitable protected amino functions known to those skilled in the art, RH is a benzyl or, substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RL includes but is not limited to: a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4acetoxybenzoyl, 4-acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-

O

Sbutyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, Scarbonate type protecting groups; or RL and Rsi can combine to form a t benzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring.; or, other such suitable protecting oo groups as known to those skilled in the art, and Rs includes but is not limited to: 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; c alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or Cc alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups, a cN butyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, 0 10 methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl benzyloxymethyl;; or, other suitable protecting CN groups as known to those skilled in the art.

Alternatively RL and Rs can combine to form a benzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring.

In a second aspect the invention provides for a monosaccharide building block in the L-idopyrano conformation, for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula II,

REO

R ORH RLO ORs General Formula II (Block B) Wherein X 2 includes but is not limited to: a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, or other suitable leaving group; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; other suitable groups will be known to those skilled in the art, Rs is defined as in General Formula I, RH is defined as in General Formula I, RL is defined as in General Formula I, and RE includes but is not limited to: methyl, C2-C5 alkyl; substituted alkyl; or,

O

0 benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; other suitable groups will be known to

(N

-those skilled in the art. Or t RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted 00 benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; Rs is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted Salkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting c groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting 0 10 group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; N RE is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-05 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C 3

-C

5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1- (1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups; X2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

In a third aspect the invention provides for a monosaccharide building block in the L-idopyrano configuration, for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula III, RLO ORs 00 O General Formula III (Alternate Block B) SWherein X2 is defined as in General Formula II, oo Rs is defined as in General Formula II, RH is defined as in General Formula I, SRL is defined as in General Formula I, and c RM includes but is not limited to a p-methoxyphenyl protecting group or other Ssuitable oxidatively labile protecting group; a trityl group; or, other such 0 10 suitable protecting groups as known to those skilled in the art.

In a fourth aspect the invention provides for a monosaccharide building block in the D-glucopyrano configuration for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula IV, ORs RLO- 0 Rs0& X2 General Formula IV (Block C) Wherein X 2 is defined as in General Formula II, RB includes but is not limited to: an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group; or other suitably protected amino functions as known to those skilled in the art, or Rs (adjacent RB )and RB can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RL is defined as in General Formula I, and Rs (adjacent RB is is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, or RS 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs (adjacent the oxygen) is selected from the group consisting of 4-

O

Smethoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy oo protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl benzyloxymethyl; In a fifth aspect the invention provides for a monosaccharide building block in c- the D-glucuronate configuration for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, 0 10 said building block of General Formula V, O ORE ORp X2 General Formula V (Block D) Wherein X 2 is as defined in General Formula II, Rp includes but is not limited to: 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; or, other suitable protecting groups as known to those skilled in the art.

RL is defined as in General Formula I, and RE is defined as in General Formula II.

In a sixth aspect the invention provides for a monosaccharide building block in the D-glucopyrano configuration for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula VI, ORs

RHO^

O General Formula VI (Block E) SWherein X 2 is as defined as in General Formula II, 00 RB is defined as in General Formula IV, RH may be selected independently and are defined as in General Formula I, and o Rs is defined as in General Formula I c- or, wherein 0 10 RH (adjacent the ORs moiety) is selected from the group consisting of cN benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH (adjacent the Rb moiety) is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or this RH and Re independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl; and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl,or Rs 5 and RH can be combined to form a cyclic acetal or ketal moiety; RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH adjacent the RB) and RB can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; X2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

In a seventh aspect the invention provides for a monosaccharide building

O

0 block in the D-glucopyrano configuration for the preparation of synthetic

(N

-heparinoids, said building block of General Formula VII, oo ORs

O

0 NH X 8 5 0 O General Formula VII (Common Intermediate for Blocks A, C and E)

(N

Wherein X 1 is defined as in General Formula I, RL is defined as in General Formula I, and Rs is defined as in General Formula I.

RL and Rs may also together combine to form a benzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring or X, is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, atbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1- (1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups.

Rs is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-

O

Smethoxybenzyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, Sand substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate Sprotecting groups; tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl; 00 RL and Rs may also together combine to form an alkylidene, isopropylidene, Sbenzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring.

C--

0 10 In an eighth aspect the invention provides for a disaccharide building block for ci the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula VIII, ORs RE

OR

0 -07 RA X RLO ORs General Formula VIII (Block B-A) Wherein X 1 is defined as in General Formula I, RH1 is defined as being selected from RH of General Formula I, with the addition that RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate, RA is defined as in General Formula I, with the addition that RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate Rs is defined as in General Formula I, RH is defined as in General Formula I, RL is defined as in General Formula I, and RE is defined as in General Formula II or X, is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkenyloxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems 0 or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted oO benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; SRHi is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted Sbenzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH1 and RA can combine c- together to form a cyclic carbamate; 0 00 RA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, NH-Fmoc, NH-Boc, NH-Troc, N-phthalimido, NH-Ac, NH-Allyloxycarbonyl; or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs (on block A) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl or benzoyl, Rs (on block B) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; RE is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C 2

-C

5 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C 3

-C

5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or

O

O other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1 -(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1 -ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1- S(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 00 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups.

cN In a ninth aspect the invention provides for a disaccharide building block for 0 10 the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General cN Formula IX, ORs RNP ORH RMos^ RA X RLO ORs General Formula IX (Alternate Block B-A) Wherein X, is as defined as in General Formula I, RA is defined as in General Formula XIII, RH1 is defined as in General Formula XIII, Rs is defined as in General Formula I, RL is defined as in General Formula I, and RM is defined as in General Formula III Or alternatively, X, is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkenyloxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; 0RA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, NH-Fmoc, NH-Boc, NH-Troc, N-phthalimido, i NH-Ac, NH-Allyloxycarbonyl; or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a 00 cyclic carbamate; v Rs (on block A) is selected from the group consisting of 4- Smethoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, c and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy c- protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; Rs (on block B) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RM is selected from a p-methoxyphenyl or p-methoxybenzyl protecting group or other suitable oxidatively labile protecting group; a trityl group; or RM and RL are combined together to form an isopropylidene, benzylidene, substituted benzylidene, cyclohexylidene or other acetal or ketal protecting group; SRL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4-

O

Sacetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 00 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1- (1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, c-N 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; Sallyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups.

0 0 0 CN In a tenth aspect the invention provides for a disaccharide building block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula X, O ORE RLO-- RsO x ORs General Formula X (Block D-C) Wherein X 2 is as defined in General Formula II, Rsi is defined as being selected from Rs of General Formula I, with the addition that Rsi and Re can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate.

RB is defined as in General Formula IV, with the addition that Rsi and RB can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate.

Rs is defined as in General Formula I, Rp are defined as in General Formula V, RL is defined as in General Formula I, and RE is defined as in General Formula II or X2 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkenyloxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems

O

0 or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; Rs is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; oo substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting (t group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl benzyloxymethyl; 0 10 Rsi is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; cN substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, or Rsi and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; RE is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C 2

-C

5 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C 3

-C

5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and RB can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rp (adjacent O-RL) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups; Rp (adjacent the link to block C) is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, 4-methoxyphenyl;benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting

O

0 groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl;

(N

RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- 00 acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable c- substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl- Ccn 2,6-dioxocyclohex-l-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethylc 2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-Allocr"- 0 10 butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; cN allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups.

In an eleventh aspect the invention provides for a disaccharide building block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula XI, ORs ORp X General Formula XI (Block E-D) Wherein X 2 is as defined in General Formula II, Rp are defined as in General Formula V, RE is defined as in General Formula II, RB is defined as in General Formula IV, with the addition that RB and RH2 can combine to form a cyclic carbamate, RH2 is defined as being selected from RH of General Formula I, with the addition that RB and RH2 can combine to form a cyclic carbamate, RH is defined as in General Formula I, and Rs is defined as in General Formula I or

O

SX2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, Strichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting oo group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; Rp( adjacent the O link) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and c- alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting 0 10 groups;, carbonate protecting groups; Rp (adjacent X2) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; RE is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-C5 alkyl; substituted alkyl, C3-C5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH2 and RB1 can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH2 and RB1 independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4methoxybenzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, benzoyl arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl ,arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl,

O

Stertbutoxycarbonyl,carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, c- methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; 00 or Rs and RH can be combined to form a cyclic acetal or ketal moiety; c In a twelfth aspect the invention provides for a disaccharide building block for r'- 0 10 the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General cN Formula XII, ORs RHO 0.-O° RH0- ORM Rp0 ON ORp X General Formula XII (Alternate Block E-D) Wherein X 2 is as defined in General Formula II, Rp are defined as in General Formula V, RM is defined as in General Formula III, RB and RH2 are as defined in General Formula XI, RH isdefined as in General Formula I, and Rs is defined as in General Formula I or X2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; Rp (adjacent the O linking group) is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl

O

Sprotecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; Rp (adjacent X) is selected from the group consisting of 4- 00 methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting Sgroups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; 0 10 RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an CN amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH2 and RB1 can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH2 and RB1 independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4methoxybenzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, benzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tertbutoxycarbonyl, carbonate protecting groups; is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; Or Rs and RH can be combined to form a cyclic acetal or ketal moiety; RM is selected from the group consisting of a p-methoxyphenyl

O

Sprotecting group or other suitable oxidatively labile protecting group; a trityl Sgroup.

00

O

In a thirteenth aspect the invention provides for a disaccharide building block c for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula XIII, 0 oR, WT RB RpO

A

ORs General Formula XIII (Alternate Block D-C) Wherein X 2 is defined as in General Formula II, Re and Rsi are defined as in General Formula X, Rs is defined as in General Formula I, Rp is defined as in General Formula V, and A includes but is not limited to; H, Methoxy, Methyl; other suitable substituents will be known to those in the art,or

X

2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; Re is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and RB can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; r- Rs is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl;

O

Ssubstituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting 00 group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl benzyloxymethyl; C Rsl is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; Cc, c substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted ci alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting 0 10 groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting N group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; or Rs 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; Rp (adjacent the O linking atom to the benzyl) is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups; Rp (adjacent the O linking atom to C) is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; A includes but is not limited to; H, Methoxy, Methyl; other suitable substituents will be known to those in the art.

In a fourteenth aspect the invention provides for a trisaccharide building block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula XIV, UKs 0 RHO O RH20 RE CM RRslO X2 RO31 0 Rs0 00 ORp SORs c General Formula XIV (Block E-D-C)

O

c 5 Wherein X 2 is defined as in General Formula II, SRB and Rsi are defined as in General Formula X, cM Rs is defined as in General Formula I, Rp is defined as in General Formula V, RE is defined as in General Formula II, RB1 is defined as being selected from RB of General Formula IV, with the addition that RB1 can combine together with RH2 to form a cyclic carbamate, RH2 is defined as being selected from RH of General Formula I, with the addition that RH2 can combine together with RBlto form a cyclic carbamate, and RH is defined as in General Formula I or X2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; Rp (adjacent block E) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups; Rp (adjacent Block C) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; O RE is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-C5 alkyl; substituted alkyl, C3-05 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; 00 oO RB1 is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH2 and RB1 can combine together Sto form a cyclic carbamate; RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted C benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; 0 1 RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH2 and RB 1 independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs (on block E) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; 4-methoxybenzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, benzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tertbutoxycarbonyl, carbonate protecting groups; is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; or Rs and RH can be combined to form a cyclic acetal or ketal moiety; Rs (on block C and adjacent the ring O is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such r- substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl

O

0 benzyloxymethyl; SRs (on block C and adjacent the O linking atom) is selected from 00 the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy j protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or cother such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, cN methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; 0 0 CN or Rs and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or Rs 4 and RB can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; In a fifteenth aspect the invention provides for a trisaccharide building block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula XV, ORs ORs ORs OR RHiO RLO 0 0 RA X1 RsiO- RB O ORs General Formula XV (Block C-B-A) Wherein X, is defined as in General Formula I RA and RH1 are defined as in General Formula VIII, Rs is defined as in General Formula I, RH is defined as in General Formula I, RE is defined as in General Formula II,

O

0 RB and Rsi are defined as in General Formula X, and

(N

RL is defined as in General Formula I or Xi is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkenyloxy, 00 alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tlbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a clipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems c or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; 0 N RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, NH-Fmoc, NH-Boc, NH-Cbz, NH-Troc, Nphthalimido, NH-Ac, NH-Allyloxycarbonyl; or RH and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs on block A is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; Rs on block B is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; Rs on block C is selected from the group consisting of 4- 0 methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl,

(N

and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy oo00 protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; cRS4 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted C- alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting a 10 groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting NC group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, or RS 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; RE is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-C5 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C3-C 5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; Re is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and Re can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1 -(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1 -ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1- (1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups; In a sixteenth aspect the invention provides for a tetrasaccharide building 0 block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of

(N

General Formula XVI, oo SORs O

OR

f REO o 0 RL ORs ORH 0 RA OR RB 0 ORs SGeneral Formula XVI (Block D-C-B-A) Wherein X 1 is defined as in General Formula I RA and RH1 are defined as in General Formula VIII, Rs is defined as in General Formula I, RH is defined as in General Formula I, RE is defined as in General Formula II, RB and Rsi are defined as in General Formula X, Rp is as defined in General Formula V, and RL is as defined in General Formula I or X, is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkenyloxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta, RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an 0 amine; an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, NH-Fmoc, NH-Boc, NH-Cbz, NH-Troc, N-

(N

Sphthalimido, NH-Ac, NH-Allyloxycarbonyl; or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate, 00 Rs on block A) is selected from the group consisting of 4- Smethoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, Sand substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate c protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy r.

0 10 protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, Rs on block B) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, Rs on block C and adjacent the ring oxygen) is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, Rs on block C and adjacent the linking O is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, or Rs 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate, RE on block D) is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2alkyl; substituted alkyl, C3-05 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; 00 RE on block B is selected from the group consisting of methyl, alkyl; substituted alkyl,C 3

-C

5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl Sgroups, RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and RB can combine together C to form a cyclic carbamate, Rp adjacent RL) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups; Rp on group D and adjacent group C is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1- (1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups; O In an seventeenth aspect the invention provides for a tetrasaccharide building block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula XVII, oo ORs RB, OR s 5

ORH

-SRpO 0 -O OR O ORs 0 ORs General Formula XVII (Block E-D-C-B) Wherein X 2 is defined as in General Formula IV, RH is defined as in General Formula I, RE is defined as in General Formula II, RB and Rsi are defined as in General Formula X, Rs is defined as in General Formula I, Rp is defined as in General Formula V, RL is defined as in General Formula I, and RB1 and RH2 are defined as in General Formula XIV, or RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH2 and RBI independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs on block B is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; 00 e gp consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl oo or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such Ssubstituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl S benzyloxymethyl; S 1 0 Rs on block C and adjacent the O linking atom) is selected from Sthe group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a 'butyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, or this Rs and Re may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate, Rs on block E) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; 4-methoxybenzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, benzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tertbutoxycarbonyl, carbonate protecting groups; is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl;or this Rs and RH can be combined to form a cyclic acetal or ketal moiety; RE on block D is selected from the group consisting of methyl, alkyl; substituted alkyl, C3-C5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; RE (on block B is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2- 0 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C 3

-C

5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; 00 oo RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and Re can combine together Sto form a cyclic carbamate; C RB1 is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an 0 10 amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH2 and RB1 can combine together ci to form a cyclic carbamate; Rp on block D adjacent block E is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups; Rp on block D adjacent block C is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; X2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta In a eighteenth aspect the invention provides for a pentasaccharide building block for the preparation of synthetic heparinoids, said building block of General Formula XVIII, SORs S RHO ORs RCM 0 ORE OR REO SR 1ORs O RH OCO0 O -0 RA X1 00

R

R

B 0 ORs E D C B A (N General Formula XVIII (Block E-D-C-B-A) cI 5 Wherein X, is defined as in General Formula I SRA and RH1 are defined as in General Formula VIII, and RH1 can also be allyl c and alloxycarbonyl or RA and RH1 can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate.

Rs is defined as in General Formula I, RH is defined as in General Formula I,or RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, RE is defined as in General Formula II, RB and Rsi are defined as in General Formula X, Rp is defined as in General Formula V, and may be benzyl, Rp (adjacent the link from D to C) may also be silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl, and

RB

1 and RH2 are defined as in General Formula XIV or RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH2 and Rei independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate, RsI on block C (RS 4 in the claims) is selected from the group consisting of 4methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, or Rs 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; Rs on block E C B A, (Rs, 2 35 in the claims) can be a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or 0other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; allyl, methoxymethyl,

(N

Smethoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 00 oO Cc, Mq In a nineteenth aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of c compounds of the eighth aspect, involving the step of reacting a compound of C 10 the second or third aspect with a compound of the first or seventh aspect to c form a new glycosidic bond.

In a twentieth aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of compounds of the eighth aspect, involving the step of selectively removing the protecting group RM from compounds of the ninth aspect and oxidizing the product of said deprotection.

In a twenty first aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of compounds of the tenth aspect, involving the step of reacting a compound of the fifth aspect with a compound of the fourth or seventh aspect to form a new glycosidic bond.

In a twenty second aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of compounds of the eleventh aspect, involving the step of reacting a compound of the fifth aspect with a compound of the sixth or seventh aspect to form a new glycosidic bond.

In a twenty third aspect, the invention provides a method for preparation of compounds of the thirteenth aspect involving the reaction of a compound of the fourth or seventh aspect with a suitable donor molecule, to form a new glycosidic bond.

In a twenty fourth aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of compounds of the fourteenth aspect involving the step of using any one or more of the compounds of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, tenth, eleventh,

O

0 twelfth or thirteenth aspect in a glycosidic bond forming reaction.

-n In a twenty fifth aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of 00 compounds of the fifteenth aspect involving the step of using any one or more compounds of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth and ninth Saspects in a glycosidic bond forming reaction.

c- In a twenty sixth aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation 0 10 of compounds of the sixteenth aspect involving the step of using any one or 0 cN more of the compounds of the first, second third, fourth, fifth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth or fifteenth aspect in a glycosidic bond forming reaction.

In a twenty seventh aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of compounds of the seventeenth aspect involving the step of using any one or more of the compounds of the second, third, fourth, fifth, seventh, tenth, eleventh, twelth, thirteenth or fourteenth aspect in a glycosidic bond forming reaction.

In a twenty eighth aspect, the invention provides a method for the preparation of compounds of the eighteenth aspect involving the step of using any one or more of the compounds of the 1,2,3,4,5,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15, 16 or 1 7 th aspect in a glycosidic bond forming reaction.

Best Mode Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following examples: Standard operating protocols (SOP's) are provided for many of the examples.

List of Abbrevations: AcO: Acetyl, All: Allyl, Alloc: Allyloxycarbonyl, Bn: Benzyl, Bz: Benzoyl, CAN: (NH4)2Ce'V(NO 3 6 ceric ammonium (IV) nitrate, r- CIAc: Monochioroacetyl, C) Cres: p-TolyI, DCC: Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, n Dde: 1 -(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-ylidene)ethyl, 00 5 DEAD: Diethyl azodicarboxylate, DIPEA: Diisopropylethylamine, DMAP:4-NN-dimethylaminopyridine, DMF: NN-Dimethylformamide, DMTST: Dimethyl (methylthio)sulfoniumtetrafluoromethansulfonate, DTPMB 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine DTPM: (1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6 (1 H, 3H, 5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene) methyl, C1 Lev: 4-Oxopentanoyl, MCPBA: 3-chloroperbenzoic acid, Mes: Methanesulfonyl, Mp: 4-Methoxyphenyl, Mpmn: 4-methoxybenzyl, NBS: N-Bromosuccinimide, NIS: N-lodosuccinimide, NMP: N-Methylpyrollidone NPht: N-Phthaloyl PDC: Pyridiniumdichromate, Pent: n-Pentenyl, Ph 3 P: Triphenyiphosphine, Piv: Pivaloyl, TBAF Tetrabutylammoniumfluoride, TBDMS: tert-Butyldimethylsilyl, TBDPS: tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl, TCA: Trichioroacetim idyl, TEMPO: 2,2,6,6-Tetra methyl- 1 p iperid inyloxyl, TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid, TFAA: Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride, Tf: Trifluoromethanesulfonyl, TfN 3 Trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide, prepared from NaN 3 and Tf 2

O,

TfOH: Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, THF: Terahydrofuran, TMS: Trimethylsilyl, Tos: p-Toluenesulfonyl, p-TosOH: p-Toluenesulfonic acid, Trit: Triphenylmethyl.

Standard Operating Procedures Standard Operating Procedure 1: Formation of Benzylidene acetals Standard Operating Procedure 2: Formation of p-Methoxybenzylidene acetals Standard Operating Procedure 3: Formation of isopropylidene acetals: Standard Operating Procedure 4: Dealkylidenation (Removal of isopropylidene, benzylidene and p-methoxybenzylidene) Standard Operating Procedure 5: Regioselective opening of the p-methoxybenzyliden acetal to a 6-O-pMethoxybenzyl ether Standard Operating Procedure 6: Regioselective opening of a benzylidene ring to a 4-O-benzyl ether Standard Operating Procedure 7: Introduction of a benzyl or p-methoxybenzyl ether Standard Operating Procedure 8:lntrodution of a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether Standard Operating Procedure 9: Cleavage of a tert-Butyl-diphenylsilyl ether Standard Operating Procedure 10:Introduction of a N-DTPM-group Standard Operating Procedure 11:Cleavage of a N-DTPM-group Standard Operating Procedure 12: Introduction of an azide group via diazo transfer reaction Standard Operating Procedure 13: Hydrolysis of thioglycosides (NBS) Standard Operating Procedure 14: Hydrolysis of thioglycosides (NIS) Standard Operating Procedure 15:Chemoselective Oxidation to Uronic acids Standard Operating Procedure 16: Methyl ester formation on the Uronic acids Standard Operating Procedure 17: Regioselective 6-O-Benzoylation Standard Operating Procedure 18: Common procedure for O-Benzoylation Standard Operating Procedure 19:Common procedure for O-Acetylation Standard acids Standard Operating Procedure 20: PDC-oxidation of alcohols to carboxylic Operating Procedure 21:Chemoselective 1-O-Benzoyl cleavage Standard Operating Procedure 22: Deacylation under Zemplen conditions

O

0 Standard Operating Procedure 23: Introduction of the 4-Oxopentanoyl (=Levulinoyl) group Standard Operating Procedure 24:Cleavage of the 4-Oxopentanoyl 00 oo Levulinoyl) group Standard Operating Procedure 25: Formation of Trichloroacetimidates cStandard Operating Procedure 26: Regioselective introduction of a pa pMethoxyphenyl group under Mitsunobu conditions C Standard Operating Procedure 27: Cleavage of the p-Methoxyphenyl ether S 10 Standard Operating Procedure 28: Cleavage of p-Methoxybenzyl ethers c Standard Operating Procedure 29: Formation of a 2,3-cyclic carbamate Standard Operating Procedure 30: Cleavage of the N-phthaloyl group Standard Operating Procedure 31: Introduction of a thiocresyl ether at the reducing end Standard Operating Procedure 32: Glycosylation with thioglycosides a) NIS-promoted glycosylation b) DMTST promoted glycosylations: Standard Operating Procedure 33: Glycosylations with trichloroacetimidates Standard Operating Procedure 34: Glycosylations using 2,3-cyclocarbamoyl protected pThiocresyl glycosides as glycosyl donors Standard Operating Procedure 35: Introduction of an Alloc-group Standard Operating Procedure 36: Cleavage of an Alloc-group Standard Operating Procedure 37: Lewis acid mediated benzylation Standard Operating Procedure 38: benzylation under mild basic conditions Standard Operating Procedure 39: Ester cleavage under very mild conditions Standard Operating Procedure 1: Formation of Benzylidene acetals The starting material (47.5 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (100 200 ml) and reacted with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1.2 equiv.) and a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulphonic acid monohydrate (0.01-0.1 equiv). The reaction was stirred at 50 0 C under reduced pressure (350 mbar) until the TLC shows completion. Subsequently, the mixture was neutralized with triethylamine (pH 9) and concentrated in vacuo. The remaining residue was dissolved in an organic solvent dichloromethane or ethyl acetate) and

O

Sextracted with H 2 0, saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied oo between 70 and 95 SStandard Operating Procedure 2: Formation of p-Methoxybenzylidene Sacetals c- The starting material (47.5 mmol) was dissolved in DMF/acetonitrile 100 0 10 200 ml) and reacted with p-methoxybenzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1.2 ci equiv.) and a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulphonic acid monohydrate (0.01- 0.1 equiv). The reaction was stirred between 50 60 OC under reduced pressure (350 mbar) until the TLC shows completion. Subsequently, the mixture was neutralized with triethylamine (pH 9) and concentrated in vacuo. The remaining residue was dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g.

dichloromethane or ethyl acetate) and extracted with H 2 0, saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 70 and 85 Standard Operating Procedure 3: Formation of isopropylidene acetals: A solution of starting material (10 mmol) and catalytic amounts of camphorsulfonic acid (0.01-0.1 equiv) in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (50 ml) was stirred at 25 oC until completion, neutralized with triethylamine and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g.

dichloromethane or ethyl acetate) and extracted with H 2 0 and saturated brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 75 and 93 Standard Operating Procedure 4: rDealkylidenation (Removal of isopropylidene, benzylidene and p- 0 0 methoxybenzylidene) A solution of the acetal (31 mmol) in 150 ml dichloromethane was cooled to 00 0°C and reacted with 80 aqueous TFA (20.0 ml, cooled to After stirring at 0°C until completion, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 30 cNaOH solution and extracted with water and saturated brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Final purification was

O

c- achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical O 10 yields for the product formation varied between 70 and 95 Modification using p-TosOHxOH, in MeOH/CH 3 CN for cleavage: The acetal (16.6 mmol) was dissolved in 100mL of dry acetonitrile and 25 mL MeOH and the solution was reacted with catalytic amounts of p-TosOHxOH 2 The reaction mixture was heated at elevated Temperature (between 40 and until completion and then neutralized with Et 3 N, concentrated in vacuo and purified either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 70 and 95 Standard Operating Procedure 5: Regioselective opening of the pmethoxybenzyliden acetal to a 6-O-pMethoxybenzyl ether A suspension of the starting sugar (10.2 mmol), molecular sieves 3A (6.5 g, freshly activated) and Na(CN)BH 3 (3.85 g, 58.2 mmol) in dry DMF (90 ml) was stirred for 1 hr at r.t. and cooled down to 0°C. Subsequently, a solution of TFA (11.2 mL, 143.9 mmol in 51 mL dry DMF) was added dropwise and stirring continued at 50 to 600C until completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled to 200C, diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with a saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution and filtered through a celite pad. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 70 and 90 Standard Operating Procedure 6: Regioselective opening of a Sbenzylidene ring to a 4-O-benzyl ether A solution of the starting material (3.4 mmol) in 25 mL dichloromethane is Scooled to 0°C and to it is added of a solution of BH 3 in THF (1 M, 34 ml) and 00 a solution of Bu 2 BOTf in dichloromethane (1 M, 3.7 ml). The reaction is stirred at 0°C till completion and then quenched with 10 ml Et 3 N and 10 ml SMeOH, concentrated and coevaporated three times with toluene. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel c chromatography. The typical yield for the product formation varied between 0 10 75 and 90 Standard Operating Procedure 7: Introduction of a benzyl or pmethoxybenzyl ether The starting material (40.2 mmol) was dissolved in dry N,N'dimethylformamide (100 mL) at 0°C and reacted with NaH (48.24 mmol, 1.2 eq per OH to be benzylated). Then benzyl bromide (1.1 eq per OH to be benzylated) was added dropwise and stirring continued at 0°C until completion. The same conditions were applied for the introduction of an allyl ether (Allylbromide served as allylating reagent).

The excess of NaH was neutralized by careful addition of acetic acid, followed by concentration of the reaction mixture in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and subsequently washed with water, 10 aqueous HCI solution, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution, saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated in vacuo. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yield for the product formation varied between 70 and 92 The same procedure was followed for the formation of the p-methoxybenzyl ether except that p-methoxybenzyl chloride was added to the reaction instead of benzyl bromide and the reaction was performed between 50 and 600C.

Standard Operating Procedure 8: Introdution of a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether A mixture of the starting material (29.0 mmol) and imidazole (70.1 mmol) was

O

Sdissolved in 80 mL anhydrous DMF and heated to 55 OC. To the solution was

(N

Sadded tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilane (8.30 mL, 31.9 mmol) and stirring continued at 55 oC until completion. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 00 20 OC and quenched with aqueous NaHCO 3 solution. After concentration in vacuo, the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate and the organic phase Swashed successively with water, 10% aqueous citric acid, water, saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and evaporated. Final purification was c- achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical 0 10 yields for the product formation varied between 85 and 95 Standard Operating Procedure 9: Cleavage of a tert-Butyl-diphenylsilyl ether To a solution of the silyl ether (2.15 mmol) in 2.5 mL dry THF and acetic acid (3.44 mmol) was added 1M TBAF solution in THF (3.22 mL) and stirring continued till completion of the reaction. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 85 and 97 Standard Operating Procedure 10:Introduction of a N-DTPM-group To a solution of the starting amine (24.5 mmol) in methanol (60 ml) is added a solution of the DTPM reagent (5.43 g, 25.7 mmol) in methanol (60 ml) at OC. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, taken up in dichloromethane, extracted with water and saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 85 and 97 Standard Operating Procedure 11 :Cleavage of a N-DTPM-group The starting material (40.94 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (50ml) and reacted with ethylene diamine (20 ml) at room temperature until completion.

The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and coevaporated with toluene. The residue was suspended in CHC 3 and filtered through a Celite 47 pad. The filtrate was evaporated and final purification of the residue was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 85 and 92 00 Cc3 t-- Standard Operating Procedure 12: Introduction of an azide group via 0 diazo transfer reaction

(N

Sa) Preparation of a trifluoromethansulfonylazide solution: SA solution of sodium azide (492mmol) in water (80mL) was prepared under 00

N

2 -atmosphere. To this stirred solution was added dichloromethane (100mL) at 0°C, followed by the addition of triflic anhydride (16.5 ml) over 10 min. The mixture was further stirred for 2 hours at 0°C, the organic layer was separated m and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2x40 mL). The cN combined organic layers were washed with saturated, aqueous NaHCO 3 t"- O 10 solution (80 mL), water (80 mL) and dried over Na 2

SO

4 After filtration, this (iN solution was directly used for the diazotransfer reaction.

b) Diazotransfer reaction: To a solution of the starting material (26.0 mmol) and 4-N,N'- (dimethylamino)pyridine (14.5g) in acetonitrile (100mL) was added dropwise TfN 3 -solution (85ml) at room temperature within 10 min. The reaction was stirred till complete conversion of the starting material into the product. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to 30 ml and suspended in chloroform. After filtration through a Celite pad, the filtrate was concentrated and the residue was purified by filtration through a short silica gel pad. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 85 and 95 Standard Operating Procedure 13: Hydrolysis of thioglycosides (NBS) The starting thioglycoside (33.4 mmol) was suspended in 240 ml Acetone and 18 ml of distilled water and stirred for 45 min at -200C. After addition of NBS (155 mmol) stirring was continued at -200C. After completion, the reaction was stopped by addition of NaS 2 03 /NaHCO 3 (20 aqueous solution 1/1) and the mixture diluted with ethyl acetate, subsequently washed with water and saturated brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated in vacuo. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 75 and 90 Standard Operating Procedure 14: Hydrolysis of thioglycosides (NIS) 0 0 The starting thioglycoside (33.4 mmol) was suspended in 240 ml Acetone and

(N

18 ml of distilled water and stirred for 45 min at -200C. After addition of NIS (56.8 mmol) and TMSOTf (2.84 mmol) stirring was continued until completion.

00 The reaction was stopped by addition of NaS 2 03 /NaHCO 3 (20 aqueous solution diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and saturated Sbrine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated in vacuo. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization petroleum c spirit/ ethylacetate) or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the 0 10 product formation varied between 79 and 92 Standard Operating Procedure 15: Chemoselective Oxidation to Uronic acids A solution of the starting material (20.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (141 ml) was cooled to 0°C and subsequently mixed with TEMPO (0.205 mmol in 12.8 ml dichloromethane), Aliquat 336 (N-methyl-N,N-dioctyl-1-octanaminium chloride) (12.8 ml of a 0.08 M solution in dichloromethane) and KBr (2.08 mmol in 4.17 ml H 2 0) and stirring continued at 0°C. After 5 mins, a suspension of Ca(OCI) 2 (43.6 mmol) and NaHCO 3 (43.6 mmol) in 135 ml H 2 0 was added within 15 mins to the reaction mixture and stirring at 0°C was continued till completion. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and freeze dried. The crude residue was used as such for the next reactions.

Standard Operating Procedure 16: Methyl ester formation on the Uronic acids The crude residue of the oxidation to the uronic acid was dissolved in 50 ml Toluene and 50 ml Methanol and titurated with TMSCHN 2 -solution (2M in hexane) until completion. The reaction mixture was quenched with acetic acid to destroy excess of esterification reagent and evaporated in vacuo. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 65 and 80 over the steps oxidation and esterification.

Standard Operating Procedure 17: Regioselective 6-O-Benzoylation SThe starting material (32.04 mmol) was dissolved in dry dichloromethane

O

O mL) and dry pyridine (10 mL) and cooled down to 45°C. Benzoyl chloride 32.04 mmol) was added dropwise and stirring continued at 450C till completion. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and coevaporated with toluene oO three times. The remaining residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with 10% aqueous citric acid solution, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 c- solution and saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and evaporated in mc vacuo. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel ci chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between S 10 75 and 94 Standard Operating Procedure 18: Common procedure for O- Benzoylation To a solution of the starting material (11.9mmol) and DMAP (13.6mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane was added dropwise benzoylchloride (1.7g, 12.1mmol). at 0°C. The mixture was then left to stir until completion (dependent on the substrate between 20 to 550C). Subsequently, the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water, 5% NaHSO 4 solution, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution and saturated brine solution. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 followed by removal of the solvent in vacuo to give a crude residue. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 80 and 96 Standard Operating Procedure 19:Common procedure for O-Acetylation To a suspension of the starting material (235 mmol, 3 acetylation sites) in pyridine (350 ml) at OOC was added dropwise acetic anhydride (175 ml). After completion of the addition, the reaction was allowed to retum to room temperature and stirred until completion. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and 3x coevaporated with toluene. The residue was taken up in dichloromethane and washed with 5 aqueous NaHSO 4 -solution, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 -solution, water and saturated brine solution. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated. Final purification of the residue was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The

O

Stypical yields for the product formation varied between 88 and 98 SStandard Operating Procedure 20: PDC-oxidation of alcohols to 00 carboxylic acids The starting material (1.15 mol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (7.0 ml) and creacted with PDC (11.5 mmol) under stirring at room temperature until Scomplete conversion into the uronic acid. The reaction mixture was N subsequently poured into 50 ml water and the whole extracted with diethyl 0 10 ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 10 aqueous citric acid cN solution, filtered through a short silica gel pad, dried over MgSO 4 evaporated and dried under high vacuum.

Standard Operating Procedure 21:Chemoselective 1-O-Benzoyl cleavage The starting material (36.8 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (80 ml) and cooled to 0°C. Subsequently, hydrazine acetate (44.06 mmol) was added and stirring continued until completion. After addition of acetone and acetic acid the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and extracted with 10% aqueous citric acid solution, saturated NaHCO 3 solution, water and saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 evaporated and dried under high vaccuum. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 72 and 88 Standard Operating Procedure 22: Deacylation under Zemplen conditions The starting material (23.7 mmol) was suspended in dry MeOH (70 ml) and stirred for 30 mins at 0 OC. Subsequently, NaOMe (0.1 equiv. O-Acyl group) was added (positive flush of N 2 and stirring was continued at 00 C until completion. Finally, the reaction was neutralized with 10 aqueous HCI and the solvent evaporated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yield for the product formation varied between 90 and 98 0 Standard Operating Procedure 23: Introduction of the 4-Oxopentanoyl (=Levulinoyl) group 00 Oo a) Preparation of the Lev20 solution: To a solution of DCC (31.2 mmol) in 100 mL dichloromethane was added levulinic acid (62.4 mmol) and DIPEA (62.42 mmol). The supernatant was used as such for the levulination reaction.

Reaction 0 10 The above Lev20 solution was added to a solution of the starting sugar (15.6 c- mmol) dissolved in 25 mL of dry dichloromethane and stirring was continued until completion. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite pad and all combined organic layers were extracted with 10 aqueous citric acid solution, saturated aqueous brine solution, dried with Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 85 and 96 Standard Operating Procedure 24:Cleavage of the 4-Oxopentanoyl Levulinoyl) group A solution of the starting sugar (1.28 mmol) and acetic acid (1.35 mL) in pyridine (5.0 mL) was cooled to 0 OC followed by addition of hydrazine hydrate (200 iL). Stirring at 0 oC was continued until completion and the reaction mixture diluted with dichloromethane, subsequently extracted with aqueous citric acid, 10 aqueous NaHCO 3 solution, saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 filtered and concentrated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 80 and 95 Standard Operating Procedure 25: Formation of Trichloroacetimidates a) with DBU: A solution of the starting sugar (1.99 mmol) and trichloroacetonitrile (601 lL, 5.87 mmol) in 5 mL dry dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C and DBU (100 pmol)

O

O added. Stirring was continued until completion (dependent on the substrate, stirring was performed from 0°C to 200C). The reaction mixture was concentrated to one half of its volume and directly loaded on a short plug of 00 S 5 silica gel and purified via silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 78 and 95 n b) with K 2

CO

3 C( A solution of the starting sugar (1.99 mmol) and trichloroacetonitrile (601 PL, 0 10 5.87 mmol) in 5 mL dry dichloromethane is stirred at rt for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled down to 0°C and anhydrous K 2 C0 3 (19.9 mmol) added. The reaction was stirred at 00C till completion and then filtered through a celite pad. The filtrate was dried over Na 2

SO

4 and evaporated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yield for the product formation varied between 78 and 95 Standard Operating Procedure 26: Regioselective introduction of a p-Methoxyphenyl group under Mitsunobu conditions A solution of the starting sugar (13.52 mmol), 4-methoxyphenol (20.3 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (20.3 mmol) in 85 ml dry dichloromethane was stirred at 0°C for 45 min. After addition of DEAD-reagent (22.9 mmol) at 0°C, the reaction mixture was further stirred at room temperature until completion, filtered through a celite pad, diluted with dichloromethane and extracted with 10 aqueous NaHCO 3 /NaOH solution 10 aqueous citric acid solution and aqueous saturated brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography. The typical yield for the product formation varied between and 89 r- Standard Operating Procedure 27: Cleavage of the p-Methoxyphenyl Sether The starting material (1.18 mmol) was dissolved in 30 ml acetonitrile and 00 ml water and cooled to 0°C. Subsequently, CAN (3.83 mmol) was added and stirring continued at 0°C until completion. The reaction mixture was diluted Swith ethyl acetate and extracted with water. The aqueous layer was made alkaline by addition of solid NaHCO 3 and back extracted with ethyl acetate.

c- The combined organic layers were extracted with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 0 10 solution and saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated.

cN Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 73 and 89 Standard Operating Procedure 28: Cleavage of p-Methoxybenzyl ethers The starting material (0.60 mmol) was dissolved in 27 ml acetonitrile and ml water and cooled to 0°C. Subsequently, CAN (4.5 equiv.) was added and stirring continued from 0°C to room temperature until completion. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with water. The aqueous layer was made alkaline by addition of solid NaHCO 3 and back extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were extracted with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution and saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography.

The typical yields for the product formation varied between 73 and 85 Standard Operating Procedure 29: Formation of a 2,3-cyclic carbamate To a stirred solution of the starting material (3.56 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 ml) and 10% aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (75 ml) was added a solution of triphosgene (1.25 mmol) in 10 ml dry dichloromethane. The reaction was stirred at room temperature till completion. The organic phase was washed with water, dried over Na 2

SO

4 filtered and concentrated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or silica gel chromatography. The typical yield for the product formation varied between 75 and 95 Standard Operating Procedure 30: Cleavage of the N-phthaloyl group 0 SThe N-phthaloylated starting material (45.9 mmol) was dissolved in n-butanol (200 ml) and treated with 1,2-diaminoethane (50 ml) at 1000C. After stirring at 100 0 C until completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, 00oo coevaporated with toluene three times and dried under high vacuum. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography. The typical yield for ci the product formation varied between 78 and 92 C( Standard Operating Procedure 31: Introduction of a thiocresyl ether at 0 10 the reducing end (1 A solution of the 1-O-glycosyl acetate (10.48 mmol) and p-thiocresol (12.58 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (30ml) was stirred at 0°C and subsequently activated by the addition of boron trifluoride diethylether complex (12.58mmol) over 5 min. Stirring was continued (0°C -4 200C) until completion and the reaction stopped by the addition of triethyl amine (14.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and extracted with saturated NaHCO 3 -solution, water and saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated in vacuo. Final purification was achieved by crystallization or silica gel chromatography. The typical yield for the product formation varied between 81 and 92 Standard Operating Procedure 32: Glycosylation with thioglycosides a) NIS-promoted glycosylation A mixture of glycosyl acceptor (1 mmol), thioglycoside (1 mmol) and 1.0 g of freshly activated molecular sieves in 20 ml of a dry solvent CH 3

CN,

CH

2

CI

2 Toluene, Ether) was stirred for 45 min at r.t and cooled down to the reaction temperature. Subsequently, N-lodosuccinimide (1.7 mmol) was added and stirring continued for 20 min at the reaction temperature. After the addition of a Lewis acid as promotor TfOH, 85-170 pmol), stirring was continued at the reaction temperature until completion. The reaction mixture was quenched with triethyl amine, filtered through a celite pad and extracted with a 10 aqueous KHCO 3 /Na 2

S

2 03 solution, water and saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated. Final purification was achieved by silica gel column chromatography. The typical yields for the product 0 Sformation varied between 65 and 85 b) DMTST promoted glycosylations: A mixture of glycosyl acceptor (1 mmol), thioglycoside (1 mmol) and 1.0 g of oo freshly activated molecular sieves in 20 ml of a dry solvent CH 3

CN,

CH

2 C1 2 Toluene, Ether) was stirred for 45 min at r.t and cooled down to the reaction temperature. Subsequently, DMTST (3-5 equiv.) was added and on stirring continued at the reaction temperature until completion. The reaction 0 mixture was quenched with triethyl amine, filtered through a celite pad and S 10 extracted with aqueous NaHCO 3 -solution, water and saturated brine solution, cN dried over Na 2

SO

4 concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between and 85 Standard Operating Procedure 33: Glycosylations with trichloroacetimidates A suspension of the trichloroacetimidate (1.54 mmol), glycosyl acceptor (1.13 mmol) and freshly activated molecular sieves (1.0 g) in an anhydrous solvent

CH

3 CN, CH 2 C1 2 Toluene, Ether, 20 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h and then cooled to reaction temperature. Subsequently, a catalytic amount of a promotor TMSOTf, 0.01-0.1 equiv.) was added and stirring continued at reaction temperature until completion. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine) and filtered through a Celite pad. The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous NaHCO 3 -solution and saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between and 85 Standard Operating Procedure 34:

O

0 Glycosylations using 2,3-cyclocarbamoyl protected pThiocresyl glycosides as glycosyl donors 00 PhSCI (0.2 mmol, 2 equiv.) in dry dichloromethane (1 ml) was added dropwise to a mixture of AgOTf (0.2 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (2 ml) at -780C Scontaining freshly activated molecular sieves 3 A. After stirring for 15 mins at S-780C, a solution of the thioglycoside (0.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) and DTBMP (0.2 N mmol, 2 equiv.) in dry dichloromethane (2 ml) was slowly added. After further 0 10 stirring for 15 mins at -780C, the glycosyl acceptor (0.2 mmol, 2 equiv.) in dry c dichloromethane (1 ml) was slowly added and stirring continued until completion. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (1 ml), warmed to rt and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 filtered and evaporated. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 60 and 90 Standard Operating Procedure 35: Introduction of an Alloc-group A solution of starting material (2 mmol), dry pyridine (5 mmol) and dry THF ml) was cooled to 0oC. Subsequently, Allylchloroformate (2.2 mmol) were added dropwise and stirring was continued until completion. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and subsequently washed with aqueous citric acid solution, saturated NaHCO 3 solution, water and saturated brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 filtered and evaporated. Final purification was achieved either by crystallization or by silica gel chromatography. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 80 and 95 Standard Operating Procedure 36: Cleavage of an Alloc-group A mixture of the Allyloxycarbonate (1.17 mmol), dimedone (1.33 mmol) and Pd(Ph 3

P)

4 (0.30 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (60 ml) and stirred under Ar atmosphere until completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel chromatography. The typical O yields for the product formation varied between 78 and 97 cNl Standard Operating Procedure 37: Lewis acid mediated benzylation 00 To a stirred mixture of the starting material (1 mmol) and benzyl c trichloroacetimidate in dry hexane/dichloromethane (10 ml, 2/1) was added n Lewis acid (0.01-0.05 equiv., e.g. TMSOTf, TfOH) and stirring was continued cN at rt until completion. The reaction was quenched with triethyl amine and 0 10 concentrated. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography.

N The typical yields for the product formation varied between 50 and 92 Standard Operating Procedure 38: benzylation under mild basic 0 Sconditions SThe starting material (3.49 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMSO (20 ml) and oo cooled to 00C. To the stirred solution were added successively benzyl bromide equiv./OH-group), barium oxide (1.5 equiv/OH-group), catalytic amounts ^C of TBAI 0.05 eqiv./OH-group) and potassium hydroxide (3.5 equiv./ OHt' group). Stirring was continued from 0°C to rt until completion. The reaction cN was quenched with methanol, and further stirred for 30 min. After dilution with 0 10 ether, the organic layer was washed with water and brine solution, dried over c-i MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography.

Standard Operating Procedure 39: Ester cleavage under aqueous conditions The starting material (0.3mmol ester groups) was dissolved in 11.8 ml of a mixture of water and THF cooled to 0°C and reacted with 1M aqueous NaOH-solution (5.0 ml). Stirring was continued until completion and the reaction mixture titurated with 10 aqueous HCI-solution to a pH of 9.5. After evaporation of the THF, the mixture was freeze dried and the remaining residue purified by silica gel chromatography to yield the product. The typical yields for the product formation varied between 85 and 95 Example 1: Synthesis of Building Blocks A-1 and A-2 from N-Acetyl Glucosamine

HO

A-I-ii

NH

2 a HO i HO W

HO

CHO 0d HO -~e WOe DTPMHN e A-I -iii HNOMe R H: A-I-v-a HzN OWe R MeO: A-I-v-b

DTPM

R H: A-I-iv-a R MeO: A-I -iv-b R H: A-I-vi-a R H: A-I-vii-a OMe R MeO: A-1-vii-b K MeL): A- 1 -VI-Dh

HO

>HO 0 N3 OMe BzO\

N

3 HO 0 BnO~i~mn OMe A-2 OMe A-1-vIIH Example 1: Synthesis of building blocks A-I and A-2 from N-Acetyl glucosamine, yields are reported for R=H, conditions; a) Amberlite IR 120 (ion exchange resin) MeOH, 60 00, (70 b) 1IM NaOH, 12000; c) 1.

SOP 10; 2. AC 2 O, pyridine; 3. NaOMe, MeOH (70 4 steps); d) SOP 1 (91 for R=H) or SOP 2 for R OMe; e) SOP 11, f) SOP 12, (85 2 steps); g) SOP 7, (91 h) SOP 4, (91 i) SOP 17, (82 SOP Preparation of A-I-i: N-Acetyl-2-deoxy-a/p-D-glucopyranoside (8.5 g, 38.4mmol) was suspended in S100 ml dry methanol. Subsequently, 12.0 g Amberlite IR 120 iron exchange resin (H -form) was added and the reaction mixture refluxed for 70 hrs at 65°C. After cooling to 25 oC, the iron exchange resin was removed by filtration 00 and several times extracted with methanol. The combined methanol layers were neutralized with triethyl amine and concentrated in vacuo. The crude c-I residue was purified by crystallization to furnish the title compound in 70 c yield (a/p -mixture).

t- Preparation of A-1-iii:

N

c Methyl glycoside A-1-i (20.6 mmol) was suspended in 100 ml aqueous NaOH solution (1 M) and stirred under reflux at 120 0 C until completion. After cooling and neutralization with 10 aqueous HCI, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and crude A-1-ii suspended in 200 ml methanol and reacted with N- [(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6 (1H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5-ylidene) methyl]-N',N"-dimethylamine (23.6 mmol) at 500C (pH 9.0) until completion. After evaporation and drying, crude A-1-iii was reacted with 150 mL acetylation mixture (pyridine/Ac 2 0, 2/1, v/v) until completion, concentrated in vacuo, coevaporated with toluene and dried. The residue was suspended in ethyl acetate and extracted with water, 10 aqueous HCI, saturated, aqueous NaHCO 3 solution and H 2 0, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. The crude residue was dissolved in dry methanol and reacted with a catalytic amount of NaOMe.

After completion, the reaction was neutralized with Amberlite IR 120 and filtered. The organic layer was evaporated and dried to furnish the title compound A-1-iii in 70 yield (over 4 steps).

Preparation of A-1-iv-a: Methyl-2-deoxy-2-N-[1 -(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H, 3H, ylidene) methyl]-a-D-glucopyranoside A-1-iii (16.0 g, 44.5mmol) in acetonitrile (200ml) was reacted with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (14.0 ml, 92.3 mmol) and a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulphonic acid monohydrate. After 2 hours at 550 C, the mixture was neutralized and evaporated. The remaining residue was extracted, washed and evaporated. Yield: 18.3 g (92 Rf 0.20 (1,2-

O

Sdichloroethane/ ethylacetate 7/3).

Preparation of A-1-v-a: 00 Methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H, 3H, methyl]-a-D-glucopyranoside A-1-iv-a (18.30 g, cN 40.90 mmol) in DMF (50ml) was reacted with ethylenediamine (20ml) at room t' temperature. After stirring for 35 minutes, the mixture was concentrated. Yield: N 10.90 g (94.7 Rf 0.18 (chloroform/methanol 9/1).

0 C- Preparation of A-1-vi-a: To a solution of methyl-2-amino-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranoside (7.5 g, 26.7 mmol) and 4-N,N'-(dimethylamino)pyridine (14.5g) in acetonitrile (100mL) was added TfN 3 -solution (85ml) at room temperature.

The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by filtration through a short silica gel pad. Yield: 7.00 g (85.3 Rf 0.18 (chloroform/ methanol 9/1).

Preparation of A-1-vii-a: Methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-4,6-benzylidene-a-D-glucopyranoside A-1-vi-a (10.87g, 35.40mmol) in N,N'-dimethylformamide (50mL) was reacted with NaH (95 0.92g, 36.4 mmol) and benzyl bromide (5.47 ml, 45.9 mmol). After completion, the excess of NaH was quenched, followed by concentration. The residue was extracted, washed and concentrated. Yield: 12.93 g (92.0 Rf 0.37 (petroleum spirit/ethyl acetate 3/1).

Preparation of A-1: Methyl-2-azido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranoside (9.87g, 31.9 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) and pyridine (10 mL) was treated with benzoyl chloride (3.72mL, 32.04 mmol) at 450C for 2 hours. The reaction was concentrated and the residue extracted, washed and evaporated. Yield: 10.78 g (81.7 Rf 0.31 (petroleum spirit/ ethylacetate 1/1).

0 Compound A-1:

(N

'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 8.03 2 H, Aryl), 7.57 (in, 1H, Aryl), 7.45- 7.29 (in, 7H, Aryl), 4.93 1 H, igem 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.82 1 H, Jge m- 00 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.81 d, 1 H, J1.

2 3.6 Hz, H-1 4.73 (dd, 1 H, J 5 6 a 4.4 Hz, Jgem 12.0 Hz, H-6a), 4.47 (dd, 1IH, J5,6b 2.0 Hz, H-6b), 3.85 dd, I H, N 3, 8.8 Hz, 3.57 ddd, 1 H, J 4 5 10.0 Hz, 3.45 3H, OMe), 3.37 dd, 1 H, J 2 3 10.0 Hz, 2.80 (bs, 1 H, 4-OH).

lo1 Example 2: Synthesis of Building Blocks A-3 and A-4 R H: A-I-iv-a R MeO: A-I -iv-b

DTPMHI

R H: A-I-ix-a

HO

HO DTPMHN OWe A-I-x R MeO: A-1I x-b

HO\

BnO4-~

DTPMIHNI

OMe A-4 BzO\ HO 0 BnO

DTPMHNI

OMe A-3 Example 2: Synthesis of building block A-3 and A-4, conditions: a) SOP 7, (72 for R b) SOP 4, (82 c) SOP 17, (84 d) SOP Compound A-3: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 5= 10. 16 (dd, 1 H, JNH,2 9.4 Hz, J NH, =C-H 14.0 Hz, NH), 8.11 1 H, 7.68-7.22 (3m, 8H, Aryl), 4.84 d, 1 H, J1,2 Hz, H-1lc), 4.83 (dd, 1 H, J 6 6b 12.3 Hz, J 5 6 a =3.5 Hz, H-6a), 4.73 1IH, Jgem 11.7 Hz, 00H 2 4.46 (dd, 1 H, J5,6b 2.1 Hz, H-6b), 3.91 (in, 1 H, 3.72 (dd, 1 H, J 34

J

2 3 8.8 Hz, 3.57 (ddd, 1 H, J 4 5 9.5 Hz, 3.48 3H, OMe), 3.38 (ddd, 1IH, J 2 3 10.5 Hz, 3.32 3H, NMe), 3.31 (s, 3H, NMe), 3.05 (bs, 1 H, 4-OH).

Example 3: Synthesis of L-ido configured glycosyl donor B-1

HO-

HO OBn b 0 B--iii c MesO- MesO- OBn B-1-iv B-l-iv 7' e f AcO OBn HO OBn OBn SCres -sres

S

AcO OAc OH OH Me 2 OBn HO OBn MpOOBn 1O SCres 7 0-o SCres SCres j k 0 I B-1-x x B-1-xi B-1-xii Me/O OBz OH OBz OH OBz MpOOBn L SCres B-1I OLev OBz Example 3: Synthesis of Building Block B-1, conditions: a) SOP 7, b) aqueous Acetic acid, 60 0 C c) Methanesulfonyl chloride, Pyridine, 0°C-RT (87 d) Cesium Acetate, Ac 2 0, 1200C e) SOP 22, f) 1. 90% TFA, 00C; 2. Ac 2 0, Pyridine; 3. SOP 31, 3 steps); g) SOP 22, h) SOP 3, i) SOP 18, j) 80% acetic acid, 1000C k) SOP 26, I) SOP 23, Preparation of B-1-iii: n B-1-ii (15.60 mmol) was dissolved in 60 aqueous acetic acid (50 ml) and stirred at 60 °C until completion. After neutralization with solid NaHCO 3 the mixture was evaporated and co evaporated with toluene. Crude B-1-iii was dissolved in CHCI3/H 2 0, the organic layer separated, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and c evaporated. The remaining residue was purified by a short silica gel chroma- O tography to yield B-1-iii in 90 (4.36 g).

SPreparation of B-1-iv: 17.72 mmol of B-1-iii was dissolved in 25 ml dry pyridine, to which mesyl chloride (methylsulfonyl chloride, 42.5 mmol) was added dropwise at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 4°C until completion and was subsequently poured into warm water (50°C, 90 ml), cooled and the precipitate isolated by filtration.

B-1-iv was obtained after drying in 87 yield (7.19 g).

Preparation of B-1-v: B-1-iv (6.43 mmol) and cesium acetate (64.3 mmol) were suspended in 25 ml acetic anhydride and refluxed at 125 °C until completion. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, co evaporated with toluene and the residue extracted from ethyl acetate/H 2 0 The organic layer was collected and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution and saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and evaporated. Purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography. Yield: 2.68 g (95 Preparation of B-1-vii: B-1-vi (5.61 mmol) was dissolved in aqueous TFA (90 15 ml) and further stirred at 0°C until completion. The reaction mixture was neutralized with aqueous NaOH solution at 0°C, concentrated in vacuo and dried. The residue was suspended in 90 ml acetylation mixture (pyridine/acetic anhydride 2/1) and 50 ml dichloromethane at 0°C and further stirred until completion. After concentration in vacuo and co evaporation with toluene, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate/H 2 0 the organic layer collected and washed with 10 aqueous citric acid solution, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution 0 0 and brine solution, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and evaporated. The crude residue and

(N

p-thiocresol (6.0 mmol) were dissolved in 40 ml anhydrous dichloromethane and cooled to 0 C, reacted with BF 3 xOEt 2 (8.41 mmol) and further stirred at rt oo until completion. The reaction was stopped with saturated NaHCO 3 solution and the organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and Sevaporated. Final purification was achieved by silica gel chromatography to yield B-1-vii in 73 over 3 steps.

0 10 Preparation of B-1-xi: c B-1-x (8.0 mmol) was dissolved in 80 aqueous AcOH and heated at 100°C until completion. The mixture was cooled to rt, neutralized with solid NaHCO 3 and dissolved in ethyl acetate/water After removal of the aqueous layer, the organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated to dryness furnishing B-1-xi in 98 yield.

Compound B-1: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 8= 8.07 2H, Aryl), 7.57-7.30 10H, Aryl), 7.10 2 H, Aryl), 6.88-6.81 4H, Mp), 5.55 1H, J1, 2 1.5 Hz,H-1p), 5.45 1H, 5.26 (ddd, 1H, 5.13 1H, 4.91 1H, Jgem 12.1 Hz, OCH 2 4.78 1H, Jgem 12.1 Hz, OCH 2 4.16 (dd, 1H, Jgem 9.6 Hz, J 5 6 a 7.6 Hz, H-6a), 4.08 (dd, 1H, J5,6b 5.2 Hz, H-6b), 3.93 1H, H- 3.77 3H, OCH 3 2.58-2.36 4H, (CH 2 2 Lev), 2.32 3H, SCH 3 2.05 3H, CH 3

C=O).

Example 4: Synthesis of L-ido configured qlycosyl donor B-2.

HO OBn V SCres B -I -v ii HO OH OBnOn OBn 'SCres

C

OBz OMpm OBn 0 Sres B-2-iii d OH O13z OMpm OBn 0 Sres B-2 LevO O13z Example 4: Synthesis of L-ido configured glycosyl donor B-2; a) SOP 2; b) SOP 18; c) SOP 5; d) SOP 23.

Example 5: Synthesis of Building Block C-1. C-l a and C-l b ~OMpm 9 H

N

3 C-Ia: R=SMe C-lb: R=SCres f/ C-la-ill: R=SMe C-I b-iii: R=SCres C-la-il: R=SMe C-lb-li: R=SCres

OH

HO-

N

3 C-I-i-a: R=SMe C-I-i-b: R=SCres OAc Aco7-- AcO..' OH C-I-ill N 3 OAc

N

3 C-I-li-a: R=SMe C-I-li-b: R=SCres b OAc c AcO d ON AcO-m4 OTBDPS.

N

3 C-1 -iv

OH

N

3 Meo'C)."HO;OB C- VC-1 -vi N 3 0 0 9 MeOJ)o Bz OTBDPSO' C-1-vii

N

3 ~OMpm BzO~"4 OTBDPS C-I

N

3 Example 5: Synthesis of Building Blocks C-1, C-la and C-1b, conditions: a) 0 SOP 19; b) SOP 13, (78 2 steps); c) SOP 8, (91 d) SOP 22; e) SOP 2,

(N

2 steps for C-1-vi f) SOP 18; g) SOP 5, (75 2 steps for C-1).

Preparation of C-1-iia: 00 To methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-p-D-glucopyranoside. (10g, 42.50 mmol) in pyridine (50ml) at OOC was added acetic anhydride (20g) and the reaction c- stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the tn residue extracted to give the title triacetate (15.23g, quantitative,), Rf=0.7 N (CHCIa/Petroleum ethers, 1 0 10 Preparation of C-1-iii: (1 To a solution of methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-p-Dglucopyranoside (14.1g, 39 mmol) in wet acetone (200ml) was added NBS (3 equiv.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 2h. The mixture was then quenched, concentrated and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title hemiacetal as an oil (10.1g, Rf 0.5 (EtOAc/Petroleum ether, 1:1).

Preparation of C-1-vi: A mixture of 2-azido-2-deoxy-p-D-glucopyranosyl tert-butyldiphenylsilane (5.5g,12.42 mmol), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde dimethylacetal (4.4g, 24mmol), and 4-toluenesulphonic acid (100mg in acetonitrile/DMF (200ml, 5:3) were heated at 600C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then neutralized and evaporated to give the crude compound as an oil. The residue was purified by silica chromatography to give the product (6.7g, 96%, 85% from C-1-iv); Rf 0.8 (dichloromethane/Petroleum ethers; 10:2).

Preparation of C-1-vii: A mixture of DMAP (1.63g, 13.2 mmol) and benzoyl chloride (1.7g, 12.1mmol) and 2-azido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-p-D-glucopyranosyl tertbutyldiphenylsilane (6.7g, 11.9 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (100mL) was stirred at 600C for 1h. The reaction mixture was quenched, extracted, washed and concentrated to give a crude residue. The residue was passed through a plug of silica to give the product (5.5g, Rf 0.7 (dichloromethane/Petroleum ethers; 4:1).

Preparation of C-1: 71 To a mixture of 2-azido-2-deoxy-3-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)j3-D-glucopyranosyl tert-butyldiphenylsilane (10Og, 1 Smmol), sod iu mcya noboro hyd ride (5g, 75.6 mmol) and molecular sieves in DMF (200mL-) at 000 was added trifluoroacetic acid (28g, 247mmo1) at 000 and then left to run overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was quenched, filtered and concentrated and the residue purified by column chromatography to give the title compound (7.0g, 70% Rf 0.4 (ethylacetate/petroleum ethers, 3:7).

Compound C-I: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC1 3 8.08 2 H, Aryl), 7.72 (in, 4 H, Aryl), 7.59 (in, 1 H, Aryl), 7.47 (in, 3 H, Aryl), 7.42 (in, 2 H, Aryl), 7.34 (in, 3 H, Aryl), 7.13 (d, 2 H, Mpm) 6.83 2H, Mpm), 4.96 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 ;zJ, 9.7 Hz, 4.53 (d, 1 H, J1, 2 7.6 Hz, H-1 4.37 (2d, 2 H, 00H 2 3.83 (ddd, 1 H, 3.79 3 H, 00H 3 3.65 (dd, 1 H, 3.53 (dd, 1 H, Jgem 10.8 Hz, J 5 6 a 4.1 Hz, H- 6a), 3.46 (dd, 1 H, J5,6b 4.1 Hz, H-6b), 3.12 (in, 1 H, 3.02 1 H, J 4

.OH

3.5 Hz, 4-OH), 1. 12 9 H, C(0H 3 3 Example 6: Synthesis of Building Block C-2

,.OH

Nd 3 C-I R=SM C-I-i-b: R=SC a

R

R 3 Ce C-2-i-a: R=SMe res C-2-i-b: R=SCres

OH

CHO 0

N

3 ~Me C-2-iii-a: R=SMe Cres C-2-iii-b: R=SCres b d N3 C-2-ii-a: R=S Oft BzO~~.

N

3 C-2-iv-a: R=SMe C-2-iv-b: R=SCres OBz OBz C-2- v N 3 C-2 N 3 Example 6: Synthesis of Building Block C-2, conditions: a) SOP 1, (90% for 0 R=SMe); b) SOP 18, (87% for R=SMe); c) SOP 4, p-TosOH, MeOH, CH 3

CN

S(86% for R=SMe); d) SOP 17, (92% for R=SMe); e) SOP 13, f) SOP 8, oo Compound C-2: 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC1 3 8= 8.09 2 H, Aryl), 7.97 2 H, Aryl), 7.72 (m, c 4 H, Aryl), 7.60 1 H, Aryl), 7.50-7.27 11 H, Aryl), 4.98 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 m J3.4 9.7 Hz, 4.58 1 H, J1.

2 7.8 Hz, H-1P), 4.51 (dd, 1 H, Jgem 11.3 c Hz, J 5 6 a 4.7 Hz, H-6a), 4.36 (dd, 1 H, J5,6b 2.2 Hz, H-6b), 3.72-3.68 2 0 10 H, H-2, 3.31 1 H, 3.23 1 H, J 4 ,OH 4.5 Hz, 4-OH), 1.13 9 c H, C(CH 3 3 Example 7: Synthesis of several carbamoylated Building Blocks C-3a to C-3d and C-4a to C-4d, containing a 6-0 benzovl or 6-O-p-methoxvbenzyl protection

OH

HO-- a O b HO R 1

R

1 C-3-i Pht R C-3-ii NPht R H, MeO HO R C-3-iii NH2 R R MeO R H

R=H

OH d C-3-iv

OHN

H J R MeO

HOH

e 0O R' OMpm

OBZ\

HHO

OHR

1 V NH C-4a: R 1 SCres C-3a: R 1 SCres C-4b: R 1 SEt C-3b: R 1 SEt C-4c: R 1

OTBDPS

C-3c: R' OTBDPS C-4d: R SMe C-3d: R 1 SMe Example 7: Synthesis of several carbamnoylated building blocks C-3a to C-3d and C-4a to C-4d, containing a 6-O-benzoyl or 6-O-p-methoxybenzyl nprotection, conditions: a) R MeO: SOP 2; R H: SOP 1, (82 S~res, 5 R b) SOP 30, (87 =S~res, R c) SOP 29, (95 %,R1 Scres, R d) SOP 4, (72 %,R 1 =Sores); e) SOP 17, (85 f) SOP Compound C-3a: 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 5S= 8.06 2 H, Aryl), 7.62 (in, 1 H, Aryl), 7.48 (t, 2 H, Aryl), 7.38 2 H, Aryl), 6.97 2 H, Aryl), 5.06 (bs, 1IH, NH), 4.79 (dd, 1 H, Jgemn 12.0 Hz, J 5 6 ,a 3.6 Hz, H-6a), 4.70 1IH, J 12 9.2 Hz, H-11P), 4.63 (dd, 1 H, J 5 6 b 2.0 Hz, H-6b), 4.18 (dd, 1IH, J 2 3

J

3 4 10.4 Hz, 3.89 (dd, 1 H, J 4 5 9.2 Hz, 3.72 (mn, 1 H, 3.23 (ddd, 1 H, 3.12 (bs, 1 H, 4-OH), 2.29 3H, SCH 3 Examp~le 8: Synthesis of several 6-OMD and cyclic 2.3-carbamoyl protected buildina blocks C-5a to Ph yu a h C-Zi NPht C5i Pht 00 HO MpO HO c HO II~td R' -R BzO R Phtiii MpO OMp HO e HO HO R 0 H 2 0 C-5a: R' SIVe R I SEt

R

1

OTBDPS

Example 8: Synthesis of several 6-OMp and cyclic 2,3-carbamoyl protected building blocks C-5a to C-5c, conditions: a) SOP 18, (92 for R 1 OTBDPS); b) SOP 4, (82 c) SOP 26, (75 for R 1 OTBDPS); d) SOP 30, (87 e) SOP 29, Compound 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 7.69 (in, 2 H, Aryl), 7.63 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.46- 7.31 (in, 6H, Aryl), 6.82 (bs, 4H, Mp), 5.04 bs, 1IH, NH), 4.78 1 H, J1.

2 7.6 Hz, H-1 4.15-4.10 (mn, 3H, H's not assigned), 3.97 (dd, 1IH, J =1 1.6 Hz, J 9.6 Hz, H not assigned), 3.78 3H, OMe), 3.56 (in, 1 H, H not assigned), 3.48 (in, 1 H, H not assigned), 2.80 (bs, 1 H, 4-OH), 1.08 9H, C-(CH 3 3 Example 9: Synthesis of Buildingi Blocks C-6-a and 0-6-b and C-7 00 Ra

HO

NH

2 C-3-iii-a: R=SCres C-3-iii-f: R=SMe MeO HOR

N

3 C-6-i-a: R=SCres C-6-i-b: R=SMe 100- mO OMpm

N

3 C-6-a: R=SCres C-6-b: R=SMe MeO-0"MpmOi

N

3 C-6-ii-a: R=SCres C-6-fi-b: R=SMe

C

OMpm MpmO4~~ OH C-74i N 3 e OMpm Mpmo.- -OTBDPS C-7

N

3 Example 9: Synthesis of building blocks C-6-a, C-6-b and C-7, conditions; a) SOP 12, (83 b) SOP 7; c) SOP 5, (75 2steps); d) SOP 14 82 e) SOP 8 (91 Compound C-6-a: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, COC13): 9= 7.43 2 H, Aryl), 7.25 (in, 4 H, Aryl), 7.08 (d, 2 H, Aryl), 6.88 (in, 4 H, Aryl), 4.81 1 H, Jgem 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.74 1 H, igem 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.53 1 H, Jge m =11.1 Hz, OCH 2 4.48 1 H, Jgem 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.35 1 H, J 1 2 =10.0 Hz, H-113), 3.82 3 H, O0HA) 3.79 3 H, OCH 3 3.76 (dd, 1 H, Jge.m 10.5 Hz, J 5 6 a 5.4 Hz, H- 6a), 3.70 (dd, 1 H, J 5 6 b 5.4 Hz, H-6b), 3.56 (ddd, 1 H, 3.42 (in, 1 H, H- 3.34 (dd, 1 H, J 3 4 8.8 Hz, 3.24 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 9.4 Hz, 2.72 1 H, J 4 ,OH 3.5 Hz, 4-OH), 2.38 3 H, SCH 3 Compound C-7: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, COCl 3 7.63 4 H, Aryl), 7.35-7.21 (in, 8H, Aryl), 7.08 (mn, 2 H, Aryl), 6.83-6.78 (in, 4 H, Aryl), 4.72 1 H, Jgem 11.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.59 1 H, Jgem 11.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.29 1 H, J 1 2 7.8 Hz, H-1 4.27 (d, 1H, Jgem 11.7 Hz, OCH 2 4.21 1H, Jgem 11.7 Hz, OCH 2 3.72 3 H,

OCH

3 3.71 3 H, OCHA) 3.51 (ddd, 1 H, J 3 4 z J 4 5 8.6 Hz, 3.40- 3.32 (in, 3 H, H-6a, H-6b, 3.05 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 9.8 Hz, 2.90 (in, 1 H, 2.51 1 H, J 4 ,OH 2.2 Hz, 4-OH), 1. 12 9 H, C(CH 3 3 Example 10: Synthesis of buildinci block C-8a to C-8c Ph0 0 R C-3-ii-c NPht

OH

HO 0 A1103 R C-8-ii NPht OMp HO 0 C-8-iv NH 2 C-84i NPht OMp C HO 0 C-8-iii NPht b d e OMp

HOA

N

3 C-8a R SIVe C-8b R SEt C-8c R =OTBDPS Example 10: Synthesis of building blocks C-8a to C-Bc, conditions: a) SOP 7, AII13r, DMF (65 R=OTBDPS); b) SOP 4, (86 R=OTBDPS); c) SOP 26, R=OTBDPS); d) SOP-30; e) SOP 12, (70 2 steps for R=OTBDPS).

Compound C-Bc: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 5= 7.72 (mn, 4 H, Aryl), 7.43-7.16 (mn, 6 H, Aryl), 6.76 (in, 4H, Mp), 5.96 (in, 1 H, =CH Allyl), 5.31 (in, 1 H, =CH Allyl), 5.22 (in, 1 H, =CH Allyl), 4.42 1 H, J 1 2 7.6 Hz, H-113), 4.39 (in, 1 H, OCH 2 Allyl), 4.23 (in, 1 H, OCH 2 Allyl), 3.97 (dd, 1 H, Jgem 10.0 Hz, J 5 6 a 3.6 Hz, H-6a), 3.92 (dd, 1 H, J5.6b 5.2 Hz, H-6b), 3.77 3 H, OCH 3 3.66 (ddd, 1 H, J 4 5

J

3 4 9.4 Hz, 3.42 dd, 1 H, J 9.8 Hz and J 7.8 Hz, H not assigned), 3.22 1 H, 3.09 (dd, 1 H, J 8.4 Hz and J 9.6 Hz, H not assigned), S2.48 1 H, J 4 .0H 2.8 Hz, 4-OH), 1.12 9 H, C(CH 3 3 Example 11: Synthesis of Building Block D-1: 00 HO' a H ph 0 HO SMe a 0 b OH D-1-i OH Ph B Se0 Ph B6 PhO'oo 0 O d SBnO SMe BnO

N

OBn D-1-ii OBn D-1-iii OBn BnOJ-"'m.~OTBDPS BnOJ 0 0 1 &TD O OMe BnO

OTBDPS

D-1 OBn Example 11: Synthesis of building block D-1; a) SOP 1, (95 b) SOP 7, c) SOP 13, (92 d) SOP 8; e) SOP 4, (70 2 steps); f) 1. SOP 15; 2.

SOP 16, (75 2 steps).

Compound D-1: 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): 6= 7.72 4 H, Aryl), 7.41 2 H, Aryl), 7.32 7.25 14 H, Aryl), 5.04 1 H, Jgem 11.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.81 3 H,

OCH

2 4.63 1 H, J1, 2 7.4 Hz, H-1p), 3.88 (ddd, 1 H, J 3 4

J

4 5 9.2 Hz, H- 3.70 3 H, OCH 3 3.53 (dd, 1H, J 7.5 Hz, J 9.0 Hz, H not assigned), 3.47 1 H, J 4 ,5 9.8 Hz, 3.42 (dd, 1 H, J 8.9 Hz and J 8.9 Hz, H not assigned), 2.87 1 H, J 4 .oH 2.4 Hz, 4-OH), 1.11 9 H, C(CH 3 3 78 Example 12: Synthesis of Building Block D-2. a 2-O-Allvloxvcarbonyl 00 protected thioethyl glvcoside QAc 0Ac b

O

N Ac3 HO

N

D-24 D-2-ii OTrit 0 c LevO 0 BnO BnO D-2-iii D-2-iv LevO 0e e0 BnO ON-LevO1 7i BnO SEt D-2-v D Alloc D-2 Example 12: Synthesis of Building Block D-2, conditions: a) 1. SOP 22; 2.

SOP 1; b) SOP 7; c) 1. SOP 4; 2. TritCl, Pyridine, (CICH 2 2 3. SOP 23; d) 1.

Cr0 3

H

2 S0 4 Acetone, 000, 2. SOP 16; e) 1. Dimethyl dioxirane Acetone; 2.

EtSH, TFAA, CH 2

CI

2 3. SOP Example 13: Synthesis of Building Block D-3 B-I-ui Oft a 0z~ b S BnO ~.as M4.~~ D-3-i

OH

C HO0 Ps OTBDPS -0- BzO D-3-111 Oft Oft D-3-ii o Me HO0 BnO OTBDPS BzO D-3-iv 0 OMe BnO

OH

D-3-vi BzO o LevO- f- OTBDPS D-3-v BzO oOe Levo -O BnO -m4,OTCAI D-3 BzO Example 13: Synthesis of Building Block D-3, conditions: a) 1. SOP 4, Amberlite IR 120, H 2 0, 80*C; 2. SOP 18, (85 2 steps) b) 1. SOP 21; 2.

SOP 8, 70 2 steps); c) SOP 22, (96 d) 1. SOP 15; 2. SOP 16, (80 2 steps); e) SOP 23, (92 f) SOP 9, (95 g) SOP 25a, (91%) Preparation of D-34,. step 1: The starting material (57 mmol) and Amberlite IR 120 iron exchange resin (Hfform, 20 g) were suspended in water (180 ml) and stirred at 80 0 C until completion. The iron exchange resin was removed by filtration and extracted with water The combined aqueous layers were neutralized with triethyl amine and freeze dried.

Compound D-3-v: 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 8= 7.95 (in, 2 H, Aryl), 7.68 (in, 2 H, Aryl), 7.58 7.12 (in, 16 H, Aryl), 5.47 (dd, J 1 2 7.6 Hz, J 2 3 9.6 Hz, 5.31 (dd, J 3 4 9.6 Hz, 4.64 1 H, 7.6 Hz, H-~1 13), 4.60 1IH, Jge m 12.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.55 1 H, Jgem 12.0 Hz, 00H 2 3.74 (dd, 1 H, 3.70 3H, OCH 3 3.63 1 H, J 4 5 9.6 Hz, 2.68 -2.16 (in, 4H, (0H 2 2 -Lev), 2.15 3H,

OH

3 0.96 9H, C(CH 3 3 Example 14: Syntheses of a range of block D donor sugars D-4 to D-7 from a common intermediate, a 4-O-Ievulinovl glucal.

OjMe LevO BnO SAr

R

D-6a: R=AlocO D-6b: R=CAcO OMe LevO-n-F D-4 OAIIoc 0 OMe BnO-~ D-2-v b LevO 0 0 BnO~amm. (S0)Ar CIAcO D-7 *OMe BnO4.... (CH 2 3

CH=CH

2 OAIIoc Example 14: Syntheses of D-4 to D-7 as donor sugars, conditions: a) 1.

Diinethyl dioxirane, Acetone; 2. TBAF, THF; 3. SOP 35; b) 1. Dimethyl dioxirane, Acetone; 2. 4-penten-1 -o1, ZnCl 2 0H 2

C

2 3. SOP 35; c) 1. Diinethyl dioxirane, Acetone; 2. ArSH, TFAA, CH 2

CI

2 (Ar Ph, p-Tol); 3. SOP 35 or (ClAc) 2 0, Pyridine, CH 2

CI

2 (for D-6b); d) MCPBA, 0H 2 C1 2 (for D-6b as substrate).

2007203325 18 Jul 2007 Example 15: Synthesis of Building Block E-1 to E-4

OTBDPS

BnO E-4 Nj

OTCA

OTBDPS

b BnO~~~ BnO R

N

3 E-1-ii-a: R=SMe E-1-ii-b: R=SCres OH H OTBDPS H R O HO

R

N

3 N 3 C-I-i-a: R=SMe E-l-i-a: R=SMe C-I-i-b: R=SCres E-l-i-b: R=SCres

OH

C Do B BnO R E-1-iii-a: R=SMe N 3 E-i-iii-b: R=SCres OBz d B I-- E-1-iv-a: R=SMe N 3 E-1-iv-b: R=SCres OMp BnO~O BnO~m~R

N

3 E-1-v-a: R=SMe E-I-v-b: R=SCres OMp BnO.

E-

3 N3

OTCA

OBz BnO 0A OBnA E-I N3

OTCA

Iv3 E-l-vi-a: R=SMe E-l-vi-b: R=SCres OMpm BnO E-2 N 3

OTCA

Example 15: Synthesis of Building Block E-1 to E-4, conditions: a) SOP 8; b) SOP 7; c) SOP 9, (84% over 3 steps, R=SMe); d) SOP 18, R=SMe); e) 1. SOP 13, for E-1-iv-a as starting material); 2. SOP 25b, f) 1.

TosCl, Pyridine; 2. p-MeO-0 6

H

4 -ONa, NMP, 600; g) SOP 7, (78 R=SMe); h) 1. SOP 14; 2. SOP 25b, (79 2 steps, R=SMe).

Preparation of E-1-i-a: r- A mixture of methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-thio-3-D-glucopyranoside

O

O 42.5mmol) and imidazole (4.9 g, 71.25 mmol) in 20 mL DMF was treated with tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilane (11.6mL, 44.63mmol) for 2h. The reaction mixture was concentrated, extracted, washed and dried, yield: 23g (crude light 00 yellow syrup), Rf 0.74 (CHCl3/methanol 9/1).

Preparation of E-1-ii-a: (c The silyl ether from the previous step in 50 mL DMF, was treated with 2.68g of NaH (106.25 mmol) and 12.64 mL (106.25 mmol) of benzyl bromide at 0 c OC. After 1h the excess NaH was quenched and the reaction concentrated, 0 10 extracted, washed and concentrated to afford a yellow syrup yield: 28.5g c1 (crude yellow syrup), Rf 0.80 (hexane/ethyl acetate Preparation of E-1-iii-a: The crude yellow syrup from the above reaction was treated with 36.5 mL AcOH and 106.3 mL (106.25 mmol) of 1M solution of TBAF in THF overnight.

The reaction was concentrated and purified by chromatography to afford the title compound. 14.9g 3 steps Rf= 0.36 (petroleum spirit/ethyl acetate 7/3) Preparation of E-1-iv-a: Methyl 2-azido-2,3 di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-thio-p-D-glucopyranoside (14.5 g, 34.9 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 ml) and anhydrous pyridine (8.6 ml, 106.2 mmol) was treated with benzoylchloride (4.93 ml, 42.5 mmol) at 0 C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was quenched, extracted, washed and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound as a white solid.

Yield: 14.9 g (82 Rf 0.82 (Petroleum spirit/Ethyl acetate 7/3).

Preparation of E-1: Methyl 2-azido-6-O-benzoyl-2,3di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-thio- -Dglucopyranoside (8.68 g, 16.7 mmol) in acetone (50 ml) was treated with Nbromosuccinimide (8.92 g, 50.12 mmol) at 0°C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then quenched, extracted, washed and evaporated, furnishing a yellow syrup which was purified by chromatography. Yield: 6.13 g Rf 0.57 (Petroleum spirit/Ethyl acetate A cooled mixture of 2-azido-6-Obenzoyl-2 ,3 d i-O-benzyl- 2-deoxy-a/1-D-gluco pyra nose 10.2 mmol),

K

2 00 3 (7.0 g 51 mmol) and trichloroacetonitrile (5.1lml, 51 mmol) in 30 ml of dichioromethane was stirred for 2h. The mixture was then filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated and purified on a short column of silica 00 gel to obtain the title compound as an amorphous white solid. Yield 5.69 g Rf 0.85 (Petroleum spirit/Ethyl acetate 7/3).

N- Compound E-1: c-i 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 5= 8.73 1 H, C=NH), 8.00 (in, 2 H, Aryl), 7.56 (in, 1 H, Aryl), 7.43-7.25 (in, 12 H, Aryl), 5.66 1IH, J 8.4 Hz, H-1 4.95 c-i(d, 1 H, Jgem 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.87 2H, J 10.8 Hz OCH 2 4.62 2H, Jgemn 10.8 Hz, OCHA) 4.58 (dd, 1 H, Jgem= 12.4 Hz, J 5 6 a 2.0 Hz, H-6a), 4.46 (dd, 1IH, J5,6b 3.6 Hz, H-6b), 3.77-3.72 (mn, 3H, H-5, 2H not assigned), 3.62 (dd, 1 H, J 8.3 Hz, J 9.7 Hz, H not assigned).

Comp~ound E-2: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 8= 8.70 1 H, C=NH), 7.38-7.22 (in, 10H, Aryl), 7.13 (in, 2H, Aryl), 6.83 2H, Mpin), 6.44 1IH, J1, 2 3.5 Hz, H-1lc), 4.93 IH, Jgem 10.5 Hz, OCH 2 4.89 1H, Jgem 10.5 Hz, OCH 2 4.78 (d, 1IH, Jgem 10.5 Hz, OCH 2 4.57 1H, Jgem 11.7 Hz, OCH 2 4.51 1H, 49em 11.7 Hz, OCH 2 4.39 1H, Jge.m 11.7 Hz, OCH 2 4.02 (dd, 1H, J 34 ;J23= 9.5 Hz, 3.98 (in, 1 H, 3.86 (dd, 1 H, J 4 5 9.6 Hz, 3.76 (dd, 1 H, 3.75 3H, OCH 3 3.69 (dd, 1 H, J 5 6 a 3.5 Hz, Jgem =10.5 Hz, H-6a), 3.63 (dd, 1 H, J5, 6 b 1.8 Hz, H-6b).

Examp~le 16: Synthesis of Building Blocks E-5 to E-8 0 SR E-1-vii-a: R=Cres NPht E-1-vii-b: R=Me HO BnO.-~w~ SR NPht E-1 -vii i-a: R=Cres E-1-viii-b: R=Me

TBDPSO

BnO &S DTPMNH

OTCA

E-81

TBDPSO

BnO?&0 Bn SR

DTPMNH

E-8-i-a: R=Cres E-8-i-b: R=Me BnO. 4~SR

DTPMNH

R=Cres R=Me NMe 2

/NN

0 DTPM-NMe 2

C

E-1-ix-a: R=Cres E-1-Ix-b: R=Me MMmO BnO'mm- SR

DTPMNH

E-6-i-a: R=Cres E-6-i-b: R=Me 'MpOv'p~nO SR

DTPMNH

E-7-i-a: R=Cres E-7-i-b: R=Me eoj \d BzO Bn SR

DTPMNH

E-5-ii-a: R=Cres E-5-ii-b: R=Me DTPMNH

OTCA

E-6

DTPMI

E-7 BnO~~m.

DTPMNH

OTCA

Example 16: Syntheses of Building Blocks E-5 to E-8, conditions: a) SOP 6, (85 R=SMe); b) SOP 30, (86 R=SMe); c) SOP 10, (88 R=SMe); d) SOP 18, (92 R=SMe); e) 1. SOP 13; 2. SOP 25b, (85 2 steps, R=SMe); f) SOP 7; g) 1. SOP 14; 2. SOP 25b; h) 1. TsCI, DMF; 2. p-MeO-C 6

H

4 -ONa, NMP, 6000; i) SOP 8.

Compound 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 5= 10.20 (dd, 1 H, JNH.=C-H 14.0 Hz, JNH,H-2- 9.9 Hz, NH), 8.80 1 H, C=NH), 8.16 1IH, 7.99 (in, 2H, Aryl) 7.58 (in, 1 H, Aryl), 7.45 (in, 2 H, Aryl), 7.30-7.17 (in, 10OH, Aryl), 6.42 1 H, J 1 2 00 3.6 Hz, H-lcc), 4.89 1H, Jge.m =8.4 Hz, OCH 2 4.68-4.60 (in, 3H, 00HA) 4.58 (dd, 1 H, J 5 6 a 2.0 Hz, Jge m =12.4 Hz, H-6a), 4.51 (dd, 1 H, J5,6b N1 Hz, H-6b), 4.22 (in, 1 H, 4.03 (dd, 1 H, J 3 4 ;t 23= 9.6 Hz, 3.80 (dd, 1 H, J 4 5 9.4 Hz, 3.70 (ddd, 1 H, 3.32 3 H, NCH 3 3.25 3 H, NCH 3 810 Example 17: Preparation of L-iduronic acid containing disaccharides B-A-I to B-A-1 OBn

B-A-I:

B-A-2: B-A-3: B-A-4: LevO OBz B-I B-4 R 2 M/P Ri N 3 R 2=Mp R1= N 3 R 2 Mpm R I=DTPMNH, R 2=Mp RI DTPMNH, R 2=Mpm b RI N 3 B-A-6: R 1

DTPMNH

L

B-A-7:R I N 3 B-A-8: R I DTPMNH B-A-9: R I N 3 B-A-IO: R 1

DTPMNH

,O13z UV IDZ~ d OBz MeO OBn 0--BnO 0 OMe HO OBz Example 17: Preparation L-iduronic acid containing disaccharides B-A-I to B- A-1 a) SOP 32a, (76 for B-A-I1); b) SOP 27, (88 for c) 1.SOP 20; 2. SOP 16, (84 for B-A-7, 2 steps); d) SOP 24, (94 for B-A-9).

Formation of disaccharide B-A-I1 (step a) A suspension of A-I (410 mg, 992 pmol), B-I (680 mg, 992 pmol) and freshly activated molecular sieves 4 A (1.0 g) in dry CH 2 0 2 (20 mL) was stirred for min at 000. N-Iodosuccinimide (405 mg, 1.8 mmol) was added and stirring r continued for 20 min. After addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (10.6 pi,

O

O 119.7 pmol), the reaction mixture was further stirred until completion (from 0°C to 25 and quenched with aqueous NaHCO 3 -solution (10 The mixture was diluted with CH 2 01 2 and filtered through a celite pad. The filtrate oO was washed with a 10 KHCO 3 /Na 2

S

2 03 solution, water and saturated brine solution, dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated. Final purification was achieved c- by silica gel column chromatography. Yield: 730 mg (76 ci Formation of disaccharide B-A-7(step c) 0 10 Disaccharide B-A-5 (1.00 g, 1.15 mol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF cN ml) and reacted with pyridinium dichromate (4.33 g, 11.5 mmol) under stirring at room temperature until complete conversion into the uronic acid. The reaction mixture was subsequently poured into 50 ml water and the whole extracted with diethyl ether. The combined ether layers were washed with aqueous citric acid solution, filtered through a short silica gel pad, dried over MgSO 4 evaporated and dried under high vacuum. The crude residue was dissolved in Toluene (3 ml) and methanol (3 ml) and titurated with

TMSCHN

2 solution (2M in hexane) until completion. The excess of TMSCHN 2 was destroyed by addition of acetic acid and the mixture evaporated. Final purification was achieved via silica gel chromatography. Yield: 871 mg (84 Compound B-A-9: 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC1 3 5= 8.03 2H, Aryl), 7.91 2H, Aryl), 7.53 2H, Aryl), 7.42-7.23 14H, Aryl), 5.37 1H, J 1 2 1.5 Hz, 5.21 1H, 4.97 1H, J 4 5 2.3 Hz, 4.84 2H, Jgem 10.8 Hz,

OCH

2 4.81 1H, Jgem 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.80 1H, J 1 2 3.6 Hz, H-la), 4.77 (1H, J 5 ,ea 1.8 Hz, H-6a), 4.70 2H, OCH 2 4.47 (dd, 1H, J5,6b 4.2 Hz, Jgem 12.3 Hz, H-6b), 4.05-3.97 3H, H-4, 3.91-3.87 (m, 2H, 3.49 3H, OCH 3 3.44 1H, 3.43 3H, OCH 3 Selected 13 C-NMR (100 MHz, CDC3): 6= 98.73 C-1 (JCH 172.5 Hz), 98.35 C-1' (JH 171.8 Hz).

Example 18: Syntheses of Building Blocks E-D-1 to E-D-12

OR

1 BnO 0 BnO X

R

E-1, E-2, E-3, E-5, E-6, E-7, E-1-v-a, E-1-v-b, E-1-vi-a, E-1-vi-b E-1-a, E-1-b, E-5-ii-a, E-5-ii-b E-6-i-a, E-6-i-b, E-7-i-a, E-7-i-b a

O~ON

BnO OTBDPS OBn D-1

OR

1 BnO- 0 BBnO OBn E-D-1 :R N 3 R Bz E-D-2: RN 3 ,R I Mpm E-D-3: RN 3

R

1 =Mp E-D-4: RDTPMNH, RI Bz R =DTPMNH, R I Mpm E-D-6: R =DTPMNH, R 1 Mpm

ORI

BnO~-m. o OMe E-D-7: R N 3 R 1=Bz 0 E-D-8: R =N 3 R' Mpm OC E-D-9: R =N 3

R

1 I Mp

BOOC

E-D-1O: R DTPMNH, R' Bz E-D-11 :R DTPMNH, R 1 Mpm E-D-12: R DTPMNH, R 1 Mpm Example 18 :Syntheses of disaccharides E-D-1 to E-D-12, conditions: a) SOP 32 a/b for X =S Me/ Scres or SOP 33 for X OTCA, (88 for E-D-1 via E-1, 84% for E-D-4 via E-5, as cx/1 mixtures), b) 1. SOP 9; 2. SOP 25a, (90 for E-D-7 over 2 steps).

Preparation of E-D-1 :Methyl (2-azido-6-O-benzoyl-3,4-d i-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-ac- D-glucopyranosyl)-( I +4)-tert-butyld iphenylsilyl 2 ,3-di-O-benzyl-f3-Dglucopyranosid )uronate A mixture of 2-azido-6-O-benzoyl-2,3 di-O-benzyl- 2-deoxy-ct43-Dglucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (2.5 g, 3.94 mmol), and methyl (tedtbutyldiphenylsilyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-f3-D-glucopyranoside) uronate (1.6 g, 2.55 mmol) and molecular sieves 4A (2.5 g) in 50 ml diethyl ether was treated with TBDMSOTf (180 jtl, 788.76 tmol) at -200C for 1 h. The reaction was quenched filtered, concentrated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain the desired disaccharide 2.48 g, 88%. Rf= 0.67 (toluene/ethyl acetate 9/1) c-i Compound E-D-1: E-D-1 was formed according to SOP 33 with ether as solvent at -30'C and Ni TBDMSOTf as promotor in 86 yield (ci/f-mixture).

1 H-NMR (400 MHz, 0D01 3 5= 8.00 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.68 (in, 4H, Aryl), 7.56 (in, 1IH, Aryl), 7.42 (mn, 4H, Aryl), 7.36-7.17 (mn, 24H, Aryl), 5.47 1IH, J 1 2 3.8 Hz, H-i 5.02 1 H, Jgem 11.4 Hz, 00HA) 4.97 1 H, Jgem 11.0 Hz, 00H 2 4.84 (in, 4H, 00H 2 4.75 1 H, Jgem 11.4 Hz, 00K2), 4.66 1IH, J12= 7.5 Hz, H-1 4.57 1IH, Jgem 10.9 Hz, 00H 2 4.45 (in, 2H, H-6'a, 4.15 (dd, J 8.8 Hz and J 9.6 Hz), 3.86 (in, 1 3.65 3H, 00H 3 3.68-3.58 (in, 3H), 3.55 1 H, J 45 10.0 Hz, 3.31 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 10.2 Hz, 1. 12 9H, C(CH3)3).

Compound E-D-4: E-D-4 was formed according to SOP 33 with ether as solvent at -300C and TBDMSOTf as promotor in 84 yield (cx./p-iixture).

Selected 'H-NMR (400 MHz, 00013): 8= 10.02 (dd, 1 H, JNH,=0-H 14.4 Hz, JNH,H-2 9.6 Hz, 8.02 (in, 2 H, Aryl), 7.79 1 H, 7.72-6.93 (in, 33 H, Aryl), 5.60 1 H, J 12 3.6 Hz, 4.49 1IH, J 1 2 7.8 HZ, H-1Ip), 3.66 3 H, OCH 3 3.29 3 H, NCHA) 3.28 3 H, NCH 3 1.14 9 H, C(0H 3 3 Preparation of E-D-7: Methyl (2-azido-6-O-benzoyl-3, 4-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxyc-D-glUcopyranosyl)-(1 trichloroacetimidyl)uronate A solution of methyl (2-azido-6-O-benzoyl-3,4-d i-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-ct-D-glucopyranosyl)-(l1-+4)-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl 2, 3-di-O-benzyl43-D-glucopyranoside) uronate (2.09 g, 1.90 mmol) in acetic acid (1.74 ml, 30.45 mmol) and 1 M O solution of tetrabutylammoniumfluoride (7.6 ml, 7.61 mmol) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and the residual syrup was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 00 oO the desired hemiacetal. Yield: 1.57 g Rf= 0.21 (toluene/ethyl acetate 9/1).

c A mixture of methyl (2-azido-6-O-benzoyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-a-Dm glucopyranosyl)-(1->4)-2,3-di-O-benzyl-p-D-glucopyranosyl)uronate (594 mg, c 690.70 iimol), trichloroacetonitrile (280 pl 2.74 mmol) and DBU (31 il, 209.3 pmol) in 8.0 ml dichloromethane was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. The mixture was then concentrated and purified on a short column of silica gel to obtain the title compound as an amorphous white solid. Yield: 662 mg (95.3 Rf= 0.46 (toluene/ethyl acetate 9/1).

Compound E-D-7: Selected 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 6= 8.68 1H, C=NH), 8.00 2H, Aryl), 7.56 2H, Aryl), 7.43-7.23 22H, Aryl), 6.48 1H, J 1 2 4.3 Hz, H-1a), 5.59 1H, Ji, 2 3.6 Hz, 5.03 (1H, Jgem 10.8 Hz, OCH 2 4.93-4.83 4H, OCH 2 4.70 1H, Jgem= 12.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.64 1H, Jgem 12.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.60 1H, Jgem= 11.2 Hz, OCH 2 4.47 2H, H- 6'a, 4.42 1H, not assigned), 4.15 2H, not assigned), 3.97 (dd, 1H, J 8.2 Hz and J 10.2 Hz, not assigned), 3.80 1H, not assigned), 3.76 3H, OCH 3 3.72-3.64 2H, not assigned), 3.30 (dd, 1H, J 2 3 10.4 Hz, Examole 19: Syntheses of disaccharides E-D-13 to E-D-44 o W~e HO0 BnO OTBOPS

OR

1 R Ac, Alloc, Bz, Ply E-D-1 3 to E-D-28 E-1, E-2, E-5, E-6, E-1 -iv-a, E-1 -iv-b, E-1-vi-a, E-1-vi-b, E-5-ii-a, E-5-ii-b, E-6-i-a, E-6-i-b BnO- BN4

R

1 0 E-D-29 to E-D-44 E-D-1 3 E-D-29: R 3 Bz, R 2

N

3

R

1 Allac E-D-14 E-D-30: R 3 Bz, R 2 NHDTPM, R' Alloc &ED31:R3 pR2 3 1= l E-D-32: R3 Mpm, R2 N 3 D, R Alloc E-D-16 E-D-32: R 3= Mp, R NP, R Alla E-D-17 E-D-33: R= Bz, R 2

N

3 D, R' P E-D-18 E-D-34: R 3 Bz, R 2 N3DP, R Piv E-D-36: R 3 =Mpm, R 2 NHDTPM, R 1 Piv E-D-21 E-D-37: R 3= Bz, R 2= N 3 R1 Bz E--2 ED38:R3 z 2 HTMR1 E-D-22 E-D-38: R3 Bz, R NDP, R Bz E-D-24 E-D-39: R3= Mpm, R2 N 3 D, R Bz E-D-25 E-D-40: R 3 =Mp, R 2 NHT R E-D-26 E-D-42: R 3 Bz, R 2 NHDTPM, R 1 Ac E-D-27 &E-D-43: R 3=Mpm, R 2=N 3 R' =Ac E-D-28 E-D-44: R 3= Mpm, R 2=NHDTPM, R' Ac Example 19: Syntheses of disaccharides E-D-13 to E-D-44, conditions: a) SOP 32 a/b for X SMe! Sores or SOP 33 for X OTCA 70 for E-D-23, a/P mixture); b) 1. SOP 9; 2. SOP Compound E-D-27: E-D-27 was formed according to SOP 33 with ether as solvent at -200C and TBDMSOTf as promotor in 70 yield (aI/p-mixture).

00 Selected 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 8= 7.58 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.54 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.36 7.00 (in, 23 H, Aryl), 6.73 (in, 2H, Aryl), 5.37 1 H, J1, 2 3.9 Hz, 5.12 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 8.8 Hz, 4.63 1 H, Jgem 11.2 Hz, OCH 2 4.58 1H, Jgem 11.2 Hz, OCH 2 4.48 1H, J1, 2 7.3 Hz, H-1f3), 3.66 (s, 3 H, OCH 3 3.55 3 H, OCH 3 3.34 (in, 1IH), 3.22 (dd, 1IH, J 3.4 Hz, J= 10.7 Hz), 1.81 3 H, QAc), 0.98 9H, C(CH 3 3 Example 20 :Synthesis of alternative E-D-disaccharides E-D-45 to OBz OR 1 BnO 0 0Q x HO IBn O~ OTBDPS BnO E-1, E-5, E-1-iv-a, D-8a: R 1 Mp E-1-iv-b, E-5-ii-a, E-5-ii-b D-8b: R 1 Mpm I D-8c: R 1 =All OBz Ia Bn- 0 BBnO R 2 O 0 2 E-D-47: R 1= Mp, R N 3 E-D-48: R I Mp, R 2

=NHDTPM

E-D48 R1 p2 NDP E-D-49: Ri All, R 2=N 3 1's E-D-50: Ri All, R 2= NHDTPM Example 20 :Synthesis of alternative E-D-disaccharides E-D-45 to conditions: a) SOP 32a/b for X SMe/SCres or SOP 33 for X OTCA, diethyl ether, IBDMS-OTf, -20 deg. C (75 for E-D-45 as ct/1-mixture).

00 0 Example 21: Synthesis of trisacoharides E-D-C-1 to E-D-C-16 BnOZ R o OMe

OR

1 1 E-D-9/E-D-10 BnI OTCA N, CIC-I /IC-7 /C-13 C-14 BnO- BnO4 riR 4 1 0 OMe OR' UBnO N 3 E-D-C-1 R 1 Mpm, R 2 =Mpm, R 3 Mpm, R 4 NHDTPM E-D-C-9: R 1 I Mpm, R 2 Mpm, R 3 Mpm, R 4

=N

3 EDC2R1 =MR2 pR3 pR4 INDP 1:R p 2 pR3 ,R4 =N E-D-C-2: R I=Mp, R 2= Mpm, R 3= Mpm, R 4=NHDTPM E-D-C-1O: R I Mp, R 2= Mpm, R 3M=p, R 4= N 3 EDC4R1 =MR2 pR3 =BR4 =IHTMEDC1:R p 2 pR3 =BR4 =N R1 Mpm, R 2=z Mpm, R 4 =NHDTPM E-D-C-1: R1 =Mpm, R 2=BR=Mpm, BR 4= N 3 E-D-C-6: R1 Mp, R 2=BR=Mpm, 4=NHDTPM E-D-C-1: R1 MPR 2Mp, R Bp, R 4N 3 m 2 =BR3 =BR4 HTMEDC 15:RI M m 2 =BR3 =BR4 N E-D-C-8: R1 Mp, R z, R Mm, R4 NHDTPM E-D-C-13: R Mp, R =Bz, R Mm, R4 N 3 Example 21: Synthesis of trisaccharide E-D-C-1 to E-D-C-16, conditions: a) SOP 33, (70 for E-D-C 15 as an cL/3 mixture).

Compound was formed according to SOP 33 with dichioromethane as solvent at 0 to 20 0 C and TBDMSOTf as promotor in 70 yield (Wp4-mixture).

1 H-NMR (400 MHz, 0D01 3 7.93 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.87 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.66 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.61 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.46 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.38-6.99 (in, 32 H, Aryl), 6.79 (in, 2H, Aryl), 5.27 1 H, J 1 2 3.8 Hz, H-1 4.99 (dd, 1 H, J 3 4 ;zJ.

9.5 Hz, 4.80-4.69 (in, 6 H, 00H 2 4.52 (in, 3 H, OCH 2 4.40 1IH,

J

1 2 8.0 Hz, H-103), 4.38-4.32 (in, 2 H, not assigned), 4.29 1 H, J1,2 Hz, 4.15 (in, 1 H, Jgem 12.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.02 (dd, 1 H, J 4 5 9.6 Hz, 3.80 (2 dd, 2 H, 3.71, 3 H, OCH 3 3.67 (in, 1 H, not assigned), 3.61-3.53 (in, 2 H, H5', 3.46 (dd, 1 H, Jgem 11.2 Hz, J 5 6 a 2.4 Hz, H-6a), 3.41 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 J34= 9.0 Hz, 3.27 3 H, OCH 3 3.21 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3 10.0 Hz, 3.14 (dd, 1 H, 3.00 (dd, 1 H, J5,6b Hz, H-6b), 2.75 (in, 1 H, H-5) 1.05 9HC(CH 3 3 Example 22: Synthesis of trisaccharides E-D-C-17 to E-D-C-32 OR 3 BnO 0~ BnO -Y E-O-37 to E-D-40 BNO

OR'

N,

C-I I C-71IC-9 OR 3 B R 4 o OMe

OR'

&zO N3 E---1:R1=MpR2=MmR 3= MpR =4 D E-D-C-18:R Mp, R Mpm, R Mpm, R NHDTPM E-D-C-19: R 1 Mp, R 2 Mpm, R 3 =Mpm, R' 4NHDTPM

R

1 Mp, R Mpm, R Bz, R 4

=NHDTPM

R

1 Mp, R 2=R Mpm, R 4=R NHDTPM E-D-C-221: Mp, R =Bz, R 3 Mpm, R 4

NHDTPM

E-D-C-22: R 1 Mp, R 2 Bz, R3 Mpm, R 4

NHDTPM

E-D-C-24: R 1 MP, R 2 =Bz, R 3 =Bz, R 4

NHDTPM

1 ,2 p ,3 ,4 =N E-D-C-25: R Mp, R2 Mpm, R3 Mpm, R4 N 3 E-D-C-26: R 1 Mp, R 2 Mpm, R Mpm, R 4 N3 E-D-C-28: R1 MP, R 2 Mpm, R Bz, R 4

N

E D-C 2: R 1 =Mp R 2 M R 3 =Bz, R 4 N 3 E-D-C.29: R 1 MP, R2 =Bz, R 3 Mpm, R 4 =N3 ED-C-30: R1 Mp, R 2 Bz, R Mpm, R 4 N 3 E-D-C-31: R 1 Mp, R 2 Bz, R 3 Bz, R 4 =N3 Example 22: Synthesis of trisaccharide E-D-C-17 to E-D-C-32, conditions: a) SOP 33.

Example 23: Formation of trisaccharidic Trichioroacetimidates E-D-C-33 to E- D-C-48

<OR

3 o4 O:OMe

OR'

BOxA &.w.&.OTBDPS SnO N, E-D-C-1 to E-D-C-16 E-D-C-33: R 1 Mpm, R 2 Mpm, R'3 Mpm, R 4

NHDTPM

E-D-C-34: R 1 Mp, R 2 Mpm, R'3 Mpm, R 4

NHDTPM

R

1 =Mpm, R =Mpm, R 3 =Bz, R4NHDTPM E-D-C-36: R1= Mp, R 2 Mpm, R 3 Bi, R 4

NHDTPM

E-D-C-37: RI Mpm, R 2 =Bz, R 3 Mpm, R 4

NHDTPM

E-D-C-38: R 1 =Mp. R 2 =Bz, R 3 Mpm, R 4

=NHDTPM

E-D-C-39: R 1 Mpm, R 2 =Bz, R 3 Bz, R 4

NHDTPM

R1 Mo. R 2 =Bz. R 3 Bz. R 4

NHDTPM

E-D-C-41 :R1 =MMm, R 2 =Mpm, R 3=Mpm, R 4=N 3 E-D-C-42: R 1 Mp, R 2 =Mpm, R3 Mpm,R 4

=N

3 E-D-C-43: R 1 Mpm, R 2 Mpm, R 3 Br, R 4

N

3 E-D-C-44: R 1 Mp, R 2 Mpm, R 3 Br, R 4

=N

3 E-D-C-45: R 1 Mpm, R 2 =Bz, R 3 Mpm, R 4

N

3 E-D-C-46: R 1 =Mp, R 2 =Bz, R 3 =Mpm, R 4

N

3 E-D-C-47 -R 1 =Mpm, R 2 =Bz, R 3 Br, R 4

=N

3 E-D-C.48: R 1 Mp, R 2 =Bz, R 3 Bz, R 4

N,

Example 23: Formation of trisaccharidic Trichioroacetimidates E-D-C-33 to E- D-C-48, conditions: a) 1. SOP 9; 2. SOP 25, (82% over 2 steps for E-D-C-47 2007203325 18 Jul12007 Example 24: Syntheses of trisacoharides E-D-C-9 to E-D-C-12 and E-D-C-49 to o OMe LevO&-A 0 BnD-3 BO

OTCA

OR

1

HO

2 R20X R

N

3 C-3 to C-9 C-6a :R =SCres, R I=Mpm, R 2=Mpm C-7:R =OTBDPS, R1 Mpm, R 2=Mpm C-8c: R =OTBDPS, R 1 Mp, R 2 =All C-10: R =SCres,RI Mp, R 2Mpm C-1I :R =SCres, RI Mpm, R 2= All C-12:R =OTBDPS, Ri Mpm, R 2= All C-1 3: R SCres, R 1 M p, R 2 =All C-14:R =OTBDPS, R Mp, R 2=Mpm D-C-5: R OTBDPS, R 1 =Mpm, R 2 =MpM D-C-6: R OTBDPS, R 1 Mpm, R 2 All D-C-7: R OTBDPS, R 1 Mp, R 2 MpM D-C-8: R =OTBDPS, R Mp, R 2=All D-C-I R SCres, R 1 Mpm, R 2 Mpm D-C-2:R =SCres, R1 Mpm, R 2= All D-C-3:R =SCres, R Mp, R2 MpM D-C-4: R =SCres,R1 Mp, R 2= All O OMe OR'1 HO 0 0 BzO

N

3 bOR 3 Bn] 0 OeOR BnBz0 O R E--C57 =OTDSR Mm R= U R R B 1 23 E-D-C-12I: R =OTBDPS, RI Mp, R 2= Mpm, R 3 Bz E-DC-7:R =OTDP, 1 p ,2 J3 R =OTBDPS, R1 Mp, R 2=AJ, R 3= Bz E--C5: OBPS 1 =M ,R2 lR3 E-D-C-9: R OTBDPS, R 1= Mpm, R 2= Mpm, R3 MpM E-D-C-59: R OTBDPS, R 1 Mpm, R 2 AJ, R 3 =MpM E-DC-0:R OBP, 1 =MR2 pR3= M E-D-C-IO: R OTBPS, R' M p, R2 All. R MpM E-D-C-49: R =SCres, RI Mpm, R 2=Mpm, R 3=Bz R= ~rsR1= pI 2 =A ,R3 R SCres, R1 Mp, R =IIm, R 3= Bz E-D-C-51: R =SCres,RII Mp, R 2M=Al, R Bz R =SCres, R Mp,R 2= Ml, R 3 =z E--C54 =S~es 1 pR2 JR3= p E-D-C-553 R SCres, R1 Mp, R Mpm, R =Mpm E-D-C-56 -R SCres. R 1 Mo. R 2 All. R 3 MoM Example 24: Syntheses of trisaccharides E-D-C-9 to E-D-C-1 2 and E-D-C-49 to E-D-C-60, conditions: a) 1. SOP 33; 2. SOP 24; b) SOP 33.

(for D-C-5: 70 2 steps); b) SOP 33, 78 for E-D-C-9 as an oc/ mixture).

Compound was formed according to SOP 33 with ether as solvent at -200C and TMSOTf as promotor, followed by SOP 24 in 70 yield (over 2 steps as CUPmixture).

00 Selected 'H-NMR (400 MHz in CDCI 3 15 7.88 (in, 2H, Ar), 7.67- 7.58 (in, Ar), 7.42 (in, 2H, Ar), 7.37-7.12 (mn, 16H, Aryl), 6.84 (in, 3H, Ar), 5.14 c-i(dd, 1 H, J 1 2 8.2 Hz, J 2 3 9.5Hz, 4.90 1 H, Jgem =10.7 Hz, OCH 2 4.73 1 H, Jgem 11.5 Hz, OCH 2 4.65 1 H, J1, 2 8.2 Hz, H-i1'03), 4.63 4.58 (in, 2H, OCH 2 4.51 1 H, Jgem =12.0 Hz, OCH 2 4.20 1 H, J 1 2 7.9 Hz, H-i13) 4.05 1 H, Jgem 11.9 Hz, OCH 2 4.02 3.95 (in, 2H, not assigned), 3.81 3H, OCHA) 3.80 3H, OCHA) 3.71 1 H, J 4 5 9.9 Hz, 3.67 3H, OCHA) 3.47 3.40 (mn, 3H, not assigned), 3.21 (dd, 1 H, J 9.0 Hz, J 9.8 Hz, not assigned), 3.00 (dd, 1 H, J 5 6 b 1.4 Hz, Jgem 10.5 Hz, H-6b), 2.63 (mn, 1 H, 2.35 (bs, 1 H, 4-OH), 1.07 9H, C(CH 3 3 Compound E-D-C-9: E-D-C-9 was formed according to SOP 33 with ether as solvent at -20 0 C and TBDMSOTf as promotor in 78 yield (Wp1-inixture).

Selected 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 3 7.77 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.59, 7.54 (2m, 2 x 2H, Aryl), 7.35 7.00 (mn, 30 H, Aryl), 6.88 (in, 2H, Aryl), 6.82 (in, 2H, Aryl), 6.73 (in, 2H, Aryl), 5.41 I H, J 1 2 3.5 Hz, H-1"cc), 5.19 (dd, 1 H, J 2 3

J,

9.6 Hz, 4.85 4.78 (in, 4 H, 00H 2 4.67 (in, 2H, OCH 2 4.65 1IH, J12= 8.5 Hz, H-1 P, not assigned), 4.38 1 H, Jgem 11. 1 Hz, OCH 2 4.29 1 H, Jgem 11.7 Hz, OCH 2 4.17 (dd, 1IH, not assigned), 4.11 1IH, J 1 2 7.9 Hz, H-1 P not assigned), 4.03 1 H, Jge m 12.0 Hz, OCH 2 3.90 3.76 (in, 3H, not assigned), 3.730, 3.727 (2s, 2 x 3H, OCH 3 3.65 3H, OCHA) 3.54 3H, OCH 3 2.89 (dd, 1 H, Jgem 10.5 Hz, J5,6b 2.0 Hz, H-6b), 2.52 (in, 1 H, 1 .02 9 H, C(CH 3 3 Example 25: Synthesis of trisaccharides E-D-C-41, E-D-C-42 and E-D-C-61 to E-D-C-66 OMpm BnO m 0 O e BMpnBn I Np 0 z RWeSre N3 U 0 NR E-D-C-53 E-D-C-54 E-D-C-56 R' Mpm, F R' Mpm, F RI Mp,R 2 RI =Mp,R 2 All

!M

BnO 0~m BnO0,-. N3 0Me OR 1 B R 0SCres ~Mpm BnON 3 E-D-C-61 E-D-C-62 E-D-C-63 E-D-C-64

R

1 =Mpm, R R =Mpm, R R= =Mp, R2 4 R= Mp, R All BnO3- BnO.

Ri Mpm, R 2=Mpm Ri Mp, R 2=Mpm

R

1 =Mpm, R 2 =All Ri Mp, R 2= All E-D-C-41 E-D-C-42 E-D-C-66 Example 25: Synthesis of trisaccharides E-D-C-41, E-D-C-42 and E-D-C-61 to E-D-C-66, conditions: a) 1. SOP 39; 2. SOP 38; 3. SOP 16; b) 1. SOP 14; 2.

SOP Example 26: An alternative route to the trisaccharides E-D-C-61 and E-D-C- D-C-9: R 1 =Mpm D-C-1: RI =Mp D-C-11 1: RI Mpm D-C-12: R' Mp 0 OMe OR 1

I

AIIO 0 BfO~W"m.0V Mm0 m~SCres BzO

N

3 0 OMe OR 1

I

UVIPFT1 BnO-0 B b E-2 OMpm BnO N OMe E-D-C-61: R 1 Mpm BnO MPmO SC res N 3 Example 26: An alternative route to the trisaccharides E-D-C-61 and E-D-C- 63, conditions: a) 1. SOP 39; 2. SOP 38; 3. SOP 16; 4. Pd(Ph 3

P)

4 p- 2 Na, THE, MeOH; b) SOP 33.

Example 27: Syntheses of blocks E-D-C-67 to BnO~~~ 4 BflO\ m 0 OMe OMp

NNH

E-D-C-69: R Mp BnO

N

R Bz 0 Example 27 :Syntheses of trisaccharides E-D-C-67 to E-D-C-70, conditions: a) SOP 33; b) SOP 24; c) SOP 33; d) 1. SOP 36; 2. SOP 37.

Example 28: Synthesis of trisaccharides E-D-C-70 and E-D-C-71 B~n 3 0 Ole E-D-7 N30 OMp HO 0 0

NH

0 C-1 61C-5c R SCres E-D-C-71 :R OTBDPS Example 28: Synthesis of trisaccharides E-D-C-70 and E-D-C-71, conditions: a) SOP 33, (55% for E-D-C-71, oc/p mixture).

Compound E-D-C-71: E-D-C-71 was formed according to SOP 33 with dichioromethane as solvent at 4000 and TBDMSOTf as promotor in 55 yield (as cc/-mixture).

Selected 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 9= 7.91 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.61 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.55 (in, 2H, Aryl), 7.50 7.02 (in, 29 H, Aryl), 6.65 (in, 4H, Mp), 5.38 1 H, J1, 2 3.9 Hz, H-1 5.22 (bs, 1 H, NH), 4.67 1 H, J1, 2 7.4 Hz, H- 1 P, not assigned), 4.50 1IH, J1, 2 7.8 Hz, H-1 P, not assigned), 3.92 1 H, 9.8 Hz, 3.698 3 H, OCHA) 3.693 3 H, 00HA) 1.03 9 H,

C(CH

3 3 Mfoufld 1408.52 (M+H 2 0) 4 Mcalc 1390.54 Example 29: Syntheses of trisaccharides E-D-C-61, E-D-C-72 and E-D-C-73 O Me BnO--4,OTCA BnO OMpm MPMO SCres

N

3 C-6-a MPMO SCres 1-C-15 N 3 OMpm MPMO SCres

C

E-1 to E-3 E-D-C-61: R Mpm E-D-C-72: R Mp E-D-C-73: R Bz Example 29: Syntheses of trisaccharides E-D-C-72 to E-D-C-73 and E-D-C- 561, conditions: a) SOP 33; b) SOP 24; c) SOP 33.

Examrole 30: Syntheses of trisaccharides C-B-A-I to C-B-A-4 O13z LevO.

C-1 7 N 3 C a L <z2 7 SCres HO B-1 O13z OMe C-B-A-I: R= N C-B-A-2: R= D+PMNH 'wft OMe 0 C-B-A-3: R-N C-B-A-4: R RiPMVNH Example 30: Syntheses of trisaccharides C-B-A-I to C-B-A-4, conditions: a) SOP 33; b) SOP 32a; c) 1. SOP 27; 2. SOP 20; 3. SOP 16; 4. SOP 24.

Example 31: Synthesis of trisaccharides C-B-A-5 to C-B-A-8 ZBz 00 OMpm MeO OB R'O00 Bn n TCA OMe C-18: R Bz, R' Ac aI Oz C-19: R Mpm, R 1 Ac CC -20: R Bz, R1 Lev C-21: R Mpm,R 1 =Lev OBz OMpm M MeO Oe I BnjB

N

3 0 R Bz, R' Ac C-B-A-6: R Mpm, R' Ac R Bz, R 1 Lev C-B-A-8: R MDm. R 1 Lev Example 31: Synthesis of trisacoharides C-B-A-5 and C-B-A-8, conditions: a) SOP 33, (50% for C-B-A-5, j/P mixture).

Compound C-B-A-5 was formed according to SOP 33 with ether as solvent at 20 0 C and TBDMSOTf as promotor in 50 yield (as cc/0-mixture).

Mfound 1269.65 (M+H+H 2 Mcac 1250.43 Example 32: Syntheses of D-C-B trisaccharides D-C-B-1 to D-C-B-3.

o OMe LevOI BnO

OC

AltocO D-9 C-13-2, C-13-3, C-13-4, RI= Bz RI Mp R' =Mpm C res D-C-B3-I, III Bz D-C-B3-2, RI Mp D-C-B3-3, RI Mpm Example 32: Syntheses of D-C-B-trisaccharides D-C-B-1 to D-C-B-3, conditions: a) 1. SOP 33; 2. SOP 36; 3. SOP 37.

Examrle 33: Syntheses of D-C-B trisaccharides D-C-B-4 to D-C-B1-7.

o Me LevO0 BnO OC AllocO D-9 ORI MeOO H o0 OJS7SCres

N

3 /1z 0 C-13-5: C-13-6: C-B-7: C-13-8: Ri= Mpm, R 2 Mpm, R1= Mpm, R 2 All, R1= Mp, R 2 =Mpm,

R

1 Mp, R 2 =All, 'SCres D-C-B3-4: RI Mpm, R 2 Mpm, RI Mpm, R 2 All, D-C-B3-6: R' Mp, R 2 Mpm, D-C-B3-7: R' Mp, R 2 All, 108 r- ~Example 33: Syntheses of D-C-B-trisaccha rides D-C-B-4 to D-C-B1-7, conditions: a) 1. SOP 33; 2. SOP 36; 3. SOP 37.

00 109 Example 34: Syntheses of tetra sacoha rides D-C-B-A-I to D-C-B-A-2 D-6a 34: Syntheses of tetrasaccha rides 0-C-B-A-I and D-C-B-A-2, conditions: a) SOP 32a; b)1. SOP 36; 2. SOP 37; 3. SOP 24.

Examdle 35: Alternative syntheses of tetrasaccha rides D-C-B-A-2 BnO* Oft D-C-B-A-2 Example 35: Alternative synthesis of tetrasaccharide D-C-B-A-2, conditions: a) 1. SOP 34; 2. SOP 24.

Examp~le 36: Syntheses of tetrasaccharides D-C-B-A-3 to D-C-B-A-8 o OMe OR2 BnI\ 10 SCres OBn

RN

3 R=Mpm, R 2 =Mpm D-C-17: RI Mpm, R 2= Mp D-C-18: R' MpmR 2 =Bz a 1 OMe OBz B-A-9: R N B-A-10 R itPMNH BnO D-C-B-A-3: R= DTPMNH, RI Mpm, R 2 Mpm, D-CB--4 R DPMHR =Mp1 2 =B D-C-B-A-4: R= DTPMNH, R1 Mpm, R Bz D-C-B-A-61 2=NR pR2=MM R= DTM, R Mpm, R Mp D-C-B-A-8 R= N R' M pm, R 2 M Pm Example 36: Syntheses of tetrasaccha rides D-C-B-A-3 to D-C-B-A-8, conditions: a) 1 SOP 32b; 2. SOP 24.

Example 37: Syntheses of tetra saccha rides E-D-C-B-1 to E-D-C-B-4

OR

BnO0 BnO 0 OMe BnO OC E-D-29: R =Bz QAlloc E-D-31 :R =Mpm OMpm 'MeO HO-- 0 .L0SCres O OBz a C-B-20 z 'SCres E-D-C-B-1 :R =Bz E-D-C-B-2: R =Mpm BnO- BnO-%.

E-D-C-B-3: R =Bz E-D-C-B-4: R =Mpm Example 37: Syntheses of tetra sa ccha rides E-D-C-B-1 to E-D-C-B-4, conditions: a) SOP 33; b) 1. SOP 36; 2. SOP 37.

Example 38: Syntheses of blocks E-D-C-B-5 to E-D-C-B-8

OR

BnO o OMp MaO 0 B B o OMe HO 0 00 SCres E-D-29:R =Bz30 0+ ZE-D-51: R Mp BnO TCA /C-B-3 Bz 000

OR

R Bz N3 O0 0 MeBf 0 2 SCres E-D-C-B-6: R =Mp BnO~i 0 OR OAIIoC

>NH

c~I 0 0 BnO~~ o OMe/ 1OMP Meo cIE-D-C-B-7: R Bz 0 0 0 O0 0 Sn e E-D-C-B-8: R =Mp BnO 0. O O ~e OBn >NH f~t 0 0 Example 38: Syntheses of tetrasaccha rides E-D-C-B-5 to E-D-C-B-8, conditions: a) SOP 33; b) 1. SOP 36; 2. SOP 37.

Example 39 Syntheses of E-D-C-B-A pentasaccharides P-1 and P-2 OR E-D-C-69: R MpOz B n O o E -D -C -7 0 R B z z 0 0 0 O MI ne 0 0 n 3~IP B 00 -A-9 N,~ BnO 00SCres 0 0 BA9N e OR OBn >~NH HO OBz Bn- 00 aOBz Bn 4 OMe OMpMa 0 N3 0 0 L) O~ BnO N3~- N3 7lo- BnO\41 0 0 OMe OBn N Oft 0 P-1: R =Mp P-2: R= Bz Example 39: Syntheses of E-D-C-B-A pentasacoharides P-1 and P-2, conditions: a) SOP 34.

Example 40: Synthesis of E-D-C-B-A pentasaccharides P-3 to P-26 E-D-C-41 to E-D-C-48 to E-D-C-66 E-D-C-74 to E-D-C-87 1-OMe B-A-9 P-3: R =All,R I =Mpm, R 2 Bz P-4:R =All, RI Mp, R 2=Bz R =All, R' Mpm, R 2

MPM

P-6: R =All, R =Mp, R 2 =Mpm P-7: R =All, RI Mp, R 2 =Mp P-8: R =All, R1 Mpm, R 2

=MP

P-9: R =All, R I Mpm,R 2

=TBDPS

R=Al, R' =Mp, R 2

=TBOPS

P-11 :R =Mpm, R' Mpm, R 2Bz P-12:R =Mpm, R' Mp, R 2 =Bz P.13:R =Mpm, R' MM, R 2 =Mpm P-14: R =Mpm, RI =Mp, R 2 =Mpm P-1 5:R =Mpm. RI Mp. R 2=MP P-1 6: R =Mpm, R I= Mpm, R 2=MP P-17: R =Mpm, R' Mpm, R 2

=TBDPS

P-18: R Mpm, R' Mp, R 2

TBDPS

P-19:R =Bz, R' Mpm, R 2 B Z P-20:R =Bz, R' Mp R 2= Bz P-21 :R =Bz, R 1 =Mpm, R 2 =Mpm P-22:R =Bz, R' Mp, R 2=Mpm P-23:R =Bz, R' Mpm, R 2=Mp P-24:R =Bz, RI Mp,R2 Mp P-25:R =Bz, R I Mpm, R 2

=TBDPS

P-26: R =Bz, RI Mp, R 2

=TBDPS

Example 40: Synthesis of E-D-C-B-A pentasaccharide P-3 to P-26, conditions: a) SOP 33 (75 for P-19 as an a/p mixture).

Compound P-19: P-19 was formed according to SOP 33 with dichioromethane as solvent at 20'C and TMSOTf as promotor; Mfound 2068.76 (M+H+H 2 Mcalc 2049.74 Example 41: Alternative syntheses of E-D-C-B-A pentasaccha rides P-1I1.

P-12, P-19, P-20 and P-27 oN3 MeOBn OBz Bn 0o#7t O1SCres

H

OBn

N

3 OzA-I

N

3 1 E-D-C-B-3: R Mpm, R' Mpm 0 e E-D-C-B-9: R Mpm, R' Bz,Oe E-D-C-B-IO: R Mpm, R 1 Mpa E-D-C-B-I1 :R Bz, R I Mp E-D-C-B-1 2: R Bz, R 1 Mpm OBz BnO 0OeOR 1 MeO 0-- BnO One OBn

N

3 B P-11: R =MpmR I Mpm 0 P-12:R =Mpm,RI Mp P-19:R =Bz,R I MPM R =BzR I MP P-27:R =Mpm, R I Bz Example 41: Alternative syntheses of E-D-C-B-A pentasaccharides P-1I1, P- 12, P-19, P-20 and P-27, conditions: a) SOP 32a.

ExamplIe 42: Alternative syntheses of some E-D-C-B-A pentasaccharides OR 2 BnO 0R BnO R E-1 to E-3, N 3 E-1-iv-b, E-I-v-b, E-I -vi-b P-Il P-12: P-13: P-14: R1 Mpm, R2= Bz R' Mp,R 2= Bz

R

1 =Mpm,R 2 =Mpm R1 Mp,R 2=Mpm R' Mp,R 2= Mp P-16: R Mpm, R=Mp P-27: R1 Bz, R 2=Bz P-28: R IBz, R=Mp P-29: R 1 Bz,R 2 =MpM Example 42: Alternative syntheses of some E-D-C-B-A pentasaccharides, conditions: a) SOP 32a (for R S~res) or SOP 33 (for R OTCA).

00 115 Example 43:Synthesis of Dentasacoharide P-1 3 and OBz M O OB P-13: R N 3 R DTPMNH Example 43: Formation of pentasaccha rides P-13 and P-30, conditions: a) SOP 32a.

Example 44: Formation of pentasaccharide P-19 and P-31 OBz BnO 0~O Rn 0 W~e 0 -0 E-D-7/IE-D-1O n BnO~ 0

C

OBz ~OMPM MeO0 HO 0 B BnO~ 0 P-19: R=N P-31: R=N DTPM Example 44: Formation of pentasaccharide P-19 and P-31 conditions: a) SOP 33 Example preparation of P19: A mixture of O-(2-azido-6-O-benzoyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-x-D-glucopyranosyl)-( I -*4)-(methyl 2 ,3-d i-O-benzyl-P-D-glucopyranosyluronate)-( 1 azido-3-O-benzoyl-2-d eoxy-6-O-p-methoxybe nZyI-a-Dg lucopyranosyltrich lo roaceti mid ate (30.0 mg, 21.2 pmol) and methyl (methyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-ct-L-idupyranosyluronate)-( 1 -*4)-2-azido-3-O-benzyl- 6-O-benzoy-2-deoXy-cc-D-glucopyranoside (15.4 mg 19.3 4mol) and 100 mg of molecular sieves 4A in 1.5 ml dry dichloromethane was treated with TBDMSOTf (0.97 pi, 4.24 pimol) at -200C for 20 hours. The reaction was quenched, filtered and concentrated. Further purification of the title compound was achieved by silica gel chromatography Yield: 15.83 mg Rf= 0.30 (toluene/ethyl acetate 9/1).

Example 45: Partial deprotection of pentasaccharide P-19 Example 45: Partial deprotection of pentasaccharide P-19, conditions: a) SOP 28, 84%; b) SOP 39, 86%.

Compound P-33: Mfound 1503.5 (M-N 2 Mca 1 c 1529.51 To ease the structural proof, a small part of P-33 was transformed into the bis methyl uronurate derivative and characterized via NMR-spectroscopy.

Characteristic 'H-NMR-spectral regions are shown in figure 1.

Mfound 1514.62 Mcalc 1513.58 Example 46: Partial deprotection of pentasaccharide P-30, containing a DTPM-aroup as amino protection P-33 Example 46: Partial deprotection of pentasaccharide P-30, containing a DTPM-group as amino protection, conditions: a) 1. SOP 28; 2. SOP 39; b) 1.

SOP 11 with MeNH 2 as primary amine and MeOH as solvent; 2. SOP 12.

Example 47: Partial deprotection of pentasaccharide P-1, containing a cyclic carbamate as amino protection OMp BnI 0 OBz 000 ZBnO~-m 0 OMeOpMeBn P BO O 0OMe OBN BOz a a OBz BnO 0 Ocn Oee O We OH MeO 0 0 0, 00 0 NH 0 N 3 Bn 00 P-35 N3Me OBn N OBz 0 b 0 OHH °Y~f~ BnOe BnO OH 0 O OH O OH NaO 0 0 0 3 1N 3 BnO HO0 OBn o O OH BnO4~.A O~a V OH NaO 0Bn

N

3 0 0 n Bn N3 O2~ B HO P-3 e OBn 03 OH Example 47: Partial deprotection of pentasaccharide P-1, containing a cyclic carbamate as amino protection, conditions: a) SOP 27; b) SOP 39; c) SOP 12.

Example 48: Derotection rotocol for Dentasaccharides P-37 of claim 4 0 ORSI o OREI ORS3 ORE2 00

RB

RH~~OR RH10 2 P R 2 n Rsi 0 0 5 =0 RA 5 pm p RA Re =RB1= NHDde, NHDTPM, N 3 or RS4 and RB cyclic Carbamnate; Ia REI =RE2 Me, All, Bn; X a-OMe

OH

BnO 0OH (1BnO 0 O~ OH a0 DI 0 0

N

OBn N 3 OH P3 0 Example 48: Deprotection protocol for pentasaccharides P-37 of claim 4, conditions: a) 1. SOP 27 and 28; 2. SOP 39; 3. SOP 11 with MeNH 2 as primary amine and MeOH as solvent; 4. SOP 12.

Example 49: Transformation of pentasaccharide P-33 into the 0-and Nsulfated pentasaccharide OilO BnOH Bn OMe 00 Na BnO 3 aO NaO OBn 0~ N3 CBn 0 u 0 P-38 OMe Cl HOHO 00 OS0Na BnO

H

2 N a N, o OH OS3 HOON I H ClN H OS3N P-39 OMe

OS

3 N H NaO 3 SO OSO 3 B' OSO 3 Na NaOS3 2 NH 0OS 3 Na NaO OH 0 B H HnO 0 0N0-0S-38N3 OMe HO Na 3 NaOSO 2 NH OSO 3 Na Example 49: Transformation of pentasaccharide P-33 into the 0-and Nsulfated pentasaccharide P-40, conditions: a) SOxNMe 3 DMF, 50 0 C; b) H 2 (70 psi), PdC, H 2 0; c) SO 3 xPyridine, H 2 0, pH 9.5. The transformation of P- 33 into P-40 has been performed according to literature: Petitou et al., Carbohydr. Res. 1987, 167, 67-75.

The 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D 2 0) of P-40 is shown in figure 6.

REFERENCES

Lindah, Backdtrom, Thunberg, Leder, Proc. Nat.

Acad. Sdi. USA, 1980, Vol. 77, No. 11, 6551-6555; Reisenfeld, J., Thunberg, Hook, Lindah, J. Bidl. Chem., 1981, Vol.

256, No. 5, 2389-2394.

2 Choay, Lormeau, Petitou, Sinay, and Fareed, J., Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1981, 370, 644-649.

3 Pierre Sina, Jean-Claude Jacquinet, Carbohydrate Research, 132, (1984), C5-C9.

C.A.A. van Boeckel, T. Beetz, J.N. Vos, A.J.M. de Jonq, S.F. van Aelst, R.H. van den Bosch, J.M.R. Mertens and F.A. van der Vlugt., J.

Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1985, 293-321.

J. Choay, M. Petitou, J.C. Lormeau, P. Sin~y, J. Fareed, Ann.

NY Acad. Sci., 1981, 370, 644-649.

J. Choay et. al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1983, 116, 492-499.

Claims (14)

1. A monosaccharide of General Formula X ORsi M RLOO O Ca X, R A O General Formula X (Block A) In which the ring is of the D-Gluco stereochemistry; wherein 0 X, is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkenyloxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RH1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, NH-Fmoc, NH-Boc, NH-Troc, N-phthalimido, NH- Allyloxycarbonyl; or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rsi is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyl protecting group allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl benzyloxymethyl; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting 122 group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1 -(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]- o butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trioxopyrimidin-5- ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups; or RL and Rs, can combine to form a benzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring. 2 The monosaccharide of claim 1, wherein 0 X, is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RH1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group; RA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; 0 Rsi is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4- methoxybenzyl, substituted benzyl groups; benzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, 4- chlorobenzoyl, allyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tertbutoxycarbonyl, carbonate protecting groups; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1 -ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1

4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; or RL and Rsican combine to form a benzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring. The monosaccharide of claim 1, wherein: 123 0 Xi is selected from the group consisting of alpha or beta thiomethyl or thiocresyl or trichloroacetimidoyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy, alpha methoxy; RH1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl V) protecting group; C SRA is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an NH-Dde, NH-DTPM, or RH1 and RA can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; 0 (N Rsi is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4- methoxybenzyl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl; RL is a H atom or levulinoyl. 4. The monosaccharide of claim 3, wherein: RA is azido or RA and RH1 combine to form a cyclic carbamate. The monosaccharide of claim 3, wherein: RH1 is benzyl. 0

6. The monosaccharide of claim 3, wherein: Rsi is selected from benzoyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl.

7. A monosaccharide of General Formula XI, ORH _PO X2 RLO ORs 2 General Formula XI (Block B) in which the ring is of the L-ldo stereochemistry; wherein: 124 S RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl o protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RS2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl S or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilylprotecting group, allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; 0 RE2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-C5 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C 3 -0 5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1 -(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type 0 protecting groups; X2 is selected from a thioalkyl, thioaryl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

8. The monosaccharide of claim 7, wherein: RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group; RS2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4- methoxybenzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, benzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy 125 protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tertbutoxycarbonyl, carbonate protecting groups; RE2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-C5 alkyl; substituted alkyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4-acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable 0 substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting group; X 2 is selected from C1 to C6 thioalkyl, or C7 to C12 thioaryl, and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

9. The monosaccharide of claim 7, wherein: o RH is benzyl; RS2 is selected from the group consisting of benzoyl, substituted arylacyl protecting groups; RE2 is methyl, allyl or benzyl; is selected from a H atom; or a levulinoyl; X 2 beta. is a t-butyldiphenylsiloxy and the stereochemistry may be alpha or The monosaccharide of claim 7, wherein: 126 O RH is benzyl; Rs2 is selected from the group consisting of benzoyl, substituted arylacyl S protecting groups; S RE2 is methyl, allyl or benzyl; C RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl; 0 X 2 is selected from a thiomethyl or thiocresyl, and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

11. A monosaccharide of General Formula XII, RMO OR H 1O X2 RLO ORs2 General Formula XII (Alternate Block B) wherein: X 2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RS 2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyl group, allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl; RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl 127 protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type 0 protecting groups; Rm is selected from a p-methoxyphenyl or p-methoxybenzyl protecting group or other suitable oxidatively labile protecting group; a trityl group; or RM and RL are combined together to form an cyclic acetal or ketal.

12. The monosaccharide of claim 11,wherein: X 2 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, trichloroacetimidoyl, and the 0 stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RS2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4- methoxybenzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, benzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tertbutoxycarbonyl, carbonate protecting groups; RH is benzyl or a substituted benzyl protecting group; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4-acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- 128 dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting group; RM is selected from a p-methoxyphenyl or p-methoxybenzyl protecting group or other suitable oxidatively labile protecting group; a trityl group; or RM and RL are combined together to for an isopropylidene, benzylidene, 4- methoxybenzylidene, substituted benzylidene, cyclohexylidene or other alkylidene 0 protecting group. The monosaccharide of claim 11, wherein: X 2 is selected from a thiomethyl or thiocresyl and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; Rs2 is benzoyl; is benzyl; is selected from a H atom or a levulinoyl; RM is selected from a p-methoxyphenyl or p-methoxybenzyl protecting group; or RM and RL are combined together to form an isopropylidene. The monosaccharide of claim 11, wherein: X 2 is selected from a trichloroacetimidoyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; is benzoyl; RH is benzyl; 1 129 o RL is selected from a H atom or a levulinoyl; IRM is selected from a p-methoxyphenyl or p-methoxybenzyl protecting group; or RM and RL are combined together to form an isopropylidene. (N S 15. A monosaccharide of General Formula XIII, ORS3 SRLO- RS 4 0 X3 RB 0 General Formula XIII (Block C) In which the ring is of the D-Gluco stereochemistry; wherein: RS3 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyl group, allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl benzyloxymethyl; RS4 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyl group, allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, or RS 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and RB can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting 130 Sgroup; a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted O benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 trioxopyrimid in-5-ylidene)methylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type tn protecting groups; (Ni X3 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, imidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other 0 such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

16. The monosaccharide of claim 15, wherein: RS3 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; tert-butyldiphenylsilyl; RS4 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted :0 benzyl groups; arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, or RS 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RS 4 and Re can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 131 O 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting group; X3 is selected from a hydroxyl group; thioalkyl, thioaryl, S trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta. In S 17. The monosaccharide of claim 15, wherein: Rs3 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4- 0 methoxybenzyl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RS4 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4- methoxybenzyl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, allyl, or Rs 4 and RB may be combined to form a cyclic carbamate; RB is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine, or R S4 and Re can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; RL is selected from a H atom or a levulinoyl group; 0 X 3 is selected from a thiomethyl, thioethyl, thiophenyl, thiocresyl, trichloroacetimidoyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

18. A monosaccharide of General Formula XIV, OR E 1 RpLO ORp2 General Formula XIV (Block D) in which the ring is of the D-Gluco stereochemistry; wherein: 132 RE1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C 2 -C 5 alkyl; substituted alkyl,C3-C 5 alkenyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; Rp, is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl, substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted C alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; RP2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl;benzyl, O substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups;, carbonate protecting groups, silyl protecting groups, carbamate protecting groups, C3-C5 alkenyl; X4 is selected from a; thioalkyl, thioaryl, fluoro, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4-acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting 0 group;, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(1 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups.

19. The monosaccharide of claim 18, wherein: RE1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, C2-05 alkyl; substituted alkyl; or, benzyl and substituted benzyl groups; Rp, is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups o including allyloxycarbonyl; Rp2 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; benzyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl, or substituted V alkylacyl, arylacyl and alkylarylacyl protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups 0 including allyloxycarbonyl; X4 is selected from a; thioalkyl, thioaryl, fluoro, phosphate and related .0 phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group;, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-l -ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(l 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting group. '0 The monosaccharide of claim 18, wherein: RE1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, allyl, benzyl; Rp 1 is benzyl; RP2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl; benzoate; or allyloxycarbonyl; X 4 is selected from tertbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or fluoro and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, pivaloyl. 134

21. RE1 The monosaccharide of claim 18, wherein: is selected from the group consisting of methyl, allyl, benzyl; is benzyl; RP2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl; benzoate; or allyloxycarbonyl; X4 is selected from a thiomethyl or thiocresyl and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl, allyl. A monosaccharide of General Formula XV, General Formula XV In which the ring is of the D-Gluco stereochemistry; wherein: RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl; RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, allyl, allyloxycarbonyl, or RH2 and RB1 independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Rss is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl; and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl P 135 O or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; a tbutyldiphenylsilyl 0 protectinggroup, allyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl,or Rs 5 and RH can be combined to form a cyclic acetal or ketal moiety; RB1 is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH2 and RBI can combine together to form a c cyclic carbamate; Xs is selected from a thioalkyl, thioaryl, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; and 0 the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta.

23. The monosaccharide of claim 22, wherein: RH is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group; RH2 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or substituted benzyl protecting group, or RH2 and RBI independently can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; 0 Rss is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl; and substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl; RBI is selected from the group consisting of an azido function, an amine; an NH-Dde or NH-DTPM group, or RH2 and RBI can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; Xs is selected from a thioalkyl, thioaryl, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta. The monosaccharide of claim 22, wherein: 136 RH RH2 is benzyl; is benzyl; Rs 5 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl; 4- methoxybenzyl, benzoyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl; RB1 is an azido function, or RH2 and RBI can combine together to form a cyclic carbamate; 0 Xs is selected from a thiomethyl, thiocresyl, and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta. A monosaccharide of General Formula XVI, .ORS6 General Formula XVI (Common Intermediate for Blocks A, C and E) wherein: X, is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, atbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; a lipoaminoacid or other such group suitable for conjugation to delivery systems or solid supports; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting 137 group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1 -(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6( 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; allyloxycarbonyl, allyl ether, carbonate type protecting groups; (Ni RS6 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl, 4- methoxybenzyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and 0 substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting groups; tert-butyldiphenylsilyl; RL and RS 6 may also together combine to form an alkylidene, isopropylidene, benzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring.

26. The monosaccharide of claim 25, wherein: X1l is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy; thioalkyl, thioaryl, halogen, trichloroacetimidoyl, :0 phosphate and related phosphate ester type leaving groups, a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy or other such substituted silyloxy protecting group; and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl, chloroacetyl, 4-acetoxybenzoyl, 4- acetamidobenzoyl, 4-azidobenzoyl, or other substituted benzoyl type protecting group; a benzyl group, a 4-acetoxybenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl or other such suitable substituted benzyl type protecting group; y-aminobutyryl, 4-N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohex-l -ylidene)ethylamino]-butyryl, 4-N-[1-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6(l 4-N-Alloc-butyryl, 4-N-Fmoc-butyryl, 4-N-Boc-butyryl type protecting groups; RS6 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl, 4- methoxybenzyl; substituted benzyl groups; alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacyl, and 138 O substituted alkylacyl, arylacyl or alkylarylacy protecting groups; carbonate protecting U groups; tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl; RL and Rs 6 may also together combine to form an alkylidene, isopropylidene, benzylidene or substituted benzylidene ring. S 27. The monosaccharide of claim 25, wherein: X1 is selected from the group consisting of thiomethyl, thiocresyl, .0 trichloroacetimidoyl, or a tbutyldiphenylsilyloxy and the stereochemistry may be alpha or beta; RL is selected from a H atom; a levulinoyl; RS6 is selected from the group consisting of 4-methoxyphenyl, 4- methoxybenzyl; benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, or tert-butyldiphenylsilyl; RL and RS6 may also together combine to form an isopropylidene, benzylidene or 4- methoxybenzylidene ring. O ALCHEMIA LIMITED 18 December 2007