AU2006203435B2 - Modulation of immunostimulatory activity of immunostimulatory oligonucleotide analogs by positional chemical changes - Google Patents

Description

P/00/011 Regulation 3.2

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT Invention Title: Modulation of immunostimulatory chemical changes immunostimulatory oligonucleotide analogs activity of by positional The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us:

U

MODULATION OF IMMUNOSTIMULATORY ACTIVITY OF 0IMMUNOSTIMULATORY OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS BY CN POSITIONAL CHEMICAL CHANGES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Cc Field of the invention 0The invention relates to the therapeutic use of oligonudeotides or ,O oligonucleotide analogs as immunostimulatory agents in immunotherapy O 10 applications.

Summary of the related art Oligonucleotides have become indispensable tools in modem molecular biology, being used in a wide variety of techniques, ranging from diagnostic probing methods to PCR to antisense inhibition of gene expression and immunotherapy applications. This widespread use of oligonucleotides has led to an increasing demand for rapid, inexpensive and efficient methods for synthesizing oligonucleotides.

The synthesis of oligonuceotides for antisense and diagnostic applications can now be routinely accomplished. See Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs pp. 165-189 Agrawal, Ed., Humana Press, 1993); Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, pp. 87-108 (F.

Eckstein, Ed., 1991); and Uhlmann and Peyman, supra. Agrawal and Iyer, Curr.

Op. in Biotech. 6:12 (1995); and Antisense Research and Applications (Crooke and Lebleu, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993). Early synthetic approaches included phosphodiester and phosphotriester chemistries. Khorana et aL, Molec. Biol. 72: 209 (1972) discloses phosphodiester chemistry for oligonucleotide synthesis.

Reese, Tetrahedron Lett. 4: 3143-3179 (1978), discloses phosphotriester chemistry for synthesis of oligonucleotides and polynudeotides. These early approaches have largely given way to the more efficient phosphoramidite and 1A- H-phosphonate approaches to synthesis. Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859-1862 (1981), discloses the use of deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites in polynucleotide synthesis. Agrawal and Zamecnik, U.S. Patent No. 5,149,798 (1992), discloses optimized synthesis of oligonucleotides by the H-phosphonate approach.

Both of these modem approaches have been used to synthesize oligonucleotides having a variety of modified intemucleotide linkages. Agrawal and Goodchild, Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 3539-3542 (1987), teaches synthesis of oligonucleotide methylphosphonates using phosphoramidite chemistry.

Connolly et al., Biochemistry 2: 3443 (1984), discloses synthesis of oligonucleotide phosphorothioates using phosphoramidite chemistry. Jager et al., Biochemistry 27: 7237 (1988), discloses synthesis of oligonudeotide phosphoramidates using phosphoramidite chemistry. Agrawal et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7079- 7083 (1988), discloses synthesis of oligonucleotide phosphoramidates and phosphorothioates using H-phosphonate chemistry.

More recently, several researchers have demonstrated the validity of the use of oligonucleotides as immunostimulatory agents in immunotherapy applications. The observation that phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides can induce immune stimulation has created interest in developing this side effect as a therapeutic tool. These efforts have focused on phosphorothioate oligonucleotides containing the dinuceotide CpG.

Kuramoto et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 83: 1128-1131 (1992) teaches that phosphodiester oligonucleotides containing a palindrome that includes a CpG dinucleotide can induce interferon-alpha and gamma synthesis and enhance natural killer activity. Krieg et al., Nature 371: 546-549 (1995) discloses that phosphorothioate CpG-containing oligonucleotides are immunostimulatory.

Liang et al., J. Clin. Invest. 98: 1119-1129 (1996) discloses that such oligonudeotides activate human B cells.

Pisetsky, D. Rich C. Life Sci. 54:101 (1994), teaches that the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-oligos is further enhanced by the presence of phosphorothioate (PS) backbone on these oligos. Tokunaga, Yamamoto, T.; Yamamoto, S. lap. j. Infect. Dis. 52: 1 (1999), teaches that immunostimulatory activity of CpG-oligos is dependent on the position of CpG-molif and the sequences flanking CpG-motif. The mechanism of activation of immune stimulation by CpG-oligos has not been well understood. Yamamoto, T.; Yamamoto, Kataoka, Tokunaga, Microbiol. Immunol. 38: 831 (1994), however, suggests that CpG-oligos trigger immune cascade by binding to an intracellular receptor/protein, which is not characterized yet.

Several researchers have found that this ultimately triggers stress kinase pathways, activation of NF-0c and induction of various cytokines such as 11-6, IL- 12, and Th]F-mx (See Kfinman, D. M; Y1, A. K; Beaucage, S. L.; Conover, Mreg, A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93: 2879 (1996); Sparwasser, Miethke, Lipford, G. Erdmann, Haecker, Heeg. K; Wagner, H., Eur. J. Immunol. 27.1671 (1997); Lipford, G. Sparwasser, Bauer, M.; Zim~mermann, Koch, E. Heeg, K; Wagner, H. Eur. Immunol. 27: 3420 (1997); Sparwasser, Koch, E. Vabulas, R Mi; Lipford, G. Heeg, K; Ellart J. Wagner, HR, Eur. Immunol. 28.2045 (1998); and Zhao, Ternsamani, J.; Thou, R. Agrawal, S. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 7.495 (1997).) The use of CpG-PS-oligos as antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial and antinflarnmatory agents and as adjuvants in immunotherapy has been reported.

(See eg., Dunford, P. Mulqueen, M. Agrawal, S. Antisense 97: Targeting the Molecular Basis of Disease, (Nature Biotechnology) Conference abstract, 1997, pp Agrawal, Kandimalla E. R Moi. Med. Today 6: 72 (2000); Chu. PR Targoni, 0.

Krieg, A. Lehmann, P. Harding, C. V. I. Exp. Med. 186: 1623 (1997); Zimmermann, Egeter, Hausmann, Lipford, G. Rocken, Wagner, Heeg, K J. Immunol. 160:3627 (1998).) Moldoveanu et al., Vaccine 16:.1216-124 (1998) teaches that CpG-containing phosphorothioate oligonudleotides enhance immune response against influenza virus. McCluskie and Davis, I. Immunol. 161: 4463-4466 (1998) teaches that CpG-containing oligonucleotides act as potent adjuvants, enhancing immune response against hepatitis B surface antigen.

004789295 Zhao, Temsamani, Idarola, Jiang, Agrawal, S. Biochem. Pharmacol. 51 ("1 173 (1996), teaches that replacement of deoxynucleosides in a CpG-motif with methylribonucleosides suppresses immunostimulatory activity, suggesting that a rigid C3'-endo conformation induced by 2'-O-methyl modification does not allow proper recognition and/or interaction of CpG-motif with the proteins involved in the immunostimulatory pathway. This reference further teaches that substitution of a methyl group for an unbridged oxygen on the phosphate group between C and G of a CpG-motif suppresses immune stimulatory activity, suggesting that negative charge on phosphate group is essential for protein recognition and interaction.

C 10 Zhao, Yu, Agrawal, S. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9:3453 (1999), teaches that substitution of one or two 2'-deoxynucleosides adjacent to CpG-motif with or methylribonucleosides on the 5'-side causes a decrease in immunostimulatory activity, while the same substitutions have insignificant effect when they were placed on the 3'-side of the CpGmotif. However, Zhao, Yu, Agrawal, S. Bioorg. Med.Chem. Lett. 10:1051 (2000), teaches that the substitution of a deoxynucleoside two or three nucleosides away from the CpG-motif on the 5'-side with one or two 2'-O-methoxyethyl-or or 3'-O-methylribonucleosides results in a significant increase in immunostimulatory activity.

The precise structural requirements and specific functional groups of CpG-motif necessary for the recognition of protein/receptor factor that is responsible for immune stimulation have not yet been studied in detail. There is, therefore, a need for new immunostimulatory motifs which may provide improved immunostimulatory activity.

Reference to any prior art in the specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment, or any form of suggestion, that this prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia or any other jurisdiction or that this prior art could reasonably be expected to be ascertained, understood and regarded as relevant by a person skilled in the art.

004851796 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides methods for enhancing the immune response caused by immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds. The methods according to the invention enable increasing the immunostimulatory effect for immunotherapy applications. Thus, the invention further provides methods for making and using such oligonucleotide compounds.

The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that positional modification of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides dramatically affects their immunostimulatory capabilities. In particular, modifications in the immunostimulatory domain and/or the potentiation domain enhance the immunostimulatory effect in a reproducible and predictable manner.

In a first aspect, the invention provides immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds comprising an immunostimulatory domain and, optionally, one or more potentiation domains. In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory domain comprises a dinucleotide analog that includes a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine base. In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory domain and/or the potentiation domain include an immunostimulatory moiety at a specified position, as described hereinbelow. In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide comprises a linkage. In one embodiment, such 3'-3' linked oligonucleotides have two accessible In a second aspect, the invention provides methods for modulating the immunostimulatory effect of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the immunostimulatory domain a dinucleotide analog that includes a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine base. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the immunostimulatory domain and/or potentiation domain an immunostimulatory moiety at a specified position, as described hereinbelow. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the oligonucleotide a linkage.

In a third aspect, the invention provides methods for generating an immune response in a patient, such methods comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound according to the invention.

004851796 In a fourth aspect, the invention provides methods for therapeutically treating a patient S having disease caused by a pathogen, such methods comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound according to the invention.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a cancer patient, such methods comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide cr compound according to the invention.

CN In a sixth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating autoimmune disorders, such 0 as autoimmune asthma, such methods comprising administering to the patient an oligonucleotide Ci analog immunostimulatory compound according to the invention. Administration is carried out as described for the third aspect of the invention.

In a seventh aspect, the invention provides methods for treating airway inflammation or allergies, such methods comprising administering to the patient an oligonucleotide analog immunostimulatory compound according to the invention. Administration is carried out as described for the third aspect of the invention.

In an eighth aspect, the invention provides an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula C*pG, wherein C* is a cytidine analog, G is guanosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, or a guanosine analog, and p is an intemucleotide linkage selected from the group consisting of phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, and phosphorodithioate.

In a ninth aspect, the invention provides the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3', wherein pyrimidine is a non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and purine is a natural or non-natural purine nucleoside, wherein the non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside has the formula -6- 004851796 ;D A

I

s (I) 0 wherein D is a hydrogen bond donor, D' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, \O hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor, hydrophilic group, hydrophobic group, electron Swithdrawing group and electron donating group, A is a hydrogen bond acceptor or a hydrophilic group, X is carbon or nitrogen, and S is a pentose or hexose sugar ring, provided that the pyrimidine nucleoside of formula is not cytidine or deoxycytidine.

In a tenth aspect, the invention provides a method for generating an immune response in a patient, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3', wherein the pyrimidine is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and the purine is 7-deazaguanosine.

In an eleventh aspect, the invention provides a method for therapeutically treating a patient having disease caused by a pathogen, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3', wherein the pyrimidine is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and the purine is 7-deazaguanosine.

In a twelfth aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a cancer patient, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3', wherein the pyrimidine is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and the purine is 7-deazaguanosine.

In a thirteenth aspect, the invention provides a method for treating an autoimmune disorder, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3', 004851796 wherein the pyrimidine is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and the purine is 7-deazaguanosine.

In a fourteenth aspect, the invention provides a method for treating airway inflammation or allergy, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3', wherein the pyrimidine is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and the purine is 7-deazaguanosine.

In a fifteenth aspect, the invention provides the use of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula pyrimidine-purine-3', wherein the pyrimidine is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and the purine is 7-deazaguanosine for generating an immune response in a patient, therapeutically treating a patient caused by a pathogen, treating a cancer patient, treating an autoimmune disorder and treating airway inflammation of allergy.

As used herein, the term "comprise" and variations of the term, such as "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised", are not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having 1',2'-dideoxyribose substitutions at various positions.

Figure 2 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonuceotides having ',2'-dideoxyribose substitutions at various positions.

Figure 3 shows results of proliferation assays using different oligonucleotides having 1',2'-dideoxyribose substitutions at various positions.

Figure 4 shows results of spleen weight assays using different oligonucleotides having 1',2'-dideoxyribose substitutions at various positions.

Figure 5 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having C3-linker substitutions at various positions.

Figure 6 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having C3-linker substitutions at various positions.

Figure 7 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having Spacer 9 or Spacer 18 substitutions at various positions.

Figure 8 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having Spacer 9 or Spacer 18 substitutions at various positions.

Figure 9 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having amino-linker substitutions at various positions.

Figure 10 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having amino-linker substitutions at various positions.

Figure 11 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having 3'-deoxynuceoside substitutions at various positions.

Figure 12 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having 3'-deoxynudeoside substitutions at various positions.

Figure 13 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having methylphosphonate substitutions at various positions.

Figure 14 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonudeotides having methylphosphonate substitutions at various positions.

Figure 15 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having 2 -O-methylribonucleoside or 2 '--methoxyethyl substitutions at various positions.

Figure 16 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having 2'-O-methylribonucleoside or 2 '-O-methoxyethyl substitutions at various positions.

Figure 17 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having or linkage substitutions at various positions.

Figure 18 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonudeotides having P-L-deoxynudeotide substitutions at various positions.

Figure 19 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having 2 '-O-propargyl substitutions at various positions.

Figure 20 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having various substitutions at various positions.

Figure 21 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having 7 -deazaguanine substitution within the immunostimulatory dinucleotide.

Figure 22 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having 6-thioguanine substitution within the immunostimulatory dinuceotide.

Figure 23 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having 5-hydroxycytosine or N4-ethylcytosine substitution within the immunostimulatory dinuceotide.

Figure 24 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonucleotides having 5-hydroxycytosine or N4-ethylcytosine substitution within the immunostimulatory dinucleotide.

Figure 25 shows results of proliferation assays using oligonucleotides having arabinofuranosylcytosine (aracytidine; Ara-C) substitution within the immunostimulatory dinudeotide.

Figure 26 shows results of spleen weight assays using oligonudeotides having 4-thiouracil substitution within the immunostimulatory dinudeotide.

Figure 27 shows the chemical structure of a CpG-motif, showing functional groups on cytosine that serve as hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen bond donor groups.

Figure 28 shows the chemical structures of cytosine and cytosine analogs In the nucleosides cytidine, deoxycytidine, and related analogs, the substituent R is ribose or 2'-deoxyribose.

-11- DETAILED

DESCRIPTION

The invention relates to the therapeutic use of oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs as immunostimulatory agents for immunotherapy applications. The patents and publications cited herein reflect the level of knowledge in the field and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In the event of conflict between any teaching of any reference cited herein and the present specification, the latter shall prevail, for purposes of the invention.

The invention provides methods for enhancing the immune response caused by immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds for immunotherapy applications. Thus, the invention further provides compounds having optimal levels of immunostimulatory effect for immunotherapy and methods for making and using such oligonucleotide compounds.

The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that positional chemical modifications introduced in immunostimulatory oligonucleotides dramatically affect their immunostimulatory capabilities. In particular, modifications in the immunostimulatory domain and/or the potentiation domain can enhance the immunostimulatory effect in a reproducible manner for desired applications.

In a first aspect, the invention provides immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds comprising an immunostimulatory domain and, optionally, one or more potentiation domains. In certain preferred embodiments, the immunostimulatory domain comprises a dinucleotide analog that includes a non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside.

For purposes of all aspects of the invention, the term "oligonucleotide" includes polymers of two or more deoxyribonucleosides, or any modified nudeoside, including or 3 '-substituted nuceosides, or 3-O-substituted ribonucleosides, deazanucleosides, or any combination thereof. Such monomers may be coupled to each other by any of the numerous known internudeoside linkages. In certain preferred embodiments, these internucleoside linkages may -12be phosphodiester, phosphotriester, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or phosphoramidate linkages, including and linkages of any of the foregoing, or combinations thereof. The term oligonucleotide also encompasses such polymers having chemically modified bases or sugars and/or having additional substituents, including without limitation lipophilic groups, intercalating agents, diamines and adamantane. The term oligonucleotide also encompasses peptide nucleic acids (PNA), peptide nucleic acids with phosphate groups (PHONA), locked nucleic acids (LNA), morpholinonudeic acids, and oligonucleotides comprising non-pentose sugar hexose) or abasic sugar backbones or backbone sections, as well as oligonucleotides that include backbone sections with non-sugar linker or spacer groups, as further described hereinbelow.

For purposes of the invention the terms "2'-substituted" and substituted" mean (respectively) substitution of the 2' (or position of the pentose moiety with a halogen (preferably C, Br, or or an -0-lower alkyl group containing 1-6 saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms, or with an -O-aryl or allyl group having 2-6 carbon atoms, wherein such alkyl, aryl or allyl group may be unsubstituted or may be substituted, with halo, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxy, or amino groups; or such 2' substitution may be with a hydroxy group (to produce a ribonucleoside) or an amino group, but not with a 2' (or H group.

For purposes of the invention, the term "immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound" means a compound comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide, without which the compound would not have an immunostimulatory effect. An "immunostimulatory dinucleotide" is a dinucleotide having the formula 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3', wherein "pyrimidine" is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nudeoside and "purine" is a natural or nonnatural purine nucleoside. One such immunostimulatory dinucleotide is CpG.

The terms "CpG" and "CpG dinucleotide" refer to the dinucleotide deoxycytidine-deoxyguanosine-3', wherein p is an intemucleotide linkage, preferably selected from the group consisting of phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, and phosphorodithioate.

-13- For purposes of the invention, a "dinucleotide analog" is an immunostimulatory dinucleotide as described above, wherein either or both of the pyrimidine and purine nucleosides is a non-natural nucleoside. A "nonnatural" nudeoside is one that includes a non-naturally occurring base and/or a non-naturally occurring sugar moiety. For purposes of the invention, a base is considered to be non-natural if it is not selected from the group consisting of thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil. The terms "C*pG" and "CpG*" refer to immunostimulatory dinucleotide analogs comprising a cytidine analog (non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside) or a guanosine analog (non-natural purine nucleoside), respectively.

Figure 27 shows the chemical structure of a CpG-motif, showing the functional groups on cytosine that serve as hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen bond donor groups. Cytosine has two hydrogen bond acceptor groups at positions 2 (keto-oxygen) and 3 (nitrogen), and a hydrogen bond donor group at the 4 -position (amino group) These groups can serve as potential recognizing and interacting groups with receptors that are responsible for immune stimulation. Figure 28 shows cytosine analogs that are isostructural with natural cytosine, including 5-methyl-deoxycytosine 5-methyl-deoxyisocytosine hydroxy-deoxycytosine deoxyuridine

N

4 -ethyl-deoxycytosine and deoxy-P-base In one embodiment, therefore, the immunostimulatory dinucleotide comprises a pyrimidine nucleoside of structure

D

XA

s (1) wherein D is a hydrogen bond donor, D' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor, hydrophilic group, -14hydrophobic group, electron withdrawing group and electron donating group, A is a hydrogen bond acceptor, X is carbon or nitrogen, and S is a pentose or hexose sugar ring linked to the pyrimidine base. In some embodiments, the pyrimidine nucleoside is a non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside, the compound of structure is not cytidine or deoxycytidine.

In some embodiments, the base moiety in is a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine base. Examples of preferred non-naturally occurring pyrimidine bases include, without limitation, 5-hydroxycytosine, N4-alkylcytosine, preferably N4-ethylcytosine, and 4-thiouracil. In some embodiments, the sugar moiety S in is a non-naturally occurring sugar moiety.

For purposes of the present invention, a "naturally occurring sugar moiety" is ribose or 2'-deoxyribose, and a "non-naturally occurring sugar moiety" is any sugar other than ribose or 2'-deoxyribose that can be used in the backbone for an oligonucleotide.. Arabinose and arabinose derivatives are examples of a preferred non-naturally occurring sugar moieties.

Immunostimulatory domains according to the invention may include immunostimulatory moieties on one or both sides of the immunostimulatory natural dinuceotide or non-natural dinudeotide analog. For example, an immunostimulatory domain could be depicted as X1-X2-Y-Z-X3-X4-----3' wherein Y represents cytidine or a non-natural pyrimidine nuleoside analog, Z represents guanosine or a non-natural purine nucleoside analog, and each X independently represents a nucleoside or an immunostimulatory moiety according to the invention. An "immunostimulatory moiety" is a chemical structure at a particular position within the immunostimulatory domain or the potentiation domain that causes the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide to be more immunostimulatory than it would be in the absence of the immunostimulatory moiety.

Preferred immunostimulatory moieties include modifications in the phosphate backbones including without limitation methylphosphonates, methylphosphonothioates; phosphotriesters, phosphothiotriesters phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, triester prodrugs, sulfones, sulfonamides, sulfamates, formacetal, N-methylhydroxylamne, carbonate, carbamate, boranophosphonate, phosphoramidates, especially primary aminophosphoramidates, N3 phosphoramidates and N5 phosphoramidates, and stereospecific linkages or (S)-phosphorothioate, alkyiphosphonate, or phosphotriester linkages). Preferred immunostimulatory moieties according to the invention further include nucleosides having sugar modifications, including without limitation 2'-substituted pentose sugars including without limitation 2'- 0-methyiribose, 21 -Omethoxyethylribose, 2 -Opropargylribose, and 2'-deoxy-2'fluororibose; 3'-substituted pentose sugars, including without limitation methylribose; 1',2'-dideoxyribose; hexose sugars, including without limitation arabinose, l'-methylarabinose, 3 '-hydroxymethylarabinose, 4 -hydroxymethylarabinose, and 2'-substituted arabinose sugars; and alphaanomers.

Preferred immunostimulatory moieties according to the invention further include oligonucleotides having other carbohydrate backbone modifications and replacements, including peptide nucleic acids (PNA), peptide nucleic acids with phosphate groups (PHONA), locked nucleic acids (LNA), morpholinonucleic acids, and oligonudleotides having backbone sections with alkyl linkers or amino linkers. The alkyl linker may be branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted, and chirafly pure or a raceiriic mixture. Most preferably, such alkyl linkers have from about 2 to about 18 carbon atoms. In some preferred embodiments such alkyl linkers have from about 3 to about 9 carbon atoms. Such alkyl linkers include polyethyleneglycol linkers [-O-CH2-CH. (n In some preferred embodiments, such akyl linkers may include peptides or amino acids.

Preferred immunostimulatory moieties according to the invention fur-ther include DNA isoforms, including without limitation K-Ldeoxynucleosides and -16aipha-deoxynudeosides. Preferred immunostimulatory moieties according to the invention further include nucleosides having unnatural intemnucleoside linkage positions, including without limitation and linkages.

Preferred immunostimulatory moieties according to the invention further include nucleosides having modified heterocyclic bases, including without limitation 5-hydroxydeoxycytidine, 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycyticiine, N4alkldeoxycytidine, preferably N4-ethyldeoxycytidine, 4-thiouridine, 6thiode oxyguanosine, 7-deazaguanosine, and deoxyribonudeosides of nitropyrrole, C5-propynylpyriniidine, and diaininopurine, including without limitation 2,6-diaminopurine.

By way of specific illustration and not by way of limitation, for example, in the immunostimulatory domain described earlier 5'-X1-X2-Y-Z-X3-X4--3' a nucleoside methylphosphonate at position X3 or X4 is an immunostimulatory moiety, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl linker at position X1 is an immunostimulatory moiety, and a IP-L-deoxynucleoside at position X1 is an immunostimulatory moiety. See Table 1 below for representative positions and structures of immuunostimulatory moieties within the immunostimulatory domain.

Table 1 Position TYPICAL IMMIUNOSThVIULATORY

MOIETIES

X1 C3-alkyl linker, 2 -aminobutyl-1,3-propanediol linker (amino X2 2-amidnobutyl-l,3-propanediol linker X3 nucleoside methylphosphonate X4 nucleoside methylphosphonate, 2 '-O-methyl-rilonudeoside -17- In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide further comprises a potentiation domain.

A "potentiation domain" is a region of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide analog, other than the immunostimulatory domain, that causes the oligonucleotide to be more immunostimulatory if it contains the potentiation domain than the oligonucleotide .would be in the absence of the potentiation domain. The potentiation domain can be upstream or downstream relative to the immunostimulatory domain. The term "upstream" is used to refer to positions on the 5' side of the immunostimulatory dinucleotide or dinucleotide analog The term "downstream" is used to refer to positions on the 3' side of Y-Z.

For example, an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide analog could have the structure 5'-U9-U8-U7-U6-US-U4-U3-U2*U 1-X I-X2-Y-Z-X3-X4-N-N-N-3' wherein U9-UI represents an upstream potentiation domain, wherein each U independently represents the same or a different nucleoside immunostimulatory moiety, N represents any nucleoside and XI-X4, Y and Z are as before.

Alternatively, an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide analog could have the structure I-X2-Y-Z-X3-X4-D I-D2-D3-D4-D5-D6-D7-D8-3' wherein DI-D8 represents a downstream potentiation domain, wherein each D independently represents the same or a different nucleoside or immunostimulatory moiety, and all other symbols are as described above.

In these configurations, an immunostimulatory moiety at U6 would be eight positions upstream from the immunostimulatory dinucleotide or dinucleotide analog and an immunostimulatory moiety at D4 would be six positions downstream from the immunostimulatory dinucleotide or dinucleotide analog. The term "position" is used rather than "nucleoside", because any of the U or D positions can represent an immunostimulatory moiety which may or may not be a -18-

IND

nucleoside or nucleoside analog. Of course, oligonucleotide analogs can be constructed having both upstream and downstream potentiation domains.

Table 2 shows representative positions and structures of iinmunostimulatory moieties within an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide having an upstream potentiation domain. See Figure 7 for definitions of Spacer 9 and Spacer 18 as referred to in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2 Position TYPICAL IiMMUNOSTIMIJLATORY

MOIETY

X2 2 -aininobutyl-1,3-propanediol linker xi C3-linker, 2 -aminobutyl-1,3-propanediol linker, JP-L-deoxy nucleoside U1 1',2'-dideoxyribose, C3-linker, 2 '-O-methyl-ribonucleoside U2 1',2'-dideoxyribose, C3-linker, Spacer 18, 3-deoxynucleoside, nucleoside methylphosphonate, B-L-deoxynucleoside, 2'-Opropargvl-ribonucleoside U3 1',2'-dideoxyribose, C3-linker, Spacer 9, Spacer 18, nucleoside _________methylphosphonate, linkage U2 U3 1',2'-dideoxyribose, C3-linker, WL-deoxynudleoside U3 U4 nucleoside methylphosphonate, 2'-O-methoxyethyl- _________ribonudleoside U6 1',2'-dideoxyrlbose, C3-linker X U3 1',2'-dideoxyribose .0 Table 3 shows representative positions and structures of immunostimulatory moieties within an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide having a downstream potentiation domain.

-19- Position X3 X4 D1 D2 D3 D2 D3 Table 3 TYPICAL IMMUNOSTIAVJTORY

MOIETY

nucleoside methylphosphonate nucleoside methylphosphonate, 2 -O-methyl-ribonucleoside 1',2'-dideoxyribose, nucleoside methylphosphonate 1,2'-dideoxyribose, C3-linker, Spacer 9, Spacer 18,2-aminobutyl- 1,3-propanediol -linker, nucleoside methylphosphonate,

P-L-

deoxynucleoside 3 -deoxynucleoside, 2 '-O-propargyl-ribonucleoside, 2 -'-linkage 1', 2 '-dideoxyribose, P-L-deoxynucleoside In another embodiment of the invention, the oligonucleotide according to the invention has one or two accessible 5' ends. The present inventors have discovered that immunostimulatory moieties in the region 5' to the immunostimulatory dinucleotide have a greater impact on immunostimulatory activity than do similar substitutions in the region 3' to the immunostimulatory dinuleotide. This observation suggests that the 5'-flanking region of CpG-PSoligos plays an important role in immunostimulatory activity. Moreover, the inventors have discovered that compounds having two oligonucleotide units attached by way of a or linkage have greater immunostimulatory activity than do compounds in which the two oligonucleotide units are attached by way of a linkage. In some preferred embodiments, therefore, the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide according to the invention comprises a 3'-3' linkage. In some such embodiments, the oligonucleotides have one or two accessible 5' ends.

In a second aspect, the invention provides methods for modulating the immunostimulatory effect of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the immunostimulatory domain a dinucleotide analog that includes a non-naturally occurring pyrimindine base, as described above for the first aspect of the invention. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the immunostimulatory domain and/or potentiation domain an immunostimulatory moiety at a specified position, as described above. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing into the oligonucleotide a linkage.

For purposes of the invention, "introducing an immunostimulatory moiety" at a specified position simply means synthesizing an oligonucleotide that has an immunostimulatory moiety at the specified position. For example, "introducing an immunostimulatory moiety into position U6" simply means synthesizing an oligonucleotide that has an immunostimulatory moiety at such a position, with reference to, the following structure: 5'-U9-U8-U-U6-U5-U4-U3-U2-U1-X1-X2-Y-Z-X3-X4-D-D2-D3-3'.

Preferably, the methods according to this aspect of the invention include introducing an immunostimulatory moiety at a position in the immunostimulatory domain or in an upstream or downstream potentiation domain according to the preferred substitution patterns described in Tables 1-3.

The methods according to this aspect of the invention can be conveniently carried out using any of the well-known synthesis techniques by simply using an appropriate immunomodulatory moiety monomer synthon in the synthesis process in an appropriate cycle to obtain the desired position. Preferred monomers include phosphoramidites, phosphotriesters and H-phosphonates. PSoligos are readily synthesized, using P-cyanoethylphosphoramidite chemistry on CPG solid support using appropriate phosphoramidites, deprotected as required, purified by C, reverse phase HPLC, dialyzed against distilled water and lyophilized. The purity of each PS-oligo is readily determined by CGE and the molecular weight can be confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis.

In a third aspect, the invention provides methods for generating an immune response in a patient, such methods comprising administering to the -21patient an oligonucleotide analog immunostimulatory compound according to the invention.

In the methods according to this aspect of the invention, preferably, administration of compounds is parenteral, oral, sublingual, transdermal, topical, intranasal, intratracheal, intravaginal, or intrarectal. Administration of the therapeutic compositions can be carried out using known procedures at dosages and for periods of time effective to reduce symptoms or surrogate markers of the disease. When administered systemically, the therapeutic composition is preferably administered at a sufficient dosage to attain a blood level of oligonucleotide from about 0.001 micromolar to about 10 micromolar. For localized administration, much lower concentrations than this may be effective, and much higher concentrations may be tolerated. Preferably, a total dosage of oligonucleotide will range from about 0.1 mg oligonucleotide per patient per day to about 40 mg oligonucleotide per kg body weight per day. It may be desirable to administer simultaneously, or sequentially a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the therapeutic compositions of the invention to an individual as a single treatment episode. In some instances, dosages below the abovedefined ranges may still provide efficacy. In a preferred embodiment, after the composition of matter is administered, one or more measurement is taken of biological effects selected from the group consisting of complement activation, mitogenesis and inhibition of thrombin clot formation.

In certain preferred embodiments, compounds according to the invention are administered in combination with antibiotics, antigens, allergens, vaccines, antibodies, cytotoxic agents, antisense oligonucleotides, gene therapy vectors, DNA vaccines and/or adjuvants to enhance the specificity or magnitude of the immune response. Either the compound or the vaccine, or both may optionally be linked to an immunogenic protein, such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, cholera toxin B subunit, or any other immunogenic carrier protein. Any of a plethora of adjuvants may be used, incuding, without limitation, Freund's complete adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), saponins, including QS-21, alum, and combinations thereof. Certain preferred embodiments of the methods according -22to the invention induce cytokines by administration of immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds. In certain embodiments the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds are conjugated to an antigen, hapten, or vaccine. As discussed above, the present inventors have discovered that an accessible 5' end is important to the activity of certain immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds. Accordingly, for optimum immunostimulatory activity, the oligonudeotide preferably is conjugated to an antigen or vaccine by means of the 3'-end of oligonuceotide compound.

For purposes of this aspect "in combination with" means in the course of treating the same disease in the same patient, and includes administering the oligonucleotide and/or the vaccine and/or the adjuvant in any order, including simultaneous administration, as well as temporally spaced order of up to several days apart. Such combination treatment may also include more than a single administration of the oligonucleotide, and/or independently the vaccine, and/or independently the adjuvant. The administration of the oligonudeotide and/or vaccine and/or adjuvant may be by the same or different routes.

The method according to this aspect of the invention is useful for model studies of the immune system, and is further useful for the therapeutic treatment of human or animal disease.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides methods for therapeutically treating a patient having disease caused by a pathogen, such methods comprising administering to the patient an oligonucleotide analog immunostimulatory compound according to the invention. Administration is carried out as described for the third aspect of the invention.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a cancer patient, such methods comprising administering to the patient an oligonucleotide analog immunostimulatory compound according to the invention. Administration is carried out as described for the third aspect of the invention.

-23- In a sixth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune asthma, such methods comprising administering to the patient an oligonucleotide analog immunostimulatory compound according to the invention. Administration is carried out as described for the third aspect of the invention.

In a seventh aspect, the invention provides methods for treating airway inflammation or allergies, such methods comprising administering to the patient an oligonucleotide analog immunostimulatory compound according to the invention. Administration is carried out as described for the third aspect of the invention.

The following examples are intended to further illustrate certain preferred embodiments of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

-24-

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Synthesis of oligonucleotides containing immunomodulatory moieties Oligonudleotides; were synthesized on a 1 midcromolar scale using an automated DNA synthesizer (Expedite 8909, PerSeptive Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Standard deoxynudeoside phosphoramidites are obtained from PerSeptive Biosystems. 1',2'-dideoxyribose phosphoramidite, propyl-1-phosphoramiddite, 2'deocy -5-nitroindole-rlbofuranosyl phosphorainidite, 2'-deoxy-uridine phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy -P phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy-2-aminopurine phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy-nebularine phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy-7deazaguanosine phosphoranidite, 2'-deoxy-4-thiouridine phosphoramidite, 2'deoxy-isoguanosine phosphoramidite, phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy-4thiothymidine phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy-Kphosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy-2-aminoadenosine phosphoramidite, 2'*-deoxy-N4ethyl-cytosine phosphoramiddite, 2'-deoxya-6thioguanosine phosphoramidite, 2'deoxy-7-deaza-xanthosine phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy -8-bromoguanosine phosphoramidite, 2'-deoxy-8-oxoguanosine phosphoramidite, hydroxycytosine phosphoramidite, arabino-cytosine phosphoramidite and 2'deoxy -5propynecytosine phosphoraidite were obtained from Glen Research (Sterling, VA). 2'-Deoxy-inosine phosphoramidite were obtained from ChemGenes (Ashland, MA).

Normal coupling cydles or a coupling cydle recommended by the phosphoranidite manufacturer were used for all phosphorainidites. Beaucage reagent was used as an oxidant to obtain phosphorothioate modification. After synthesis, oligonudleotides were deprotected by incubating CPG-bound oligonucleotide with concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution for 1.5-2 hours at room temperature and then incubating the ammonium hydroxide supernatant for 12 hours at 55 degrees C or as recommended by phosphoramidite manufacturer. The ammonium hydroxide solution was evaporated to dryness in 25 a speed-vac and S'-DMTr-oligonucletides were purified by HPLC on a C18 reverse-phase matrix using a solvent system of 0.1 M ammonium acetate and ratio 0.1 M ammonium acetate in acetonitrile. Then the oligonucleotides were treated with 80% acetic acid to remove the DMTr group, converted to sodium form and desalted by dialysis against double distilled water. Oligonucleotides were filtered through 0.4j± filters, lyophilized and redissolved in double distilled water. Characterization was achieved by denaturing PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Example I. Synthesis of CpG-PS-oligos containing cytosine analogs Following the procedures outlined in Example 1, the following oligonudeotides were synthesized: Oligo Sequence 3Y) and Modification' 1 d(C rATCTGACG1r

TTJ

2 d(UfATCTGAC*GU~J 3 d(CATGACC~TG 4 d(CT Cf*GT'CI(i d(CrATCTGACC~jyTCTjT "CpG-motif is shown in bold. C* represents 5-hydroxycytosine (oligos 2 and 3) or N4-ethylcytosine (oligos 4 and The oligonucleotides were characterized by CGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Brucker Proflex Ml MALDI-TOp mas spectrometer with 337 nmn N2 laser). Molecular weights observed and calculated (shown in parentheses) for each oligonucleotide are as follows: Oligo 1, 5704 (5704.8); Oligo 2,5720 (5720.8); Oligo 3,5681 (568.7); Oligo 4,5733 (5733); Oligo, 5,5694 (5693).

-26 Example 3: Analysis of spleen weights in treated mice Female BALB/c mice (4-5 weeks, 19-21 g, Charles River, Wilmington, MA) were used in the study. The animals were fed with commercial diet and water ad lib. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with 5 or 10 mg/kg dose of immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound dissolved in sterile PBS. One group of mice received PBS alone to serve as a control (PBS). Four animals were used for each immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound. Mice were sacrificed 72 h later, spleens were harvested and weighed.

Example 4: Analysis of immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds in mouse lymphocyte proliferation assay Spleens from CD-1, BALB/c, C57BL/6 mouse (4-8 weeks) were used as source of lymphocytes. Single cell suspensions were prepared by gently mincing with the frosted ends of glass slides. Cells were then cultured in RPMI complete medium [RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (heatinactivated at 56 "C for 30 min), 50 pM 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 gg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine]. The cells were then plated in 96well dishes at a density of 10' cells/mL in a final volume of 100 pL.

Immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compounds or LPS (lipopolysaccharide) were added to the cell culture in 10 pL of TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HC1, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA). The cells were then set to culture at 37 C. After 44 h, 1 pCi 3

H-

uridine (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) was added to the culture in 20 AL of RPMI medium, and the cells were pulse-labeled for another 4 h. The cells were harvested by automatic cell harvester (Skatron, Sterling, VA), and the filters were counted by a scintillation counter. The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Example 5: Lymphocyte proliferatory activity of CpG-PS-oligos containing cytosine analogs The immunostimulatory activity of CpG-PS-oligos 1-5 (Example 4) was studied using a BALB/c mouse lymphocyte proliferation assay. In brief, mouse spleen cells were cultured and incubated with CpG-PS-oligos at 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and -27gg/mL concentration for 48 hr and cell proliferation was measured by 3

H-

uridine incorporation.

Figure 23 shows the dose-dependent cell proliferatory activity of oligos in mouse lymphocyte cultures. At a dose of 3.0 Ag/mL, oligo 1, with natural cytidine, showed a proliferation index of 29.5±2.1. Oligo 2, in which the cytosine base of the deoxycytidine of the CpG-motif is replaced with a also showed dose-dependent lymphocyte proliferation. A proliferation index of 23.7±2.9 at 3.0 pg/mL dose was observed for oligo 2. PS-Oligo 4, which contained N4-ethyl-cytosine in place of the cytosine base in the CpG-motif, also showed dose-dependent cell-proliferation activity. The proliferation index of 18.7±1.6 observed for oligo 4 at a dose of 3 pg/mL suggests that the presence of a bulky hydrophobic substitution on the 4-amino group of cytosine in a CpG-motif slightly impedes immunostimulatory activity.

Oligo 3, in which 5-hydroxy-deoxycytidine was placed in the deoxyguanosine position instead of the deoxycytidine position of the CpG-motif, showed a proliferation index that was similar to that observed for media control (Figure 23). Similarly, the control Oligo 5 in which deoxyguanosine in the CpGmotif was substituted with N4-ethyldeoxycytidine, showed cell proliferation similar to that of media control.

Other oligos, in which cytosine base in the CpG-motif was replaced with see Figure 28), 5-methyl-deoxyisocytosine deoxyuridine or deoxy-P-base showed no or insignificant cell proliferatory activity in the same assay system. These results suggest that cell proliferatory activity is maintained when the cytosine base of the CpG motif is replaced with hydroxycytosine or N4-ethylcytosine (Oligos 2 and 4, respectively), but (ii) substitution of the guanine base with these cytosine analogs results in a loss of cell proliferatory activity.

-28- Example 6: Splenomegaly in mice induced by CpG-PS-oligos containing cytosine analogs To confirm the in vitro effects of CpG-PS-oligos, Oligos 1, 2, and 4 (from Example 4) were injected intraperitoneally (ip) to BALB/c mice at a dose of mg/kg and the change in spleen weight was measured as an indicator of the level of immunostimulatory activity of each PS-oligo. The change in spleen weight as a result of treatment with CpG-PS-oligos is presented in Figure 24. Female BALB/c mice (4-6 weeks, 19-21 gm) were divided in to different groups with four mice in each group. Oligonudeotides were dissolved in sterile PBS and administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg. After 72 hr, mice were sacrificed and spleens were harvested and weighed. Each circle represents the spleen weight of an individual mouse and the represents the mean spleen weight for each group.

Oligo 1, which has natural deoxycytidine in the CpG-motif, showed about 45% increase in spleen weight at a dose of 10 mg/kg, compared with the control group of mice that received PBS. Oligo 2, which has a 5-hydroxycytosine in place of the cytosine base in the CpG-motif, showed about 35% increase in spleen weight at the same dose. Oligo 4, which has N4-ethylcytosine in place of the cytosine base in the CpG-motif, showed about 34% increase in spleen weight at the same dose compared to the control group. These data confirm the results observed in lymphocyte proliferation assays for these oligos containing modified cytidine analogs in place of deoxycytidine in the CpG-motif.

Example 7: Structure-activity relationships of C*pG-PS-oligos The presence of a methyl group at the 5-position of cytosine deoxycytosine, 2 (Figure 28)) in a CpG-motif completely abolishes CpG related immunostimulatory effects of CpG-PS-oligos. Based on the results observed in in vitro and in vivo experiments we have constructed structure-activity relationships for the PS-oligos containing cytosine analogs.

The replacement of the cytosine base in the CpG-motif with isocytosine resulted in complete loss of immunostimulatory activity, as is the -29case with 5-methylcytosine which could be as a result of switching the keto and amino groups at the 2 and 4-positions, respectively, and/or placing a hydrophobic methyl group at the 5-position of cytosine.

Oligo 2, containing a hydrophilic hydroxy substitution at the 5-position of the cytosine in the CpG-motif, showed immunostimulatory activity similar to that of oligo 1, which contains the natural cytosine base. This observation suggests that bulky hydrophilic groups are better tolerated than are hydrophobic groups at the 5-position of cytosine for immunostimulatory activity of CpG-PS-oligos.

Perhaps the binding pocket for the CpG-oligos on receptor is hydrophilic in nature and can not accommodate a hydrophobic group at the 5-position of cytosine.

When the cytosine base in the CpG-motif is replaced with uracil (5 (see Figure in which keto groups are present at both the 2 and 4 -positions, no immunostimulatory activity was observed, suggesting that a hydrogen bond donor amino group at the 4-position of cytosine is critical for immunostimulatory activity. When a large hydrophobic ethyl group is placed on 4-amino group of cytosine in a CpG-motif, reduced lymphocyte proliferation and a slightly reduced increase in spleen weight in mice were observed, suggesting that a bulky ethyl group at this position does not interfere with binding of the CpG-PS-oligo to the receptor factors responsible for immunostimulatory activity. In spite of the ethyl substitution, the 4-amino group of N4-ethylcytosine can participate in hydrogen bond formation with an acceptor. The modified pyrimidine base dP, in which the nitrogen group located at the 4-position involved in ring structure formation with the 5-position, and which does not have a hydrogen bond donor amino group at the 4 -position, had no mouse lymphocyte proliferation activity in cultures, suggesting that the 4-amino group of cytosine in a CpG-motif is critical for immunostimulatory activity.

In conclusion, the results presented here show that the functional groups at 2, 3, and 4 positions of the cytosine are important for CpG-related immunostimulatory activity. A hydrophobic substitution at the 5-position of cytosine completely suppresses immunostimulatory activity of a CpG-oligo, while a hydrophilic group at this position is tolerated well. In addition, the immunostixnulatory activity of CpG-PS-oligos containing 5-hydroxycytosie or N4-ethylcytosine in place of cytosine in the CpG-motif can be modulated significantly by incorporating appropriate chemical modifications in the flanking sequence, suggesting that these cytosine analogs in a CpG-motif are r ecognized as part of an immunmostimulatory motif.

Example 8: Synthesis of end-blocked CpG-PS oligonucleotides The CpG-PS-oligos shown in Figure 17 were synthesized using an automated synthesizer and phosphoramidite approach. Oligo 1 (16-mer) was synthesized using nudeoside-5--cyanoethylphosphoramidites. Oligo, 2, a 32mer, was synthesized using nucleoside-3'*f cyanoethylphosphor-amidites and controlled pore glass support (CPG-solid support) with a 3'-Iinked nudleoside in which 16-mer sequence of Oligo 1 was repeated twice; therefore, Oligo 2 had two 16-mers (Oligo 1) linked by a normal 3'-5-linkage. Oligo a 32-mer, was synthesized with two 16-mers (Oligo 1) linked by a 5'-5-linkage, so Oligo 3 had two 3'-ends and no 5'-end. Synthesis of Oligo 3 was carried out in two steps: the first 16-mer was synthesized using nucleoside-3'-P-c-yanoethylphosphoranidjtes and solid support with a 3'-linked nucleoside, and then synthesis of the second 16-mer segment was continued using ethylphosphoramidites. Oligo 4, a 32-mer, comprised two 16-mers (Oligo 1) linked by a 3'-3'-linkage, so Oligo 4 had two 5'-ends and no 3'-end. Synthesis of Oligo 4 was carried out in two steps: the first 16-mer was synthesized using and solid support with a nucleoside, and the synthesis of the second 16-mer segment was continued using nucleoside-3'-1-cyanoethylphosphoramidites. Synthesis of Oligos 5-8 was carried out by using the same nucleoside-J -cyanoethylphosphoraxnidites as for Oligos 1- 4, respectively. At the end of the synthesis, Oligos 1-8 were deprotected with concentrated ammonia solution, purified by reversed phase HPLC, detritylated, desalted and dialyzed. The purity of each PS-oligo was checked by CGE and the -31molecular weight was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis (Table 1).

SThe sequence integrity and directionality of 5'-CpG motif in Oligos 1-8 were 0 confirmed by recording melting temperatures (Tis) of the duplexes with their N respective DNA complementary strands (5'-AAGGTCGAGCGTTCTC-3 for 5 Oligos 1-4, and 5'-ATGGCGCACGCTGGGAGA-3' for Oligos The T.s of these duplexes were 53.9 0.9 OC (Oligos 61.8 oC (Oligo and 58.8 0.6 °C (Oligos 6-8) (note that Oligo 5 was a 18-mer and Oligos 6-8 were 3 2 -mers but not t 36-mers).

SExample 9: Mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferatory activity of end-blocked c N i 10 CpG-PS oligonucleotides Immunostimulatory activity of the end-blocked CpG-PS-oligos of Example 8 was studied initially in a lymphocyte proliferation assay. Typically, mouse (Balb-C) spleen lymphocytes were cultured with CpG-PS-oligos at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 Pg/ml for 48 h and cell proliferation was determined by 'Huridine incorporation, as described in Example 3. Results are shown in Figure 17 Oligo 1 induced a dose-dependent effect on cell proliferation; at a concentration of 10 tg/ml pM), the proliferation index was 5.0 0.32. Oligo 2, which consisted of two units of Oligo 1 linked by a 3'-5-linkage, had a proliferation index of 5.8 0.28 at the same dose pM). Oligo 3, which consisted of two units of OJigo 1 linked by a 5'-5'-linkage, had a proliferation index of 2.0 0.26, reflecting a significantly lower immunostimulatory activity than observed with Oligos 1 and 2. Oligo 4, which consisted of two units of Oligo 1 linked by a 3'-3'-linkage, had a proliferation index of 7.2 0.5, reflecting a greater immunostimulatory activity than observed with Oligos 1 and 2.

Similar results were obtained with Oligos 5-8. Oligo 5 had a proliferation index of 3.9 0.12. Oligos 6-8, in which two units of Oligo 5 are linked by a linkage (Oligo 5'-5'-linkage (Oligo and 3'-3-linkage (Oligo 8) had proliferation indices of 4.9 0.2,1.74 0.21, and 7.7 0.82, respectively.

Comparison of the results obtained with Oligos 6-8 show that Oligos 6 and 8, in which two Oligo 5 sequences were linked by a 3'-5'-linkage or a 3 '-3-linkage had -32greater immunostimulatory activity, while Oligo 7, in which two Oligo 5 were 0 linked by a 5'-5'-linkage had significant less immunostimulatory activity, than did N Oligo SBased on lymphocyte proliferation results of Oligos 1-8, it is clear that when oligos are linked through their 5'-ends, there is a significant loss of immunostimulatory activity, while if they are linked through their 3'-ends, there is an increase in immunostimulatory activity. It is important to note that linked oligos have shown substantially greater stability towards degradation by exonucleases than the oligos that contained a free 3'-end, which could also result in increased immunostimulatory activity. The lower immunostimulatory activity of Oligos 3 and 7, in which the 5'-end of oligos is blocked, suggests that accessibility to 5'-end of oligo is essential for immunostimulatory activity of CpG- PS-oligos.

Example 10: Splenomegaly in mice induced by end-blocked CpG-PS oligonucleotides To confirm the immunostimulatory activity of Oligos 1-8 (Example 8) in vivo, a dose of 5 mg/kg of oligonucleotides was injected intraperitoneally to Balb- C mice. The mice were sacrificed 72 hours post-administration, spleens were removed, blotted to dryness, and weighed. Change in spleen weight in treated and untreated mice was used as a parameter for immunostimulatory activity.

Administration 5 mg/kg dose of Oligo 1 caused about 40% increase in spleen weight compared with the control mice that received PBS. Administration of Oligos 2 and 4 also caused about 50% increase in spleen weight.

Administration of Oligo 3 caused no difference in spleen weight compared with control mice. These results further support the observation that Oligo 3, in which was blocked, had significantly less immunostimulatory activity compared to oligos that had accessible 5'-end. These results were also confirmed with the administration of Oligos 5-8. Administration of Oligos 5,6, and 8 caused about 40-50% increase in spleen weight, whereas no change in spleen weight was observed following the administration of Oligo 7.

-33- The above results suggest that the immunostimulatory activity of PS-oligos containing a CpG motif is significantly minimized if the 5'-end of the oligo is not accessible. This loss in immunostimulatory activity of Oligos 3 and 7 cannot be explained based on nuclease stability, as both oligos have two 3'-ends and are not more susceptible to 3'-exonuclease degradation than are Oligos 1,2, 5, and 6, which have one 3'-end. PS-Oligos 4 and 8, which have their 3'-ends blocked and are very stable to degradation by exonuceases, showed similar immunostimulatory activity. Oligos 4 and 8 may show sustained immunostimulatory activity due to their increased in vivo stability, which is not evident in the present study as mice were sacrificed at only 72 hours after administration. Studies are in progress in which mice will be sacrificed at times later than 72 hours after administration.

The results described here are intriguing and suggest that the 5'-end of CpG-PS-oligos is critical for immunostimulatory activity. As discussed here, we have shown that substitution of deoxynucleosides in 5'-flanking regions by modified or 3'-substituted ribonuceosides resulted in increased immunostimulatory activity. In addition, substitution of deoxynucleosides immediately upstream (5'-end) to the CpG motif caused a significant suppression and substitution of deoxynuceosides immediately downstream (3'-end) to the CpG motif had no effect on immunostimulatory activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the enzyme/receptor responsible for the immunestimulation recognizes the CpG motif in oligos from the 5'-end and requires accessibility to the While the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art from a reading of this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention and appended claims.

-34-

Claims (21)

1. A method for generating an immune response in a patient, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an 00 immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide analog immunostimulatory 0 compound is administered in combination with an antibiotic, antigen, allergen, vaccine, antibody, \D cytotoxic agent, antisense oligonucleotide, gene therapy vector, DNA vaccine, adjuvant, or combination thereof. 0

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound is conjugated to an antigen or vaccine.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein such conjugation is to the 3' -end of the oligonucleotide compound.

A method for therapeutically treating a patient having disease caused by a pathogen, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non- natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a virus.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a parasite.

8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a bacterium.

9. A method for treating a cancer patient, such method comprising administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7- deazaguanosine. 005089068 00

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound is administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic compound.

11. A method for treating an autoimmune disorder, such method comprising administering to S the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* kt) is 7-deazaguanosine. 0

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the autoimmune disorder is autoimmune IN asthma.

13. A method for treating airway inflammation or allergy, such method comprising 0 administering to the patient an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine.

14. Use of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine, for generating an immune response in a patient.

Use of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine for therapeutically treating a patient having a disease caused by a pathogen.

16. Use of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine for treating a cancer patient.

17. Use of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine for treating an autoimmune disorder. -36- 005089068 00

18. Use of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula CpG*, wherein C is a natural or non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside and G* is 7-deazaguanosine for treating airway inflammation or allergy. 0 0

19. An immunostimulatory oligonucleotide compound, comprising an immunostimulatory dinucleotide of formula C*pG, C*pG* or CpG*, wherein C is a natural pyrimidine nucleoside or C* tn is a non-natural pyrimidine nucleoside, G is a natural purine nucleoside and G* is a non-natural S purine nucleoside; and wherein p is an intemucleotide linkage selected from the group consisting of O phosphodiester, phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate and wherein the oligonucleotide has a 3'- O 3' linkage; and one or two accessible 5' ends. 0

20. The immunostimulatory oligonucleotide according to Claim 19, wherein G* is 7- deazaguanosine.

21. A method according to any one of claims 1, 5, 9, 11 and 13 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of the examples. -37-