AU2006225082A1 - Enhanced mobile location - Google Patents

Description

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 1 ENHANCED MOBILE LOCATION TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to path loss models and methods and apparatus for locating a mobile radio terminal within a radio communications network using path loss models. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION This application claims priority from Australian Provisional Patent Application No. 2005901352, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The most common mobile location systems at present are cell ID and enhanced cell ID systems. These systems use existing measurements within the mobile network. As a result they are able to locate existing handsets without requiring the modifications typically required by higher accuracy techniques. The measurements available for use by such systems commonly include the identity of the serving cell, one or more round trip delays from a cell and signal levels measured by the mobile radio terminal (or mobile) from beacon channels broadcast by neighbouring Cells. Signal level measurements are useful in location calculation because received signal levels decrease with increasing range from the transmitter. Therefore, knowing the transmitted signal level and having measured the received signal Level at the mobile, the attenuation or path loss provides an indication of the range between the transmitter and receiver. One difficulty in practical systems is due to the fact that the attenuation WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 2 is not a simple function of range. It is affected by a variety of factors including the specific frequency of the signal as well as the nature of the propagation channel. Relationships between path loss and range can be approximated by a closed form expression which yields useful results over some limited range of conditions. A difficulty with using signal levels in a specific location calculation remains however because such models are very general, useful more for system level modelling and radio network planning. Actual measurements in any particular location may deviate by a large margin. ) One method that has been applied for using signal level measurements in mobile location is to perform a detailed survey and populate a database. This method however, suffers from the disadvantage of high cost and effort associated with populating the database. The area to be served by the system (for instance a city) has to be surveyed on a fine grid. Moreover if there are any significant changes in the actual path loss 5 characteristics the survey has to be repeated. Such changes might arise from a change of season if there is a significant amount of foliage in the area. Other causes include the erection of a building or other edifice and maintenance of the mobile network. In addition to the difficulties with obtaining a suitable model, further difficulties arise ) because the signal levels measured by a mobile are also affected by random (and uncorrelated with range) variations due to fading as well as measurement inaccuracies in the mobile. It is possible for the mobile to average multiple measurements in order to reduce the effects of noise and fast fading, however slow fading variations and biases due to the receiver remain. These problems can be further exacerbated by user behaviour on the signal levels that are received. The way in which a user holds a mobile and also the way in which the mobile is positioned with respect to the head when in use can change the path loss by WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 3 up to 10dB. Furthermore, the user may put the terminal inside a briefcase or bag causing further signal loss. Further variations arise when a user enters a vehicle due to the shielding by the vehicle body. Yet further differences can arise depending on whether the phone is simply placed inside the vehicle or whether it is connected to a car kit with 5 a roof or window mounted antenna. Again the differences in such cases can be as much as 10 dB. Still further variations occur when a mobile is operated inside a building compared to outdoors. All of these effects produce significant deviations in the path loss at a given range from what might be predicted using a general model of path loss versus range. 0 It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an improved path loss versus range model for a radio communications network, or to at least provide an alternative method of providing a path loss versus range model. The path loss versus range model may be used to calculate a location of a radio mobile terminal in the radio 5 communications network. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided method for 0 obtaining a local path loss versus range model for a radio communications network, the method comprising: obtaining at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement at an approximated mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network; and applying the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement to a 5 path loss versus range model to obtain the local path loss versus range model for the approximated mobile radio terminal location.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 4 In one form, the step of obtaining the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement comprises obtaining a range of the mobile radio terminal at the approximated location of the mobile radio terminal from one or more transmitters in the radio communications network. 5 In a further form, the step of obtaining the at least one path loss measurement measuring a signal level at the mobile radio terminal transmitted by the one or more transmitters. S In a further aspect, the path loss versus range model comprises a range dependent component. In another aspect, the path loss versus range model comprises a non range dependent component. 5 In a further form, the path loss versus range model comprises both a range dependent and a non range dependent component. In one form, the path loss versus range model is of the form: SLp(r)=fl+ a * 10 *log 10 (r) Where: Lp is the path loss given in units of decibels; ,8 is a non-range dependent term characteristic of the local environment; 5 a is the parameter defining the range dependence; and r is the range.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 5 In one form, the method further comprises estimating the range dependent component and/or the non-range dependent component of the path loss versus range model. In another aspect, P comprises a general non-range dependent component 3 gen and a user non-range dependent component f 3 user. In one aspect of the invention, a is obtained from published data. In another aspect, a is obtained from one or more measurements from the radio mobile ) terminal. In a further aspect, a is obtained from one or more measurements from a plurality of radio mobile terminals in the vicinity of the radio mobile terminal. In yet a further aspect ,a is obtained from one or more measurements from the radio mobile terminal and from one or more measurements from a plurality of radio mobile terminals in the vicinity of the radio mobile terminal. In one form, P3 is obtained using the obtained value for a. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for obtaining a local path loss versus range model for a radio communications network, the method comprising: obtaining an approximate location of the mobile radio terminal in the radio 5 communications network; obtaining atleast one path loss and corresponding range measurement at the approximated mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network; and WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 6 applying the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement to a path loss versus range model to obtain the local path loss versus range model for the approximated mobile radio terminal location. 5 In one form of this aspect, the step of obtaining the approximate location of the mobile radio terminal comprises use of one or more of the following parameters: one or more serving cell identifiers; one or more round trip delay measurements relating to a serving cell; one or more Neighbour cell identifiers; and 0 one or more RTDs. In an alternative form, the step of obtaining the approximate location of the mobile radio terminal comprises obtaining the approximate location of the mobile radio terminal externally from the radio communications network. 5 According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of locating a mobile radio terminal in a radio communications network, the method comprising: calculating the location of the mobile radio terminal using the local path loss 0 model obtained from the method of any one of claims 1 to 17. According to yet a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a radio communications network comprising: means for obtaining at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement 5 at an approximated mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network; and WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 7 means for applying the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement to a path loss versus range model to obtain the local path loss versus range model for the approximated mobile radio terminal location. In one form, the radio communications network further comprising means for approximating the mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network. In a further form, the radio communications network further comprising means for calculating a location of the mobile radio network terminal using the local path loss versus range model. ) According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a machine readable medium containing instructions to cause a machine to perform the method of any one or more of the methods of the preceding aspects of the present invention. 5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Different aspects of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the following drawings in which: Figure 1 - shows one possible arrangement of elements used in the method of one aspect of the present invention; Figure 2 - shows the processing sequence of one method according to an aspect of the present invention. ) Figure 3 - shows the processing sequence of a method according to another aspect of the present invention; WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 8 Figure 4 - shows another possible arrangement of elements used in the method of one aspect of the present invention; Figure 5 - shows a further possible arrangement of elements used in method of an aspect of the present invention; and Figure 6 - shows a processing sequence of a method according to a further aspect of the present invention. ) DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to one or more embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The examples and embodiments are provided by way of explanation only and are not to be taken as limiting to the scope of the invention. Furthermore, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used with one or more other embodiments to provide a further new combination. It will be understood that the present invention will cover these variations and embodiments as well as variations and modifications that would be understood by the ) person skilled in the art. Figure 1 shows one possible arrangement of elements in a radio communications network 10, which includes transmitters or Base Transmitting Stations BTS 1 , BTS 2 and BTS3, each transmitting radio signals within the network 10. Within the network 10 is a mobile radio terminal, or mobile, 20. In one aspect, mobile 20 is able to detect radio signals S 1 , S 2 and S 3 transmitted by each of BTS 1 , BTS 2 and BTS 3 respectively. At any given time, mobile 20 is located at a distance or range rl, r2 and r3 from BTS 1 , BTS 2 and BTS3 respectively.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 9 For each of signals Si 1 , S 2 and S 3 , there will be a loss in the power of the signal between its transmission from its respective BTS and the mobile. This loss is referred to as a path loss. There are many possible forms for a model expressing the relationship between path loss and range. The method hereindescribed could be applied to any such model. As used in one form of the present invention, the formulation common to models such as the free-space model, two-ray model, Hata model, and the COST-231 model has the ) form (in the logarithmic domain): Lp(r)= + a*10 *log 10 (r) (1) Where: Lp is the path loss given in units of decibels; 5 p is a non-range dependent term characteristic of the local environment, representing factors including transmit and receive antenna heights, and carrier frequency dependent corrections; a is the parameter defining the range dependence; and r is the range. a represents the increase in path loss as a function of range, and thus represents the phenomena experienced by all mobiles in a given region. By contrast, 8 represents non range dependent effects. There are many alternative mathematical forms for the model relating path loss and range. For instance a different base logarithm may be applied with corresponding different parameters. In one aspect, the present invention can be applied to any model which includes both a range dependent and a non range dependent component. In other WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 10 aspects, the model used may include only one or the other of the range dependent and the non range dependent components. /8 can further be constituted by fiuser, denoting the user dependent effects, caused for 5 instance by placing the mobile in a briefcase and by the more general / 3 gen. fgen, denotes the effects that are likely to be common to all mobiles operating in the vicinity and include effects such as shadow fading and local elevation. According to an aspect of the present invention, when computing the location of a ) mobile radio terminal 20, it is possible to obtain a model that represents, with greater accuracy, the relationship between the path loss and the propagation range of the signals received by that mobile 20 from BTSs in neighbouring cells. A broad aspect of the steps of one aspect of the present invention is shown in Figure 2. 5 In this aspect of the invention, an initial, approximate location for the mobile 20 is obtained at step 100, without necessarily relying on the signal level measurements, although such signal level measurements could well be used in obtaining the approximate or estimated location (as will be discussed in more detail further below). In step 110, this estimate is then used to estimate the range r of the mobile 20 from each of ) the cells or BTSs measured by the mobile 20, and, using the known transmitted signal levels (for example, this information may be obtained from the network itself) to calculate the path loss for each measured signal, a set of path loss and range pairs is obtained. This set of path loss and range pairs is then applied to a path loss versus range model (such as in (1) above) in step 120, to derive a local model for the path loss versus 5 range at the approximated mobile location. These steps are described in greater detail further below. It will be understood that the method could be carried out by using a single path loss and range measurement or estimate, or a plurality of path loss and range measurements or estimates.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 11 According to another aspect of the present invention, the derived local path loss model can be used to determine a more accurate location of mobile 20. This additional step is shown as step 130 in Figure 3, and is described in more detail below. In this aspect, it will be appreciated that the improved mobile location may be calculated as a sequence final sequence of obtaining the local path loss model or as a separate step, using a previously-determined local path loss model. It will be appreciated that the elements of the network 10 and mobile 20 could be ) arranged and interact in a number of different ways to that of Figure 1. In Figure 4, mobile 20 detects signals S1, S 2 and S3 from BTS 1 , BTS 2 and BTS 3 respectively, and then sends this detected data via signal SM, to a serving cell 30 for further processing. This detected data could be the raw data collected by mobile 20, or processed data. For example, the raw data could be the signal levels of Si1, S 2 and S3, which it then sends to serving cell 30 for calculating respective ranges and path loss calculations. The serving cell 30 could also host the software for calculating the local path loss model and also for then using the calculated local path loss model to calculate the improved location of the mobile 20. In this case, the serving cell 30 could then transmit 31 the path loss model and/or the improved mobile location to other parts of the network 10 or to a destination ) external to the network 10. In yet another form, and as shown as Figure 5, the serving cell 30 could transmit via signal Ss, the calculated improved location of mobile 20 to the mobile 20 itself, which it could then inform its user (not shown) of its location (for example by means of a video display unit, or by synthesised voice or other means).

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 12 In a further form, serving cell 30 could transmit to mobile 20 the calculated path loss model, from which mobile 20 could then calculate its own improved location using the newly acquired path loss model. 5 In yet a further form, mobile 20, if equipped with sufficient processing power, could make its own approximate location measurements, calculate an improved local path loss model and use this to calculate its own improved location, all without the use of an external processor. This arrangement would be as shown in Figure 1. D The software for performing the above calculations could therefore be hosted by a number of different machine readable mediums, whether it be an element of the network 10 such as in serving cell 30, a memory of the mobile 20 itself, on a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card of the mobile, or distributed among different elements. 5 It will also be understood that the method could be applied using measurements from any number of transmitters/BTSs, including only one transmitter, or any number of plurality of transmitters/BTSs. In one aspect, the step of determining the improved local model involves determining ) values for one or both of the parameters a or). This additional step is shown as step 115 in Figure 6. There are a number of possible methods of estimating either or both the non-range dependent (fB) and range dependent (a) parameters or components of the model. This 5 leads to several options for a positioning system as follows: In order to obtain a value for a, one or more of the following methods may be employed: WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 13 Use a general value of afor the region - There are many published results with measured path loss versus range data. Using this publicly available data, it is possible to select a value for a on a per region basis. This might mean for instance be the location system having a table of a values 5 versus cell sites and selecting the value based on the cell serving the mobile 20 at the particular instant the location is to be computed. Estimate afrom the measurements from a single mobile- If two or more signal levels have been measured by the mobile 20, it is possible to estimate both a and f. ) For example, in the case where a mobile 20 is at a location where amongst the measurements made are the received signal strengths from n transmitters (or BTSs), an estimate of the location of the mobile 20 is made and referred to as (x, y). The location of the ith transmitter is (Xi, yi). Thus the range from the mobile to each of the transmitters can be estimated: 5 ri = ((x- x) 2 + (y - yi) 2 ) )1/2 (2) The measured signal strength from transmitter i is denoted Li. Equation (1) is a predictive model of the received signal strengths (3). The difference between the measured and predicted values is an error/noise term (4): 3 Lp(ri)= + a*10 *loglO(ri) (3) Lp(ri) = Li + ei (4) Combining (3) and (4) provides a set of n equations (5) with 2 unknowns (a and f). Li =8 6+ a * 10 * log 10 (ri) - ei (5) 5 Equation (5) is in a form common to numerical estimation problems for which there are many solution approaches known in the art. For the special case where n=2, the set of equations can be solved algebraically to provide a solution for a and /. Where n>2, the WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 14 set of equations is said to be over-constrained and it is unlikely that there will exist a single solution that satisfies all n equations. One possible approach is the maximum likelihood estimator. In this approach, the measurement errors are assumed to belong to a given statistical model (for example, a single model for all measurements, or a range-dependent model - one for each measurement). The solution then provides estimates of a and P3 that are the most likely to have resulted in the given set of measurements based on the measurements and confidence assigned to the random elements associated with each equation. The estimates of a and 3 improve as the number of measurements n increases. An improvement in either a or P, alone, can be achieved by assigning one of the parameters a general value based on the published models and using the available measurements to get a better estimate of the other parameter. SEstimate a using the measurements from multiple mobiles Since the range dependence of the path loss is likely to be common to all mobiles in a given vicinity, it is possible to group measurements from mobiles to obtain an estimate of the range dependence represented by a. For instance the location system could accumulate all actual path loss measurements together with the estimated ranges derived from the position solutions. Similarly the location could accumulate path loss measurements and estimated ranges for mobiles whose initial position estimate lies within a nominated vicinity. Another variation is a combination of both. Within the set of measurements, a mobile is not precluded from appearing more than once. The vicinity over which measurements are grouped could be defined to be a cell sector, a group of cells, or any other bounded area such as a regular grid. With a sufficiently large set of measurements the individual variations could be reduced to obtain an accurate trend for path loss versus range.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 15 For example, in the case of a set of mobile phone measurements for which the mobile's position estimate or approximation lies within a region denoted G. For the mobile denoted m lying within this region, there is a set of nm signal strength measurements Lij, m range estimates ryij using the initial or final location estimate and equation (2). If 5 there are M mobile phone measurement sets available then the total number of signal strength measurements N in G is M N = nk (6) k=1 In the same manner as that described by equations (3) and (4), an equation in terms of cand P3 can be derived for each of the N signal strength measurements: SLij =/j + aG * 10 * log 10 (rij) -eij (7) Where aG is the a assumed constant across region G; /p is the f value for phone j. rij is the range estimate from the jth mobile to the transmitter of the ith signal measured by the jth mobile. 5 eij is the difference between prediction and measurement (assumed to be noise) This provides two options: i) if p is assumed to be approximately constant for all phones in the region; or ii) if p is assumed as constant on a per measurement set basis. i) Treating , as approximately constant across a region: As discussed earlier, Pj can be considered to constituted by a general component gen, and a user component u ser, the former being a component related to the environment and common to all mobiles in the nominated region (in this case region G); the latter being common to all measurements from a given mobile at a given time. 5 The size of the region can be chosen such that the gen can be considered approximately constant across the region allowing p to be considered as a random variable with a mean (pgen) and a random component Puser.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 16 Equation (7) becomes: Lij = fgen, + aG * 10 *log 10 (rij) - ij (8) Where (q is a noise term which combines the effects of per user Buser variation and variations in signal level measurements. 5 /gen is the range independent path loss component assumed common to all mobiles in the region G. cG is the range dependent path loss component for the region G. The set of equations can be solved using techniques such as maximum likelihood D as discussed earlier and as will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. If a suitable value of 3 ge,, is available, for example from, but not limited to, published data or previously estimated values, then the equations may be solved for a single unknown C(G. If a value for jgen, is not available then the equations are solved for two unknowns, Pgen and XG. 5 ii) Treating # as approximately constant measurement set: In scenarios where fgen cannot be considered constant across a region but can be considered to have a component that is constant per measurement set, then the equation (7) applies without modification. For a grouping of M measurement sets the techniques 0 discussed are used to solve for M+1 unknowns; M x Pj and 1 x aG. Once a value of a has been estimated, it can be used to estimate a value for P based on a set of measurements from a mobile. Using the same process as for equations (3) and (4) results in the set of equations (9) for the signal strength measurements Li 5 made by a given mobile L = + a*10 * log 10 (ri) -ei (9) WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 17 Using the techniques discussed previously, this set of equations can be processed to provide an estimate of P for the measurement set. This will provide for the correction of user specific effects operating in common on all the signal level measurements. This can account for attenuation due for instance to in-building or in-vehicle reception or body 5 losses. For the more specific case where a is estimated separately for each, P is estimated by first determining which region the mobile is in based on a position estimate of the mobile and then using the a estimated for that region. For example, a mobile in region ) G would use CG when calculating 3. It is also possible to leverage historical measurements. As part of determining the range dependent trend to obtain a, use can be made of residuals from the trend fit. These residuals represent the non-range dependent path loss effects as well. As discussed earlier, this range is likely to be relatively large due to the significant effect of phenomena such as in-building reception. Nevertheless, having identified these typical ranges, these can be employed to screen rare, spurious estimates of f8 arising for example from erroneous measurements. In the event that, a suspicious value of 6 is ) identified, the estimate to the nearest limit of the expected range can be removed. Alternatively, a lower confidence value can be associated with the signal level constraints when calculating the location. Turning now to a particular example employing some of the methods referred to above, Sthe first step is to obtain an approximate location of the mobile 20 in the network 10. This may be done in several ways.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 18 In one example, the approximate location of the mobile 20 may be derived from a set of signal parameter measurements which could include one or more of the following: * One or more serving cell identifiers * One or more round trip delay measurements relating to a serving cell * One or more Neighbour cell identifiers * One or more RTDs Using the available measurements, excluding hose that represent a signal level, an approximate location for the mobile 20 is computed. Methods for computing ) such an estimate are commonly known in the art. Other more precise forms of location may also be used, such as those described in co-pending PCT application no. PCT/AU2005/01358, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. It will also be appreciated that other forms of location not requiring parameter measurements may also be used including approximate location by Global Positioning System (GPS). Thus data to provide an approximate location of the mobile 20 may be obtained from within the network 10 itself, or external to the network 10 such as by GPS. Using this approximate location, a range estimate is computed for each of the cells for which a signal level measurement is available. Using the known transmitted level of each cell, the antenna gain at the transmitter and the corresponding measured received levels, an estimated path loss value can be obtained for each range. The antenna gain values used in this step may be obtained by Staking into account the antenna gain pattern for the transmitting base station location and the relative heading to the mobile 20 based on its location obtained earlier. Any antenna gain at the receiver is absorbed into the 3 value as it is a constant for any given WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 19 phone and hence constant for any given set of measurements. The signal loss along the propagation path is given by: 5 L=Pt-Pr+ Gt-Gr (10) Where L is the measured path loss (dB), Pt is the transmit power (dBm), Pr is the received power (dBm), Gt is the transmit antenna gain in the direction of the estimated position of the mobile (dBi), and Gr is the antenna gain of the mobile (dBi). 0 The set of path loss measurements has a corresponding transmitter-range estimate (equation 2) derived from the estimated mobile position. From these (path-loss, range) pairs, a locally tailored version of a general path loss model is computed using one of the formulations described above based on the data available. 5 The locally tailored path-loss model and path loss measurements are then used to generate a new position estimate for the mobile 20. For example, the path loss measurements can be treated as estimates of the range from the transmitter to the mobile thus constraining the mobile to a circular locus. Rearranging the path loss model 0 (equation 1) gives a transmitter-to-mobile range estimate for measurement number i The range estimate can be modeled as the true range plus an error term: r'i = 10 ^ [(Li - ') / ( a' * 10)] (11) where a' and 3' are the parameters for the locally tailored model, Li is the measured 5 path loss and r'i is the range estimate based on the path loss and local path loss model. r'i = ri + ei (12) r'I = ((x- xi) 2 + (y- yi) 2 ) )1/2+ ei (13) WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 20 where ri is the true (unknown) range to the transmitter from the mobile and ei is the error between the range estimate and the true range, (x, y) is the true (unknown) mobile location and (xi, yi) is the location of the BTS transmitter. 5 The presence of the errors means that is it highly unlikely that the circular loci will intersect at a unique point. To generate a position estimate, numerical techniques well known in the art are used. One such method is the Maximum Likelihood estimator which provides the most likely position based on the range estimates and the 0 probability models chosen for each of the range errors. The signal strength based circular loci can also be combined using the same estimation techniques with loci generated from other sources such as round-trp times (eg TA in GSM and RTT in UMTS) and RTDs. 5 Finally a more accurate location estimate is computed, using the locally tailored version of the path loss model as will be understood by the person skilled in the art. The preceding description assumes a simple scenario. The following describes circumstances with several variations to the simple situation 0 discussed above. Calibrating either a or / or both As described previously, depending on the number of signal level measurements 5 available, it is possible to calibrate both the range dependent and non-range dependent components of the model. For example, for fewer than 6 measurements, one may elect to only calibrate /, and to obtain a suitable value for a from an alternative source (such as published tables for example).

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 21 As also discussed above there are several options other than calibration from the measurements available, for obtaining a suitable value of a. The particular implementation selected may be determined based on several factors including processing resource considerations. In the absence of any other constraints, it is possible to accumulate measurements as described above, grouping them according to region and estimating a common, representative value of a per region. However in some cases this may not be feasible and a suitable value for a may be selected from data available in the public domain, based on the local characteristics. Using multiple measurement sets In some applications, multiple sets of measurements may be reported by a mobile in a short period. For the second and subsequent measurements, improved performance can be achieved by accumulating the signal measurements from all measurement sets up until that point and estimating / from this larger set of observations. Improved approximate position Any improvement in the initial approximate position used to estimate the path loss model parameters is likely to result in a more useful path loss model. Therefore rather than excluding the signal level measurements from the initial location calculation, it is also possible to use a less well tuned path loss model to enable these values to be included. One option for this, if the location system is accumulating measurements according to region, is to select representative values from the historical data in the region of interest. An alternative option, where historical data is not available is to use a more generally representative value of / but adjust the importance assigned to the signal level measurements in the initial position calculation to reflect the lower confidence in the corresponding position constraints.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 22 Measurements in dual band networks In some cases, signal level measurements reported by a mobile may relate to signals from a dual band network. In other words the carrier frequencies for some of the measurement, are sufficiently different from the others to necessitate 5 an additional frequency dependent term in the path loss model. Using the general form of the model as described above, this effect would be incorporated in the / term. Note that the physics of radio propagation is such that c is not frequency dependent. While possible, the estimation for / for the two frequency bands would not normally be 0 done together, as the relationship between frequency and path loss is approximately constant in many models. Rather, the path losses from one frequency band are adjusted to be comparable to those of the other frequency band. For the purposes of explaining this aspect of the present invention, all of the range independent path loss parameters have been lumped into a single parameter p. Within the path loss models the range 5 independent terms include a component of the form C logiofwhere C is a constant andf is the carrier frequency. In a dual band network with carrier frequencies fi and f2 and thatfi < f2 , signals carried on f2 will experience a greater path loss than those on fl. When measured in dB this difference is a constant (LA): 0 LA = C logo(f2/l) (14) The measured signal strengths are then adjusted. For signals made in thefi band Lm' = L (15) For signals made in the f2 band 5 Li' = Ln - LA (16) The value for P' is now determined by using equation (5) but with the modified measurements Ln'. For use in the local propagation model and subsequent position estimation, the b' value is corrected for the carrier frequency.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 23 The measured signal strengths are then adjusted. For signals made in the fi band = f3' (17) For signals made in thef2 band 5 P = P' + LA (18) In an example, a dual-band GSM handset operating at 900MHz and 1800MHz and using the Hata model for C the path loss for 1800MHz signals will be 8dB higher than if the same signal was using a 900MHz carrier. Therefore, using the above method, 0 fr=900MHz,f2=1800MHz, resulting in LA = 8dB. It will be appreciated that the above process can be extended in the case of measurements from more than 2 frequency bands. 5 Using historical measurements to provide an indication of signal level variance for use in the location calculation The majority of location algorithms utilising signal level measurements will incorporate some representation of the uncertainty associated with these measurements. This is done in order to appropriately weight the corresponding position constraints against the 0 constraints derived from other measurements such as round trip delays. In the absence of any other information, a reasonable model for the uncertainty would be to assume that the signal level measurements are log normally distributed around a notional local mean with a standard deviation of 9dB. 5 (Note that small scale variations caused by fast fading are specifically excluded from this consideration on the assumption that these are sufficiently reduced by averaging during the measurement process to be negligible). As will be understood, the degree of variation from the local mean level depends amongst WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 24 other factors, on the local environment. It is common with such models to reduce the variation in rural areas to 6dB and increase it to as much as 12 dB in dense environments. For a system employing a path loss model tailored as described in this invention, a further contribution to this uncertainty arises from the degree to which the tailored model fits the local phenomena. Therefore, if a historical record of measurements is maintained, it is possible for the location calculation to be provided with estimates of the uncertainty both in the model fit as well as in the measurements ) observed in the region of interest. Using a more accurate representation for the uncertainty than simply a fixed standard deviation will yield more accurate location estimates. The results of a simulation of a method of the present invention are provided below. The simulation had the following characteristics: * Base stations (BTSs) separated approximately 1000 metres apart. * Hata propagaton model, which included the two parameters, ac and 3 * The log of the received signal levels had a Gaussian error with a standard ) deviation of 9 dB, * The error on the round trip timing was assumed to be Student's t with two degrees of freedom, and median of 300 metres, and a scale factor of 300 metres. 5 The simulated mobile was then moved to a random position in a 500 metre square, centred on the origin. For each realisation, the reception of signal measurements from seven base stations was simulated, with one TA measurement from the serving cell.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 25 For each realization, the initial position was estimated using three different methods: 1. Using a maximum likelihood method to estimate the location using the TA and the signal strength measurements but with a beta that was 10 db different from the true Value of P3. 2. Combining the TA value to estimate distance and the centre line of the sector in order to provide a simple estimate of the location which did not depend on P3. Using this estimate, the error in P3 was able to be estimated. 3. Using a maximum likelihood method to estimate the location using the TA and the signal strength measurements, but using the p correction estimated in method 2. One thousand realizations were carried out and then the root mean square errors were statistically analysed. The results were as follows 67 th percentile 95 th percentile Method 1 461 metres 2000 metres Method 2 648 metres 854 metres Method 3 427 metres 917 metres Percentage 7.4 54 Improvement The percentage improvement refers to differences between method 1 and method 3. It can be seen that there is a considerable improvement, especially at the 95th percentile S statistic. It will be appreciated that these performance statistics are indicative only. The performance improvements are affected by many factors including the network geometry and radio frequency plan.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 26 The preceding descriptions frequently use the GSLI system to illustrate the operation of the invention. It will be understood that this is not to be construed as a limitation of the method however, and can equally be applied to other systems. For example, in the case of UMTS, the mobile may be tasked to measure and report port intra-frequency cells as 5 well as specific inter-frequency cells. The absence of particular cells in the approximate vicinity of the mobile can be used with this approach for enhanced cell ID positioning. It will be appreciated that system specific characteristics such as adjacent channel rejection factors, mobile sensitivity thresholds etc. have to be set appropriately for the system under consideration as will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. )o The enhanced location measurements obtained by the present invention may be useful in many applications, including, but not limited to: Self navigation (for example as an alternative to GPS systems); Location Based Services (LBS) in which a telecommunications service provider can tailor communication and 5 other services depending upon the subscriber's location at any one time; emergency/rescue location services; tracking of individual persons, for example to alert a parent that her child carrying a mobile phone has travelled outside of a "safety zone" of a path between the child's home and the child's school; transport fleet management systems, and any other application where knowledge of the location of a mobile or a D person associated with a mobile may be used. The present invention provides an effective method for utilising signal level measurements without requiring a database constructed by detailed, expensive surveys or other forms of detailed calibration. The effect of one aspect of the invention is to 5 obtain a correction for the most significant deviations in the measured signal levels, those deviations operating in common on the signals measured by the mobile. These measurements are then employed with the correction to obtain a more accurate location estimate than could be obtained if the deviations were simply neglected.

WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 27 It will be understood that the term "comprise" and any of its derivatives (eg. comprises, comprising) as used in this specification is to be taken to be inclusive of features to which it refers, and is not meant to exclude the presence of any additional features unless otherwise stated or implied.

Claims (22)

1. A method for obtaining a local path loss versus range model for a radio communications network, the method comprising: A obtaining at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement at an approximated mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network; and applying the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement to a path loss versus range model to obtain the local path loss versus range model for the approximated mobile radio terminal location.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of obtaining the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement comprises obtaining a range of the mobile radio terminal at the approximated location of the mobile radio terminal from one or more transmitters in the radio communications network.

3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the step of obtaining the at least one path loss measurement measuring a signal level at the mobile radio terminal transmitted by the one or more transmitters.

) 4. A method as claimed in claim 3 wherein the path loss versus range model comprises a range dependent component.

5. A method as claimed in claim 4 wherein the path loss versus range model comprises a non range dependent component. 5

6. A method as claimed in claim 4 or 5 wherein the path loss versus range model comprises both a range dependent and a non range dependent component. WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 29

7. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein path loss versus range model is of the form: Lp(r)= p + a * 10 *log 10 (r) Where: Lp is the path loss given in units of decibels; p is a non-range dependent term characteristic of the local environment; a is the parameter defining the range dependence; and r is the range.

8. A method as claimed in claim 7 further comprising estimating the range dependent component and/or the non-range dependent component of the path loss versus range model.

9. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein p comprises a general non-range dependent component gen,, and a user non-range dependent component user.

10. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein a is obtained from published data.

11. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein a is obtained from one or more Measurements from the radio mobile terminal.

12. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein a is obtained from one or more measurements from a plurality of radio mobile terminals in the vicinity of the radio mobile terminal. WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 30

13. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein a is obtained from one or more measurements from the radio mobile terminal and from one or more measurements from a plurality of radio mobile terminals in the vicinity of the radio mobile terminal.

14. A method as claimed in any one of claims 10 to 13 wherein 3 is obtained using the obtained value for a.

15. A method for obtaining a local path loss versus range model for a radio communications network, the method comprising: obtaining an approximate location of the mobile radio terminal in the radio I communications network; obtaining at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement at the approximated mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network; and applying the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement to a path loss versus range model to obtain the local path loss versus range model for the approximated mobile radio terminal location.

16. A method according to claim 15 wherein the step of obtaining the approximate location of the mobile radio terminal comprises use of one or more of the following parameters: ) one or more serving cell identifiers; one or more round trip delay measurements relating to a serving cell; one or more Neighbour cell identifiers; and one or more RTDs. 5

17. A method according to claim 15 wherein the step of obtaining the approximate location of the mobile radio terminal comprises obtaining the approximate location of the mobile radio terminal externally from the radio communications network. WO 2006/096923 PCT/AU2006/000348 31

18. A method of locating a mobile radio terminal in a radio communications network, the method comprising: calculating the location of the mobile radio terminal using the local path loss model obtained from the method of any one of claims 1 to 17.

19. A radio communications network comprising: means for obtaining at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement at an approximated mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network; and means for applying the at least one path loss and corresponding range measurement to a path loss versus range model to obtain the local path loss versus range model for the approximated mobile radio terminal location.

20. A radio communications network as claimed in claim 19 further comprising means Sfor approximating the mobile radio terminal location in the radio communications network.

21. A radio communications network as claimed in claim 19 or 20 further comprising means for calculating a location of the mobile radio network terminal using the local ) path loss versus range model.

22. A machine readable medium containing instructions to cause a machine to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 17.