AU2006203417A1 - Synthetic techniques and intermediates for polyhydroxy, dienyl lactone derivatives - Google Patents

Description

P/00/0 II Regulation 3.2

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0 00 0

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT

(ORIGINAL)

Name of Applicant: The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, of 3700 Market Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States of America Actual Inventors: Amos B SMITH, III Yuping QIU Michael KAUFMAN Hirokazu ARIMOTO David R JONES Kaoru KOBAYASHI Thomas J BEAUCHAMP Address for Service: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE, Patent Trademark Attorneys, of 1 Nicholson Street, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia Ph: 03 9254 2777 Fax: 03 9254 2770 Attorney Code: DM "Synthetic techniques and intermediates for polyhydroxy, dienyl lactone derivatives" Invention Title: The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us:- NO ;D -1- 00 0 SYNTHETIC TECHNIQUES AND INTERMEDIATES

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Application No. 2002300472, the entire contents of which are C- incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT Certain of the inventors were supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM-29028.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to lactone-containing compounds such as discodermolide, to compounds which mimic the chemical and/or biological activity thereof, and to methods and intermediates useful in their preparation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In 1990, Gunasekera and co-workers at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute reported the isolation of (+)-discodermolide an architecturally novel metabolite of the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta (0.002% (See, Gunasekera, et al., J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 4912. Correction: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 1346).

N- 2 0 0 H

OH

NH2 HO.,

HO

vitro with no associated cytotoxicity. Moreover, suppresses the in vivo graft-vs.-host splenomegaly response induced by injection of parental splenocytes into Fl recipient mice, with potency intermediate between those of cyclosporin A and FK506. (Longley, et al., Transplantation 1991, 52, 650; Longley, et al., Transplantation 1991, 52, 656; Longley, et al.

Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1993, 696, 94). These findings stimulated the recent discovery that arrests cell development at the M phase by binding and stabilizing mitotic spindle microtubules; thus discodermolide resembles taxol in its mode of action, but the microtubule binding affinity of 1 is much higher. (ter Haar, et al., Biochemistry 1996, 35, 243; Hung, et al., Chemi.& Biol. 1996, 3, 287). These and other results suggest that (+)-discodermolide holds considerable promise as an anticancer agent. The scarcity of natural material however has precluded a complete evaluation of its biological profile.

The absolute configuration of discodermolide remained undefined until Schreiber et al. synthesized both antipodes of 1. (Nerenberg, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12621; Hung, \O ID 0 3 et al., Chem. Biol. 1994, 1, 67). Interestingly, the unnatural antipode also displays significant immunosuppressant activity.

There is, therefore, a need for improved synthetic methods for the preparation of polyhydroxy, dienyl lactones such as the discodermolides, as well as a need for compounds having similar chemical and/or biological activity.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is one object of the present invention to provide polyhydroxy, dienyl lactones and mimics thereof.

It is a further object to provide processes for the preparation of such compounds and their mimics.

It is another object of this invention to provide intermediates useful in such processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These and other objects are satisfied by the present invention, which, in one aspect, provides synthetic methods for the discodermolides and other polyhydroxylactones. In preferred embodiments, such methods involve contacting a phosphonium salt of formula I: Ri R 2

R

3

R

6 Z2 R4 R OR9 P (R18) 3X with base and an alkylthiol of formula II: -4 00

'R

16

R

1 5 to form a diene of formula

III:

III

wherein: Rjr R 2

R

3 p R 7 1 R 8 ,I R 11

R

12 and R 13 are, independently, Cj-Cj 0 alkyl;

R

6 is H or C 1 -Cj 0 alkyl; X is a halogen; Z, Z 1 and Z 2 are, independently, 0, S or NR';

R

4

R

9

R

14 and R, 5 are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups;

R

5 is C 6

-C

14 aryl; Y is 0, S or NR'; \O ID 0 5 R' and R 16 are, independently, hydrogen or Ci-C 6 alkyl; and

R

1 8 is C 6 -C14 aryl.

In another embodiment, compounds of formula I are contacted with compounds of the following formula XXIII:

R

1 4 0 0

XXIII

to form a diene of formula XXXXX: In another aspect, the methods of the invention involve producing an alkene of formula IV.

\O ID 00 oo 6 This can be accomplished by contacting an organometallic reagent of formula Va: R1 R 2

R

3 ^k J^ MX Va with a vinyl halide of formula Via:

OR

9

'OR

1 0 VIa wherein M is Li, Cu, Mg, or Zn and Rio is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group and all other variables are as defined above. Alternatively, a vinyl halide of formula Vb: 7 R ;Z x Vb can be contacted with an organometallic compound of formula IND VIb: N- OR 9

R

6

~-OR

1 0 V~b In yet another aspect, the methods of the invention involve compounds having formula VII.

R9 R-

SR

13 V11 by contacting a diene of formula Villa: -8- -0 8

O

O

Cl

R

6 x 00 OR 9 R7

R

1 4 0 R11 R16 Cl R 15 0

O

IN12

SR

13 VIIIa with an organometallic compound having formula Va wherein R 24 is hydrogen and R 25 is hydrogen or an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group. Alternatively, an organometallic compound having formula VIIIb can be contacted with a vinyl halide having formula Vb.

R

6

XM

X OR 9

R

R

14

R

1 R16

SR

13 VIIIb

ID

O

00 oo 00 9 The methods of the invention also involve producing dienes having formula VIIIa by contacting phosphonium salts having formula IX: R6

IND

with base and alkylthiol compounds The present invention intermediates which are useful polyhydroxylactones, including the I-IX and X: having formula II.

also provides synthetic in the preparation of compounds having formulas wherein:

R,

9

R

2 0

R

2 and R 2 2 are, independently, Ci-Co alkyl; and

R

23 is C 7

-C

1 5 aralkyl.

The present invention also provides compounds which mimic the chemical and/or biological activity of the discodermolides. In preferred embodiments, such compounds have formula XI: 00 10

IOR

3 2

'R

3 where

R

3 0 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -Cl 0 alkyl or a moiety formula XII or XIII:

R

4 0

R

41

R

4 3 W2

N

N

0 where A is Cl-C 20 alkyl, formula XIV:

R

4 4

XIII

-CH

2 NH or a moiety of 146 xiv wherein T is peptide having 1 to about 10 amino acids;

R

3 2

R

40

R

42 R43F R 46 F R 4 and R 4 are, independently, hydrogen or C,-Cr, alkyl;

R

41 is a side chain of an amino acid; S- 11 O WI and W 2 are, independently, -OR 49 or -NHP,; P, is hydrogen or an amine protecting group;

SR

33 and R 3 6 are, independently, hydrogen, Ci-Clo alkyl, OO -ORso, =0 or together form -CH 2

-CH

2 R34 and R 35 are, independently, hydrogen or together form

R

39 is -ORs 5 or -CH 2 -Rsi; n R 31 and R 44 are, independently, Ci-Clo alkyl; Qi and Q 2 are, independently, hydrogen, -NHR 52

-OC(=O)NH

2 or together form i R, is hydrogen or a hydroxyl protecting group;

R,

5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 aryl, tetrahydropyranyl, furanosyl, pyranosyl tetramethylfucosyl, tetramethylmannosyl, tetramethylgaractosyl and tetramethylglucosyl), C 3

-C

10 lactonyl or 2-pyranonyl;

R

4 is Ci-C 6 alkenyl, C 1

-C

6 alkyl, C 6

-C

14 aryl, C 2

-C

10 heterocycloalkyl, C 3

-C

10 cycloalkyl, or C 7 -Cis aralkyl; and

R

49 Rso, and R 5 2 are, independently, hydrogen or C,-C, alkyl.

In another aspect, the present invention provides processes for preparing amides having formula XX: Ar

R

7

R

8 Rio 0 N 0 H 0 0 xx wherein Ar is C 6 aryl comprising the steps of contacting a compound having formula XXI: R7 PMBO O

XXI

with a compound having formula XXII: IN 12 S- Ar 0 N 0 Bu 2 BO 0

XXII

for a time and under conditions effective to form the amide.

O Also provided are processes for producing compounds ID0 of formula XXIII:

R

14 0 R150 R11 C 0 6

XXIII

comprising the steps of contacting an aldehyde of formula XXIV: 11 R, 2

R

1 5 0 xxiv XXIV with an enol ether of formula XXV:

OR

50 in the presence of a titanium salt for a time and under conditions effective to form an enone of formula XXVI: ID 13

Y

00 00 R 15 R2,O CC) XXVI 0 Such enones are then contacted with a reducing agent for a time IND and under conditions effective to form a corresponding enol, 0 5 which is contacted with a compound having formula R-L (wherein L is a leaving group) for a time and under conditions effective to form a protected enol. This protected enol is contacted with an oxidizing agent for a time and under conditions effective to oxidize the carbon-carbon double bond of the protected enol.

The invention also provides processes for producing halogenated olefins of formula XXVII:

R

8

R

7

X

RI

0

XXVII

by contacting an aldehyde of formula XXVIII: R

R

7 Rio

ORXV

XXVIII

with an a-halo sulfone of formula XXIX: 14 0

S

02 Li xxvIX Sfor a time and conditions effective to from the halogenated olefin.

O Also provided are processes for producing halogenated olefins of formula XXX: Rio

R

6 X0X comprising the steps of contacting a compound of formula XXXI: FB R7

R°

io ORg O

XXXI

with triphenylphosphine and a carbon tetrahalide for a time and under conditions effective to form a dihalogenated olefin of formula XXXII:

CR

XXXII

Such a dihalogenated olefin is contacted with an organometallic compound (such as lithium dimethyl cuprate or an alkylzinc compound such as methyl zinc chloride or methyl zinc bromide) \O ID 0 oo 15 in the presence of a catalyst for a time and under conditions effective to form the halogenated olefin.

Additional processes of the invention are directed to synthesis of dienes of formula XXXIII:

XXXIII

comprising contacting a phosphonium salt of formula XXXIV:

XXXIV

with a base and a compound of formula XXXV:

R

14 0 0

XXXV

IND

;Z 1 16 for a time and under conditions effective to form the diene.

The invention also provides processes for producing a compound of formula XXXVI: R0 Rj R140.

XXXVI

comprising contacting a compound of the formula XXXVII:

OR

9 wherein J is C 1 -CIo alkyl, C 6

-C

14 aryl, C 2

-C

0 o heterocycloalkyl.

or Cz-CI 0 heterocycloalkenyl (preferably 4-methoxyphenyl, 4hydroxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl) with a phosphonium salt of formula XXXIV:

OR

2

XXXIV

and base.

The invention also provides synthetic intermediates having formulas XXXIII-XXXXV: 17 R250 00 xxxii I xxxix

R

1 j SR1 3 111 Xxxli

SR,,

XXXXI I 00 18 xxxxxv s 19 (N 2 3 R 6 OR4 OR9 00 R Rt

R

14 0 R11 R ^16 R150 NO R 1 The present invention also provides methods for inhibiting mammalian cell proliferation by contacting mammalian cells with a compound according to the invention or by administering a compound according to the invention (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such a compound) to a mammal suffering from undesired cell proliferation. Also provided are methods for inhibiting rejection of a transplanted organ in a mammal comprising administering a compound or composition according to the invention to a mammalian organ recipient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The numerous objects and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying figures, in which: Figure 1 shows a retrosynthetic analysis for discodermolide 1.

Figure 2 shows a synthetic scheme for compound Figure 3 shows a synthetic scheme for fragment A.

Figure 4 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 22.

Figure 5 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 39.

ID

O

20 Figure 6 shows a synthetic scheme for compounds 15 and Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 7 shows a synthetic 8 shows a synthetic 9 shows a synthetic scheme scheme scheme for for for compound 34.

fragment C.

fragment B.

10 shows a synthetic scheme shows shows shows synthetic synthetic synthetic scheme scheme scheme for compound 39.

for compound for compound 49.

for compounds 53 and 46.

Figure 14 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 56.

Figure 15 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 1.

Figure 16 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 104.

Figure 17 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 107.

Figure 18 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 206.

Figure 19 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 212.

Figure 20 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 217.

Figure 21 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 305.

Figure 22 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 309.

Figure 23 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 401.

Figure 24 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 501.

Figure 25 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 601.

Figure 26 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 701 alkyl).

Figure 27 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 808.

Figure 28 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 801.

Figure 29 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 901.

Figure 30 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 1003.

Figure 31 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 1104 (Ar 2,4-dimethyl-3-methoxyphenyl methoxyphenyl 2,4-dimethyl-5-methoxyphenyl 2,4dimethylphenyl and 4-methylphenyl Figure 32 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 1111.

D 21 O Figures 33-36 show representative compounds of the invention.

Figure 37 shows a synthetic scheme for compound OO Figure 38 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 67.

0 Figure 38 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 6B.

Figure 39 shows a synthetic scheme for compound Figure 40 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 58.

SFigure 41 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 86.

SFigure 42 shows a synthetic scheme for compound 58.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS It has been found in accordance with the present invention that the synthesis of polyhydroxy, dienyl lactones such as the discodermolides can be achieved by highly convergent and stereocontrolled synthetic procedures.

As shown in Figure 1 for the (-)-discodermolide antipode, our analysis revealed a repeating triad of contiguous stereocenters, separated by Z-olefinic linkages at C(8,9) and C(13,14). Disconnections at C(14,15) and C(21,22) generated fragments A, B and C, each deriving in turn from a common precursor containing the recurring stereochemical triad.

As shown in Figure 2, precursor 5 was prepared by a synthetic procedure whereby hydroxy ester was protected as the p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ether by treatment with the Bundle trichloroimidate reagent 7 under acidic conditions. Reduction with LiAlH 4 provided the alcohol after distillation.

Swern oxidation, Evans aldol condensation, and Weinreb amide formation completed the construction of common precursor This concise five-step synthesis could be routinely carried out on a 50-g scale in 59% overall yield.

Alternatively, as shown in Figure 37, Swern oxidation of followed by the addition norephedrine derived oxazolidinone 61 results in a crystalline product 62 which, in turn, can be converted to common precursor \O 22- 0 In view of the polypropionate structure of the A fragment, we performed a second asymmetric aldol reaction, as shown in Figure 3. Initial formation of the 00 p-methoxybenzylidene acetal from common precursor (78% yield) was designed to allow selective deprotection of C(21) and C(19) hydroxyls for introduction of the terminal diene and carbamate moieties. Following reduction of amide M to the aldehyde (80% yield), (aldol reaction with C( oxazolidinone (80% yield) provided alcohol which

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incorporated the five stereocenters of subunit A. The C( structure of was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Protection of the secondary alcohol as the TBS ether and removal of the chiral auxiliary (LiBH 4 ,EtOH,THF) afforded primary alcohol (81% yield, two steps), which could be efficiently converted either to tosylate or iodide As outlined in Figure 1, our strategy required a Z vinylic halide B for coupling with fragment A. Beginning again with the common precursor TBS protection (Figure 4) followed by reduction of the Weinreb amide [DIBAL (2 equiv), THF, -78 OC] (Kim, et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6697) afforded aldehyde in 88% yield for the two steps. We adopted a stepwise approach to introduction of the vinyl halide, whereby was converted to the Z a-bromo unsaturated ester (Ph 3 PCBrCO 2 Et, PhH, reflux; 75% yield after chromatography). Reduction to allylic alcohol followed by mesylation and displacement with LiBHEt 3 then furnished Z vinyl bromide in 77% overall yield from 19.

One preferred synthetic strategy utilized a vinyl iodide as the desired B segment. Synthesis of was achieved by direct olefination of aldehyde 6:1 Z/E) (Figure followed by chromatographic removal of the undesired E product. Alternatively, the B segment can be prepared by the two routes shown in Figure 39. The first \O 23 O involves an a-iodo sulfone 69 to effect a one-step installation (3 of the vinyl iodide. The second exploits the enhanced reactivity of the trans iodide of diiodide 00 Our preferred synthetic strategy involves selective removal of a primary PMB ether in the presence of a PMP acetal in the AB coupling product Figure A 1:1 mixture of PMB ether and PMP acetal was exposed to DDQ Cc (1.1 equiv) in CH 2 Cl 2

/HO

2 (Figure The acetal largely C remained intact while the debenzylated alcohol was

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formed in 83% yield.

C As shown in Figure 7, we again utilized the TBS ether for the preparation of C from common precursor Oxidative cleavage of the PMB group (DDQ, CH 2 C12, H 2 0) provided alcohol 26 in variable (60-86%) yields, accompanied by the corresponding lactone. Hydrogenolysis with Pearlman's catalyst afforded in 92% yield. Exposure of the alcohol to

SO

3 .pyr furnished aldehyde (98% yield), which in turn was converted to dithiane In the latter step, our modification of the Evans protocol for dithiane generation

[(TMSSCH

2 ZnCl 2 Et 2 O] minimized elimination of the TBS ether to form the a,p-unsaturated amide. Following reduction to aldehyde with DIBAL (91% yield), dimethyl acetal formation gave The coupling of dithiane 30 with R-(-)-glycidyl benzyl ether then afforded alcohol in 79% yield. Unmasking of the ketone moiety

[(CF

3

CO

2 2 IPh, 80%] and Evans stereocontrolled reduction (97%) provided the anti diol which embodied all of the stereocenters in fragment C.

Acid-catalyzed cyclization of (TsOH, room temperature) provided methoxy pyran 35 in 87% yield as a 1:2 mixture of a and P anomers (Figure Debenzylation (H 2 Pd/C) of 36 afforded alcohol 37 quantitatively. Exposure to EtSH and MgBr 2 in Et 2 O then gave a separable 6:1 mixture of P ND 24 0 O ethyl hemithioacetal and its a anomer in 83% yield.

3Swern oxidation of furnished the final fragment Sin 86% yield.

00 Reaction of with the organozinc derivative of (Figure 10) was achieved by premixing iodide A with dried solid ZnC1I (ether, -78 before addition of t-BuLi. It is believed that three equivalents of t-BuLi are required for Scomplete consumption of probably because the first equivalent reacts with ZnCl 2 This modification increased the yield to 66% after flash chromatography.

CI Conversion of the Z trisubstituted olefin to the phosphonium iodide began with selective removal of the PMB group, as in our model study (DDQ, CH 2 C1 2 furnishing in 87% yield (Figure 11). As shown in Figure 12, alcohol furnished the requisite iodide 42 almost exclusively, as indicated by NMR examination of the crude material. The very sensitive iodide was used without purification. Thorough mixing of iodide 42 with I-Pr 2 NEt (3 equiv) followed by exposure to excess PPh 3 (15 equiv) without solvent at 80 OC generated in 37% yield for the two steps. The major by-product was characterized as yield). The unsaturated model alcohol similarly afforded the Wittig salt in low yield (Figure 13), whereas the saturated derivative gave phosphonium iodide almost quantitatively.

Our preferred method to prepare compound 49 entails the mixing of iodide 42 with I-Pr 2 NEt (0.5 equiv.) and PPh 3 (4 equiv.) in benzene/toluene and subjecting this mixture to an applied pressure of 10-15 Kbar.

As shown in Figure 14, assembly of the discodermolide backbone entailed Wittig coupling of aldehyde C with the ylide derived from AB phosphonium salt to install the C(8,9) Z alkene in (>49:1 Z/E, 76% yield). DIBAL reduction 25 0 0 (88% yield) followed by oxidation of the resultant primary alcohol then produced aldehyde The Sterminal Z diene was elaborated via the Yamamoto 00 protocol in 70% yield with excellent selectivity (16:1 Z/E).

After flash chromatography, hydrolysis of the hemithio acetal and mild DMSO/AcO oxidation provided lactone in 82% yield for the two steps. Removal of the PMB group (DDQ,

SCH

2 C1 2

H

2 0, 95% yield) and carbamate formation (CI 3

CONCO,

C1 CH 2 C1 2 neutral A1 2 0 3 83%) afforded tris(TBS ether)

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Final deprotection with 48% HF/CH 3 CN furnished C-i (-)-discodermolide, identical with an authentic sample (Figure Alternatively, lactone 58 can be prepared. by the Wittig coupling of aldehyde 67 with the ylide derived from 49, as shown in Figure 42. Regioselective ring opening of benzylidene acetal 76 with DIBAL followed by oxidation with pyridinium dichromate affords aldehyde 77. Application of the Yamamoto olefination protocol affords compound 58.

Alternatively, the diene installation can be effected using an alkyl chromium reagent generated by the procedure of Hodgson, et al., Tetrahedron Letters 1992, 33, 4761. The aldehyde 67 can be prepared by from compound (prepared generally according to the procedure of Smith, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.

1995, 117, 12011) by effecting a Mukaiyama aldol reaction between aldehyde 27 and enol ether 63 to form enone 64.

Reduction of enone 64 furnished a 9:1 mixture of carbinols, favoring the desired isomer. Protection of the newly formed carbinol with TBSC1 and subsequent ozonolysis of the trisubstituted olefin provides 67 in approximately 80% overall yield, as shown in figure 38..

Alternatively, the discodermolide backbone can be synthesized by installing the terminal diene before Wittig coupling with Fragment C. As shown in Figure D 26 O regioselective ring opening of benzylidine acetal 39 with DIBAL-H followed by oxidation and application of the Yamamoto Solefination protocol provides diene 73. Selective removal of OO the less hindered PMB using DDQ/H 2 0 is followed by conversion to the primary iodide and phosphonium salt 75. Alternatively, the primary PMB can be enhanced for either a dimethoxy benzyl ether or silyl protecting group earlier in the sequence.

c Application of Dauben's high pressure conditions results in approximately 75% yield of the desired phosphonium salt.

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10 Further assembly of the discodermolide backbone entails Wittig coupling of aldehyde 67 with the ylide derived from phosphonium salt 75 to afford 58. Further manipulation as indicated above (Figure 15) provides (+)-discodermolide.

Preferred processes according to the invention also involve contacting a phosphonium salt of formula I with base and an alkylthiol of formula I: RI R 2

R

3

R

6 Z2 R1 R4 R OR9 R (R18) 3X

I

Y

R

14 0,

R

11

R

16

SR

1 3

ID

O

00 O0 27 to form a diene of formula III:

SR

1 3

III

wherein: R R 2

R

3

R

7 R, R 11 Ri2 and R 13 are, independently, Ci-Co alkyl; X is a halogen;

R

6 is selected from the group consisting of H and C,- Ci 0 alkyl; hydroxyl Z, and Z 2 are, independently, 0, S or NR';

R

4 and R,5 are, independently, acid labile protecting groups; RS is C 6 aryl; Y is O, S or NR'; R' and R, 6 are, independently, hydrogen or C,-C 6 alkyl; and

R,

8 is C 6 aryl.

Such procedures preferably are run in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran at -78 oC 0 oC. Suitable bases for such procedures include sodium hexamethyldisilazide, potassium hexamethyldisilazide, and n-butyllithium with hexamethylphosphoramide.

ID 28 O Alkyl groups according to the invention include but are not limited to straight chain and branched chain hydrocarbons such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, pentyl, isopropyl, 00 2-butyl, isobutyl, 2-methylbutyl, and isopentyl moieties having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups are cyclic hydrocarbons having 3 to about 10 carbon atoms such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl Mf groups. Heterocycloalkyl groups are cycloalkyl groups which C include at least one heteroatom an atom which is not

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carbon, such as O, S, or N) in their cyclic backbone. Alkenyl Ce- groups according to the invention are straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbons that include one or more carboncarbon double bonds. Preferred alkenyl groups are those having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms. Alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and alkenyl groups according to the invention optionally can be unsubstituted or can bear one or more substituents such as, for example, halogen hydroxyl, amine, and epoxy groups.

Aryl groups according to the invention are aromatic and heteroaromatic groups having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, including, for example, naphthyl, phenyl, indolyl, and xylyl groups and substituted derivatives thereof, particularly those substituted with amino, nitro, hydroxy, methyl, methoxy, thiomethyl, trifluoromethyl, mercaptyl, and carboxy groups. Alkaryl groups are groups that contain alkyl and aryl portions and are covalently bound to other groups through the alkyl portion, as in a benzyl group.

Protecting groups are known per se as chemical functional groups that can be selectively appended to and removed from functionality, such as hydroxyl and amine groups, present in a chemical compound to render such functionality inert to certain chemical reaction conditions to which the compound is exposed. See, Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d edition, John Wiley Sons, New IN 29 0O 0 York, 1991. Numerous hydroxyl protecting groups are known in the art, including the acid-labile t-butyldimethylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, and triethylsilyl groups and the acid- O stable aralkyl benzyl), triisopropylsilyl, and tbutyldiphenylsilyl groups. Useful amine protecting groups include the allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBz), chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), isonicotinyloxycarbonyl (I-Noc) groups.

Phosphonium salts of formula I can be prepared by Sreacting a corresponding halogen of formula XXXXVI: 1 2 3 Z 2 OR4 OR9 xxx xmvi

XXXXVI

with P(R 18 3 in an for a time and under conditions effective to produce the salt. This reaction preferably is conducted in a aromatic hydrocarbon organic solvent such as toluene or benzene. A mixture of benzene and toluene in a ratio of 7:3 is preferred at a pressure of about 5 Kbar to about 20 Kbar.

The methods of the invention involve also are directed to the synthesis of alkenes of formula IV: R1

R

2 R 3 R 6 Z, Z1 R4 _OR 9 by contacting organometallic reagents of formula Va: \O ID 00 0 30

,MX

with vinyl halides of formula VIa:

OR

9 VIa wherein M is Li, Cu, Mg, or Zn, and R, 1 is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group. Alternatively, a vinyl halide of formula Vb: is contacted with an organometallic compound of formula VIb:

OR

9

S

OR

10 MX *7 R8 VIb Such reactions preferably are performed in the presence of a palladium-containing catalyst such as Pd(PPh 3 4 Pd(C1 2 (PPh 3 2 Pd (Cl) (dppf) 2 \O ID 00 oo 31 In yet another aspect, the synthetic methods of the invention are directed to the preparation of compounds having formula VII: 9

'R

16

SR

13

VII

by contacting a diene of formula VIIIa:

R

6 R OR 9 R140....

R150,Ji

R

R

1 2

SR

13 VIIIa with an organometallic compound having formula Va wherein R 24 is hydrogen and R 25 is hydrogen or an acid stable hydroxyl \O ID CD 0D 32 protecting group. Alternatively, an organometallic compound having formula VIIIb is contacted with a vinyl halide having formula Vb.

MR OR 9

R

1 4 R11 R16

R

1 5 0

R.R.

SR

13 VIIIb The reaction of compounds having formulas V and VIII preferably is performed in ether in the presence of a palladium- or nickel-containing catalyst.

The methods of the invention also involve producing dienes having formula VIIIa by contacting phosphonium salts having formula IX:

\O

ID

;Z

0 0 (N 1 oo 33 with a base such as sodium hexamethyl disilazide and an alkylthiol compound having formula II. Such procedures preferably are run in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran at -78 °C 0 oC. Suitable bases for such procedures include sodium hexamethyldisilazide, potassium hexamethyldisilazide, and nbutyllithium with hexamethylphosphoramide.

The methods of the invention also involve producing compounds of formula XXIII:

R

14 0

XXIII

by contacting an aldehyde of formula XXIV: OR2 R11 R 12

R

1 5 0

XXIV

with an enol ether of formula XXV: in the presence of a titanium salt and an organic acid to form an enone of formula XXVI: S- 34

Y

Ris 00

R

1

O

RisO

R

12 0 xxvt C Preferably, the reaction between aldehyde 27 and the enol ether O 62 is a Mukaiyama aldol reaction wherein the Lewis acid is a CI 5 titanium salt (such as TiCl 4 or some other Ti(IV) of Sn(IV) Lewis acid (such as SnCl 4 and the organic acid is trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, sulfuric acid, or pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate. Following the aldol reaction, enone 64 is contacted with a reducing agent to form the corresponding enol 65. Preferably, the reducing agent is potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride or sodium tri-secbutylborohydride (commercially available in THF as K- Selectride® and N-Selectride®, respectively) but may include chiral reducing agents such as lithium B-isopinocampheyl-9borabicyclo[3.3.l]nonyl hydride (commercially available in THF as Alpine-Hydride®.

According to the present invention, enol 65 is then contacted with a compound having formula R-L wherein R is an acid labile protecting group and L is a leaving group.

Preferably, R-L is t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride or tbutyldimethysilyl triflate.

The protected enol is then oxidized with an oxidizing agent such as 03 or the reagent combination of NaIO, with catalytic OsO, for a time and under conditions effective to oxidize the carbon-carbon double bond of the protected enol.

The methods of the present invention are also directed to the synthesis of diene having formula XXXIII: \O ID 00 0 35

XXXIII

by contacting phosphonium salts of formula XXXIV:

XXXIV

with base and a compound of formula XXXV:

R

14 0 RI11 R16 0

XXXV

Suitable bases for such procedures include potassium hexamethyldisilazide, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, n-butyllithium and potassium t-butoxide. A preferred solvent is toluene, preferably at a temperature of -78°C-0°C.

\O

ID

;Z

0

C)

0 (N 1 36 Phosphonium salts of formula XXXIV can be prepared by reacting a corresponding halogen of formula XXXXVII:

OR

2

XXXXVII

with P(Ria) 3 in an for a time and under conditions effective to produce the salt. This reaction preferably is conducted in a aromatic hydrocarbon organic solvent such as toluene or benzene. A mixture of benzene and toluene in a ratio of 7:3 is preferred at a pressure of about 5 Kbar to about 20 Kbar.

Further processes of the invention involve producing compound having formula XXXVI:

R

1

R

2

R

3 R6 OR4 R7 O R 9 Ri, R16

XXXVI

by contacting a compound of formula XXXVII:

OR

9

XXXVII

with base and a phosphonium salt of formula XXXIV: ID 37 OR4 R ORa l" XXXIV CC Preferred bases include sodium hexamethyldisilazide, potassium O hexamethyldisilazide, n-butyllithium with IND hexamethylphosphoramide, and potassium t-butoxide. A preferred solvent is toluene, preferably at a temperature of -78°C-0°C.

According to methods of the invention, removal of the acid stable protective group and carbamate formation followed by final deprotection furnishes compounds having formula:

R

Rj R H OH NH2 s Although preferred synthetic methods are those directed to (+)-discodermolide and compounds having like stereochemistry, those skilled in the art will recognize that the methods disclosed herein can be readily adapted to the synthesis of antipodal compounds such as, for example, discodermolide, and vice versa. All such synthetic methods are within the scope of the present invention.

The present invention provides compounds which mimic the chemical and/or biological activity of the discodermolides.

In preferred embodiments, such compounds have formula XI: 00 38

R

31 where

R

3 0 iS substituted or unsubstituted Cj-Cj 0 alkyl or a moiety formula XII or XIII:

R

40

R

41

R

4 3 W2

N

N'

WI 0 X1I

R

4 4

XIII

where A is Cl-C 20 alkyl, -CH 2 NH(T) or a moiety of formula XIV: 1 6

XIV

wherein T is peptide having 1 to about 10 amino acids;

R

32

R

40

R

42 1 R 43 1 R 46 1 R 47 and R 4 are, independently, hydrogen or Cl-CE alkyl;

R

41 is a side chain of an amino acid; W, and W 2 are, independently, -OR 4 9 or -NHP,; D 39 P is hydrogen or an amine protecting group;

SR

33 and R36 are, independently, hydrogen, Ci-Clo alkyl,

-OR

5 s, =0 or together form -CH 2

-CH

2 OO R 34 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen or together form

R

3 9 is -ORs 5 or -CH 2

-R,

1 R3 1 and R 44 are, independently, CI-Cio alkyl; SQi and Q2 are, independently, hydrogen,

-NHR

52 -OC(=0)NH 2 or together form

\O

0 1 0 Ro is hydrogen or a hydroxyl protecting group;

SR

51 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6

-C

14 aryl, tetrahydropyranyl, furanosyl, pyranosyl,

C

3 -Co lactonyl or 2pyranonyl;

R

45 is C 1

-C

6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6

-C

1 4 aryl, C 2 -Cio heterocycloalkyl,

C

3

-C,

1 cycloalkyl, or aralkyl; and

R

49 Rs 0 and R 52 are, independently, hydrogen or C-C 6 alkyl.

Some preferred compounds having formula XI are shown in Figures 33-36.

The term amino acid as used herein is intended to include all naturally-occurring and synthetic amino acids known in the art. In general, amino acids have structure HN-CH(R)- C(0)OH where R c is the amino acid side chain. Representative, naturally-occurring side chains are shown in Table 1.

00 40 TABLE 1

CH

3

HO-CH

2

C

6

H

5

-CH

2

HO-C

6

H

5

-CH

2 H /0 CH 2

HO

CH

3

-CH

2

-S-CH

2

-CH

2

HO-CH

2

-CH

2

CH

3

-CH

2

(OH)-

HO

2

C-CH

2

-NH

2 C -CH 2

H

HCO

2

-CH

2

-CH

2

NH

2 C -CH 2

CH

2 (CRH) 2

-CH-

(CHOI

3 2

-CH-CH

2

CH

3

-CH

2

-CH

2

H

2

N-CH

2

-CH

2

-CH

2

H

2 N-C (NH) -NH--CH 2

-CH

2

-CH

2

H

2 N-C -NH-CH 2

-C-

2

-CH

2

CH

3

-CH

2 -CH (CHO)

CH

3

-CH

2

-CH

2

-CH

2

H

2

N-CH

2

-CH

2

-CH

2

-CH

2

CH,-

HS-CH

2

HO

2 C-CH (NH 2

-CH

2

-S-S-CH

2

CH

3

-CH

2

CH

3

-S-CH

2

-CH

2 Hydrophobic amino acid side chains are preferred, including the

CH

3

C

6

H

5

-CH

2

CH

3

-CH

2

CH

3

-S-CH

2

-CH

2 (CHO) 2 (CHO) 2

-CH-

CH

2

CH

3

-CH

2 -CH (CHO) -1 and CH 3

-CH

2

-CH

2

-CH

2 side chains.

Peptides according to the invention are linear, branched, or cyclic chemical structures containing at least 2 covalently bound amino acids.

Certain compounds of the invention contain amino groups and, therefore, are capable of forming salts with various inorganic and organic acids. Such salts are also within the scope of this invention. Representative salts include acetate, adipate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, \O -41- O bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, Shydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, methanesulfonate, OO lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nitrate, oxalate, pamoate, persulfate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, tosylate, and undecanoate. The salts can be formed by conventional means, Ssuch as by reacting the free base form of the product with one Sor more equivalents of the appropriate acid in a solvent or S 10 medium in which the salt is insoluble, or in a solvent such as water which is later removed in vacuo or by freeze drying. The salts also can be formed by exchanging the anions of an existing salt for another anion on a suitable ion exchange resin.

The compounds of the invention can be admixed with carriers, excipients, and/or diluents to form novel compositions. Such compositions can be used in prophylactic, diagnostic, and/or therapeutic techniques. By administering an effective amount of such a composition, prophylactic or therapeutic responses can be produced in a human or some other type mammal. It will be appreciated that the production of prophylactic or therapeutic responses includes the initiation or enhancement of desirable responses, as well as the mitigation, cessation, or suppression of undesirable responses.

The compositions of the invention are expected to find use, for example, in the inhibition of undesired cell proliferation cancer) and in the inhibition of rejection in organ transplantation procedures. (See, Longley, et al., Transplantation 1991, 52, 650 and 656).

Compositions of the invention can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical art, for example, as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA, 1980). The compositions can include a compound of the invention as an active ingredient in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient ND 42-

\O

suitable, for example, for oral administration. Other suitable modes of administration will be apparent to those skilled in ;the art. The compound of the invention can be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable 0O carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, solutions, suppositories, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use. The carriers which can be used are water, glucose, Cc lactose, gum acacia, gelatin, mannitol, starch paste, magnesium trisilicate, talc, corn starch, keratin, colloidal silica, .O 10 potato starch, urea and other carriers suitable for use in manufacturing preparations, in solid, semisolid, or liquid form, and in addition auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening and coloring agents and perfumes may be used. The compound of the invention is included in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of diseases.

For oral administration, tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and glycine may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch and preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia.

Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often very useful for tableting purposes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be* employed as fillers in appropriately soluble gelatin) capsules; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.

When aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs are desired for oral administration, the active ingredient may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter or dyes, and, if so desired, emulsifying and/or suspending IND 43 agents as well, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, glycerin and various like combinations thereof.

;For parenteral administration, suspensions containing OO a compound of the invention in, for example, aqueous propylene glycol can be employed. The suspensions should be suitably buffered (preferably pH>8) if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic. The aqueous suspensions are suitable for intravenous injection purposes. The preparation of such suspensions under sterile conditions is readily accomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well-known to those g skilled in the art. Additionally, it is possible to administer the compounds of the invention topically and this may preferably be done by way of creams, jellies, gels, pastes, ointments and the like, in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice.

The compounds of the invention can be employed as the sole active agent in a pharmaceutical composition or can be used in combination with other active ingredients, other agents useful in diseases or disorders.

The amount of active ingredient that is to be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. The specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.

In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effects provided that such higher dose levels are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day. The concentrations of the active ingredient in therapeutic compositions will vary depending upon a number of ID 44 0 factors, including the dosage of the drug to be administered, O the chemical characteristics hydrophobicity) of the Sactive ingredient, and the route of administration. Typical 00 dose ranges are from about 285 pg/kg of body weight per day in three divided doses; a preferred dose range is from about 42 pg/kg to about 171 pg/kg of body weight per day. The preferred dosage to be administered is likely to depend on such variables Sas the type and extent of progression of the disease or C-i disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, and Cg formulation of the compound excipient, and its route of administration, as well as other factors, including bioavailability, which is in turn influenced by several factors well known to those skilled in the art.

Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following examples thereof, which are not intended to be limiting.

All reactions were carried out in oven-dried or flame-dried glassware under an argon atmosphere, unless otherwise noted. All solvents were reagent grade. Diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were freshly distilled from sodium/benzophenone under argon before use. Dichloromethane, benzene and diisopropyl amine were freshly distilled from calcium hydride before use. Triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine were distilled from calcium hydride and stored over potassium hydroxide. Hexamethylphosphoramide was freshly distilled from calcium hydride. Anhydrous pyridine, dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Aldrich and used without purification. n-Butyllithium and t-butyllithium were purchased from Aldrich and standardized by titration with diphenylacetic acid.

Unless stated otherwise all reactions were magnetically stirred and monitored by thin layer chromatography using 0.25 mm E. Merck pre-coated silica gel plates. Flash OD O column chromatography was performed with the indicated solvents Susing silica gel-60 (particle size 0.040-0.062 mm) supplied by E. Merck. Yields refer to chromatographically and OO spectroscopically pure compounds, unless otherwise stated.

All melting points were determined on a Bristoline heated-stage microscope or a Thomas-Hoover apparatus and are corrected. The IR and NMR were obtained for CHC1 3 and CDC1 3 solutions respectively unless otherwise noted. Infrared spectra were recorded with a Perkin-Elmer Model 283B

\O

10 spectrometer using polystyrene as an external standard. Proton NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-500 spectrometer.

Carbon-13 NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-500 or AM-250 spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported relative to internal tetramethylsilane (d 0.00) for proton and chloroform 6 77.0) or benzene (6 128.0) for carbon-13. Optical rotations were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer model 241 polarimeter in the solvent indicated. High-resolution mass spectra were obtained at the University of Pennsylvania Mass Spectrometry Service Center on either a VG micromass 70/70H high resolution double-focusing electron impact/chemical ionization spectrometer or a VG ZAB-E spectrometer. Microanalyses were performed by Robertson Laboratories, Madison, New Jersey.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure determination were performed at the University of Pennsylvania using an Enraf Nonius CAD-4 automated diffractometer. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using a Ranin component analytical/semi-prep system.

EXAMPLE 62 Alcohol p-Methoxybenzyl alcohol (200 g, 1.45 mol) was added to a suspension of NaH (60% in mineral oil; 5.82 g, 0.146 mol) in anhydrous ether (450 mL) over 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 h and cooled to 0 0

C.

Trichloroacetonitrile (158 mL, 1.58 mol) was then introduced OD -46- O over 80 min. After 1.5 h the solution was concentrated with the O water bath temperature maintained below 40 oC. The residue was Streated with a mixture of pentane (1.5 L) and MeOH (5.6 mL), 00 stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and filtered through a short Celite column. Concentration gave the trichloroimidate (394.3 g) as a red oil which was used without further purification.

c A solution of ester (124.7 g, 1.06 mol) Cq in CH 2 Cl 2 /cyclohexane 1.5 L) was cooled to 0 OC and

\O

treated with trichloroimidate (364.3 g) and PPTS (13.3 g, 52.9 eC mmol). After 3 h, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred for 40 h, and concentrated. Filtration through a short silica column (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded the ester (303.5 g) as a slight yellow oil.

The ester (303.5 g) was divided into three portions for the next reaction. In each preparation, solution of crude ester (112.8 g) in anhydrous THF (1.0 L) was cooled to 0 °C and LiAlH 4 (1.0 M in THF, 560 mL, 0.560 mol) was added over 1 h.

The mixture was warmed gradually to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. After dilution with ether (1.0 L) the mixture was cooled to 0 OC and quenched carefully with saturated aqueous Rochelle's salt (20 mL). The resultant mixture was then transferred to a 4-L flask, diluted with ether and treated with additional Rochelle's solution (ca.

300 mL) with shaking until a solid precipitated. The solution was filtered, concentrated, and the residue (including the aqueous layer) was diluted with ether (700 mL), dried over Na 2

SO

4 filtered and concentrated. The crude products of the three reactions were combined and distilled under vacuum, furnishing (142.7 g, 74% yield for two steps) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 3 D -16.90 1.28, CHCI 3 IR (CHC1 3 3510 3015 2965 2940 2920 2870 2840 1618 1590 1517 1470 1445 1423 1365 1305 1250 1178 1092 1037 826 814 718 710 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, OD -47- 0 CDC13) d 7.23 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.86 J 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.43 (ABq, JA8 11.7 Hz, A5,, 13.2 Hz, 2 3.78 3 H), S3.61-3.54 2 3.53 (ddd, J= 9.1, 4.7, 0.8 Hz, 1 3.38 00 (dd, J 9.1, 7.9 Hz, 1 2.60 (br s, 1 2.08-1.98 1 0.90 J 7.0 Hz, 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.2, 130.2, 129.2, 113.8, 75.0, 73.0, 67.7, 55.2, 35.6, 13.4; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 210.1252 calcd for

C

12

H

18 0 3 210.1256].

C- Anal. Calcd for CH 1 8 0 3 C, 68.54; H, 8.63. Found:

\O

C, 68.41; H, 8.60.

EXAMPLE 2 Aldol A solution of DMSO (40.0 mL, 564 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 L) was cooled to -78 OC and oxalyl chloride (23.0 mL, 263 mmol) was added over 1 h. After an additional 15 min, a cooled (-78 solution of alcohol (38.0 g, 181 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 mL) was introduced via a cannula over 15 min (20 mL rinse) and the resultant milky mixture was stirred 0.5 h further at -78 I-Pr 2 NEt (150 mL, 861 mmol) was then added over 15 min.

The mixture was stirred for 30 min, slowly warmed to room temperature (70 min), and quenched with aqueous NaHSO, (1.0 M, The organic phase was concentrated, diluted with ether (500 mL), washed with water (6 x 500 mL), dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated to give the corresponding aldehyde (38.0 g) as a colorless oil.

A solution of oxazolidinone (44.3 g, 190 mmol) in CH 2 C1, (500 mL) was cooled to 0 OC. n-Bu 2 BOTf (1.0 M in

CH

2 C1 2 199.0 mL, 199 mmol) was introduced over 0.5 h, followed by addition of NEt 3 (30.2 mL, 217 mmol) over 10 min. The mixture was stirred at 0 OC for 0.5 h and cooled to -78 oC.

A precooled (-78 OC) solution of the above aldehyde in CH 2 C1, (100mL) was then added via a cannula over 30 min (2 x rinse). After 2 h at -78 OC and 2 h at 0 the reaction was ND 48 0 0 quenched with pH 7 phosphate buffer (200 mL). The mixture was slowly treated with a solution of 30% H 2 0, in MeOH 600 mL) at 0 stirred overnight at room temperature, and O concentrated. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 250 mL) and the combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaHC03 and water (500 mL each), dried over MgSO, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (30% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (70.9 g, 89% yield from 8) as C\ a colorless oil: [a] 2 3 D +278° 0.49, CHC3) IR (CHCl 3 3470 S 10 br), 3020 2980 2940 2920 2880 1790 C- 1705 1620 1590 1520 1485 1460 1390 1360 1305 1230 (br, 1110 1080 1035 985 970 820 695 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.33-7.30 2 7.27-7.19 5 6.85 J 8.7 Hz, 2 4.67-4.63 1 4.42 (apparent s, 2 4.14 (apparent d, J 5.0 Hz, 2 3.93 (qd, J= 6.9, 3.4 Hz, 1 3.85 (ddd, J= 8.2, 3.1, 3.1 Hz, 1 3.78 3 H), 3.69 J 2.8 Hz, 1 3.54 (apparent t, J= 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.54 (dd, J 21.1, 9.2 Hz, 1 3.28 (dd, J 13.4, 3.2 Hz, 1 2.76 (dd, J 13.4, 9.6 Hz, 1 1.98-1.93 1 H), 1.25 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.0 Hz, 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) d 176.1, 159.2, 153.0, 135.3, 129.9, 129.3, 129.2, 128.8, 127.2, 113.7, 75.3, 74.5, 73.1, 66.0, 55.5, 55.2, 40.6, 37.7, 35.9, 13.5, 9.7; high resolution mass spectrum (CI,

NH

3 m/z 442.2243 calcd for C 25

H

3 2 NO6: 442.2229].

Anal. Calcd for C 25

H

3

,NO

6 C, 68.01; H, 7.08. Found: C, 67.81; H, 7.26.

EXAMPLE 3 Common Precursor A suspension of N,0-Dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (46.9 g, 481 mmol) in THF (250 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and AlMe 3 (2.0 M in hexane, 240 mL, 480 mmol) was added over 30 min. The resultant solution was warmed to room ND 49 0 Stemperature, stirred for 0.5 h and then cooled to -30 A solution of oxazolidinone (70.9 g, 161 mmol) in THF (150 mL) was introduced over 20 min via cannula (20 mL rinse) O After 3 h, the solution was poured slowly into a mixture of aqueous HC1 (1.0 N, 1.2 L) and CH 2 Cl 2 (1.0 L) at 0 °C and the mixture was shaken vigorously for 1 h. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 500 mL) and the combined organic (extracts were washed with water (3 x 1.0 dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. The crude material was taken up in ethyl acetate/hexane 150 mL) with vigorous stirring to precipitate most of the chiral auxiliary. Filtration, concentration and flash chromatography (20% acetone/hexane) afforded (46.2 g, 88% yield) as a colorless oil: [c] 23

D

+144° 0.41, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3470 br), 3010 2975 2945 2915 2870 2845 1680 1590 1515 1465 1425 1390 1365 1310 1250 1180 1150 1090 1040 1000 825 cm-1; IH NMR (500 MHZ, CDC 3 d 7.25 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.86 J= 8.7 Hz, 2 4.44 (ABq, JAB 11.6 Hz, AAB 17.1 Hz, 2 3.95 J 2.8 Hz, 1 3.79 3 H), 3.70 (ddd, J= 8.2, 3.2, 3.2 Hz, 1 3.66 3 3.62 (dd, J 9.0, 4.0 Hz, 1 3.53 (dd, J 9.1, 5.9 Hz, 1 3.17 3 3.04 1 1.91-1.84 1 1.17 J Hz, 3 0.98 J= 6.9 Hz, 3 13 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 d 178.0, 159.0, 130.6, 129.1, 113.7, 113.6, 73.8, 72.8, 72.6, 61.3, 55.1, 36.5, 36.0, 14.2, 10.4; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 326.1962 calcd for C 1 H2, 8

NO:

326.1967].

Anal. Calcd for C, 7

H

27 NOs: C, 62.74; H, 8.36. Found: C, 62.74; H, 8.24.

EXAMPLE 4 Weinreb Amide \D 50 0 D A mixture of common precursor (337.3 mg, 1.04 J! mmol), 4 A molecular sieves (344 mg), and CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) was Scooled to 0 OC and treated with DDQ (310.3 mg, 1.37 mmol).

00 After 1.5 h, the mixture was filtered through a short Celite column (50% ethyl acetate/hexane). The filtrate was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and water (100 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography M (30% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (255.6 mg, 76% CA yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 3 -3390 0.520, CHCl 3

IR

IO

S 10 (CHC1 3 3010 2970 2940 2880 2840 1663 Cq 1620 1592 1520 1466 1447 1425 1393 1375 1307 1253 1178 1120 1083 1035 1015 1000 930 830 700 660 620 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.41 J 8.8 Hz, 2 6.87 J= 8.8 Hz, 2 5.46 1 H), 4.04 (dd, J 11.3, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.82 (dd, J 9.8, 6.5 Hz, 1 3.79 3 3.71 3 3.51 (apparent t, J 11.2 Hz, 1 3.19 3 3.21-3.14 1 1.98-1.92 1 1.27 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.75 J 6.8 Hz, 3 "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 175.8, 159.8, 131.2, 127.2, 113.5, 100.7, 82.8, 72.8, 61.3, 55.3, 39.0, 33.8, 32.6, 13.1, 12.4; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 323.1736 calcd for C,,H,,NOs: 323.1732 Anal. Calcd for C, 7

H

2 sNOs: C, 63.14; H, 7.79. Found: C, 63.18; H, 7.74.

EXAMPLE Aldehyde A solution of amide (2.07 g, 6.40 mmol) in THF mL) was cooled to -78 °C and LiAlH 4 (1.0 M in THF, 3.40 mL, 3.40 mmol) was added over 15 min. After 10 min at -78 °C and min at 0 OC, the mixture was quenched with MeOH (1.0 mL), and partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous Rochelle's salt (100 mL each). The organic phase was washed ID 51 0 o with brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (15% ethyl acetate/hexane) gave (1.38 g, 80% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 3

D

00 0.46, CHC13); IR (CHCl 3 3015 2970 2940 2840 1735 1725 1615 1590 1520 1460 1390 1370 1305 1250 1170 1115 1085 1035 990 960 830 cm-1; i'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 9.74 (apparent s, 1 7.32 J (C 8.8 Hz, 2 6.84 J 8.7 Hz, 2 5.46 1 4.13

\O

(dd, J= 11.5, 4.8 Hz, 1 4.05 (dd, J 10.4, 2.6 Hz, 1 H), C1 3.77 3 3.56 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 2.56 (qd, J 7.1, 2.6 Hz, 1 2.15-2.03 1 1.23 J= 7.1 Hz, 3 0.80 J 6.7 Hz, 3 "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 204.0, 159.9, 130.7, 127.2, 113.5, 100.9, 81.6, 72.8, 55.2, 47.4, 30.3, 11.9, 7.1; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 265.1432 calcd for CH, 2 0 4 265.1439].

EXAMPLE 6 Aldol A solution of oxazolidinone (21.6 g, 92.7 mmol) in CH 2 C1, (200 mL) was cooled to 0 oC and n-Bu 2 BOTf (1.0 M in

CH

2 C12, 86.1 mL, 86.1 mmol) was added over 0.5 h, followed by addition of NEt 3 (15.7 mL, 112.5 mmol) over 10 min. The mixture was stirred at 0 OC for 1 h and cooled to -78 OC. A solution of aldehyde (17.5 g, 66.2 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 mL) was added over 10 min. After additional 20 min at -78 °C and 1 h at 0 OC, the reaction was quenched with pH 7 phosphate buffer (100 mL) and MeOH (300 mL), then slowly treated with a solution of 30% H 2 0 2 in MeOH 100 mL) at 0 OC. After 1 h, saturated aqueous Na 2

S

2 03 (100 mL) was added. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 250 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous Na 2

S

2 03, aqueous NaHCO 3 brine (200 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ID 52 0 0 (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (26.3 g, 80% yield) c as white crystals: mp 98-100 [a] 23 D +13.5° 1.19, CHC1 3 SIR (CHC1 3 3690 3520 br), 3020 2980 2940 00 2880 2850 1790 1695 1620 1595 1525 1505 1490 1465 1390 1365 1310 1260-1210 br), 1175 1120 1085 S1040 1020 985 970 930 830 700 (m) M cm-; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.35 J 8.7 Hz, 2 7.31 ri J 7.6 Hz, 2 7.27 J 7.2 Hz, 1 7.19 J S 10 7.7 Hz, 2 6.84 J 8.7 Hz, 2 5.45 1 H), ri 4.67-4.62 1 4.14 (apparent d, J 5.3 Hz, 2 4.08 (dd, J 11.4, 4.8 Hz, 1 4.07 (apparent t, J 4.1 Hz, 1 4.04-3.99 1 3.76 3 3.61 (dd, J 9.9, 2.2 Hz, 1 3.51 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 3.33 J= 1.3 Hz, 1 3.21 (dd, J= 13.4, 3.4 Hz, 1 2.76 (dd, J 13.4, 9.4 Hz, 1 2.12-2.06 1 1.92-1.86 1 1.31 (d, J 6.9 Hz, 3 1.07 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.74 J 6.7 Hz, 3 1 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 177.1, 160.0, 152.7, 135.0, 131.0, 129.4, 128.9, 127.40, 127.39, 113.6, 101.2, 85.8, 74.5, 73.0, 66.0, 55.2, 54.9, 39.8, 37.7, 35.7, 30.4, 12.8, 11.7, 7.8; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 497.2410 [M calcd for C 28

H

35 497.2413].

Anal. Calcd for C 2

,H

3 sNO,: C, 67.58; H, 7.09. Found: C, 67.42; H, 7.02.

EXAMPLE 7 Acetal A solution of alcohol (26.3 g, 52.9 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (11.1 mL, 95.3 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (150 mL) was cooled to -20°C and TBSOTf (20.5 mL, 79.3 mmol) was added over 30 min.

After additional 2 h at 0 the mixture was diluted with ether (300 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO 4 (1.0 M, 200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried over MgS0 4 filtered and concentrated.

Flash chromatography (gradient elution, 5% 10% ethyl IND 53 0 Sacetate/hexane) afforded (32.4 g, 100% yield) as a b colorless oil: [c] 2 3 0 +20.30 1.32, CHCI 3 IR (CHCI 3 3025 S(m) 2970 2940 2864 1788 1705 1620 00 1597 (w),1524 1503 1470 1447 1430 1395 1358 1307 1255 1135 1120 1075 1030 985 976 930 865 838 813 790 700 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC 3 d g7.38 J 8.7 Hz, 2 7.30-7.12 5 6.82 J 8.7 Hz, 2 5.44 1 4.30 (dddd, J 13.4, 7.3, 5.1, 5.1 Hz, 1 4.11 (dd, J 7.1, 4.0 Hz, 1 4.02 (dd, J 11.2, ri 4.7 Hz, 1 3.97 (dq, J 7.0, 7.0 Hz, 1 3.80 (dd, J 8.9, 2.3 Hz, 1 3.740 (apparent t, J 4.9 Hz, 1 H) 3.738 3 3.48 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 3.27 (apparent t, J 8.2 Hz, 1 3.15 (dd, J 13.4, 3.2 Hz, 1 2.59 (dd, J 13.4, 9.8 Hz, 1 2.05 (apparent qd, J 7.4, 4.2 Hz, 1 2.02-1.94 1 1.19 J 6.9 Hz, 1 1.04 J 7.5 Hz, 3 0.92 9 0.73 J 6.7 Hz, 3 H), 0.05 3 0.04 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 d 175.6, 159.9, 152.4, 135.5, 132.0, 129.4, 128.8, 127.8, 127.2, 113.4, 100.7, 80.7, 74.6, 73.1, 65.3, 55.3, 55.2, 41.4, 40.9, 37.4, 30.6, 26.0, 18.1, 15.0, 12.7, 11.5, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 612.3340 calcd for

C

34 HsoNO 7 Si: 612.3356].

Anal. Calcd for C 34

H

49 gNOSi: C, 66.74; H, 8.07. Found: C, 66.69; H, 7.98.

EXAMPLE 8 Alcohol A solution of acetal (32.0 g, 52.3 mmol) in THF (600 mL) was cooled to -30 °C and EtOH (6.14 mL, 105 mmol) was added, followed by addition of LiBH 4 (2.0 M in THF, 52.3 mL, 105 mmol) over 15 min. After additional 1 h at 0 °C and 12 h at room temperature, the mixture was diluted with ether quenched carefully with aqueous NaOH (1.0 N, 200 mL) and IND 54 stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine (500 mL), dried ;over Na 2

SO

4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography 00 (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (18.7 g, 81% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 3 D -36.10 1.15, CHCl 3 IR (CHCl 3 3630 3480 br), 3010 2960 2940 2885 2860 1620 1594 1523 1468 1445 M1430 1395 1365 1307 1255 1175 C1 1165 (m),1150 1120 1080 1030 990 968 910 860 833 700 645 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 7.36 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.85 J 8.8 Hz, 2 5.38 1 4.08 (dd, J= 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.84 (dd, J 6.7, 1.9 Hz, 1 3.77 3 3.53 (dd, J 9.9, 1.8 Hz, 1 3.55-3.52 1 3.47 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 3.44 (dd, J 10.3, 6.2 Hz, 1 2.08-1.97 2 H), 1.94 (dqd, J 7.1, 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1 1.76 (br s, 1 1.02 J 7.1, 3 0.88 9 0.84 J 6.9 Hz, 3 H), 0.73 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.03 3 0.00 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 159.8, 131.4, 127.3, 113.5, 101.0, 82.9, 74.3, 73.3, 66.3, 55.2, 38.7, 37.8, 30.7, 26.1, 18.3, 12.2, 11.1, 10.7, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH3) m/z 439.2889 calcd for C 24

H

43 0 5 Si: 439.2879].

Anal. Calcd for C 24

H

42

O

5 Si: C, 65.71; H, 9.65. Found: C, 65.51; H 9.54.

EXAMPLE 9 Tosylate A solution of alcohol (5.00 g, 11.4 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (30 mL) was cooled to 0 aC and treated with TsCl (3.91 g, 20.5 mmol). After 30 min at 0 'C and 5 h at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (20 mL). The mixture was diluted with ether (200 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO 4 (1.0 aqueous NaHCO 3 brine (200 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated.

ID 55 0 0 Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (3 (6.76 g, 100% yield) as white solid: mp 71-72 OC; [a] 2 3 D -23.2° 1.42, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3020 3000 2960 2935 00 2880 2855 1617 1600 1590 1518 1495 1462 1390 1360 1302 1250 1190 1178 1120 1098 1085 1070 (s, 1032 963 900 830 810 653 'H NMR mr (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.70 J 8.3 Hz, 2 7.34 J 8.7 Cq Hz, 2 7.25 J 8.8 Hz, 2 6.86 J 8.7 Hz, 2 H),

\O

5.36 3 4.07 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.85 (dd, J (C 7.3, 2.7 Hz, 1 3.79 3 3.71 (dd, J 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.48 (dd, J 9.9, 1.4 Hz, 1 3.45 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 2.40 3 2.15 (dqd, J 13.9, 7.0, 1.7 Hz, 1 2.05-1.96 1 1.83 (dqd, J 7.1, 7.1, 1.6 Hz, 1 0.94 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.82 9 0.81 J 7.7 Hz, 3 0.69 J 6.7 Hz, 3 -0.04 3 -0.11 (s, 3 "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.8, 144.6, 133.2, 131.3, 129.7, 127.9, 127.3, 113.5, 100.9, 82.0, 73.7, 73.2, 73.0, 55.2, 38.4, 35.5, 30.6, 26.0, 21.6, 18.3, 12.2, 10.6, 10.3, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 593.2955 calcd for C3 1

H

4 90,SSi: 593.2968].

EXAMPLE Fragment From Tosylate A solution of Tosylate (6.76 g, 11.4 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (50 mL) was treated with Nal (17.1 g, 114.0 mmol), heated at 60 °C for 1.5 h, and cooled to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ether (200 mL), washed with water (200 mL), saturated aqueous Na 2

S

2 03 (100 mL), brine (200 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (5.87 g, 94 yield) as a colorless oil.

From Alcohol A solution of alcohol (4.70 g, 10.7 mmol), PPh 3 (4.21 g, 16.1 mmol) and imidazole ND 56 0O 0 (1.09 g, 16.1 mmol) in benzene/ether 75 mL) was treated with 12 4.08 g, 16.1 mmol) under vigorous stirring. The Smixture was stirred 1 h then diluted with ether (200 mL), washed with saturated Na 2

S

2

O

3 brine (100 mL each), dried over 00 MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (2% ethyl acetate/hexane) furnished (5.56 g, 95% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 3 D -39.3° 2.01, CHCl 3 IR (CHCl3) 3015 2960 2940 2860 1620 1520 1465 C- 1430 1390 1305 1255 1230 1215

\O

S 10 1205 1170 1120 1070 1035 990 970 930 830 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.39 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.86 J 8.8 Hz, 2 5.40 1 H), 4.09 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.85 (dd, J 7.1, 1.9 Hz, 1 3.79 3 3.48 (dd, J 8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1 3.47 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 3.18-3.12 2 2.11-2.00 2 1.84 (ddq, J 7.1, 7.1, 1.6 Hz, 1 1.02 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.98 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.89 9 0.72 J= 6.7 Hz, 3 0.06 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.8, 131.4, 127.4, 113.4, 100.9, 82.4, 75.5, 73.2, 55.3, 39.6, 38.7, 30.7, 26.2, 18.4, 14.7, 14.5, 12.2, 10.7, -3.7, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH3) m/z 548.1833 calcd for C 24 HIIOSi: 548.1819].

Anal. Calcd for C 24

H

41

O

4 ISi: C, 52.55; H, 7.53. Found: C, 52.77; H, 7.68.

EXAMPLE 11 Amide A solution of common precursor (12.1 g, 37.2 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (7.80 mL, 70.0 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (90 mL) was cooled to 0°C and tert-Butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (12.8 mL, 55.8 mmol) was added over min. After 1.5 h, the mixture was diluted with Et 2 O (100 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO, (1.0 brine (200 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash ID 57- 0 0 chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) provided (16.4 g, 100% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 23 D +9.49° 1.47, SCHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3018 2970 2945 2900 2870 00 1658 (s),1620 1592 1520 1470 1448 1425 1393 1367 1308 1255 1213 1185 1178 1115 1084 1042 1000 940 928 871 839 770 726 664 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.21 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.83 (d, J 8.7, 2 4.36 (ABq, JA 11.6 Hz, A6 17.3 Hz, 2 H), 3.92 (dd, J 8.2, 3.0 Hz, 1 3.77 3 3.55 3 H), 3.54 (dd, J 9.2, 2.5 Hz, 1 3.13 (dd, J 9.2, 7.8 Hz, 1 3.09 3 3.15-3.09 1 1.92-1.87 1 1.09 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.98 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.88 9 H), 0.04 (apparent s, 6 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 d 176.8, 159.1, 130.9, 129.2, 113.7, 76.0, 72.7, 71.9, 61.1, 55.2, 39.3, 38.9, 26.1, 18.4, 15.3, 15.0, -3.87, -3.93; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 440.2823 calcd for C 23

H

42

NO

5 Si: 440.2832].

Anal. Calcd for C 23

H,

1

NO

5 Si: C, 62.83; H, 9.40. Found: C, 63.05; H, 9.32.

EXAMPLE 12 Aldehyde A solution of amide (9.19 g, 20.9 runol) in THF (350 mL) was cooled to -78 °C and DIBAL (1.0 M in hexane, 44.0 mL, 44.0 mmol) was added over 30 min. After 0.5 h at -78 °C, the reaction was quenched with MeOH (10 mL). The mixture was diluted with ether (500 mL), washed with saturated aqueous Rochelle's salt, brine (300 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) gave (7.05 g, 89% yield) as a colorless oil: [aI 2 3 D +23.2° 1.49, CHC1 3 IR (CHC13) 2960 2930 2860 1730 1610 1583 1510 1460 1373 1360 1300 1245 1170 1085 IND 58 0 1033 933 835 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d W 9.67 J 0.9 Hz, 1 7.22 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.86 (d, ZJ 8.7 Hz, 2 4.37 (ABq, 11.6 Hz, A5 23.6 Hz, 2 00 4.18 (dd, J 6.1, 3.7 Hz, 1 3.78 3 3.41 (dd, J 9.2, 5.7 Hz, 1 3.31 (dd, J 9.2, 6.0 Hz, 1 2.47 (qdd, J 7.1, 3.7, 0.9 Hz, 1 2.03-1.95 1 1.08 (d, SJ 7.0 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.0 Hz, 3 H) 0.84 9 H), 0 004 3 -0.03 3 H) 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 204.8, S159.2, 130.5, 129.2, 113.8, 72.7, 72.4, 71.7, 55.3, 50.0, 38.3, 0 10 25.9, 18.2, 14.3, 8.4, high resolution mass CI spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 403.2304 calcd for

C

21

H

36 0 4 SiNa: 403.2280].

EXAMPLE 13 Bromo Ester 19.

A solution of aldehyde (822.1 mg, 2.16 mmol) in benzene (20 mL) was treated with Ph 3 P=CBrCO 2 Et (2.28 g, 5.34 mmol), heated at reflux for 40 h and cooled to room temperature. The mixture was filtered through a short silica column (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded Z- Bromo ester (861.4 mg, 75% yield) and E-Bromo Ester (101.0 mg, 8.8% yield).

Z-Bromo Ester Colorless oil; [a] 2 3 -6.38° 1.85, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 2960 2940 2860 1725 1618 1590 1515 1468 1390 1370 1303 1250 br), 1176 1090 1037 1008 950 940 840 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, C 6

D

6 d 7.45 (d, J 9.7 Hz, 1 7.26 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.80 J 8.7 Hz, 2 4.37 (ABq, JA 11.6 Hz, A 6

A

2 19.3 Hz, 2 3.99, (dq, J 10.8, 7.1 Hz, 1 3.94 (dq, J 10.8, 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.82 (apparent t, J 5.4 Hz, 1 3.41 (dd, J 9.1, 6.3 Hz, 1 3.31 3 3.30 (dd, J 9.2, 6.5 Hz, 1 3.13-3.06 1 2.05 (apparent septet, J 6.9 Hz, 1 1.013 (d,

IO

-59 J 7.0 Hz, 3 1.006 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.97 9 H), ;Z 0.92 (apparent t, J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.06 3 0.05 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 162.5, 159.1, 149.6, 130.8, 00 O 129.0, 114.9, 113.7, 75.5, 72.6, 72.2, 62.4, 55.3, 40.2, 38.9, 26.0, 18.3, 14.2, 14.1, 13.7, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 546.2270 [(M+NH 4 calcd for c C 25

H

45 NOsBrSi: 546.22511.

Anal. Calcd for C 25

H

4 OsBrSi. C, 56.70; H, 7.80.

ND Found: C, 56.96; H, 7.86.

E-Bromo Ester Colorless oil; [a] 23 +3.20 1.65, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 2965 2940 2905 2890 2865 1720 1617 1590 1518 -1468 1375 1350 1305 1250 br), 1177 1090 1035 1007 950 840 675 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.23 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.86 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.56 J 10.6 Hz, 1 4.39 (apparent s, 2 4.24 (dq, J= 10.8, 7.1 Hz, 1 4.22 (dq, J 10.8, 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.79 3 3.61 (dd, J 5.5, 5.0 Hz, 1 3.43 (dd, J 9.2, 5.5 Hz, 1 3.39-3.32 1 3.24 (dd, J 9.1, 7.2 Hz, 1 1.98-1.90 1 1.30 (apparent t, J 7.1 Hz, 1 1.00 J= 6.7 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.89 9 0.05 3 0.03 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 162.8, 159.1, 151.9, 130.8, 129.1, 113.7, 110.2, 76.3, 72.6, 72.2, 62.1, 55.2, 38.8, 26.1, 18.3, 14.7, 14.1, 13.9, -4.06, -4.10; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 529.1982 calcd for C 25

H

42 BrOsSi: 529.1985].

Anal. Calcd for C 25

H

4 OsBrSi: C, 56.70; H, 7.80.

Found: C, 56.83; H, 7.99.

EXAMPLE 14 Allylic Alcohol A solution of ester (858.4 mg, 1.62 mmol) in

CH

2 C1 2 (16 mL) was cooled to -78 0 C and DIBAL (1.0 M in hexane, 3.60 mL, 3.60 mmol) was added over 10 min. After 5 min at -78 \Q 60 O °c and 10 min at room temperature, the reaction was quenched 3 with MeOH (200 mL), followed by addition of saturated aqueous SRochelle's salt dropwise with stirring until a solid OO precipitated. The solution was separated by decanting (3 x mL rinse, ethyl acetate) and the combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO,, and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (674.5 mg, Syield) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 3 D -15.50 2.51, CHC1 3

IR

C( (CHC1 3 3600 3420 br), 3010 2960 2940

\O

C 10 2890 2860 1618 1590 1520 1470 Cy 1380 1315 1307 1255 1178 1085 1039 1010 972 940 840 675 660 (m) cm-1; H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.24 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.87 J 8.7 Hz, 2 5.88 (br d, J 9.3 Hz, 1 4.39 (ABq, JA 11.6 Hz, a 6 AB 18.3 Hz, 2 4.16 (apparent d, J 5.6 Hz, 2 3.79 3 3.59 (apparent t, J 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.48 (dd, J 9.2, 5.3 Hz, 1 3.23 (dd, J 9.2, 7.7 Hz, 1 2.82-2.76 1 2.00-1.92 1 0.98 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.97 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.88 9 0.024 (s, 3 0.016 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) d 159.1, 134.1, 130.9, 129.1, 125.1, 113.7, 76.5, 72.6, 72.3, 68.4, 55.3, 39.1, 38.7, 26.1, 18.4, 14.9, 14.3, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 487.1873 calcd for C 23 Ho 40 OBrSi: 487.1879].

Anal. Calcd for C 23

H

39 04BrSi: C, 56.66; H, 8.06.

Found: C, 56.72; H, 8.07.

EXAMPLE Mesylate A solution of alcohol (6.85 g, 14.1 mmol) in

CH

2 Cl1 (150 mL) was cooled to 0 oC and MsCl (2.20 mL, 28.4 mmol) was added over 2 min. After 10 min, the reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHSO, (1.0 M, 100 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (100 mL), dried over MgSO,, and concentrated.

ID 61 0 Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded J (7.85 g, 99% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 23 D -14.6° 1.40, SCHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3020 2960 2940 2880 2860 00 1730 1610 1583 1510 1460 1410 1362 1300 1250 1220 1175 1080 1032 1002 960 937 835 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.23 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.86 J 8.6 m Hz, 2 6.07 J= 9.4 Hz, 1 4.74 J= 0.4 Hz, 2 H), (C 4.38 (ABq, JA 11.7 Hz, A6, 25.5 Hz, 2 3.79 3 H),

\O

C 10 3.61 (apparent t, J 5.2 Hz, 1 3.44 (dd, J= 9.2, 5.7 Hz, 1 3.22 (dd, J= 9.2, 7.3 Hz, 1 3.01 3 2.84-2.77 1 1.99-1.91 1 0.98 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.96 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.88 9 0.03 3 0.02 (s, 3 "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.1, 140.9, 130.8, 129.1, 116.7, 113.8, 76.1, 74.2, 72.6, 72.1, 55.3, 39.6, 38.8, 38.5, 26.0, 18.3, 14.7, 14.3, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 582.1911 [(M+NH 4 calcd for

C

2

,H

45

NO

6 BrSSi: 582.1920].

EXAMPLE 16 Vinyl Bromide A solution of mesylate (6.43 g, 11.4 mmol) in benzene (120 mL) was treated with LiBHEt 3 (1.0 M in THF, 25.0 mL, 25.0 mmol) at room temperature. After 0.5 h, the reaction was quenched with aqueous NaOH (1.0 N, 50 mL). The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with brine (2 x 200 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (4.86 g, 91%) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 -16.9o° 1.69, CHC1 3

IR

(CHC1 3 3005 2965 2935 2860 1660 1610 1585 1510 1460 1425 1377 1360 1300 1250 1180 1170 1075 1030 860 835 805 660 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.24 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.86 J 8.6 Hz, 2 H), ND 62 0 5.47 (apparent dd, J= 9.0, 1.2 Hz, 1 4.39 (ABq, JA 11.7 Hz, A 6 AB 15.8 Hz, 2 3.79 3 3.56 (apparent t, J S5.4 Hz, 1 3.50 (dd, J 9.1, 5.1 Hz, 1 3.22 (dd, J 00 8.8, 8.1 Hz, 1 2.74-2.67 1 2.21 J 1.1 Hz, 3 1.99-1.91 1 0.98 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.94 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.88 9 0.01 3 0.00 3 H); S 'C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.1, 133.4, 131.0, 129.1, 120.6, M 113.7, 76.7, 72.6, 72.5, 55.3, 39.7, 38.7, 28.8, 26.1, 18.4, CI 14.8, 14.4, -3.96, -4.01; high resolution mass spectrum (FAB,

\O

C 10 NBA) m/z 493.1763 calcd for C 23

H

3 903BrSiNa: 493.1750].

EXAMPLE 17 Vinyl Silane A solution of vinyl bromide (83.2 mg, 0.177 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was cooled to -78 "C and n-BuLi (1.6 M in hexane, 260 ml, 416 mmol) was added over 10 min. After 1 h at -78 OC and 15 min at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with H 2 0 (200 mL). The mixture was concentrated and dissolved in ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed with water (30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (47.9 mg, 69% yield) as a colorless oil: [a]23 D -61.50° 0.615, CHC1 3 IR (CHCI 3 3680 3470 br), 1614 1588 1513 1465 1442 1415 1360 1302 1250 1176 1120 1077 1032 992 830 820 805 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.22 (d, J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.85 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.22 (dq, J 10.5, 1.6 Hz, 1 4.42 (ABq, JA 11.4 Hz, 6 AB 18.8 Hz, 2 3.78 3 3.65 (br s, 1 3.56 (dd, J 9.1, 4.0 Hz, 1 3.44 (dd, J 8.8, 2.9 Hz, 1 3.42 (apparent t, J 8.8 Hz, 1 2.45 (dqd, J= 10.3, 6.6, 2.7 Hz, 1 1.95-1.87 1 1.78 J= 1.6 Hz, 3 0.91 J= 6.7 Hz, 3 H), 0.87 9 0.80 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.09 3 0.08 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.4, 147.7, 130.8, 129.7, ID 63 0 S129.4, 113.9, 79.9, 76.4, 73.3, 55.3, 38.1, 36.3, 27.1, 26.6, 17.8, 13.4, 13.1, high resolution mass spectrum S(CI, NH3) m/z 393.2821 calcd for C 23

H

4 1 0 3 Si: 393.2824].

00 Anal. Calcd for C 2

H

40 0Si: C, 70.36; H, 10.27. Found: C, 70.58; H, 10.57.

EXAMPLE 18 r trans Olefin (Ni A solution of vinyl bromide (27.8 mg, 0.0591 mmol) in ether (600 pL) was cooled to 78 and t-BuLi (1.7 ^1 10 M in pentane, 103 pL, 0.175 mmol) was added over 2 min. After min at -78 °C and 5 min at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with MeOH (100 mL). The mixture was filtered through a short silica plug, and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (21.9 mg, 94% yield) as a colorless oil; [a]2 3 D +19.3° 1.10, CHC13); IR (CHC1 3 3000 2960 2935 2880 2860 1612 1587 1510 1462 1440 1405 1375 1360 1300 1250 1170 1090 1034 1002 970 934 850 832 720 (m) 'H NMR (500 MHZ, C 6

D

6 d 7.24 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.80 J 8.6 Hz, 2 5.43 (ddq, J 15.3, 7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.34 (dqd, J 15.4, 6.3, 0.7 Hz, 1 4.38 (ABq, Jm 11.7 Hz, 5 AB 30.7 Hz, 2 3.58 (apparent t, J 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.57 (dd, J 9.0, 5.1 Hz, 1 3.36 (dd, J 9.0, 7.2 Hz, 1 3.30 3 2.39 (ddq, J 6.8, 6.8, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 2.17-2.10 1 1.58 (apparent d, J 6.1 Hz, 3 1.07 J 7.2 Hz, 3 1.05 J 6.9 Hz, 3 1.00 9 H), 0.10 3 0.08 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 d 159.0, 135.6, 131.1, 129.1, 123.9, 113.7, 78.4, 72.6, 72.5, 55.3, 40.4, 37.9, 26.2, 26.1, 18.4, 18.0, 15.9, 15.1, -4.1; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 393.2836 calcd for C 23

H

41 0 3 Si: 393.2824].

ND 64- C EXAMPLE 19 SAlcohol A solution of PMB ether (50.0 mg, 0.106 mmol) 00 O and PMB acetal (46.5 mg, 0.106 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (2.0 mL) was cooled to 0 then treated with H 2 0 (100 mL) and DDQ (26.5 mg, 0.117 mmol). After 30 min, the mixture was diluted 3 with ether (60 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 mL), brine (3 X 60 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and IND concentrated. Flash chromatography (gradient elution, 5% 10% ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded (31.0 mg, 83% yield) and recovered (40.0 mg, 86% recovery).

[Ca]2 3 -13.3° 0.99, CHCl 3 IR (CHCl 3 3640 3520 3000 2960 2940 2890 2860 1660 1472 1465 1440 1407 1390 1380 1360 1258 1072 1023 1005 980 937 847 cm-1; IH NMR (500 MHZ, CDC 3 d 5.50 (apparent dd, J 9.0, 1.1 Hz, 1 3.65 (dd, J 11.0, 4.8 Hz, 1 3.59 (dd, J 11.0, 5.7 Hz, 1 3.56 (apparent t, J 5.2 Hz, 1 2.80- 2.72 (m,l1 2.25 J= 1.0 Hz, 3 2.20 (br s, 1 H),1.86-1.78 1 0.99 J= 7.1 Hz, 3 0.98 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.90 9 0.09 3 H), 0.05 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 132.6, 121.7, 79.7, 65.6, 40.9, 38.8, 28.9, 26.1, 18.3, 15.5, 15.0, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 351.1087 calcd for C 15

H

31

O

2 BrSi: 351.1093].

EXAMPLE Alcohol A solution of amide (323.5 mg, 0.738 mmol) in EtOH (8.0 mL) was stirred for 5 h under H 2 atmosphere in the presence of Pearlman's catalyst (20% Pd(OH) 2 104.1 mg), then filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10 mL silica, ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (216.7 mg, 92% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 23 D +16.1° 2.60, CHC 3 IR (CHCI3) ID 65 0 O 3480 br), 3000 2958 2935 2880 2860 1635 1460 1415 1390 1360 1285 1255 1174 1148 1093 1070 1047 00 1033 990 935 905 860 830 cm- 1

'H

NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 4.05 (dd, J 9.1, 3.1 Hz, 1 3.69 3 3.55-3.50 1 3.23 (ddd, J 10.1, 10.1, 2.8 Hz, 1 3.13 3 3.09 (br m, 1 2.81 (br m, 1 H), m 1.91-1.83 1 1.14 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.879 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.879 9 0.08 3 0.06 3 13

C

\O

NMR (125 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 177.3, 75.2, 64.9, 61.5, 40.8, 38.2, 32.2, 26.0, 18.2, 15.9, 12.8, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 320.2265 calcd for C 15

H

34

NO

4 Si: 320.2256].

EXAMPLE 21 Aldehyde A solution of alcohol (8.80 g, 27.5 mmol) and NEt 3 (15.3 mL, 110 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (50 mL) was cooled to -10 °C and treated with SO 3 .pyr (13.1 g, 82.6 mmol) in DMSO (100 mL).

After 20 min at room temperature, the mixture was diluted with ether (300 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO 4 (1.0 M, 200 mL), brine (4 x 200 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded (8.55 g, 98% yield) as a colorless oil: [Ca] 23 +51.20 1.00, CHC1 3 IR (CHCl 3 3010 2960 2940 2895 2865 1750 1720 1647 1460 1420 1390 1360 1255 1180 1105 1077 1040 995 936 853 837 710 657 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 9.68 J 1.6 Hz, 1 4.22 (dd, J 8.9, 2.6 Hz, 1 3.68 3 3.10 (apparent s, 4 2.46 (qdd, J 7.1, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1 1.16 J 6.9 Hz, 3 1.10 J= 7.0 Hz, 3 0.88 9 H), 0.092 3 0.088 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 203.2, 175.6, 75.1, 61.5, 52.1, 39.6, 32.1, 25.9, 18.2, 15.4, 66 CF| 10.2, -4.07, -4.11; high resolution mass spectrum (CI,NH 3 m/z t 318.2096 4

C,

5

H

32

NO

4 Si: 318.2100].

;Z

0 0 EXAMPLE 22 Dithiane 5 A solution of ZnCI 2 (dried at 140 °C for 1 h under vacuum, 170.5 mg, 1.25 mmol) in ether (6.0 mL) was cooled to S0 °C and (TMSSCH 2 2

CH

2 (175.0 pL, 0.628 mmol) was added. The (Ni IND resultant white milky suspension was treated with aldehyde (180.0 mg, 0.567 mmol) in ether (6.0 mL). The mixture was stirred for 4.5 h at 0 °C and 1.5 h at room temperature, then partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and aqueous ammonia (30 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (182.9 mg, 79% yield) as a white solid: mp 55-57 23

D

+18.5° 1.44, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3015 2970 2945 2910 2870 1665 1475 1470 1437 1430 1420 1390 1365 1320 1280 1260 1120 1115 1097 1080 1065 1040 1000 940 925 910 877 838 815 800 700 675 660 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 4.33 J 4.2 Hz, 1 4.23 (dd, J 7.1, 3.6 Hz, 1 3.68 3 3.15 3 2.98 (dq, J 6.8, 3.7 Hz, 1 2.90 (ddd, J 14.1, 12.2, 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 2.83-2.77 3 2.09-2.03 1 H) 1.94 (ddq, J 7.2, 7.2, 4.3 Hz, 1 1.88-1.76 1 1.08 J 7.2 Hz, 3 1.07 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.90 9 0.13 3 H), 0.02 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) d 176.2, 73.2, 61.0, 50.8, 44.2, 38.6, 31.3, 30.3, 26.2, 18.4, 12.9, 11.0, -4.1, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH) m/z 408.2081 calcd for CIgH38NO3S 2 Si: 408.2062].

Anal. Calcd. for CH,,NOS 2 Si: C, 53.03; H, 9.15.

Found: C, 53.06; H, 9.31.

67 SEXAMPLE 23 Aldehyde 00 A solution of dithiane (1.05 g, 2.58 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was cooled to -78 oC and DIBAL (1.0 M in hexane, 5.15 mL, 5.15 mmol) was added over 15 min. After 10 min at -78 OC, the mixture was quenched with MeOH (2.0 mL) and partitioned M between ether and saturated aqueous Rochelle's salt (50 mL CI each). The organic phase was washed with brine (30 mL), dried O over MgSO filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography C- 10 (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (822 mg, 91% yield) as white solid: mp 54-55 [a] 2 3 D +50.80 1.19, CHCl 3

IR

(CHCl 3 2965 2940 2910 2865 2720 1730 1475 1467 1428 1418 1390 1365 1280 1260 1190 1150 1104 1070 1030 1007 953 940 910 835 810 675 H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 9.70 1 H), 4.44 (dd, J 8.3, 2.2 Hz, 1 4.38 J 3.7 Hz, 1 H), 2.93 (ddd, J 14.1, 12.3, 2.6 Hz, 1 2.84-2.80 3 H), 2.43 (qd, J= 7.1, 2.2 Hz, 1 2.13-2.07 1 2.02 (dqd, J 8.2, 7.1, 3.7 Hz, 1 1.88-1.79 1 1.10 J 6.9 Hz, 3 1.05 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.87 9 0.16 3 -0.01 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 204.6, 71.1, 51.0, 49.7, 43.5, 31.3, 30.3, 26.2, 26.0, 18.4, 12.9, 6.8, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 349.1678 calcd for C 16

H

33 0 2

S

2 Si: 349.1691].

Anal. Calcd for C 1

H

3

O

2 2

S

2 Si: C,55.12; H, 9.25. Found: C, 55.08; H, 9.28.

EXAMPLE 24 Dimethoxy Acetal A solution of aldehyde (792 mg, 2.27mmol) in HC(OMe) 3 /MeOH (48 mL, 1:5) was treated with TsOH-HO (8.6 mg, 0.045 mmol) at room temperature. After 30 min, NEt 3 (1.0 mL) ID 68 0 was added and the mixture was concentrated. Flash OJ chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (886 mg, 99% yield) as a white solid: mp 58-59 [c] 2 3 +27.10 00 2.85, CHC1 3 IR (CHCl 3 2960 2940 2905 2860 2835 1473 1463 1432 1425 1415 1387 1362 1340 1278 1252 1190 1158 1104 1070 1050 1030 1005 963 938 908 873 834 810 cm- 1 'H NMR C (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 4.41 J 3.1 Hz, 1 4.23 J 8.6 S 10 Hz, 1 4.02 (dd, J= 8.6, 1.3 Hz, 1 3.29 3 3.26 C1 3 2.93 (ddd, J 14.0, 12.4, 2.5 Hz, 1 2.85-2.78 3 2.11-2.05 1 1.93-1.77 3 1.00 J =7.2 Hz, 3 0.91 9 0.85 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.17 3 0.09 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) d 105.0, 71.5, 53.0, 51.5, 51.2, 43.8, 37.4, 31.3, 30.2, 26.3, 18.8, 12.9, 8.1, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 417.1934 calcd for C, 1

H

3 80 3

S

2 SiNa: 417.1930].

Anal. Calcd for C, 8 H380 3

S

2 Si: C, 54.78; H, 9.70. Found: C, 54.80; H, 9.66.

EXAMPLE Hydroxy Acetal A solution of dithiane (3.60 g, 9.12 mmol) in HMPA/THF (60 mL) was cooled to -78 OC and treated with t-BuLi (1.7 M in pentane, 5.63 mL, 9.58 mmol) dropwise over min. The mixture was stirred 1 h at -78 °C and 1 h at -42 oC, then recooled to -78 OC. A solution of benzyl R-(-)-glycidyl ether (1.65 g, 10.0 mmol) in 10% HMPA/THF (12 mL) was added via cannula. After 0.5 h, the reaction mixture was warmed to -42 °C for 0.5 h and quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 C1 (20 mL).

The mixture was diluted with ether (200 mL), washed with water, brine (200 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded (4.04 g, 79% yield) as a colorless oil: [C] 23

D

-0q 69 0 0 2.1, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3450 br) 3020 2960 to 2940 2910 2860 2840 1605 1500 1475 1468 1458 1440 1430 1393 00 1387 1365 1280 1255 1233 1203 1167 1153 1110 1060 1045 1030 1010 980 940 910 860 837 800 695 670 660 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d (7.35-7.25 5 4.64 (dd, J 4.0, 1.1 Hz, 1 4.57 (ABq, JAB 12.1 Hz, A5B 17.8 Hz, 2 4.21 J 7.7 Hz, 1 H), IN 10 4.14-4.09 1 3.48 (dd, J 9.5, 6.0 Hz, 1 3.47 (dd, J 9.6, 5.0 Hz, 1 3.37 J 0.7 Hz, 1 3.36 3 3.29 3 3.08 (ddd, J 14.4, 11.4, 2.9 Hz, 1 H), 2.95 (ddd, J 14.4, 11.3, 3.1 Hz, 1 2.71-2.64 2 H), 2.59 (dqd, J 6.7, 6.7, 0.9 Hz, 1 2.49 (dd, J 15.6, 7.9 Hz, 1 2.30 (dq, J 4.0, 7.3 Hz, 1 2.27 (dd, J 15.6, 2.3 Hz, 1 2.04-2.00 1 1.86-1.78 1 1.18 (d, J 7.4 Hz, 3 0.94 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.90 9 H), 0.08 3 0.07 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 138.2, 128.4, 127.6, 106.9, 74.4, 73.3, 70.0, 67.9, 55.7, 53.6, 52.6, 47.2, 39.4, 38.5, 26.3, 26.1, 26.0, 25.0, 18.3, 9.8, 9.5, -3.9, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 581.2763 calcd for C 28 Hs 50 0 5

S

2 SiNa: 581.2767].

EXAMPLE 26 Ketone A solution of hydroxy acetal (3.94 g, 7.05 mmol) in H 2 0/MeOH 75 mL) was treated with (CF 3

CO

2 2 IPh (4.55 g, 10.6 mmol) at 0 After 5 min, the mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 (20 mL) and extracted with ether (200 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (200 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) furnished (2.66 g, 80% yield) as a colorless oil. [a] 23 D +36° 0.36, CHC1 3 IR (CHCl 3 3580 br), 3005 2960 2930 IND 70 0 2900 2860 1710 1463 1455 1387 (m) S1362 1253 1220 1105 1070 (s),1053 1030 1002 938 866 830 808 690 660 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.34-7.25 5 4.54 0O (apparent s, 2 4.40-4.25 1 4.23 (dd, J 7.6, 1.9 Hz, 1 4.19 J= 8.0 Hz, 1 3.46 (dd, J 9.7, 4.9 Hz, 1 3.43 (dd, J= 9.7, 5.9 Hz, 1 3.27 3 3.25 (s, (3 3.01 J 3.8 Hz, 1 2.76 (dd, J 18.0, 8.7 Hz, 1 2.74 (dq, J= 7.1, 7.1 Hz, 1 2.62 (dd, J 17.9, 3.2 Hz, 1 1.83 (dqd, J 8.0, 7.0, 1.9 Hz, 1 0.97 J= 7.1 Hz, 3 0.88 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.83 9 0.06 3 -0.05 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 213.0, 138.0, 128.4, 127.71, 127.68, 105.0, 73.4, 73.3, 71.8, 66.5, 52.9, 52.6, 52.3, 46.5, 37.9, 26.1, 18.4, 12.7, 8.8, -4.1, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 491.2821 calcd for C 25

H

4 40 6 SiNa: 491.2805].

EXAMPLE 27 Diol A solution of Me 4 NBH(OAc) 3 (1.80 g, 6.84 nmmol) in HOAc/CH3CN 10.0 mL) was cooled to -40 °C and ketone (536 mg, 1.14 mmol) in CH 3 CN (5 mL) was added. After 12 h at -20 the mixture was treated with saturated aqueous Rochelle's salt (20 mL) and extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (3 x 50 mL).

The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated NaHCO 3 brine (100 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography

CH

2 Cl 2 /ether/hexane) provided (519 mg, 97% yield) as a colorless oil: [a]2 3

D

-7.78° 0.900, CHC1 3 IR (CHCI 3 3680 3460 br), 3015 2960 2940 2900 2865 1470 1460 (m),1390 1365 1260 1230 1208 1112 1065 1030 1010 942 965 838 698 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC 3 d 7.33-7.30 4 H), 7.29-7.25 1 4.55 (ABq, JAB 12.0 Hz, 6 AB 15.7 Hz, 2 ID 71 0 D 4.16-4.11 1 4.13 J 7.8 Hz, 1 4.07 (dd, bJ J 4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1 3.73 (br s, 1 3.68 (dddd, J 9.3, S9.3, 2.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (dd, J 9.6, 4.5 Hz, 1 3.42 OO (dd, J= 9.4, 7.0 Hz, 1 3.38 3 3.29 3 3.09 J 4.0 Hz, 1 1.90 (dqd, J 7.0, 7.0, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.76 (br dd, J 13.6, 8.5 Hz, 1 1.68 (dqd, J 9.6, 6.9, 5.0 Hz, 1 1.49 (ddd, J= 14.3, 9.0, 2.9 Hz, 1 0.894 (d, M J 7.9 Hz, 3 0.886 9 0.80 J 7.0 Hz, 3 H), ri 0.055 3 0.048 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 138.2, 128.4, 127.7, 127.6, 107.3, 74.5, 73.3, 71.0, 70.9, 67.8, 55.2, 52.1, 45.9, 37.3, 36.9, 25.9, 18.2, 11.6, 10.6, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 493.2951 calcd for C 2 5

H

4 6 OgSiNa: 493.2962].

EXAMPLE 28 Alcohol A solution of (123.3 mg, 0.262 mmol) in benzene mL) was treated with TsOH-H 2 0 (2.0 mg, 0.0105 mmol) at room temperature. After 20 min, the mixture was quenched with NEt 3 mL) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (2% ether/CH 2 Cl 2 afforded 35 (100.1 mg, p/a 2:1, 87% yield) as a colorless oil.

3 Anomer 2 3 D 2.25, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3680 3580 3490 3010 2960 2930 2880 2860 1603 1525 1515 1493 1470 1460 1450 1387 1360 1347 1330 1253 1225 1200 1143 1110 1070 1045 1020 1015 1003 985 950 870 853 833 807 800 790 690 670 657 cm-1; 1 H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 7.34-7.25 5 4.69 J 2.4 Hz, 1 4.55 (ABq, JA 12.0 Hz, A6, 14.6 Hz, 2 4.17-4.12 1 3.78 (ddd, J 9.7, 9.7, 2.5 Hz, 1 3.60 (apparent t, J 2.7 Hz, 1 3.51 (dd, J 9.5, 4.1 Hz, 1 3.42 3 3.39 (dd, J IND 72 0 Cq 7.0 Hz, 1 2.86 J 3.8 Hz, 1 1.88 (apparent qt, J 7.1, 2.7 Hz, 1 1.76 (ddd, J 14.4, 8.9, 2.6 Hz, 1 H), 1.72-1.65 1 1.53 (ddd, J 14.4, 9.3, 2.9 Hz, 1 H), 00 0.90 J 8.2 Hz, 3 0.89 9 0.78 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.04 3 0.02 3 IIC NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 d 138.2, 128.4, 127.7, 101.2, 76.7, 74.7, 73.3, 73.0, 67.4, 56.6, S41.1, 36.0, 34.7, 25.9, 18.1, 13.7, 9.7, high gresolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 461.2693 CI calcd for C 24

H

42

O

5 SiNa: 461.2699].

a Anomer (a] 23 D +48° 0.54, CHC 3 IR (CHC1 3 ri 3670 3570 3480 br), 3005 2960 2930 2880 2855 1600 1527 1515 1495 1460 1360 1253 1225 1212 1200 1170 1148 1106 1087 1048 1030 963 872 833 788 690 cm- 1 1 H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.34-7.24 5 4.55 (ABq, JA, 12.1 Hz, 6 AB 14.4 Hz, 2 4.30 J 2.9 Hz, 1 4.12-4.07 1 H), 4.01 (ddd, J 9.2, 9.2, 2.7 Hz, 1 3.51 (apparent t, J 4.4 Hz, 1 3.50 (dd, J 9.5, 4.2 Hz, 1 3.39 (dd, J 9.5, 7.1 Hz, 1 3.28 3 2.86 J 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.85 (qdd, J 7.3, 5.2, 2.9 Hz, 1 1.76 (dqd, J= 9.3, 6.9, Hz, 1 1.71 (ddd, J 14.5, 9.0, 2.8 Hz, 1 1.55 (ddd, J 14.4, 9.2, 2.9 Hz, 1 0.96 J 7.3 Hz, 3 H), 0.88 9 0.81 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.03 3 -0.01 3 13C NMR d 138.2, 128.4, 127.7, 101.2, 76.7, 74.7, 73.3, 73.0, 67.4, 56.7, 41.1, 36.0, 34.7, 25.9, 18.1, 13.7, 9.7, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 461.2715 calcd for C 2 4 H20SiNa: 461.2699].

EXAMPLE 29 Methyl Pyranoside 36.

A solution of 35 (281.2 mg, P/a 2:1, 0.642 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (224.0 pL, 1.92 mmol) in CH 2 C1, (6.0 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and TBSOTf (295.0 pL, 1.28 mmol) was added over 5 min.

ID 73 0 0 After 1 h at 0 the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO 4 (1.0 M, 50 mL), brine (100 ;Z mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash O chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided 36 (344.6 mg, 00 p/cx 2:1, 97% yield) as a colorless oil.

a anomer: [a] 23 D +50.0° 1.44, CHC 3 IR (CHCI 3 2960 2935 2885 2860 1490 1460 1388 1378 1360 1250 1190 1145 1105 1085 1050 1025 1002 963 934 ID 10 867 833 690 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC 3 d 7.32-7.25 5 4.51 (ABq, J 12.1 Hz, 6 A 19.7 Hz, 2 4.23 J 4.8 Hz, 1 4.03 (dddd, J 8.0, 5.3, 5.3, Hz, 1 3.87 (ddd, J 9.9, 7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1 3.53 (dd, J 7.2, 4.8 Hz, 1 3.39 (dd, J 9.8, 5.6 Hz, 1 3.37 (dd, J 10.0, 5.2 Hz, 1 3.33 3 1.79 (dqd, J= 7.1, 7.1, 4.9 Hz, 1 1.71-1.64 2 1.53 (ddd, J 14.4, 8.8, 1.9 Hz, 1 0.94 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.89 9 H), 0.865 9 0.862 J= 6.9 Hz, 3 0.07 3 0.04 3 0.03 3 0.005 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 138.5, 128.3, 127.6, 127.5, 103.8, 75.5, 73.2, 72.8, 69.8, 69.1, 55.7, 38.9, 38.5, 37.6, 26.0, 25.8, 18.18, 18.16, 15.1, 12.9, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 575.3552 calcd for

C

3 0

H

5 60Si 2 Na: 575.3564] P anomer: [a] 23 D +13.3° 1.38, CHCL 3 IR (CHCl 3 3003 2960 2935 2880 2860 1495 1470 1464 1390 1360 1350 1330 1253 1155 1140 1120 1090 1045 1022 1002 953 933 850 830 690 658 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.32-7.22 5 4.74 (d, J 2.4 Hz, 1 4.50 (ABq, JAB 13.2 Hz, A6B 17.8 Hz, 2 4.23-4.18 1 3.74 (ddd, J 10.6, 10.6, 1.3 Hz, 1 3.60 (apparent t, J 2.7 Hz, 1 3.48 3 3.38 (dd, J 9.8, 4.5 Hz, 1 3.35 (dd, J 9.8, 5.7 Hz, 1 H), IND -74 1. 88 (qdd, J 7.1, 2.7, 2.7 Hz, 1 1. 66 (ddd, J 14.0, 10.1, 1.6 Hz, 1 1.63-1.55 1 1.49 (ddd, J 14. 0, 10.8, 1.8 Hz, 1 0.91 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.89 9 H), 0O 0.88 9 0.785 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.07 3 0.045 3 0.040 3 0.02 3 13 C NMR (125 MHZ,

CDCI

3 d 138.5, 128.2, 127.6, 127.4, 100.6, 76.9, 75.8, 73.2, 71.7, 67.9, 56.7, 41.1, 38.4, 35.0, 26.1, 25.8, 18.2, 18.1, 14.0, 9.7, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 575.3560 caicd for C 30

H

56 0-S 2 Na: 575.3564].

EXAMPLE Primary Alcohol 37.

A solution of 36 (331.6 mg, 0.600 mmol) in EtOH/EtOAc 9 mL) was treated with Pd/C (10% wet, El01 NE/W, 51.2 mg) under H 2 atmosphere for 3 h, then filtered and concentrated.

Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided 37 (276.6 mg, 3/a 2:1, 99% yield) as a colorless oil.

P anomer: [a) 23 D +16.90 2.52, CHCl 3 IR (CHCl 3 3680 3590 br), 3450 br), 3000 2960 2925 2880 2855 1470 1462 1388 1360 1253 1222 1200 1150 (m),1130 1110 1098 1065 1046 1023 1002 980 952 894 865 850 830 663 657 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 4.73 J 2.5 Hz, 1 4.09-4.05 (m, 1 3.64 (ddd, J 10.5, 10.5, 1.3 Hz, 1 3.60 (apparent t, J 2.5 Hz, 1 3.62-3.59 1 3.47 3 H), 3.47-3.42 1 1.95-1.85 2 1.82 (ddd, J 14.3, 9.2, 1.5 Hz, 1 1.60 (dqd, J 10.2, 6.8, 2.5 Hz, 1 1.45 (ddd, J= 14.3, 10.7, 2.6 Hz, 1 0.895 J 7.5 Hz, 3 H), 0.887 (apparent s, 18 0.785 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.09 (s, 3 0.08 3 0.04 3 0.02 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 100.8, 76.8, 72.2, 69.5, 67.6, 56.8, 41.0, 38.2, 34.9, 25.9, 25.8, 18.1, 14.0, 9.7, high ND 75 0 0 resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 485.3080 calcd for C 23

H

5 cO 5 SiNa: 485.3094].

a anomer: [a] 23 +54.9° 1.20, CHC1 3 IR (CHCI 3 3670 00 3590 3440 br), 3000 2960 2925 2880 2855 1463 1390 1360 1255 1225 1192 1168 1143 1102 1083 (s),1045 1030 1002 963 932 862 833 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 4.25 J 4.2 Hz, 1 3.89 (dddd, J 6.5, 4.6, 4.6, 4.6 Hz, 1 3.80 (ddd, J 9.1, 9.1, 2.3 N 10 Hz, 1 3.61 (br dd, J 10.9, 3.4 Hz, 1 3.51 (dd, J 4.6 Hz, 1 3.52-3.48 1 3.33 3 2.15 (s, br, 1 1.81 (dqd, J 6.9, 6.9, 4.2 Hz, 1 1.72-1.60 (m, 3 0.94 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.882 9 0.879 9 0.845 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.09 3 0.08 3 H), 0.02 3 0.00 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 104.0, 72.7, 71.3, 70.0, 67.6, 55.7, 38.7, 38.5, 37.3, 25.8, 18.13, 18.08, 15.2, 13.1, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 485.3081 (M+Na) 4 calcd for

C

23 HsoOsSi 2 Na: 485.3094].

EXAMPLE 31 Alcohol 38.

A solution of 37 (276.6 mg, 0.598 nmmol) in Et 2 O0 mL) was treated with EtSH (8.90 mL, 120 mmol) and MgBr 2 .Et 2

O

(1.54 g, 5.96 mmol) at room temperature. After 60 h, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), washed with brine (2 x 100 mL), dried over MgSO, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography acetone/hexane) provided 38 a (34.4 mg, 12% yield) and 38 3 (211.3 mg, 71% yield).

P anomer: colorless oil; 23 0 +16.6° 1.18, CHCl 3 IR (CHC1 3 3595 3400 br), 3000 2960 2930 2855 1655 1612 1588 1510 1462 1375 1360 1300 1250 br), 1170 1080 IND 76 br), 1030 1002 967 835 cm 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 5.08 J 2.3 Hz, 1 4.04-4.00 I), 3.62 (ddd, J 10.4, 10.4, 1.0 Hz, 1 3.60 (ddd, J 11.1, 0 11.1, 4.2 Hz, 1 3.56 (apparent t, J 2.7 Hz, 1 3.43 (ddd, J 11.7, 7.9, 4.1 Hz, 1 2.70 (dq, J 12.7, 7.4 Hz, 1 2.67 (dq, J 12.8, 7.5 Hz, 1 1.95 (dd, J 7.9, 4.8 Hz, 1 1.86 (qdd, J 7.1, 2.7, 2.7 Hz, 1 1. 79 (ddd, J 14.4, 9.0, 1.4 Hz, 1 1.66-1.59 1 1.57 3 H), ci 1.45 (ddd, J 14.4, 10.5, 2.7 Hz, 1 1.27 (apparent t, J 7.4 Hz, 1 0.99 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.90 9 0.89 c-i 9 0.79 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.083 3 0.075 (s, 3 0.04 3 0.03 3 I 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 d 81.0, 76.2, 75.0, 69.8, 67.6, 41.9, 38.3, 34.5, 25.9, 25.8, 25.2, 18.1, 15.2, 14.4, 11.5, -4.56, -4.63, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 515.3037 calcd for C 24

H

5 20 4 SSi 2 Na: 515.3023].

a anomer: colorless oil; [a] 2 1D +94.50 0.33, CHCl 3 IR (CHCl 3 3680 3580 3440 br), 3010 2960 2930 2880 2860 1513 1470 1462 1390 1380 1360 1257 1225 1200 1114 1070 1047 1022 1002 957 860 833 705 660 IH NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 4.76 J 3.1 Hz, 1 4.04 (ddd, J 9.8, 9.8, 1.8 Hz, 1 3.84 (dddd, J 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0 Hz, 1 3.57 (dd, J 11.0, 4.2 Hz, 1 3.53 (apparent t, J 4.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.47 dd, J 11.0, 4.7 Hz, 1 2.57 (dq, J= 12.8, 7.5 Hz, 1 2.54 (dq, J 12.8, 7.5 Hz, 1 1.97-1.91 1 H), 1.75 (ddd, J 14.7, 6.1 Hz, 2.0, 1 1.72-1.65 1 H), 1.60 (ddd, J 14.9, 10.0, 5.1 Hz, 1 1.60-1.50 (br, 1 H), 1.23 (apparent t, J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.06 J 7.1 Hz, 3 H), 0.92 9 0.89 9 0.85 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.12 3 0.08 3 0.05 3 0.02 3 "3C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 85.3, 73.8, 71.5, 69.2, 67.5, 40.6, 38.2, 36.4, 26.4, 26.1, 25.9, 18.2, 18.1, 17.5, 14.7, 13.9, -4.2, 77 high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z to 515.3045 calcd for C 2 4

H

5 2

O

4 SSiNa: 515.3023].

00 EXAMPLE 32 Fragment A solution of DMSO (100 pL, 1.42 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 mL) was cooled to -78 oC and oxalyl chloride (55.0 pi, 0.630 Smmol) was introduced dropwise. After 15 min. a cooled (-78 OC) solution of 38 a (104.8 mg, 0.213 mmol) in CH 2 C1, (1.0 mL) was O introduced via cannula (2 x 500 pL rinse). The resultant milky Cl 10 solution was stirred for 15 min at -78 oC and I-Pr 2 NEt (370 pl, 2.12 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, slowly warmed to room temperature (15 min), and quenched with aqueous NaHSO, (1.0 M, 4.0 mL). The organic phase was diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with brine (3 x 30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) furnished (88.8 mg, 86% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 23 D +11.20 1.42, CHC1 3 IR (CHC13) 2960 2935 2880 2860 1735 1470 1460 1380 1360 1320 1295 1265 1153 1120 1080 1060 1043 1025 1003 970 950 935 903 865 835 800 690 cm-1; -H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 9.56 J 0.9 Hz, 1 5.07 J 2.3 Hz, 1 4.35 (ddd, J 7.9, 2.2, 0.6 Hz, 1 3.70 (ddd, J 10.3, 10.3, 1.5 Hz, 1 3.57 (apparent t, J= 2.7 Hz, 1 2.71-2.60 (m, 2 1.86 (apparent qt, J 7.1, 2.7 Hz, 1 1.78 (ddd, J 14.1, 10.4, 7.8 Hz, 1 1.72-1.66 1 1.67 (ddd, J 10.3, 3.9, 1.8 Hz, 1 1.25 (apparent t, J 7.4 Hz, 3 H), 1.00 J 7.2 Hz, 3 0.90 9 0.89 9 0.78 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.10 3 0.04 6 0.03 (s, 3 13 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 202.6, 81.2, 76.1, 74.9, 73.7, 41.9, 35.8, 34.4, 25.82, 25.79, 25.2, 18.2, 18.1, 15.3, 14.3, ID 78 C 11.5, high resolution mass spectrum to (CI, NH3) m/z 491.3058 calcd for C 24

H

5

,O

4 SSi 2 491.3046].

0 0 EXAMPLE 33 Fragment S 5 From vinyl bromide A solution of (3.78 my g, 8.04 mmol) in HMPA/DMF 6 mL) was added to a mixture 0 of KI (4.15 g, 250 mmol), NiBr 2 (34.9 mg, 0.160 mmol), and Zn y\ powder (23.2 mg, 0.355 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room Stemperature for 15 min then heated to 90 The green color mixture turned black-brown after 5 min and dark green after 1 h. After additional 1 h at 90 OC, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with brine (4 x 200 mL), dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided B (3.59 g, containing 13% unreacted vinyl bromide) as a colorless oil.

From aldehyde A suspension of EtPh 3 P*I (15.1 g, 36.1 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was treated with n-BuLi (1.6 M in hexane, 23.0 mL, 36.8 mmol) at room temperature over 10 min.

After an additional 10 min, the resultant red solution was added via cannula to a cooled (-78 0 C) solution of 12 (8.02 g, 31.6 mmol) in THF (300 mL) over 15 min. The yellow slurry formed was stirred at -78 OC for 5 min and at -23 oC for min. NaHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 31.0 mL, 31.0 mmol) was added over 8 min and the mixture stirred 15 min further. A solution of aldehyde (6.96 g, 18.3 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was introduced via cannula (10mL rinse), and the reaction mixture was stirred at -23 °C for 10 min, warmed to room temperature, stirred for 3 h, and then quenched with MeOH (10 mL).

Following concentration and filtration through a silica column ethyl acetate/hexane), the filtrate was washed with saturated aqueous Na 2

S

2 03, brine (300 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ID 79 0 Sethyl acetate/hexane) furnished B (6:1 Z/E, 3.94 g, 41% yield) to as a colorless oil.

<An analytical sample of was obtained by 00 reversed-phase HPLC (gradient elution, 90% CH 3

CN/H

2 0 100%

CH

3 CN): [a] 23 -230 0.30, CHC 3 IR (CHCl 3 3000 2960 2930 2880 2855 1610 1588 1510 1463 1453 1428 1405 1390 1377 1360 1303 1250 1180 1172 1080 (s, g br), 1033 1002 948 935 922 833 803 760 br), 720 658 cm- 1 H NMR (500 MHZ, C( CDC1 3 d 7.25 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.87 J 8.7 Hz, 2 H), 5.28 (apparent dd, J 8.9, 1.4 Hz, 1 4.41 (ABq, JAB Hz, A 6 AB 10.2 Hz, 2 3.80 3 3.60 (apparent t, J 5.3 Hz, 1 3.51 (dd, J 9.1, 5.1 Hz, 1 3.23 (dd, J 9.0, 8.0 Hz, 1 2.54-2.47 1 2.44 J 1.4 Hz, 3 2.00-1.92 1 1.00 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.95 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.89 9 0.02 3 0.01 3 H); "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 1) d 159.1, 139.6, 131.0, 129.1, 113.7, 98.9, 76.5, 72.6, 72.5, 55.3, 44.5, 38.7, 33.5, 26.1, 18.4, 14.7, 14.5, -3.95, -3.99; high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 541.1626 calcd for C 23

H

39 03ISiNa: 541.1611].

EXAMPLE 34 Olefin ZnC 2 1 (1.32 g, 9.69 mmol) was dried at 160 OC under vacuum overnight and then treated with a solution of A (5.25 g, 9.59 mmol) in dry EtzO (50 mL) via a cannula (2 x mL rinse). The mixture was stirred at room temperature until most of the ZnCl 2 dissolved and cooled to -78 OC. t-BuLi (1.7 M in pentane, 17.0 mL) was added over 30 min, and the resultant solution was stirred 15 min further, warmed to room temperature, and stirred for 1 h. The solution was added by cannula to a mixture of B (3.21 g, 6.19 mmol; 6:1 Z/E) and Pd(PPh 3 (364.0 mg, 0.315 mmol). The mixture was covered with ND 80 0 aluminum foil, stirred overnight, and then diluted with ethyl b acetate (100 mL), washed with brine (2 x 100 mL), dried over SMgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography 00 ethyl acetate/hexane) gave (3.32 g, 66% yield) as a white semisolid: [a]2 -28.60 1.53, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3010 2970 2940 2865 1620 1590 1520 1465 1445 1390 1380 1360 1305 1250 1175 1115 1080 1040 970 (C 940 860 835 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 7.36

\O

J 8.7 Hz, 2 7.22 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.86 J Cr 9.0 Hz, 2 6.84 J 8.9 Hz, 2 5.37 1 5.00 J 10.2 Hz, 1 4.36 (ABq, JA 11.6 Hz, AB 17.4 Hz, 2 4.08 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.78 3 3.77 (s, 3 3.61 (dd, J= 7.1, 1.8 Hz, 1 3.51 (dd, J 9.9, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.47 (apparent t, J 11.0 Hz, 1 3.46 (dd, J 9.1, 5.0 Hz, 1 3.38 (dd, J 6.0, 4.8 Hz, 1 3.19 (apparent t, J 8.8 Hz, 1 2.51 (ddq, J 10.1, 6.5, Hz, 1 2.32 (apparent t, J 12.2 Hz, 1 2.08-2.02 (m, 1 1.99-1.93 2 1.88 (dqd, J 7.1, 7.1, 1.8 Hz, 1 1.67 (br d, J 11.1 Hz, 1 1.55 J 0.5 Hz, 3 H), 1.01 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.94 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.90 (s, 9 0.89 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.87 9 0.74 J 6.3 Hz, 3 0.73 J 6.4 Hz, 3 0.03 3 0.013 3 0.008 3 0.003 3 'C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) d 159.8, 159.0, 132.0, 131.5, 131.2, 131.1, 129.0, 127.3, 113.7, 113.5, 101.1, 83.4, 78.49, 78.46, 73.3, 72.6, 72.5, 55.3, 38.8, 38.2, 37.5, 35.6, 33.7, 30.8, 26.27, 26.25, 23.1, 18.42, 18.40, 17.0, 14.6, 12.6, 12.1, 10.9, -3.7, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 835.5315 calcd for C 4 ,H0oO 7 Si 2 Na: 835.5341].

Anal. Calcd for C 47

H

80 07Si 2 C, 69.41; H, 9.91. Found: C, 69.52; H, 10.10.

ID 81 0 C EXAMPLE

(N

Alcohol A solution of olefin (2.65 g, 3.26 mmol) in 00 CH 2 C1 2 (32 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and treated with H 2 0 (1.50 mL) and DDQ (774 mg, 3.41 mmol). After 4 h, the mixture was diluted with CH 2 C1 2 (20 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered through a silica column (50% ethyl acetate/hexane). Following Sconcentration, the residue was dissolved in EtOH (50 mL) and (C treated with NaBH 4 (500 mg, excess) at room temperature to

\O

C 10 reduce the contaminated p-methoxybenzyl aldehyde. After C-i h, the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 C1 mL) at 0 OC then concentrated. The residue was partitioned between CH 2 Cl 2 (200 mL) and water (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (100 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (2.06 g, 91% yield) as a white solid. mp 99-100 OC; [a] 2 3 -25.4° 1.35, CHC1 3 IR (CHCl 3 3520 3010 2960 2940 2880 2860 1620 1593 1520 1565 1390 1360 1255 1175 1165 1117 1075 1037 1025 1005 982 965 930 835 800 705 675 660 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.36 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.86 J 8.8 Hz, 2 5.37 1 5.01 J 10.1 Hz, 1 4.09 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.79 3 3.65 (dd, J 10.4, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.63 (dd, J= 1.8 Hz, 1 3.54-3.50 1 3.51 (dd, J 10.0, 2.0 Hz, 1 3.47 (apparent t, J 11.2 Hz, 1 3.41 (dd, J 6.6, Hz, 1 2.59 (ddq, J 13.2, 6.7, 6.7 Hz, 1 2.33 (apparent t, J 12.2 Hz, 1 2.24 (apparent t, J 5.5 Hz, 1 2.09-1.95 2 1.89 (dqd, J 7.0, 7.0, 1.7 Hz, 1 1.84-1.77 1 1.72 (br d J 11.0 Hz, 1 1.58 (d, J 0.8 Hz, 3 1.01 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.98 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.94 J= 6.7 Hz, 3 0.910 9 0.905 (s, 9 0.75 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.74 J 7.1 Hz, 3 H), ID 82 0 O 0.09 3 0.07 3 0.05 3 0.01 3 13

C

NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.8, 133.0, 131.5, 130.5, 127.3, 113.4, 101.0, 83.3, 81.6, 78.4, 73.3, 65.4, 55.3, 38.5, 38.2, 00 37.6, 37.0, 33.7, 30.8, 26.17, 26.16, 23.2, 18.4, 18.3, 17.4, 15.7, 12.6, 12.1, 10.9, -3.57, -3.61, -3.66, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 693.4918 calcd for C 39

H

7 30 6 Si 2 693.4945].

Anal. Calcd for C 39

H

72 0 6 Si' 2 C, 67.58; H, 10.47.

C-I Found: C, 67.30; H, 10.54.

<D

C- 10 EXAMPLE 36 Phosphonium Salt A solution of alcohol (402.8 mg, 0.577 mmol) in PhH/Et20 45 mL) was treated with PPh 3 (532 mg, 2.03 mmol) and imidazole (158 mg, 2.32 mmol). After the imidazole dissolved, 12 (437 mg, 1.72 mmol) was added under vigorous stirring. The mixture was stirred 2 h and then treated with NEt 3 (2 mL). The resultant yellow suspension was diluted with

CH

2 C1 2 (50 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous Na 2 S20 3 (100 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL), and brine (2 x 100 mL).

The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Filtration through a short silica column (NEt 3 /ethyl acetate/hexane, 2:10:90) removed triphenylphosphine oxide, affording the impure iodide 42. Preparative TLC (500 mm silica gel plate, 4% acetone/hexane) furnished an analytical sample as an unstable white solid: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.35 J 8.8 Hz, 2 6.85 J 8.7 Hz, 2 5.37 (s, 1 5.02 J 10.2 Hz, 1 4.08 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.78 3 3.62 (dd, J= 7.0, 1.8 Hz, 1 3.51 (dd, J 9.9, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.47 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.37 (dd, J 6.3, 4.3 Hz, 1 3.32 (dd, J 9.6, 4.5 Hz, 1 2.99 (dd, J 9.5, 8.6 Hz, 1 2.50 (ddq, J 10.2, Hz, 1 2.31 (apparent t, J 12.2 Hz, 1 2.08-1.95 2 1.88 (dqd, J 7.1, 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1 1.85-1.78 (m, IND 83 -1 1. 74 (br d, J 11. 7 Hz, 1 1. 57 (apparent s, 3 H), OJI 1.01 (apparent d, J 7.0 Hz, 6 0.91-0.89 3 0.90 ;Z 9 0.89 9 0.74 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.73 (d, 00 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.06 3 0.05 3 0.01 3 H), -0.02 3 H) 'IC NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 pyridine-d, 20 mg sample) d 159.8, 132.9, 131.5, 130.4, 127.3, 113.5, 101.1, 83.3, 79.6, 78.5, 73.3, 55.3, 41.4, 38.3, 37.6, 36.0, 33.7, 30.8, 26.20, 26.17, 23.2, 18.4, 17.7, 17.3, 13.5, 12.6, 12.2, C'I 10.9, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, O 10 NBA) m/z 803.3935 calcd for C 39 H7 2 OsISi 2 803.3963].

CIq The very sensitive impure iodide (obtained by filtration through silica) was quickly mixed with I-Pr 2 NEt (300 pL, 1.72 mmol) and PPh 3 (2.47 g, 9.42 mmol). The mixture was heated at 80 0 C for 24 h, then cooled to room temperature and extracted with hexane (2 x 30 mL). The residue was purified by flash chromatography MeOH/CHCl 3 furnishing (224.9 mg, 37% yield from as a pale yellow foam. The hexane extract was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) affording a mixture of cyclization products (200 mg). Further purification by normal phase HPLC ethyl acetate/hexane) provided as the major cyclization product.

Wittig reagent [a] 2 3 D -25.30 1.48, CHCI 3 IR (CHCI 3 2960 2930 2860 1615 1590 1515 1485 1460 1440 1385 1360 1300 1250 1215 br), 1180 1110 1080 1025 1005 965 945 860 830 732 725 710 680 653 cm-1; IH NMR (500 MHZ,

CDCI

3 concentration dependent) d 7.82-7.76 15 7.35 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 2 6.84 J 8.8 Hz, 2 5.35 1 H), 5.30 J 10.5 Hz, 1 4.07 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 3.77 3 3.73-3.67 2 3.56 (dd, J 7.0, 1.8 Hz, 1 3.48 (dd, J 9.8, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.46 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 3.31 (ddd, J 11.2, 11.2 Hz, 1 2.49 IN 84 (ddq, J 10.5, 6.4, 6.4 Hz, 1 2. 25 (apparent t, J 12. 1 Hz, 1 2.10-1.92 3 1.85 (dqd, J 7.1, 7.1, 1.8 Hz, ;1 1.57-1.52 1 1.56 3 0.98 J 7.1 Hz, 00 3 0.89 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.852 9 0.849 9 0.72-0.71 3 0.71 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.69 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.10 3 -0.02 3 -0.03 3 H), -0.07 3 13 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.8, 135.2 (Jcp 2. 6 Hz), 133. 5 (Jcp 10.0 Hz), 132. 9, 131. 4, 130. 6 (Jcp 12.6 Hz), 130.3, 127. 3, 118.4 (Jcp 85. 5 Hz), 113. 4, 101. 0, 83.2, 80.1 (Jcp 14.0 Hz), 78. 3, 73.2, 55. 3, 38 37. 4, 36. 0, 33. 7 (Jcp 4.4 Hz) 33.6, 30. 7, 26.1, 25.5 ,Jcp 49.7 Hz) 22.9, 18.33, 18.29, 17.2, 17.1, 12.5, 12.1, 10.9, -3.7, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 937.5708 calcd for C 57

H

86

O

5 PSi 2 937.5751].

Olefin white solid; mp 80-82 [a] 23 D -18- 0.48, CHCl 3 IR (CHC13) 2955 2920 2880 2850 1640 1613 1588 1517 1460 1387 1360 (m),1300 1250 1178 1170 1160 1115 1080 1023 1000 980 960 930 887 855 830 715 cm-; 'H NMR (500 MHZ,

C

6 DE) d 7.62 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.83 J 8.7 Hz, 2 H), 5.46 1 5.00 1 4.95 1 3.93 (dd, J 11.1, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.89 (dd, J 7.2, 1.5 Hz, 1 3.55 (dd, J= 9.9, 1.9 Hz, 1 3.51 (apparent t, J= 5.9 Hz, 1 3.27 3 3.22 (apparent t, J 11.0 Hz, 1 2.32 (dd, J 13.6, 3.5 Hz, 1 2.27-2.20 1 2.16 (dd, J= 13.7, Hz, 1 2.07-1.92 4 1.87-1.80 1 1.50-1.42 (m, 1 1.18 J 7.1 Hz, 3 1.10 J 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 1.06 J 6.6 Hz, 3 1.04 9 1.02 J 7.0 Hz, 3 1.00 9 0.41 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.13 3 H), 0.09 3 0.08 3 0.06 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ,

CDCI

3 d 159.8 150.7 131.5 127.3, 113.4, 108.3

(CH

2 101.0, 83.2, 81.9, 78.1, 73.3 (CH 2 55.2, 49.9, 44.9, 41.4 (CH 2 39.0 (CH 2 38.3, 36.6, 33.4, 30.8, 26.3, 25.9, 18.5 85 18.2 17.8, 15.5, 12.9, 12.1, 11.0, -4.6, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 697.4642 ;Z calcd for C 39

H

70

O

5 Si 2 Na: 697.4659].

00 EXAMPLE 37 Model Olefin NaHMDS (0.6 M in PhMe, 9.46 mL, 5.68 mmol) was added M over 10 min to a suspension of (CH 3 2 CHPTPh 3 I1 (2.52 g, 5.83 CI mmol) in PhMe (20 mL) at room temperature. After 15 min, the 0mixture was cooled to -78 and aldehyde (1.46 g, 3.84 Cl 10 mmol) in PhMe (15 mL) was introduced via a cannula rinse). After 20 min at -78 °C and 30 min at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with MeOH (1.0 mL). The solution was separated, and the oil residue was extracted with hexane (3 x mL). The combined organic solutions were then concentrated and, and flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (1.44 g, 92% yield) as a colorless oil: [C] 2 3 +8.07° 2.57, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 2960 2925 2880 2855 1610 1585 1510 1460 1375 1360 1300 1245 1172 1085 br), 1035 1003 970 950 935 862 835 cm- 1

IH

NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 7.23 J= 9.0 Hz, 2 6.85 J 8.6 Hz, 2 4.92 (d-quintet, J 9.7, 1.4 Hz, 1 4.37 (apparent s, 2 3.78 3 3.49 (dd, J 9.2, 4.9 Hz, 1 3.39 (dd, J 6.3, 4.5 Hz, 1 3.19 (dd, J 9.0, 8.4 Hz, 1 2.49 (ddq, J 9.6, 6.7, 6.7 Hz, 1 2.00-1.92 (m, 1 1.63 J 1.2 Hz, 3 1.55 J 1.3 Hz, 3 H), 0.945 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.874 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.873 9 0.01 (apparent s, 6 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) 159.0, 131.1, 129.7, 129.4, 129.1, 113.7, 78.6, 72.6, 55.3, 38.5, 36.0, 26.2, 25.8, 18.4, 17.9, 17.0, 14.8, -3.88, -3.95; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 407.2984 calcd for C 24

H

4 3 0 3 Si: 407.2981].

D 86

O

0 EXAMPLE 38 Alcohol A mixture of olefin (387.6 mg, 0.954 mmol) in 00 CH 2 C1 2 (10 mL) was treated with H 2 0 (500 pL) and DDQ (320 mg, 1.41 mmol). After 30 min at room temperature, the mixture was filtered through a short silica plug (50% ethyl acetate/hexane) and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl or acetate/hexane) provided (273.1 mg, 99% yield) as a Cy colorless oil: [a] 23 D +17.50 2.80, CHCl 3 IR (CHCl 3 3620

\O

3500 br), 2955 2925 2880 2860 1460 C 1405 1375 1360 1337 1252 1070 1050 1015 1002 978 933 832 (s) cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 4.92 (apparent d quintet, J 9.7, 1.4 Hz, 1 3.66 (ddd, J 11.0, 4.4, 4.4 Hz, 1 3.52 (ddd, J 11.0, 5.5, 5.5 Hz, 1 3.42 (dd, J 6.8, 4.0 Hz, 1 2.57 (ddq, J 9.6, 6.8, 6.8 Hz, 1 2.45 (apparent t, J 5.2 Hz, 1 1.85-1.78 1 1.65 J 1.3 Hz, 3 1.59 J 1.3 Hz, 3 0.98 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.92 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.90 9 0.08 3 0.05 (s, 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 130.7, 128.5, 81.7, 65.5, 38.1, 37.4, 26.2, 25.8, 18.3, 17.9, 17.4, 15.9, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 287.2418 calcd for C, 6

H

3 sO 2 Si: 287.2406].

EXAMPLE 39 Wittig reagent Iodine (1.08 g, 4.24 mmol) was added to a solution of alcohol (810 mg, 2.83 mmol), PPh 3 (1.11 g, 4.24 mmol) and imidazole (289 mg, 4.24 mmol) in benzene/ether 21 mL) under vigorous stirring at room temperature. After 40 min, the mixture was diluted with ether (100 mL), washed with saturated Na 2

S

2 03 (50 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (hexane) provided a mixture of 45/47/48 (1.06 g, 97% yield, 18:1:1) as a colorless oil; ND 87 0 SThis material was then treated with I-Pr 2 NEt (928 pL, 5.33 3 mmol) and PPh 3 (7.01 g, 26.7 mmol) then heated at 80 °C for 13 h. The mixture was extracted with hexane (3 x 100 mL). The OO residue was purified by flash chromatography MeOH/CHCl3) providing Wittig reagent (207.1 mg, 38% yield from as a pale yellow foam. The hexane extract was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (hexane) Saffording a mixture of two cyclization products (380 mg) and CI further purification by preparative TLC (hexane) afforded

\O

and (C Wittig reagent [a] 2 3 D 1.23, CHCl 3

IR

(CHC13) 2940 2860 1588 1482 1468 1460 1440 1380 1360 1310 1253 1230 1210 1110 1080 1050 1018 1000 995 860 832 800 708 680 652 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 concentration dependent) d 7.81-7.67 15 4.92 J 9.7 Hz, 1 3.50 (apparent t, J 5.3 Hz, 1 3.38 (ddd, J 14.9, 14.9, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.25 (ddd, J 15.6, 11.1, 11.1 Hz, 1 2.42 (ddq, J 9.7, 6.6, 6.6 Hz, 1 2.10-2.00 1 1.53 3 1.43 (s, 3 0.83 9 0.81 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.75 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.03 3 -0.02 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d, 135.3 (J 2.8 Hz), 133.3 (Jc 9.9 Hz), 131.0, 130.6 (J 12.4 Hz), 128.0, 118.2 (Jrp 85.6 Hz), 80.4 (Jp 13.3 Hz), 36.0, 33.0 (Jp 4.0 Hz), 26.1, 25.6, 25.1 (J:p 50.8 Hz), 18.3, 18.1, 17.9, 16.4, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 531.3221 calcd for

C

34

H

48 OPSi: 531.3213].

Olefin Colorless oil; [a] 23 0 -14° 0.36, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 2960 2930 2860 1470 1460, 1370 1360 1250 1206 1165 1140 1070 1020 1000 932 908 897 853 830 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 3.63 br, J 3.6 Hz, 1 2.50 (apparent q, J 7.3 Hz, 1 2.28 (ddd, IN 88 j 15.5, 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1 2.13-2.03 1 1.99-1.91 (m, S1 1.60 (apparent br s, 3 1.57 (apparent d, J= 0.8 Hz, <1 0.94 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.91 J 7.4 Hz, 3 H), 00 0.85 9 0.01 (apparent s, 6 NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 138.9 122.0 82.9, 46.1, 36.4, 35.8 (CH 2 25.9, 21.2, 20.4, 18.3 18.0, 14.3, high resolution S mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 269.2310 calcd for C16H 33 OSi: 269.2300].

Olefin Colorless oil; [a] 23 D 0.24, CHC1 3 IR (CHC13) 2953 2925 2880 2855 1638 1470 1460 1385 1373 1360 1250 1135 1117 1100 1075 1028 1000 932 865 830 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, C 6

D

6 d 4.84-4.83 1 4.79-4.77 1 3.46 (apparent t, J 5.3 Hz, 1 1.94-1.88 1 1.87-1.78 2 1.73 (ddd, J= 12.4, 7.3, 7.3 Hz, 1 1.66 (apparent dd, J 1.3, 0.8 Hz, 3 1.45 (ddd, J 12.2, 10.3, 8.7 Hz, 1 1.00 (d, J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.99 9 0.96 J 6.7 Hz, 3 H), 0.06 3 0.05 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, C 6

D

6 d 147.4 110.3 (CH 2 82.3, 53.1, 45.4, 37.5 (CH2), 37.3, 26.1, 19.3, 18.4 18.0, 15.6, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 269.2315 calcd for C, 6

H

33 OSi: 269.2300].

EXAMPLE Alcohol A solution of olefin (70.9 mg, 0.28 mmol) in EtOH/EtOAc 4.5 mL) was treated with Pd/C (10% wet, E101 NE/W, 15.2 mg) under H 2 atmosphere for 18 h. The mixture was then filtered through a short silica pipet and concentrated.

Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (70.8 mg, 100% yield) as a colorless oil. [a]23 +28° 0.15, CHC1 3 IR (CHCI1) 3680 3620 3500 br), 3010 2960 2935 2900 2885 2860 1522 IND 89 1510 1470 1426 1420 1412 1387 (i) COJI 1370 1255 1205 1070 1030 1013 Cm), 1002 980 925 833 720 665 658 (m) 00 cm-; 1 H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 3.60-3.56 2 3.46 (dd, J 5.5, 3.8 Hz, 1 2.46 (br s, 1 1.89-1.81 1 H), 1.74-1.66 1 1.64-1.56 1 1.21 (ddd, J 13.3, 8.9, 4.6 Hz, 1 1.09 (ddd, J 13.7, 9.6, 5.3 Hz, 1 0.94 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.90 9 0.88 J 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 0.86 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.83 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0. 095 (s, 3 0.07 3 13 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 81.3, 66.3, ri 42.5, 37.8, 35.7, 26.1, 25.4, 23.8, 21.8, 16.4, 15.1, -3.9, high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 289.2565 calcd for CIsH 3 70 2 Si: 289.2562].

EXAMPLE 41 Iodide A solution of alcohol (150 mg, 0.520 mmol), PPh 3 (205 mg, 0.780 mmol) and imidazole (53 mg, 0.780 mmol) in benzene/ether 6.0 mL) was treated with iodine (198 mg, 0.780 mmol) under vigorous stirring at room temperature. After 40 min, the mixture was diluted with ether (100 mL), washed with saturated Na 2

S

2 0 3 (50 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (hexane) provided (195 mg, 94% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 23 D +24.20 2.21, CHCI 3 IR (CHCl 3 2960 2935 2900 2860 1470 1463 1425 1405 1382 1368 1360 1290 1255 1190 1170 1082 1065 1028 1003 970 932 832 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 3.41 (dd, J 9.6, 3.7 Hz, 1 3.38 (dd, J 6.3, 2.6 Hz, 1 3.10 (dd, J= 9.6, 7.5 Hz, 1 1.72-1.56 3 1.17 (ddd, J 13.4, 8.3, 5.4 Hz, 1 1.09 (ddd, J 13.3, 5.9, 2.1 Hz, 1 0.99 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.89 9 0.88 J 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 0.84 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.81 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.09 (s, ID 3 0.06 3 3 "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 79.1, 43.7, 39.8, 33.8, 26.2, 25.3, 23.5, 22.0, 18.7, 18.5, 15.9, 14.4, S-3.65, -3.71; high resolution mass spectrum (CI, NH 3 m/z 00 399.1572 calcd for C 16

H

3 6 OISi: 399.1580].

EXAMPLE 42 Wittig Reagent A mixture of Iodide (195 mg, 0.489 mmol) and benzene (100 mL) was treated with I-Pr 2 NEt (85 pL, 0.488 mmol) and PPh 3 (1.28 g, 4.88 mmol), then heated at 70 OC for 24 h.

The mixture was extracted with hexane (3 x 20 mL). The residue was purified by flash chromatography MeOH/CHCl 3 furnishing (303 mg, 94% yield) as a white foam; 3 "D +3.3 2.14, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 2950 2930 2855 1588 1482 1463 1438 1385 1365 1253 1225 1207 1110 1080 1032 1000 832 804 708 680 653 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 7.83-7.67 15 3.70 (ddd, J 15.6, 11.0, 11.0 Hz, 1 3.52 (dd, J= 7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.45 (apparent t, J 15.4 Hz, 1 2.08-1.97 1 1.70-1.62 1 1.51 (9 lines, J 6.5 Hz, 1 1.09-0.97 2 0.850 9 H), 0.79 J= 6.7 Hz, 3 0.77 J 7.9 Hz, 3 0.74 (d, J 6.5 Hz, 3 0.68 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.12 3 H), 0.11 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 135.2 (J 2.7 Hz), 133.6 (Jp =9.9 Hz), 130.6 12.4 Hz), 118.5 (Jp 85.5 Hz), 80.1 (Jp 12.9 Hz), 43.5, 33.6, 32.6 3.7 Hz), 26.2, 25.3 (Jp 51.1 Hz), 25.0, 23.4, 21.7, 18.6, 18.5, 13.7, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB,NBA) m/z 533.3369 calcd for C 3 4

H

0 oOPSi: 533.3357].

EXAMPLE 43 Olefin Phosphonium salt was dried azeotropically with anhydrous benzene and heated at 50 °C under vacuum for 3 h IND 91 before use. A solution of (97.7 mg, 0.0917 mmol) in THF (700 pL) was cooled to -78 'C and treated with NaHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 85.5 pL, 0.0855 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 00 min at 0°C, recooled to -78 'C and aldehyde C (28.0 mg, 0.0570 mmol) in THF (300 PL) was added. After 10 min at -78 'C and 2 h at room temperature, the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (1.0 mL) and extracted with ether mL). The ether solution was washed with water, brine (30 mL Cl each), dried over MgSO, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (50.0 mg, 76% yield) as a colorless oil: 2 3 D -44.90 2.09,

CHCI

3 IR (CHCI 3 2960 2930 2855 1615 1587 1517 1463 1380 1360 1320 1300 1250 1170 1160 1120-1000 br), 990 965 935 900 835 807 670 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 7.35 J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.85 J 8.8 Hz, 2 5.37 1 5.27 (dd, J 11.2, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.19 (apparent t, J 10.9 Hz, 1 5.08 J 10.1 Hz, 1 5.06 J 2.2 Hz, 1 4.68 (apparent t, J 9.1 Hz, 1 4.08 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.78 3 3.68 (apparent t, J 10.1 Hz, 1 3.61 (dd, J 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.53 (apparent t, J 2.6 Hz, 1 3.50 (dd, J 9.9, 1.6 Hz, 1 3.46 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 3.25 (apparent t, J 5.3 Hz, 1 2.71-2.58 1 2.68 (dq, J 12.8, 7.4 Hz, 1 2.62 (dq, J 12.8, 7.4 Hz, 1 2.50 1 H), 2.30 (apparent t, J 12.2 Hz, 1 2.08-2.01 1 H), 1.98-1.90 1 1.88 (dqd, J= 7.1, 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1 1.82 (apparent qt, J 7.1, 2.6 Hz, 1 1.65 (br d, J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.62-1.57 2 1.56 J 0.4 Hz, 3 1.38 (ddd, J 13.6, 10.7, 1.5 Hz, 1 1.29-1.22 (apparent t, J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.00 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.3 Hz, 3 H), 0.930 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.925 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.90 18 0.89 9 0.86 9 0.74 (apparent d, J 6.6 Hz, 6 0.73 J 6.1 Hz, 3 0.05 3 0.04 IND 92 3 0.03 3 0.019 3 0.017 3 0.013 3 0.009 3 0.00 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ,

CDCI

3 d 159.8, 134.4, 131.9, 131.8, 131.5, 131.4, 127.3, 00 113.4, 101.0, 83.4, 80.9, 80.4, 78.5, 76.7, 76.5, 74.2, 73.3, 65.5, 55.2, 42.5, 41.9, 38.2, 37.5, 37.1, 35.4, 34.4, 33.8, 26.3, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 25.1, 23.2, 18.5, 18.4, 18.12, 18.08, 17.0, 16.6, 15.6, 14.4, 12.7, 12.1, 11.6, 10.9, -3.66, -3.69, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1171.7799 calcd for

C

63 Hl 20

O

8 SSiNa: 1171.7781].

EXAMPLE 44 Hydroxy Diene A solution of the olefin (49.8 mg, 0.0434 mmol) in CH2CI2 (4.4 mL) was cooled to -78 'C and DIBAL (1.0 M in toluene, 430 pL, 0.430 mmol) was added over 5 min. After min at -78 0C and 30 min at 0 the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous Rochelle's salt (500 pL). The mixture was diluted with ether (60 mL), washed with saturated aqueous Rochelle salt, brine (30 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) furnished (38.0 mg, 88% yield) as a colorless oil: [a) 23 D -320 1.90, CHC1 3 IR (CHC1 3 3500 (w, br), 2960 2935 2900 2885 2860 1610 1585 1510 1470 1460 1400 1375 1360 1300 1250 1170 1095 1080 1047 1000 960 950 933 835 805 665 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 7.24 J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.85 J 8.6 Hz, 2 5.27 (dd, J 11.4, 7.8 Hz, 1 5.20 (apparent t, J 10.3 Hz, 1 5.10 J 10.0 Hz, 1 5.05 J 2.2 Hz, 1 4.68 (apparent t, J 9.2 Hz, 1 4.49 (ABq, JAB 10.4 Hz, A6,A 23.4 Hz, 2 3.78 3 3.73 (ddd, J= 10.7, 4.0, 4.0 Hz, 1 3.68 (apparent t, J 10.4 Hz, 1 3.57 (ddd, J 10.6, 5.1, 5.1 IND 93 Hz, 1 3.53 (dd, J 5.4, 3.4 Hz, 1 3.50 (apparent t, J 5.2 Hz, 1 3.35 (apparent t, J 5.5 Hz, 1 3.26 ;(apparent t, J 5.2 Hz, 1 2.68 (dq, J 12.8, 7.4 Hz, 1 2.61 (dq, J 12.8, 7.5 Hz, 1 2.71-2.58 2 H), 2.51-2.44 1 2.22 (apparent t, J 12.4 Hz, 1 H), 1.99-1.86 3 1.81 (apparent qt, J 7.1, 2.6 Hz, 1 H), 1.72 (br d, J 12.7 Hz, 1 1.62-1.57 1 1.61 3 MH), 1.56-1.48 1 1.38 (ddd, J 13.5, 12.3, 1.4 Hz, 1 N1 1.27 (apparent t, J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.03 J 6.9 Hz, C) 10 3 1.02 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.95-0.92 9 0.93 (s, ri 9 0.90 9 0.89 9 0.86 9 0.74 J 8.0 Hz, 3 0.73 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.08 6 0.05 3 0.024 3 0.020 3 0.012 3 0.009 3 0.006 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.4, 134.4, 132.3, 131.7, 130.9, 130.4, 129.3, 114.0, 86.3, 80.9, 80.4, 77.6, 76.5, 75.3, 74.2, 65.6, 65.5, 55.3, 42.6, 41.9, 40.0, 37.6, 37.0, 36.8, 35.9, 35.2, 34.5, 26.30, 26.27, 25.9, 25.8, 25.1, 23.2, 18.53, 18.47, 18.13, 18.07, 17.1, 16.6, 15.7, 15.6, 14.4, 13.6, 11.6, 11.4, -4.2, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1173.7859 calcd for C 63

H

2 2 OSSi' 4 Na: 1173.7835].

EXAMPLE Aldehyde A solution of alcohol (13.8 mg, 0.0120 mmol) and Et 3 N (42 pL, 0.30 remol) in CH 2 C1 2 (200 pL) was cooled to 0 0 C and treated with S0 3 .pyridine (40 mg, 0.251 mmol) in DMSO (600 pL). After 45 min at 0 0 C, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO 4 (1.0 M, mL), brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over MgS0 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded (13.2 mg, 96% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 23 D-32.10 1.40, CHCI 3 IR (CHC1 3 2960 2935 2880 1720 1610 1512 1470 IND -94 1460 1387 1380 1360 1340 1320 1300 1250 1110 1098 1080 1048 1002 988 965 950 935 835 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 9.78 J 2. 5 Hz, 1 7. 20 (d, J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.85 J 8.7 Hz, 2 5.27 (dd, J 11.1, 7.8 Hz, 1 5.19 (apparent t, J 10.4 Hz, 1 5.10 J 10.0 Hz, 1 5.05 J 2.1 Hz, 1 4.67 (apparent t, J 8.9 Hz, 1 4.45 (apparent s, 2 3. 78 (s, 3 3.68 (apparent t, J 10.2 Hz, 1 3.58-3.56 2 H), 3.51 (apparent t, J 2.6 Hz, 1 3.25 (apparent t, J 5.2 Hz, 1 2.73 (dqd, J 7.1, 6.0, 2.6 Hz, 1 2.70-2.57 3 2.51-2.44 1 2.23 (apparent t, J 12.4 Hz, 1 H), 1.98-1.85 2 1.81 (apparent qt, T 7.1, 2.6 Hz, 1 H), 1.67 (br d, J 13.0 Hz, 1 1.60 3 1.62-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.37 (ddd, J 13.8, 10.4, 1.5 Hz, 1 1.26 (apparent t, 3 7.4 Hz, 3 1.10 J 7.0 Hz, 3 1.02 J Hz, 3 0.938 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.932 J 7.8 Hz, 3 0.919 9 0.918 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.90 9 0.88 9 0.86 9 0.732 J 6.7 Hz, 3 H), 0.726 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.07 3 0.053 3 H), 0.047 3 0.02 6 0.009 3 0.005 6 H); 1 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 204.6, 159.3, 134.4, 132.3, 131.8, 130.8, 130.3, 129.1, 128.3, 113.8, 82.6, 80.9, 80.4, 76.5, 74.5, 74.2, 65.5, 55.3, 49.5, 42.5, 41.9, 40.3, 37.1, 36.8, 35.4, 34.9, 34.4, 26.3, 26.2, 25.9, 25.8, 25.1, 23.2, 18.49, 18.45, 18.12, 18.07, 17.0, 16.6, 15.6, 14.4, 13.3, 12.1, 11.6, 11.4, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1171.7670 calcd for C 63

H,

2 0 OSSiNa: 1171.76761.

EXAMPLE 46 Tetraene A solution of Ph 2

PCH

2

CH=CH

2 (40 pL, 0.19 mmol) in THF mL) was cooled to -78 'C and t-BuLi (1.7 M in pentane, IND -95 72.0 pL, 0.122 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min, recooled to -78 'C and treated with Ti(OiPr) 4 pL, 0.15 mmol). After 30 min, a cold (-78 solution of the aldehyde (30.2 mg, 0.0262 mmo!) in THF (1.0 mL) was introduced via cannula, and the resultant mixture was stirred for 10 min at -78 0 C and 1 h at 0 CC. MeI (20 pL, 0.32 mmol) was then added, and the reaction was maintained at 0 0 C for min, warmed to room temperature, protected from light with aluminum foil, and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO 4 (1.0 M), brine (30 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) gave a 16:1 mixture of Z/E isomers (20.0 mg, 70% yield) as an oil. Pipette flash chromatography (20% benzene/hexane) furnished the Z-olefin as a colorless oil: [a] 2 1 0 -57.2' o 2.56, CHCI 3 IR (CHCl 3 3015 2960 2940 2900 2885 2860 1613 1515 1475 1465 1390 1380 1360 1250 1110 1100 1080 1050 1003 963 950 835 800 790 770 700 690 670 655 (w) cm-; IH NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 7.25 J 8.2 Hz, 2 6.84 8.7 Hz, 2 6.57 (dddd, J= 16.8, 11.0, 11.0, 0.7 Hz, 1 6.00 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 5.55 (apparent t, J 10.5 Hz, 1 5.26 (dd, J 11.2, 7.8 Hz, 1 5.20-5.16 2 5.09 J 10.1 Hz, 1 5.05 J= 2.2 Hz, 1 5.03 J 10.0 Hz, 1 4.67 (apparent t, J 9.1 Hz, 1 4.49 (ABq, JAB 10.6 Hz, L6A 41.3 Hz, 2 3.78 (s, 3 3.68 (apparent t, J 10.2 Hz, 1 3.52 (apparent t, J 2.6 Hz, 1 3.43 (dd, J 4.8, 3.9 Hz, 1 3.24-3.21 2 3.01-2.94 1 2.67 (dq, J= 12.8, 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.61 (dq, J= 12.8, 7.5 Hz, 1 2.71-2.57 1 2.46-2.39 1 2.00 (apparent t, J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.83-1.73 (m, 3 1.64 (br d, J 14.0 Hz, 1 1.62-1.52 2 1.55 J 0.5 Hz, 3 1.36 (ddd, J 13.7, 10.8, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), ND 96 0 1.26 J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.25 J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.08 (d, b J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.98 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.93 9 0.90 9 0.89 9 H), 00 0.89-0.86 3 0.86 9 0.73 J 6.8 Hz, 3 H), 0.70 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.08 6 0.05 3 0.02 3 0.013 3 0.010 6 -0.02 3 1 3

C

NMR (125 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 159.1, 134.5, 134.3, 132.2, 131.9, S131.8, 131.2, 129.13, 129.07, 117.6, 113.7, 84.6, 80.9, 80.5, C1 76.5, 75.0, 74.2, 65.5, 55.3, 42.5, 41.9, 40.2, 37.2, 36.1,

\O

S 10 35.4, 35.3, 34.5, 29.7, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 25.1, 23.1, 18.7, C1 18.6, 18.5, 18.14, 18.09, 17.0, 16.8, 15.6, 14.8, 14.4, 11.6, 10.6, -4.90, -4.93; high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1195.8001 calcd for C 66

H,

24 0.SSi 4 Na: 1195.8042].

EXAMPLE 47 Lactone A solution of diene (7.0 mg, 0.00597 mmol) in

THF/CH

3 CN 1.50 mL) was treated with pH 7.0 phosphate buffer (500 pL) and HgC1 2 (215 mg). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 40 min, diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided a mixture of lactols as a colorless oil which was further treated with DMSO (1.0 mL) and Ac 2 O (200 mL) at room temperature for 2 days. The mixture was diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (30 mL), brine mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provided mg, 82% yield from as a colorless oil: [a]2 3 -31.6 0.23, CHCl 3 IR (CHCl 3 3015 2960 2930 2880 2855 1725 1610 1510 1460 (m),1385 1373 1360 1300 1250 1230 1200 1170 1120 1097 1060 1045 1020 IND 97 1003 980 955 930 905 867 835 800 695 670 660 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, ;ZCDC1 3 d 7.25 J 9.0 Hz, 2 6.84 J 8.7 Hz, 2 H), 00 6.57 (ddd, J 16.7, 10.6, 10.6 Hz, 1 6.00 (apparent t, 7 11.0 Hz, 1 5.55 (apparent t, J= 10.5 Hz, 1 5.26 (dd, J 11.1, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.19 (dd, J= 15.4, 1.4 Hz, 1 5.18 (apparent t J= 10.1 Hz, 1 5.10 J= 10.2 Hz, 1 5.01 M(d, J= 10.0 Hz, 1 4.75 (apparent t, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 4.50 ri (ddd, J 10.5, 1.3, 1.3 Hz, 1 4.50 (ABq, JAB 10.6 Hz, i) A5A 42.6 Hz, 2 3.78 3 3.60 (apparent t, J 2.4 Hz, 1 3.42 (dd, J 5.1, 3.7 Hz, 1 3.23 (dd, J 3.7 Hz, 1 3.20 (apparent t, J= 5.4 Hz, 1 3.01-2.94 (m, 1 2.60 (qd, J 7.7, 2.6 Hz, 1 2.62-2.55 1 H), 2.45-2.38 1 1.98 (apparent t, J 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 1.84-1.67 3 1.63 (br d, J 13.2 Hz, 1H), 1.52 3 1.55-1.48 1 1.20 J= 7.6 Hz, 3 1.09 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.98 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.93 (apparent d, J 6.7 Hz, 6 0.93 9 0.89 9 0.86 9 H), 0.85 9 0.84 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.69 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.085 3 0.079 3 0.051 3 0.046 (s, 3 0.042 3 0.029 3 0.028 3 -0.02 (s, 3 1 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 173.2, 159.1, 134.4, 133.4, 132.4, 132.2, 131.9., 131.3, 131.2, 129.11, 129.09, 117.6, 113.7, 84.6, 80.5, 76.9, 75.0, 74.9, 64.6, 55.3, 44.1, 42.7, 40.1, 37.5, 36.0, 35.44, 35.37, 35.2, 34.2, 26.31, 26.28, 25.9, 25.7, 23.0, 18.7, 18.6, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 17.1, 16.5, 16.4, 14.9, 14.1, 10.5, -4.8, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1149.7836 Calcd for C 6

,H

1 1 8

O

8 Si 1 Na: 1149.7802].

EXAMPLE 48 Alcohol A solution of (4.0 ing, 0.00355 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (500 pL) was treated with H 2 0 (50 pL) and DDQ (3.0 mag, 0.0132 -98 mmol) at 0 After 1 h, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed with brine (3 x 30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography 0O ethyl acetate/hexane) provided (3.4 mg, 95% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 23 D -20 0. 34, CHCl 3 IR (film, CHCI 3 on NaCl plate) 3500 br), 2960 2930 2890 2855 1740 1460 1405 1380 1360 1253 m) 1220 1120 1093 1075 1045 1022 1002 980 933 902 833 808 770 663 cm-1; IH NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 6.61 (ddd, J 16.8, 10.9, 10.9 Hz, 1 6.13 (apparent t, J= 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.32 (apparent t, J 10.5 Hz, 1 5.28 (dd, J 11.1, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.24-5.21 1 5.19 (apparent t, J 10.3 Hz, 1 5.14 J 10.2 Hz, 1 5.06 J 10.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.76 (apparent t, J 9.3 Hz, 1 4.50 (apparent t, J 9.9 Hz, 1 3.62 (apparent t, J 2.4 Hz, 1 3.60 (dd, J 3.4 Hz, 1 3.32 (br d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 3.24 (apparent t, J 5.1 Hz, 1 2.79 (ddq, J 9.9, 6.7, 6.7 Hz, 1 H), 2.60 (qd, J 7.6, 2.7 Hz, 1 2.63-2.57 1 2.50-2.45 1 2.16 (apparent t, J 12.3 Hz, 1 1.90-1.77 (m, 3 1.75-1.69 2 1.57 3 1.60-1.50 I H), 1.20 J 7.6 Hz, 3 0.96 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.95 (d, J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.95-0.93 6 0.91 9 0.89 (s, 9 0.89-0.84 3 0.87 9 0.85 9 0.73 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.07 (apparent s, 6 0.052 3 H), 0.051 3 0.04 (apparent s, 6 0.03 3 -0.01 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 173.3, 134.7, 133.5, 132.5, 132.1, 132.0, 131.5, 131.0, 118.4, 80.5, 78.8, 76.4, 74.9, 64.7, 44.1, 42.7, 38.0, 37.4, 36.3, 36.1, 35.2, 35.1, 34.2, 26.3, 26.2, 25.9, 25.7, 23.2, 18.5, 18.1, 18.0, 17.3, 17.2, 16.4, 16.1, 14.1, 13.7, 9.4, -4.34, -4.36, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1029.7273 calcd for C 56

H

110 07Si 4 Na: 1029.7226].

O 99 0 EXAMPLE 49 Carbamate SA solution of alcohol (2.2 mg, 0.00219 mmol) 00 in CH 2 Cl 2 (500 pL) was treated with Cl 3 CON=C=0 (20 pL, 0.168 mmol) at room temperature. After 30 min, the mixture was diluted with regular CH 2 C1 2 (2.0 mL) and treated with neutral A1 2 0 3 (500 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for M 2 h, filtered through a short silica plug, and concentrated.

Ci Pipette flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane)

IO

S 10 provided (1.9 mg, 83% yield) as a colorless oil: [a] 2 3 C -370 0.19, CHC1 3 IR (film, CHC1 3 on NaCl plate) 3510 3360 br), 3180 2960 2930 2880 2855 1730 br), 1596 1460 1385 1362 1325 1255 1220 1100 1043 983 937 904 832 770 663 cm- 1 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 6.58 (dddd, J 16.8, 10.6, 10.6, 0.7 Hz, 1 6.01 (apparent t, J= 11.0 Hz, 1 5.36 (apparent t, J= 10.4 Hz, 1 5.27 (dd, J 11.1, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.22-5.16 2 5.12 J 10.1 Hz, 1 5.03 J 10.0 Hz, 1 4.76 (apparent t, J 9.2 Hz, 1 4.71 (apparent t, J 6.1 Hz, 1 4.50 (ddd, J 10.5, 10.5, 1.3 Hz, 1 4.44 (br s, 2 3.62 (apparent t, J 2.4 Hz, 1 3.42 (apparent t, J 4.5 Hz, 1 3.22 (apparent t, J 5.3 Hz, 1 2.98 (ddq, J 10.1, 6.6, 6.6 Hz, 1 2.60 (qd, J 7.6, 2.7 Hz, 1 2.63-2.55 1 2.48-2.41 1 2.09 (apparent t, J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.93-1.88 1 1.87-1.77 2 1.71 (ddd, J 14.1, 10.8, 1.6 Hz, 1 1.67 (br d, J 13.7 Hz, 1 1.56 (apparent s, 3 1.55-1.50 1 1.21 J 7.6 Hz, 3 0.98 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.95 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.5 Hz, 3 0.918 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.915 9 0.89 9 0.86 9 0.853 J 6.4 Hz, 3 H), 0.847 9 0.70 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.09 3 0.07 3 0.053 3 0.051 3 0.040 3 0.037 3 0.03 3 -0.02 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, ID- 100 CDC1 3 d 173.3, 156.9, 133.6, 133.5, 132.4, 132.1, 131.9, 131.4, 129.8,118.0, 80.5, 78.9, 74.9, 64.6, 44.2, 42.7, 37.8, 37.4, 36.0, 35.3, 35.2, 34.5, 34.2, 26.3, 26.2, 25.9, 25.7, 00 23.0, 18.5, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 17.5, 17.1, 16.44, 16.38, 14.1, 13.7, 10.1, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1072.7264 calcd for

C,

7 HlNOSi 4 Na: 1072.7283 (EXAMPLE Discodermolide (1 A solution of olefin (5.8 mg, 5.5 mmol) in 48%

HF-CH

3 CN 1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, then quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (5.0 mL). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography (gradient elution, 1:30 to 1:6 MeOH/CHCI 3 provided (2.0 mg, 60% yield) as a white amorphous solid: [a] 23 -160 0. 03, MeOH); IR (CHC1 3 3690 3620 3540 3430 3020 2975 2935 1740 1590 1540 1520 1467 1430 1385 1330 1233 1210 1100 1045 1033 975 930 910 793 777 765 750 705 687 670 660 625 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 6.60 (dddd, J 16.8, 8.4, 8.4, 0.8 Hz, 1 6.02 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 5.51 (dd, J 11.2, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.42 (ddd, J 10.6, 0.6 Hz, 1 5.34 (apparent t, J 10.4 Hz, 1 5.20 (dd, J 16.9, 1.9 Hz, 1 5.16 a 10.0 Hz, 1 5.11 J 10.1 Hz, 1 4.77-4.69 1 4.70 (dd, J 7.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 4.60 (ddd, J 10.0, 10.0, 2.4 Hz, 1 4.56 (br s, 2 3.73 1 3.28 1 3.18 (dd, J 6.8, 4.8 Hz, 1 2.98 (ddq, J 10.1, 6.9, 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 2.78 (ddq, J 9.8, 6.8, 6.8 Hz, 1 2.66 (qd, J 7.3, 4.6 Hz, 1 2.60-2.55 1 2.10-1.80 10 1.69 (ddd, IND 101 0 0 J 14.4, 10.3, 3.1 Hz, 1 1.64 J 1.3 Hz, 3 1.30

(N

J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.06 J 6.9 Hz, 3 1.00 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.99 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.97 J 6.8 Hz, OO 3 0.94 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.82 J= 6.3 Hz, 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 173.6, 157.0, 134.4, 133.7, 133.4, 132.9, 132.2, 129.9, 129.8, 117.9, 79.1, 78.9, 77.9, 75.7, S73.2, 64.4, 43.1, 41.0, 37.4, 36.1, 36.0, 35.8, 35.3, 34.8, 33.1, 23.3, 18.4, 17.4, 15.6, 15.5, 13.7, 12.5, 9.0; high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 616.3840

(N

10 calcd for C 33

H

5 NONa: 616.3826).

EXAMPLE 51 (Figures 16 and 17) A. Tosylate 101 A solution of diene 16 (see, Smith, et al., J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12011) (1.15 g, 1.0 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) at 0 °C is treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (286 mg, 1.5 mmol). The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature for 4-6 h. The pyridine is removed in vacuo and the residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford tosylate 101.

B. Arene 102 Phenyllithium (2.7 mL, 1.8 M in cyclohexane-ether (70:30)) is added dropwise to a solution of copper iodide (460 mg, 2.4 mmol) in anhydrous diethyl ether (5 mL) at 0 °C.

To the resultant mixture is added a solution of tosylate 101 (780 mg, 0.6 mmol) in ether (5 mL) and the resultant mixture is warmed to room temperature with stirring. After 4 h, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (20 mL) is added. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 102.

C. Lactol 103.

D 102 STo a solution of 102 (120 mg, 0.1 mmol) in b! tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile (15 mL, 2:1) is added phosphate Sbuffer (pH 7, 5 mL) and mercury (II) chloride (272 mg, 00 mmol) The resultant mixture is stirred 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with ether (100 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous brine (2 x 50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue C is purified by flash chromatography to afford 103 as a mixture CI of c and p anomers.

\O

0 10 D. Lactone 104.

Ce- To a solution of 103 (84 mg, 0.070 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (10 mL) is added acetic anhydride (2 mL). After 2 days at room temperature, the mixture is diluted with ether (100 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), saturated aqueous brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 104.

E. Alcohol 105.

To a solution of 104 (56 mg, 0.050 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0 OC is added water (50 mL) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (52 mg, 0.018 mmol) After 1 h, the reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate mL), washed with saturated aqueous brine (3 x 25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 105.

F. Carbamate 106.

To a solution of 105 (10 mg, 0.010 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) is added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (0.12 mL, 1.00 mmol). After 30 min, the reaction mixture is diluted with dichloromethane (4 mL) and neutral alumina (1 g) is added. The resultant suspension is stirred an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture is filtered and the concentrated filtrate is chromatographed on silica gel to afford 106.

ND 103 0 0 G. Tetrol 107.

A solution of 106 (10 mg, 0.0096 mmol) in 48% Shydrofluoric acid-acetonitrile 2 mL) is stirred at O0 ambient temperature. After 12 h, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organics are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue c is purified by flash chromatography to afford 107.

O

I EXAMPLE 52 (Figures 18-20) c 10 A. Alcohol 203.

To a slurry of powdered 4-A molecular sieves (2.0 g) in 100 mL of anhydrous toluene is added boronate 202 (see, Roush, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 6348) (170 mL, M in toluene). The resultant solution is stirred 10 min at room temperature and then cooled to 78 OC. A solution of aldehyde 201 (see, Solladie, et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 797) (113 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) is added over a 2 h period, after which the reaction is maintained at -78 °C for h. Excess ethanolic sodium borohydride (ca. 0.75 g/10 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is warmed to 0 OC. Aqueous 1 N sodium hydroxide (300 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred vigorously for 2 h. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with ether (5 x 300 mL). The combined organics are dried over potassium carbonate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 203.

B. Bis-silyl ether 204 A solution of 203 (75 mmol) in dimethylformamide (150 mL) is cooled to 0 oC and treated with imidazole (150 mmol) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (100 mmol). The resultant solution is warmed to room temperature. After 12 h, the reaction mixture is poured into 1500 mL of water and extracted with ether (3 x 200 mL). The ethereal extracts are washed with water (2 x 50 mL) and saturated aqueous brine (50 mL), dried ID 104 0 O over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue jo! is purified by flash chromatography to afford 204.

SC. Alcohol 205.

00 A solution of 204 (20 mmol) in 500 mL of methanol is cooled to -78 °C and treated with a stream of ozone and oxygen until the colorless solution is converted into a steel blue one. The crude reaction mixture is cautiously quenched with Csodium borohydride (100 mmol) and the resultant solution is CI warmed to room temperature. After 3 h, the excess sodium

\O

C 10 borohydride is destroyed by the cautious addition of water.

C- The methanol is removed in vacuo and the residue is partitioned between saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (200 mL) and ethyl acetate (200 mL). The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is further extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100 mL).

The combined organics are dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 205.

D. Triethylsilyl ether 206.

A solution of 205 (15 mmol) in dimethylformamide mL) is cooled to 0 OC and treated with imidazole (30 mmol) and triethylsilyl chloride (20 mmol). The resultant solution is warmed to room temperature. After 12 h, the reaction mixture is poured into 300 mL of water and extracted with ether (3 x mL). The ethereal extracts are washed with water (2 x mL) and saturated aqueous brine (25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 206.

E. Alcohol 207.

To a solution of 206 (6 mmol) in ethyl acetate-ethanol 90 mL) is added palladium on carbon (10% wet, 500 mg).

The mixture is stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for 3-6 h, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 207.

ID 105 0 F. Aldehyde 208.

To a -10 OC solution of 207 (13 mmol) and Striethylamine (50 mmol) in dichloromethane (26 mL) is added a OO solution of sulfur trioxide-pyridine (39 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mL). The mixture is stirred 1 h at room temperature and diluted with ether (150 mL). The organic phase is washed with aqueous sodium bisulfate (1 M, 100 mL), c saturated aqueous brine (4 x 100 mL), dried over magnesium Ssulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified IO 10 by flash chromatography to afford 208.

G. Wittig product 209.

Phosphonium salt 15 (see, Smith, et al., J. Am. Chem.

Soc. 1995, 117, 12011) (0.2 mmol) is dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) and chilled to 0 OC. A.solution of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.2 mmol, 1.0 M in tetrahydrofuran) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred min at 0 After cooling to -78 OC, a solution of aldehyde 208 (0.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred 10 min at -78 OC and 2 h at room temperature. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2 mL) is added and the resultant mixture is extracted with ether (3 x mL). The ethereal layer is washed with water (2 x 25 mL) and saturated aqueous brine (25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 209.

H. Hydroxy diene 210.

A -78 °C solution of 209 (0.05 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (5 mL) is treated with diisobutylaluminum hydride (0.5 mL, 1.0 M in toluene). The resultant solution is stirred 10 min at -78 °C and 30 min at 0 OC. The reaction is quenched with a saturated solution of sodium potassium tartrate (50 mL) and the mixture is diluted with ether (60 mL). The organic layer is separated, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 210.

I. Aldehyde 211.

ID

O

0 oo 0O 106 To a -10 °C solution of 207 (1.3 mmol) and triethylamine (5.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) is added a solution of sulfur trioxide-pyridine (3.9 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (5 mL). The mixture is stirred 1 h at room temperature and diluted with ether (15 mL). The organic phase is washed with aqueous sodium bisulfate (1 M, 10 mL), saturated aqueous brine (4 x 10 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 211.

J. Tetraene 212.

A solution of diphenylallylphosphine (0.08 mL, 0.38 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is cooled to -78 °C and tert-butyllithium (0.14 mL, 1.7 M in pentane) is added. The mixture is warmed to 0 OC for 30 min, then recooled to -78 "C and treated with titanium (IV) isopropoxide (0.30 mmol). After min, aldehyde 211 (0.30 mmol) is introduced as a solution in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). The resultant solution is stirred at -78 "C for 15 min and at 0 OC for 1 h. Methyl iodide (0.64 mmol) is added, and the reaction is warmed to room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with ether (60 mL), washed with aqueous sodium bisulfate (30 mL, 1.0 saturated aqueous brine (30 mL), and is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 212.

K. Aldehyde 213.

Oxalyl chloride (1.5 mmol) is added dropwise to a -78 °C solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (3 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). After 15 min, a -78 °C solution of 212 (1 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) is added via canula. After an additional 15 min, diisopropylethylamine (4.5 mmol) is added and the reaction is gradually warmed to room temperature over 1 h and quenched with aqueous sodium bisulfate. The mixture is diluted with ether (50 mL) and is washed with water (2 x mL), saturated aqueous brine (2 x 30 mL), is dried over N) 107 0 0 magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 213.

SL. Ester 214.

00 To a -78 °C solution of (F 3

CCH

2 0) 2

POCH

2

CO

2 Et (2 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (2.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) is added potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). The resultant solution is stirred 10 min at -78 °C and r then treated with aldehyde 213 (1.2 mmol) in 4 mL of C- tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture is warmed to 0 oC for 6-8 h and then quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (10 mL) The aqueous layer is separated and extracted with hexane (2 x 25 mL). The combined organics are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 214.

M. Alcohol 215.

To a solution of 214 (0.050 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0 OC is added water (50 mL) and 2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (0.018 mmol). After 1 h, the reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate mL), washed with saturated aqueous brine (3 x 25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 215.

N. Carbamate 216.

To a solution of 215 (0.010 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) is added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (1.00 mmol). After min, the reaction mixture is diluted with dichloromethane (4 mL) and neutral alumina (1 g) is added. The resultant suspension is stirred an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture is filtered and the concentrated filtrate is chromatographed on silica gel to afford 216.

O. Triol 217.

A solution of 216 (0.010 mmol) in 48% hydrofluoric acid-acetonitrile 2 mL) is stirred at ambient temperature. After 12 h, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl ID 108 0 acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organics are dried over 0 magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 217.

00 EXAMPLE 53 (Figures 21 and 22) A. Hydroxy-oxazole 302.

A solution of oxazole (3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran SmL) is cooled to -78 OC and treated with n-BuLi (3 mmol) in Cq hexane. (see, Hodges, et al., J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 449) O After 30 min at -78 oC, previously prepared (see, Smith, et C 10 al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12011) aldehyde 301 (2 mmol) is added in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and the reaction mixture is gradually allowed to warm to room temperature. After 18-24 h, the reaction is quenched by addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (25 mL). The aqueous layer is separated and extracted with ether (3 x 25 mL). The combined organics are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 302.

B. Tosylate 303.

A solution of 302 (1.0 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine mL) at 0 OC is treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (286 mg, mmol). The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature for 4-6 h. The pyridine is removed in vacuo and the residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford tosylate 303.

C. Reduction product 304.

To a 0 °C solution of tosylate 303 (0.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is added lithium triethylborohydride (2 mmol) as a solution in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 The resultant solution is warmed to room temperature for 2-4 h and then quenched with water (1 mL) and diluted with ether (25 mL). The ethereal layer is washed with saturated aqueous brine (2 x mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 304.

D. Lactol 305.

\D 109 0 0 To a solution of 304 (0.1 mmol) in t tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile (15 mL, 2:1) is added phosphate Sbuffer (pH 7, 5 mL) and mercury (II) chloride (1.0 mol). The OO resultant mixture is stirred 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with ether (100 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous brine (2 x 50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 305 as a mixture of a and P C- anomers.

E. Lactone 306.

STo a solution of 305 (0.070 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (10 mL) is added acetic anhydride (2 mL). After 2 days at room temperature, the mixture is diluted with ether (100 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), saturated aqueous brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 306.

F. Alcohol 307.

To a solution of 306 (0.050 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0 OC is added water (50 mL) and 2, 3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (0.018 mmol). After 1 h, the reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate mL), washed with saturated aqueous brine (3 x 25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 307.

G. Carbamate 308.

To a solution of 307 (0.010 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) is added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (1.00 mmol). After min, the reaction mixture is diluted with dichloromethane (4 mL) and neutral alumina (1 g) is added. The resultant suspension is stirred an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture is filtered and the concentrated filtrate is chromatographed on silica gel to afford 308.

ID 110 O H. Tetrol 309.

A solution of 308 (0.010 mmol) in 48% hydrofluoric acid-acetoni.trile 2 mL) is stirred at ambient 00 temperature. After 12 h, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organics are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 309.

ID

D EXAMPLE 54 C 10 As shown in Figure 23, a solution of 402 (10.5 mg, 10.4 mmol) in 48% HF-CH 3 CN 1.0 mL) is stirred at room temperature for 12 hr. The reaction is quenched by saturated NaHCO 3 (5.0 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic phase is then washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over MgSO concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 401.

EXAMPLE 55 (Figure 24) A. PMB-ether 503 ZnC1 2 (1.32 g, 9.69 mmol) is dried at 160 0 C under vacuum overnight and then treated with a solution of iodide 502 (2.46 g, 9.59 mmol) in dry Et 2 O (50 mL). The mixture is stirred at room temperature until most of the ZnC1, is dissolved and then cooled to -78 0 C. t-BuLi (1.7M in pentane, 17.0 mL) is added over 30 min, and the resultant solution is stirred an additional 15 min, warmed to room temperature, and stirred for lhr. The solution is added by cannula to a mixture of iodoolefin B (see, Smith, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12011) (3.21 g, 6.19 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 4 (364.2 mg, 0.315 mmol). The mixture is covered with aluminum foil, stirred overnight, and then diluted with ethyl acetate(100 mL), washed with brine (2 X 100 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 503.

\o II 0 B. Phosphonium salt 504 A solution of alcohol 503 (1.70 g, 3.26 mmol) in

CH

2 C1 2 (28 mL) is cooled to 0 °C and treated with water (1.3 mL) 0O and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (774 mg, 3.41 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0°C for 5 hr, diluted with

CH

2 Cl 2 (20 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered through a column of silica gel. Following concentration in vacuo, the residue is dissolved in ethanol (50 mL) at room temperature, and excess C- sodium borohydride is added. After 30 min, the reaction is S 10 cooled to 0°C, quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (50 mL), 0 and concentrated. The residue is then dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 mL), and the solution is washed with water, dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford an alcohol A solution of this alcohol (400 mg, 1.0 mmol) in dry benzene/ether 50 mL) is treated with triphenylphosphine (923 mg, 3.6 mmol) and imidazole (273 mg, 4.0 mmol). After all of the imidazole dissolved, iodine (761 mg, 3.0 mmol) is added with vigorous stirring of the reaction mixture. The mixture is stirred 2 h further and then treated with triethylamine (4 mL). The resultant solution is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (50 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous Na 2

S

2 03(100 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL), and brine (2 x 100 mL). The organic phase is dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.

Filtration though silica gel to remove triphenylphosphine oxide, affords an iodide. The iodide was mixed with diisopropylethylamine (0.6 mL, 3.44 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (4.94 g, 18.8 mmol). The mixture is heated at 80 OC for 24 hr, cooled to room temperature, and washed with hexane(2 x 50 mL). The product is isolated by flash chromatography to afford 504.

C. Coupled product 505.

Phosphonium salt 504 (386 mg, 0.5 mmol) is dried azeotropically with dry benzene and heated at 50 0 C under vacuum for 3 hr before use. It is then dissolved in tetrahydrofuran ID 112 0 mL). Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 0.48 mL, 0.48 mmol) is added at -78 0 C, and the Smixture is stirred for 25 min and then recooled to -78 0 C. A 00 solution of aldehyde C (see, Smith, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.

1995, 117, 12011) (147 mg, 0.30 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran mL) is added, and the mixture is stirred for 10 min at -78 0

C,

and 2 hr at room temperature. The reaction is quenched with Msaturated aqueous NH 4 Cl(4.0 mL), the resultant mixture is C extracted with ether (120 mL), and the ether layer is washed

IO

S 10 with water (100 mL) and brine(100 mL), dried over MgSO 4 CI filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides olefin 505.

D. Lactone 506.

To a solution of 505 (200 mg, 0.23 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile (10 mL, 2:1) is added a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0, 3.3 mL), and HgCl 2 (1.3 The suspension is stirred at room temperature for 40 min, then diluted with ether (150 mL), washed with brine (2 x 70 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides a mixture of lactols as a/0 anomers.

This material is used directly in the next oxidation: Under argon, to a solution of lactols in dimethylsulfoxide (5.0 mL) is added acetic anhydride (1.0 mL). After 2 days at room temperature, the mixture is diluted with ether (150 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (150 mL), brine(150 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography affords a lactone. A solution of the lactone (160 mg, 0.20 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) is treated with pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate mg) and stirred at 40 0 C for 30 min. The mixture is diluted with ether (80 mL) and washed successively with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (90 mL) and brine (40 mL), and then dried over MgSO,. The organic solution is concentrated in vacuo, and the residue is passed through a column of silica gel to provide alcohol 506.

E. Acid 507.

ID 113

\O

To a solution of alcohol 506 (140 mg, 0.19 mmol) in dimethylformamide (5.0 mL), is added pyridinium dichromate (210 Smg, 0.55 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hr, and diluted with water (120 mL). The S 5 mixture is extracted with ether (3 x 15 mL). The organic solutions are combined and washed with brine (40 mL), and dried over MgSO 4 Then it is concentrated in vacuo to give a Sresidue, which is purified by flash chromatography to afford Scarboxylic acid 507.

S 10 F. Amino-amide 508.

To a solution of 507 (60.0 mg, 78.1 mmol) and D-leucine hydrochloride (26.0 mg, 0.16 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (3 mL) is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 23 mg, 0.12 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (21.0 mg, 0.14 mmol), followed by diisopropylamine (40 mL, 0.23 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight before addition of 5% KHSO 4 solution. The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL). The organic layer is washed with brine mL) and dried over MgSO,, and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by column chromatography to afford 508.

G. Analog 501.

A solution of 508 (52 mg, 59 mmol) in 48% HF-acetonitrile(1:9, 1.0 mL) is stirred at room temperature for 12 hr. The reaction is quenched by saturated NaHCO 3 The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic phase is then washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides 501.

EXAMPLE 56 (Figure A. Diene 603.

Phosphonium salt 15 (98.0 mg, 0.092 mmol) is dried azeotropically with dry benzene and heated at 50 0 C under vacuum for 3 hr before use. It is then dissolved in tetrahydrofuran D 114 0 O (0.7 mL) Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 86 mL, 0.0855 mmol) is added at -78°C, and the Smixture is stirred for 20 min and then recooled to -78 0 C. A 00 solution of aldehyde 602 (13 mg, 60 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) is added, and the mixture is stirred for 10 min at -78 0 C, and 2 hr at room temperature. The reaction is quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (1.0 mL). The resultant mixture c is extracted with ether (30 mL), and the ether layer is washed C with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 S 10 filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography eC provides the coupled product.

A solution of the olefin (39 mg, 44 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 is cooled to -78 0 C, diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.0 M in toluene, 440 mL, 0.40 mmol) is added dropwise over 5 min, and the resultant solution is stirred for 10 min at -78 0 C and 30 min at 0 C. The reaction is quenched with a saturated solution of Rochelle's salt, and the mixture is diluted with ether (60 mL), washed with Rochelle solution, and brine(30 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides alcohol 603.

B. Alkane 604.

To a solution of alcohol 603 (82 mg, 0.93 mmol) in pyridine (1.5 mL) at 0 0 C is added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride(26.6 mg, 0.14 mmol) with stirring. After 3 hr, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by column chromatography to give a tosylate. To a solution of this tosylate (94 mg, 0.91 mmol) in ether (5 mL) is added lithium diisopropylcuprate (Pr 2 CuLi) (ca. 0.5 M in ether, 10 mL, excess. The resultant solution is stirred for 8 hr and then quenched with saturated aqueous solution of NH 4 C1 mL). Stirring is continued for an additional 2 h. The organic phase is separated and washed with NH 4 Cl solution mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides 604.

s0 115 C. Enone 605.

SA solution of 604 (75 mg, 83 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) Sis treated with pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (ca.4 mg) and OO stirred at 40 0 C for 30 min. The mixture is diluted with ether (20 mL) and washed successively with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution (25 mL) and brine (10 mL), and then dried over MgSO 4 The organic solution is concentrated in vacuo, and the residue Cis passed through a column of silica gel to provide an alcohol.

Cq To a solution of the alcohol (62.0 mg, 68.2 mmol) in benzene

\O

(2.0 mL) is added manganese(IV) oxide (100 mg, 1.15 mmol).

C- After stirring for 8 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture is filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography of the residue affords a,p-unsaturated ketone 605.

D. Triol 606.

A solution of the a,P-unsaturated ketone 605 (45 mg, 56 mmol) in CH 2 Cl1 (2 mL) is cooled to 0 OC and treated with water (0.1 mL) and 2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-l, 4-benzoquinone mg, 66 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0 OC for 5 hr, diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (15 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered through a column of silica gel. Following concentration in vacuo, the residue is used for next step without further purification. A solution of the crude alcohol in 48% HF-acetonitrile(l:9, 1.0 mL) is stirred at room temperature for 12 hr. The reaction is quenched by saturated NaHCO 3 The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate(3 x 10 mL). The combined organic phase is then washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over MgSO., concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 601.

EXAMPLE 57 (Figure 26) A. Alkane 702 To a solution of iodide A (300 mg, 0.54 mmol) in ether mL) is added lithium dibutylcuprate (Bu 2 CuLi) (ca. 0.5 M in ether, 5.4 mL, excess) at -25 0 C. The resultant solution is ND 116- 0 stirred for 8 hr and then quenched with saturated aqueous NHCL bO (50 mL). Stirring is continued for another 2 hr and the organic phase is separated. The organic solution is washed 00 with NH 4 Cl solution (20 mL) and dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides 702.

B. Alcohol 703.

A solution of 702 (240 mg, 0.50 mmol) in CH 2 C1l M mL) is cooled to -78 0 C. Diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.0 M in C1 toluene, 1.50 mL, 1.50 mmol) is added dropwise over 5 min, and the resultant solution is stirred for 10 min at -78 0 C and C- min at 0 C. The reaction is quenched with a saturated solution of Rochelle's salt, and the mixture is diluted with ether mL), washed with Rochelle solution, and brine (30 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides alcohol 703.

C. Iodide 704 A solution of alcohol 703 (210 mg, 0.44 mmol) in dry benzene/ether 5 mL) is treated with triphenylphosphine (420 mg, 1.6 mmol) and imidazole (123 mg, 1.8 mmol). After all of the imidazole dissolved, iodine (335 mg, 1.32 mmol) is added with vigorous stirring. The mixture is stirred for 2 h and then treated with triethylamine (1.8 mL). The resultant solution is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (22 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous Na 2

S

2 0 3 (40 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 mL), and brine (2 x 40 mL). The organic phase is dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford iodide 704.

D. Phosphonium salt 705.

The iodide 704 is mixed with triphenylphosphine (2.17 g, 8.27 mmol) and the mixture is heated at 80 0 C for 24 hr, cooled to room temperature, and washed with hexane (2 x 20 mL) Flash chromatography provides phosphonium salt 705.

E. Alkene 707.

A solution of 705 (260 mg, 0.30 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6.0 mL) is cooled to -10 0 C and a solution of ND 117 0 O n-butyl lithium (1.0 M in hexane, 0.29 mL, 0.29 mmol) is introduced dropwise over 5 min. The resultant solution is Sstirred for 50 min at room temperature and then the mixture is 00 recooled to -78 0 C and aldehyde 706 (39 mg, 0.3 mmol) is added a solution in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL). The mixture is stirred for 10 min at -78 0 C, and 1 hr at 0 OC. The reaction is quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (1.0 mL) and the C resultant mixture is extracted with ether (30 mL). The ether Cq layer is washed with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried

\O

over MgSO filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is C-i purified by flash chromatography to afford olefin 707 (149 mg, yield).

F. Diol 708.

Acetonide 707 (147 mg, 0.25 mmol) is dissolved in aqueous acetic acid (2.5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hr at room temperature and then diluted with water (20 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate(2 x 5 mL). The combined organic layers are washed with saturated NaHCO 3 solution, and brine (10 mL each), and then dried over MgSO 4 The organic solution is concentrated in vacuo, and the residue is flash chromatographed over silica gel to afford diol 708.

G. Tosylate 709.

To a solution of diol 708 (134 mg, 0.25 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) is added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride( 52 mg, 0.27 mmol). After 3 hr, the reaction mixture is diluted with ether (30 mL), and washed with ice cold 1 M hydrochloric acid mL), saturated NaHCO 3 solution (20 mL), and brine (20 mL) and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by column chromatography to give a monotosylate 709.

H. Epoxide 710.

A solution of tosylate 709 (145 mg, 0.21 mmol) in methanol (3.0 mL) is added potassium carbonate (10 mg) at room temperature. The mixture is stirred for 20 min, and then diluted with water (60 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ID 118 0 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers are washed with brine t and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides epoxide 710.

00 I. Alcohol 711.

To a solution of 710 (41 mg, 79 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 mL) at 0 0 C is added water (0.15 mL) and 2, 3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l, 4-benzoquinone (60 mg, 0.26 mmol).

SThe mixture is stirred at 0 0 C for 5 hr, diluted with CH2C1 2 9 mL) dried over MgSO, and filtered through a column of silica 0 10 gel. Following concentration in vacuo, the crude 711 is used CI without further purification.

J. Carbamate 712.

To a solution of 711 (8.7 mg, 22 mmol) in CH 2 C1, mL) is added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (0.20 mL, 1.7 mmol) at room temperature. After 30 min, the mixture is diluted with

CH

2 C12(20 mL), and some neutral A1 2 0 3 (500 mg) is added. The mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 2 hr, then filtered though a short column of silica gel, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 712.

K. Hydroxy-urethane 701.

A solution of 712 (6.0 mg, 14 mmol) in 48% HF-acetonitrile 1.0 mL) is stirred at room temperature for 12 hr. The reaction is quenched by saturated NaHCO 3 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL).

The combined organic phase is then washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography afford 701.

EXAMPLE 58 (Figures 27 and 28) A. Iodide 802.

A solution of alcohol 16 (see, Smith, et al., J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12011) (410 mg, 0.360 mmol) in dry benzene/ether 10 mL) is treated with triphenylphosphine (378 mg, 1.44 mmol) and imidazole (111 mg, 1.62 mmol). After ID 119 0 complete dissolution of the imidazole, iodine (301 mg, 1.19 OJ mmol) is added with vigorous stirring. The reaction mixture is stirred 2 h and then treated with triethylamine (1.7 mL).

00 The resultant solution is diluted with CH 2 C1 2 (30 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous Na 2

S

2 0 3 (40 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 mL), and brine (2 x 40 mL). The organic phase is dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification Cof the residue by flash chromatography affords iodide 802.

Cl B. Phosphonium salt 803.

\O

To a solution of iodide 802 (410 mg, 0.325 mmol) in Ce- benzene (20 mL) is added triphenylphosphine(1.00 g, 3.81 mmol) The mixture is heated at 80 0 C for 24 hr, cooled to room temperature, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is washed with hexane (2 x 20 mL). Flash chromatography affords phosphonium salt 803.

C. Alkene 805 A solution of 803 (460 mg, 0.30 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (9.0 mL) is cooled to -10°C. A solution of n-butyl lithium (1.0 M in hexane, 0.29 mL, 0.29 mmol) is added dropwise over 5 min, and the resultant solution is stirred for min at room temperature. Then the mixture is recooled to -78 0 C and a solution of aldehyde 804 (39 mg, 0.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) is added. The mixture is stirred for min at -78 0 C, and 1 hr at 0 OC. The reaction is quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (20 mL), the resultant mixture is extracted with ether (40 mL), and the ether layer is washed with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography of the residue affords 805.

D. Diol 806 Acetonide 805 (280 mg, 0.22 mmol) is dissolved in aqueous acetic acid (3.5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hr at room temperature and then diluted with water (40 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers are ND 120 0 washed with saturated NaHCO 3 solution, and brine (10 mL each), j! and then dried over MgSO,. The organic solution is concentrated in vacuo, and the residue is flash chromatographed 00 over silica gel to afford diol 806.

E. Tosylate 807.

To a solution of diol 806 (235 mg, 0.19 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) at 0 °C is added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride mg, 0.23 mmol). After 3 hr, the reaction mixture is diluted CI with ether (30 mL), and washed with ice cold 1 M hydrochloric

IO

C 10 acid (30 mL), saturated NaHCO 3 solution (20 mL), and brine CI mL) and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by column chromatography to give a monotosylate 807.

F. Epoxide 808.

To a solution of tosylate 807 (187 mg, 0.21 mmol) in methanol (3.0 mL) is added potassium carbonate (10 mg) at room temperature. The mixture is stirred for 20 min, and then diluted with water (60 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides epoxide 808.

G. Lactone 809.

To a solution of 808 (110 mg, 93 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile (10 mL, 2:1) is added a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0, 3.5 mL), and HgC 2 1 (2.3 The suspension is stirred at room temperature for 40 min, then diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with brine(2 x 30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography affords the lactol as an a/p anomeric mixture. This material is used directly in the next oxidation: Under argon atmosphere, a solution of the lactols in dimethylsulfoxide mL) is treated with acetic anhydride (0.60 mL). After 2 days at room temperature, the mixture is diluted with ether (50 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO,, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography provides 809.

I 121 C H. Alcohol 810.

To a solution of 809 (90 mg, 79 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 3 mL) at 0°C is added water (0.15 mL) and 2, OO 6-dicyano-l, 4-benzoquinone(60 mg, 0.26 mmol). The mixture is S 5 stirred at 0°C for 5 hr, diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (15 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered through a column of silica gel. Following concentration in vacuo, the crude 810 is used in the next Sreaction without further purification.

I. Carbamate 811 To a solution of 810 (22 mg, 22 mmol) in CH 2 Cl1 SmL) is added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (0.20 mL, 1.7 mmol) at room temperature. After 30 min, the mixture is diluted with

CH

2 Cl 2 (20 mL), and some neutral A1 2 0 3 (500 mg) is added. The mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 2hr, then filtered though a short column of silica gel, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography affords 811.

J. Epoxide analog 812.

A solution of 811 (15 mg, 14 mmol) in mL) is cooled to 0°C, and treated with a 1.0 M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran(0.14 mL, 0.14 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 2 hr, and diluted with water (20 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic phase is then washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO 4 concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography affords 801.

EXAMPLE 59 (Figure 29) A. Alcohol 903.

Phosphonium salt 15 (98.0 mg, 0.092 mmol) is dried azeotropically with dry benzene and heated at 50 0 C under vacuum for 3 hr before use. It is then dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.7 mL). Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 86 mL, 0.0855 mmol) is added at -78 0 C, and the mixture is stirred for 20 min and then recooled to -78 0 C. A ND 122 0 O solution of aldehyde 902 (60 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) bJ is added, and the mixture is stirred for 10 min at -78 0 C, and 2 hr at room temperature. The reaction is quenched with OO saturated aqueous NH 4 C1 (1.0 mL). The resultant mixture is extracted with ether (30 mL), and the ether layer is washed with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography ¢C provides an olefin. A solution of the olefin (44 mmol) in Cl CH 2 C1 2 is cooled to -78 0 C. Diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.0 M

IO

C 10 in toluene, 440 mL, 0.40 mmol) is added dropwise over 5 min, C- and the resultant solution is stirred for 10 min at -78 °C and min at 0 OC. The reaction is quenched with a saturated solution of Rochelle's salt, and the mixture is diluted with ether (60 mL), washed with Rochelle solution, and brine (30 mL each), dried over MgSO,, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.

Flash chromatography provides alcohol 903.

B. Diene 905.

A solution of 903 (0.012 mmol) and Et 3 N (42 mL, 0.30 mmol) in CH 2 C12 (2.0 mL) is cooled to 0°C and a solution of

SO

3 -pyridine complex (40 mg, 0.251 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (0.6 mL) is added. The mixture is stirred at 0 C for 45 min and then diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed with aqueous NaHSO, (1.0 M, 30 mL) and brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography affords an aldehyde. A solution of allyldiphenylphosphine 904 (0.19 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 mL) is cooled to -78 0 C and t-butyl lithium (1.7 M in pentane, 0.122 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at 0 C for 30 min, recooled to -78 0 C and treated titanium tetra-I-propoxide (0.15 mmol). After 30 min, a cold solution of the aldehyde (0.26 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 mL) is introduced via cannula, and the mixture is stirred 10 min further at -78uC and at 0 C for 1 hr.

Iodomethane (0.32 mmol) is added, and the reaction is maintained at 0 C for 30 min, warmed to room temperature, protected from light, and stirred overnight. The reaction ID 123 0 0 mixture is diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with 1.0 M aqueous NaHSO 4 and brine (30 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography affords diene 905.

00 C. Glycoside 908.

A solution of 905 (83 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) is treated with pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (ca.4 mg) and stirred at 40 0 C for 30 min. The mixture is diluted with ether (20 mL) and washed successively with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 C-i solution (25 mL) and brine (10 mL), and then dried over MgSO,.

\O

10 The organic solution is concentrated in vacuo, and the residue is passed through a column of silica gel to give an alcohol.

To a solution of glycosyl bromide 906 (75 mmol) in

CH

2 C12(2.0 mL) is added HgBr 2 (7 mmol) and powdered molecular sieves (4A, 50 mg) and stirred for 60 min at room temperature.

The mixture is then cooled to 0 C, and the alcohol (74 mmol) prepared above is added in CH 2 Cl 2 (0.7 mL). The resultant mixture is stirred 6 hr at 0 C and then warmed to room temperature and diluted with CH 2 C1 2 (10 mL), and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate is washed with aqueous KI solution, and dried over MgSO The organic solution is concentrated in vacuo, and the residue is passed through a column of silica gel to give an anomeric mixture of glycosides 908.

D. Triol 901.

To a solution of 908 (79 mmol) in CH 2 Cl1 (3.0 mL) at 0 C is added water (0.15 mL) and 2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-l, 4-benzoquinone (60 mg, 0.26 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0 C for 5 hr, diluted with CH 2 Cl1 (15 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered through a column of silica gel. Following concentration in vacuo, the crude alcohol is used for next step without further purification. To a solution of the alcohol (22 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (1.0 mL) is added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (0.20 mL, 1.7 mmol) at room temperature. After 30 min, the mixture is diluted with CH 2 C1 2 (20 mL), and some neutral A1 2 0 3 (500 mg) is added. The mixture is then stirred at room ID 124 0 0 temperature for 2 hr, then filtered though a short column of silica gel, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography affords a carbamate. A solution of the carbamate (14 mmol) in O0 48% HF-acetonitrile 1.0 mL) is stirred at room temperature for 12 hr. The reaction is quenched by saturated NaHCO 3 (5.0 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic phase is then washed with mL), dried over MgSO 4 concentrated in vacuo. Flash Cq chromatography affords 901.

\O ID C- 10 EXAMPLE 60 (Figure A. Olefin 1001 A solution of model phosphonium salt (0.0917 mmol) in THF (700 mL) is cooled to -78 oC and treated with NaHMDS M in THF, 85.5 mL, 0.0855 mmol). The mixture is stirred for 20 min at 0 recooled to -78 OC and aldehyde C (0.0570 mmol) in THF (300 mL) is added. After 10 min at -78 °C and 2 h at room temperature, the mixture is quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 C1 (1.0 mL) and extracted with ether (30 mL). The ether solution is washed with water, brine (30 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography provides olefin 1001.

B. Lactone 1002 A solution of olefin 1001 (0.00597 mmol) in THF/CH3CN 1.50 mL) is treated with pH 7.0 phosphate buffer (500 mL) and HgC1, (215 mg). The suspension is stirred at room temperature for 40 min, diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated.

Pipette flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) provides a mixture of lactols as a colorless oil which is further treated with DMSO (1.0 mL) and Ac;0 (200 mL) at room temperature for 2 days. The mixture is diluted with ether mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography provides lactone 1002.

\D 125 0 C. Model Compound 1003 A solution of olefin 1002 (5.5 mmol) in 48% HF-CH 3

CN

1.0 mL) is stirred at room temperature for 12 h, then 00 quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (5.0 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography c(gradient elution, 1:30 to 1:6 MeOH/CHC13) provides 1003.

O

I EXAMPLE 61 (Figures 31 and 32) c- 10 I. General procedure for synthesis of hydroxy aldehydes 1104.

A. TBS ether 1102a A solution of bromide 1101a (see, Jacquesy, et al., Tetrahedron 1981, 37, 747) (20 mmol) in ether (40 mL) is added slowly to a -78 oC solution of tert-butyllitium (40 mmol, 1.7 M in pentane). After 1 h at -78 OC, the cold solution is transferred to a suspension of copper iodide (10 mmol) in ether at 0 OC. After an additional 30 min at 0 OC, a solution of benzyl (S)-(+)-glycidyl ether (9 mmol) in ether (20 mL) is added and the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature.

After 18-24 h, the reaction is quenched by the addition of tert-butyldimethylsilyl triflate (10 mmol). The reaction mixture is poured into saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL). The aqueous layer is separated and extracted with ether (2 x 50 mL). The combined organics are washed with saturated aqueous brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1102a.

B. Alcohol 1103a.

To a solution of 1102a (6 mmol) in ethyl acetate-ethanol 90 mL) is added palladium on carbon wet, 500 mg). The mixture is stirred under hydrogen atmosphere D 126 0 C for 3-6 h, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1103a.

SC. Aldehyde 1104a.

00 Oxalyl chloride (1.5 mmol) is added dropwise to a -78 OC solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (3 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). After 15 min, a -78 °C solution of 1103a (1 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) is added via canula. After an Sadditional 15 min, diisopropylethylamine (4.5 mmol) is added C-i and the reaction is gradually warmed to room temperature over 1 h and quenched with aqueous sodium bisulfate. The mixture C- is diluted with ether (50 mL) and is washed with water (2 x mL), saturated aqueous brine (2 x 30 mL), is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1104a.

II. General procedure for the conversion of 1104 to arene analog 1111: A. Diene 1105.

Phosphonium salt 15 (see, Smith, et al., J. Am. Chem.

Soc. 1995, 117, 12011) (0.2 mmol) is dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) and chilled to 0 OC. A solution of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.2 mmol, 1.0 M in tetrahydrofuran) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred min at 0 After cooling to -78 OC, a solution of aldehyde 1104 (0.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred 10 min at -78 °C and 2 h at room temperature. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2 mL) is added and the resultant mixture is extracted with ether (3 x mL). The ethereal layer is washed with water (2 x 25 mL) and saturated aqueous brine (25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1105.

B. Hydroxy diene 1106.

A -78 oC solution of 1105 (0.05 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (5 mL) is treated with diisobutylaluminum hydride (0.5 mL, 1.0 M in toluene). The resultant solution is stirred 10 min at -78 °C s0 127 O and 30 min at 0 The reaction is quenched with a saturated (3 solution of sodium potassium tartrate (50 mL) and the mixture is diluted with ether (60 mL). The organic layer is separated, 00 dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1106.

C. Aldehyde 1107.

Oxalyl chloride (1.5 mmol) is added dropwise to a -78 C °C solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (3 mmol) in dichloromethane Cq (4 mL). After 15 min, a -78 °C solution of 1106 (1 mmol) in

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S 10 dichloromethane (2 mL) is added via canula. After an C- additional 15 min, diisopropylethylamine (4.5 mmol) is added and the reaction is gradually warmed to room temperature over 1 h and quenched with aqueous sodium bisulfate. The mixture is diluted with ether (50 mL) and is washed with water (2 x mL), saturated aqueous brine (2 x 30 mL), is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1107.

D. Tetraene 1108.

A solution of diphenylallylphosphine (0.08 mL, 0.38 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is cooled to -78 °C and tert-butyllithium (0.14 mL, 1.7 M in pentane) is added. The mixture is warmed to 0 OC for 30 min, then recooled to -78 °C and treated with titanium (IV) isopropoxide (0.30 mmol). After min, aldehyde 1107 (0.30 mmol) is introduced as a solution in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). The resultant solution is stirred at -78 °C for 15 min and at 0 °C for 1 h. Methyl iodide (0.64 mmol) is added, and the reaction is warmed to room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with ether (60 mL), washed with aqueous sodium bisulfate (30 mL, 1.0 saturated aqueous brine (30 mL), and is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1108.

ID 128 0 O E. Alcohol 1109.

To a solution of 1108 (0.050 mmol) in dichloromethane S(3 mL) at 0 OC is added water (50 mL) and 00 2,3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (0.018 mmol). After 1 h, the reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate mL), washed with saturated aqueous brine (3 x 25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue C is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1109.

CI F. Carbamate 1110.

0 10 To a solution of 1109 (0.010 mmol) in dichloromethane CI (2 mL) is added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (1.00 mmol). After min, the reaction mixture is diluted with dichloromethane (4 mL) and neutral alumina (1 g) is added. The resultant suspension is stirred an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture is filtered and the concentrated filtrate is chromatographed on silica gel to afford 1110.

G. Arene analog 1111.

A solution of 1110 (0.010 mmol) in 48% hydrofluoric acid-acetonitrile 2 mL) is stirred at ambient temperature. After 12 h, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate mL) is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organics are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 1111.

Example 62 Synthesis of Aldehyde 67 Enone To a -78 °C solution of aldehyde 27 (1.94 g, 6.13 mmol prepared from commercially available methyl (S)-(+)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl propionate generally according to Smith, et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12011) in CH 2 C1 2 mL) was added (dropwise over 3 min) a -78 °C solution of TiC14 (0.68 mL, 6.18 mmol) in CH 2 C1, (6 mL) The resultant solution was stirred an additional 3 min at -78 0

C.

ID 129 0 0 4-Methyl-2-trimethylsiloxy- 1,3-pentadiene (1.89 g, 11.1 mmol, see Paterson, Tetrahedron Lett. 1979, 1519) was added dropwise Sover 2 min and the reaction mixture was further stirred at -78 00 °C for 2 h. A solution comprised of pH 8 phosphate buffer (100 mL) and saturated aqueous bicarbonate (50 mL) was added and the biphasic solution was warmed to ambient temperature, diluted with water (100 mL), and extracted with CH 2 C1, (2 x 100 mL).

The combined extracts were washed with saturated brine (75 mL), eC dried (MgSO 4 and concentrated. The residual oil was diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 /hexanes 30 mL), cooled to 0 OC and treated with trichloroacetic acid (1.54 g, 9.42 mmol). After 5 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with hexanes (75 mL) and washed with water (2 x 50 mL), pH 8 phosphate buffer (50 mL) and saturated brine (50 mL) and was dried (MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (hexanes/CH 2 Cl 2 /ethyl acetate, 12:4:1) afforded 64 (1.21 g, 56 as a colorless oil: [a]D 23 -10.6° 0.88, CHCl 3 IH NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 6.09 (m, 1 4.78 (ddd, J 10.0, 6.6, 4.3 Hz, 1 3.65 J 2.8 Hz, 1 2.72 (dd, J 15.8, 4.3 Hz, 1 2.66 (dd, J 15.8, 6.7 Hz, 1 2.62 (qd, J 7.6, 3.2 Hz, 1 2.13 J 1.1 Hz, 3 2.07 (dqd, J 10.0, 6.8, 2.4 Hz, 1 1.87 J 1.2 Hz, 3 1.25 J 7.6 Hz, 3 0.97 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.87 9 0.05 3 0.04 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) d 196.9, 173.6, 156.8, 124.1, 77.8, 74.3, 47.0, 43.9, 33.6, 27.7, 25.7, 20.9, 18.0, 16.1, 13.8, -4.7.

Alcohol A solution of enone 64 (109 mg, 0.307 mmol) in toluene (8 mL) was cooled to -95 OC and treated with K-Selectride* (1.0 M in THF, 0.35 mL). After 2 h, glacial acetic acid (0.015 mL) was added and the resultant solution was warmed to ambient temperature and treated with pH 7 aqueous phosphate buffer solution (10 mL) and 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mL). After 2 h, the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (4 x 20 mL) and the combined organics were dried (MgSO 4 and concentrated. Flash chromatography (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 65 (70 mg, 64%) as a colorless oil: IND 130 0 0 H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 5.21 (apparent dt, J 8.6, 1.3 Hz, 1 4.75 (br t, J 9.1 Hz, 1 4.60 (td, J 9.9, 2.3 Hz, 1 3.67 J 3.0 Hz, 1 2.66 (qd, J 7.5, 3.4 Hz, 1 O 1.90 (dqd, 9.7, 6.8, 2.6 Hz, 1 1.83 (ddd, J 14.5, 9.9, 2.4 Hz, 1 1.71 J 1.1 Hz, 3 1.70 J 1.2 Hz, 3 1.65 (br s, 1 1.60 (ddd, J 14.5, 10.1, 2.9 Hz, 1 1.26 J 7.6 Hz, 3 0.99 J 6.7 Hz, 3 H),0.89 13 9 0.08 3 0.07 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 174.0, 134.8, 127.7, 77.8, 74.2, 64.1, 43.7, 41.5, 34.6, N 10 25.7, 25.6, 18.2, 17.9, 16.0, 13.7, -4.8.

Silyl Ether A solution of alcohol 65 (493 mg, 1.38 mmol) and imidazole (306 mg, 4.49 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and treated with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (386 mg, 2.56 mmol) The resultant solution was stirred 12 h at ambient temperature, diluted with ether mL), washed with water (2 x 15 mL) and saturated brine (15 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 66 (615 mg, as a colorless oil: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 5.11 (apparent dt, J 8.6, 1.3 Hz, 1 4.71 (ddd, 10.4, 8.7, 2.2 Hz, 1 5.55 (td, J 10.4, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.65 J 2.7 Hz, 1 2.63 (qd, J 7.6, 3.0 Hz, 1 1.83 (dqd, 10.0, 6.8, 2.5 Hz, 1 1.74 (ddd, J 14.2, 10.5, 1.8 Hz, 1 H), 1.68 J 1.1 Hz, 3 1.65 J 1.2 Hz, 3 1.44 (ddd, J 14.2, 10.6, 2.3 Hz, 1 1.26 J 7.6 Hz, 3 H), 0.98 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.89 9 0.85 9 0.07 3 0.06 3 0.05 3 0.01 3 H); Aldehyde A solution of olefin 66 (615 mg, 1.30 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (20 mL) was cooled to -78 °C and treated with a stream of ozone and oxygen until the colorless solution became steel-blue in appearance. The reaction mixture was purged with a stream of air for 10 min, followed by the cautious addition of triphenylphosphine (375 mg, 1.42 mmol).

The cooling bath was removed and the solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h, concentrated, and chromatographed ID 131 0 0 (20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford 67 (486 mg, 84%) as a (3 colorless oil that solidified upon standing at 0 OC. 1 H NMR S(500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 9.67 (br s, 1 4.52 (td, J 10.5, 2.1 00 Hz, 1 4.46 (dd, J 10.5, 3.5 Hz, 1 3.67 J 2.3 Hz, 1 2.66 (qd, J 7.6, 2.6 Hz, 1 1.95-1.84 3 H), 1.77 (ddd, J 14.1, 10.5, 2.1 Hz, 1 1.27 J 7.6 Hz, 3 0.99 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.92 9 0.89 9 H), i 0.13 3 0.11 3 0.08 3 0.07 3 3

C

NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 203.2, 173.1, 76.0, 74.7, 73.7, 44.2,

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36.2, 34.1, 25.72, 25.66, 18.1, 17.9, 16.5, 14.0, -4.55, -4.63, pC -5.2.

Example 63 Synthesis of Phosphonium Salt (49) Employing Ultrahigh Pressure.

Iodine (132 mg, 0.52 mmol) was added in one portion to a vigorously stirred solution of alcohol 40 (122 mg, 0.176 mmol, prepared from commercially available methyl (S)-(+)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl propionate generally according to Smith, et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12011), PPh 3 (172 mg, 0.656 mmol) and imidazole (42 mg, 0.62 mmol) in benzene/ether 1.5 mL) at 0 OC. The resultant solution was stirred 1 h at 0 OC and 1 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was diluted with ether (10 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium metabisulfite (5 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography afforded a colorless oil (147 mg, 100 yield). This material was combined with diisopropylethylamine (0.016 mL, 0.091 mmol), triphenylphosphine (152 mg, 0.58 mmol) and benzene/toluene 1.0 mL) in a plastic syringe and subjected to a pressure of 12.8 Kbar. After 6 days, the reaction mixture was concentrated and chromatographed (10% MeCN/CHC1 3 to provide 49 [138 mg, 74% yield from 40] as a pale yellow foam: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13; concentration-dependent) d 7.82-7.76 15 H), ID 132 0 0 7.35 J 8.8 Hz, 2 6.84 J 8.8 Hz, 2 5.35 (s, (3j 1 5.30 J 10.5 Hz, 1 4.07 (dd, J 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.77 3 3.73-3.67 2 3.56 (dd, J= 7.0, 1.8 00 Hz, 1 3.48 (dd, J 9.8, 1.7 Hz, 1 3.46 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 3.31 (ddd, J 15.6, 11.2, 11.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.49 (ddq, J 10.5, 6.4, 6.4 Hz, 1 2.25 (apparent t, J 12.1 Hz, 1 2.10-1.92 3 1.85 (dqd, J= 7.1, 7.1, 1.8 M Hz, 1 1.57-1.52 1 1.56 3 0.98 J 7.1 CN Hz, 3 0.89 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.852 9 0.849 (s, S 10 9 0.72-0.71 3 0.71 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.69 (d, C1 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.10 3 -0.02 3 -0.03 3 -0.07 3 1 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.8, 135.2 (d, Jcp 2.6 Hz), 133.5 Jcp 10.0 Hz), 132.9, 131.4, 130.6 (d, Jcp 12.6 Hz), 130.3, 127.3, 118.4 Jcp 85.5 Hz), 113.4, 101.0, 83.2, 80.1 Jcp 14.0 Hz), 78.3, 73.2, 55.3, 38.1, 37.4, 36.0, 33.7 Jcp 4.4 Hz), 33.6, 30.7, 26.1, 25.5 (d, Jcp 49.7 Hz), 22.9, 18.33, 18.29, 17.2, 17.1, 12.5, 12.1, 10.9, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 937.5708 calcd for Cs-H 86 OsPSi 2 937.5751].

Example 64 Synthesis of Diene (76).

Phosphonium salt 49 (166 mg, 0.156 mmnol), was heated to 50 °C under vacuum (0.1 torr) for 18 h, dissolved in 0.8 mL of toluene, and cooled to 0 The resultant solution was treated with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.5 M in toluene, 0.32 mL), was stirred 20 min at 0 °C and 20 min at ambient temperature and re-chilled to -78 To this reaction mixture was transferred via cannula a solution of aldehyde 67 (58 mg, 0.13 mmol) in toluene (0.3 mL 2 x 0.2 mL rinse) The resultant solution was allowed to slowly warm to -20 °C during 1 h. A solution of pH 7 phosphate buffer was added and the biphasic solution was warmed to ambient temperature and DO 133 0 0 extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (4 x 20 mL). The combined organics were dried (MgSO 4 concentrated, and chromatographed (10% ethyl Sacetate/hexanes) to afford 76 (83 mg, 57%) as a colorless oil 00 that solidified upon standing: [a] 23 +32.10 0.68, CHCl 3

'H

NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 6.97 (br d, J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.87 (br d, J 8.7 Hz, 2 5.34 1 5.29 (dd, J 11.1, 7.8 Hz, 1 5.19 J 10.6 Hz, 1 5.07 J 10.0 Hz, 1 H), S4.78 (br t, J 9.1 Hz, 1 4.52 (br t, J 10.0 Hz, 1 H), C 4.10 (dd, J 11.1, 4.6 Hz, 1 3.80 3 3.64 2 H),

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10 3.54-3.46 2 3.25 J 5.3 Hz, 1 2.65-2.57 (m, C- 2 2.51 1 2.31 J= 12.2 Hz, 1 2.06 1 H), 1.96 1 1.90 (dqd, J 7.1, 7.0, 1.5 Hz, 1 1.78 (ddd, J 10.3, 2.1 Hz, 1 1.72 (ddd, J 14.0, 11.0, Hz, 1 1.67 (br d, J 11.6 Hz, 1 1.56 1 H), 1.55 3 1.20 J 7.6 Hz, 3 1.02 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.92 9 0.91 9 0.90 J 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 0.96 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.95 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.89 (s, 9 0.87 9 0.75 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.74 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.073 3 0.071 3 0.06 6 H), 0.05 6 0.01 3 0.00 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ,

CDC

3 1) d 173.2, 159.8, 133.6, 132.4, 131.9, 131.5, 131.4, 127.3, 113.4, 101.0, 83.4, 80.4, 78.4, 76.9, 74.9, 73.3, 64.7, 55.2, 44.1, 42.7, 38.0, 37.4, 35.2, 34.2, 34.0, 30.8, 26.3, 26.2, 25.9, 25.7, 23.2, 18.43, 18.39, 18.1, 17.9, 17.1, 16.4, 16.2, 14.0, 12.8, 12.1, 10.8, -4.37, -4.41, -4.87, -4.88. Recrystallization from hexanes afforded fine needles: mp 117-119 OC.

Example Synthesis of Aldehyde (77).

A solution of acetal 76 (20 mg, 0.018 mmol) in CH 2 C1, (2 mL) was cooled to -78 °C and diisobutylaluminum hydride M in toluene, 0.18 mL, 0.18 mmol) was added over 5 min. After an additional 10 min at -78 °C and 30 min at 0 OC, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous potassium sodium tartrate ND 134 0 O (0.5 mL). The mixture was then diluted with ether (20 mL), washed with saturated aqueous potassium sodium tartrate and brine (10 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and QO concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) provided an epimeric mixture of hydroxy-lactols (14.7 mg, 74% yield) as a colorless oil. The mixture of lactols (14.7 mg, 0.0133 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (2 mL) was cooled to 0 OC and treated Swith pyridinium dichromate (26 mg, 0.069 mmol). The reaction C- mixture was stirred 12 h at ambient temperature, diluted with

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10 ethyl acetate (10 mL), filtered (Celite) and concentrated.

SFlash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 77 (12.4 mg, 62% from 76) as a colorless oil: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 9.80 J 2.4 Hz, 1 7.22 (br d, J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.86 (br d, J 8.6 Hz, 2 5.30 (dd, J 11.1, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.20 (dd, J 10.9, 10.1 Hz, 1 5.11 J 10.0 Hz, 1 4.79 (apparent t, J 9.2 Hz, 1 4.52 (br t, J 9.6 Hz, 1 4.47 2 3.80 3 3.62 J 2.5 Hz, 1 3.59 2 3.26 J 5.3 Hz, 1 2.75 1 H), 2.62 2 2.50 1 2.24 J 12.4 Hz, 1 H), 1.99-1.88 2 1.83-1.65 3 1.59 3 1.58 (m, 1 1.21 J 7.6 Hz, 3 1.13 J 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 1.04 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.96 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.95 (d, J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.94 9H), 0.91 9 0.89 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.88 9 0.87 9 0.75 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.09 3 0.08 3 0.07 3 0.06 6 0.05 6 0.01 3 "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 204.5, 173.2, 159.3, 133.5, 132.5, 132.3, 130.8, 130.3, 129.1, 113.8, 82.6, 80.4, 76.9, 74.9, 74.4, 64.6, 55.3, 49.5, 44.1, 42.7, 40.3, 37.4, 36.8, 35.2, 35.0, 34.2, 26.3, 26.2, 25.9, 25.7, 23.1, 18.5, 18.4, 18.1, 17.9, 17.1, 16.4, 16.2, 14.1, 13.4, 12.2, 11.4, -4.9.

Example 66 Synthesis of Tetraene (58) OD 135 O Method A. A solution of allyldiphenylphosphine (0.0035 mL, 0.0162 mmol) in anhydrous THF was cooled to -78 °C Sand t-BuLi (1.7 M in pentane, 0.010 mL, 0.017 mmol) was added.

00 The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min, recooled to -78 °C and treated Ti(OiPr) 4 (0.005 mL, 0.017 mmol). After 30 min, a cold (-78 OC) solution of the aldehyde 77 (3.5 mg, 0.0032 mmol) in THF (0.25 mL 0.25 mL rinse) was introduced via cannula, Sand the mixture was stirred 10 min further at -78 OC and at 0 Cq °C for 30 min. Methyl Iodide (0.0025 mL, 0.04 mmol) was then

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added, and the reaction was warmed to room temperature and CI stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether mL), washed with 1.0 M aqueous NaHS0 4 and brine (5 mL each), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated in vacuo.

Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) gave a 1.2:1 mixture of Z/E isomers (2.1 mg, 58%) as an oil. Pipette flash chromatography on 10% silver nitrate-silica gel ether/hexanes) furnished the Z-olefin 58 as a colorless oil: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 7.25 J 8.2 Hz, 2 6.84 (d, J 8.7 Hz, 2 6.57 (dddd, J 16.8, 11.0, 11.0, 0.7 Hz, 1 6.00 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 5.55 (apparent t, J 10.5 Hz, 1 5.26 (dd, J 11.2, 7.8 Hz, 1 5.20-5.16 2 5.09 J 10.1 Hz, 1 5.05 J 2.2 Hz, 1 5.03 J 10.0 Hz, 1 4.67 (apparent t, J 9.1 Hz, 1 4.49 (ABq, JAB 10.6 Hz, &Ay 41.3 Hz, 2 3.78 (s, 3 3.68 (apparent t, J 10.2 Hz, 1 3.52 (apparent t, J 2.6 Hz, 1 3.43 (dd, J 4.8, 3.9 Hz, 1 3.24-3.21 2 3.01-2.94 1 2.67 (dq, J= 12.8, 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.61 (dq, J= 12.8, 7.5 Hz, 1 2.71-2.57 1 2.46-2.39 1 2.00 (apparent t, J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.83-1.73 (m, 3 1.64 (br d, J 14.0 Hz, 1 1.62-1.52 2 1.55 J 0.5 Hz, 3 1.36 (ddd, J 13.7, 10.8, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.26 J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.25 J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.08 (d, J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.98 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.1 Hz, 3 0.93 9 0.90 9 0.89 9 H), ID- 136 0 0 0.89-0.86 3 0.86 9 0.73 J 6.8 Hz, 3 H), 0.70 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.08 6 0.05 3 0.02 3 0.013 3 0.010 6 -0.02 3 13

C

00 NMR (125 MHZ, CDC 3 d 159.1, 134.5, 134.3, 132.2, 131.9, 131.8, 131.2, 129.13, 129.07, 117.6, 113.7, 84.6, 80.9, 80.5, 76.5, 75.0, 74.2, 65.5, 55.3, 42.5, 41.9, 40.2, 37.2, 36.1, S35.4, 35.3, 34.5, 29.7, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 25.1, 23.1, 18.7, 18.6, 18.5, 18.14, 18.09, 17.0, 16.8, 15.6, 14.8, 14.4, 11.6, C 10.6, -4.90, -4.93; high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1195.8001 calcd for C 66 Hi 24 0 7 SSi 4 Na: 1195.8042].

Method B. A vigorously stirred suspension of chromium(III) chloride (7.8 mg, 0.048 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.6 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and treated with lithium aluminum hydride (1.0 M in ether, 0.022 mL, 0.022 mmol). The resultant solution was stirred 20 min at room temperature and re-cooled to 0 Aldehyde 77 (3.9 mg, 0.035 mmol) was added in THF (0.4 mL). After 10 min, a mixture of 3-bromo-l-trimethylsilyl-l-propene and 3-bromo-3-trimethlsilyl-l-propene 0.002 mL, 0.01 mmol, see, Hodgson, et. al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 4761) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 12 h and then diluted with hexanes-ethyl acetate washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. Flash chromatography afforded a 2.8:1 mixture of hydroxy silanes (3.8 mg, The mixture was dissolved in THF (0.6 mL), cooled to 0 °C and treated with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.5 M in toluene, 0.068 mL, 0.34 mmol). After 15 min, trichloroacetic acid (5 mg, 0.03 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was diluted with hexanes and washed with water and brine. The combined aqueous washings were further extracted with hexanes.

The combine organics were dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in -137

\O

0 vacuo. Flash Chromatography afforded (2.6 mg, 65% yield for 2 steps) of tetraene 58 as a colorless oil.

SMethod C. Phosphonium salt 75 (120 mg, 0.11 mmol) was 00 heated to 50 °C under vacuum (0.1 torr) for 18 h and dissolved in 0.4 mL of anhydrous toluene. The resultant solution was cooled to 0 °C and was treated with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.5 M in toluene, 0.23 mL, 0.115 Smmol). The resultant solution was stirred 20 min at 0 OC and c 20 min at ambient temperature before being chilled to -78 OC.

Aldehyde 67(46 mg, 0.10 mmol) was added in toluene (0.4 mL) and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0 OC during 2.5 h.

The reaction was partitioned between hexanes (10 mL) and pH 7 phosphate buffer solution(10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (4 x 15 mL) and the combined organics were dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. Flash chromatography afforded tetraene 58 (49 mg, 42 yield).

Example 67 Synthesis of Alcohol (71).

A solution of (106 mg, 0.13 mmol, prepared from commercially available methyl (S)-(+)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl propionate generally as described by Smith, et. al., J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12011)) in CH 2 C1, was cooled to 0 °C and treated with neat diisobutylaluminum hydride (0.15 mL, 0.84 mmol). After 1 h, a solution of saturated aqueous potassium sodium tartrate (10 mL) was added (dropwise until cessation of hydrogen evolution) and the resultant biphasic mixture was stirred 4 h at ambient temperature. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2C1 2 (3 x 10 mL) and the combined organics were dried over MgSO, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded alcohol 71 (88 mg, 83%) as a colorless oil: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.26-7.20 4 6.87-6.82 4 5.03 (br d, J 10.2 Hz, 1 4.50 (ABq, J 10.5 Hz, Dv 12.1 Hz, 2 4.37 (ABq, IND 138 J 11.6 Hz, Dv 14.2 Hz, 2 3.78 3 3.77 3 H), 3.74 1 3.57 (quintet, J 10.5 Hz, 1 3.51 (dd, J 5.1, 3.7 Hz, 1 3.47 (dd, J 9.1, 4.9 Hz, 1 3.38 (d'd, j 6.0, 4.6 Hz, 1 3.35 J 5.5 Hz, 1 3.20 dd, J 8.9, 8.6 Hz, 1 2.68 (br t, J 5.5 Hz, 1 2.51 (m, 1 H) 2.22 (br t, J 12.4 Hz, 1 2.00-1.84 4 1.74 (br d, J 12.5 Hz, 1 1.58 J 0.9 Hz, 3 1.04 (d, J 7.3 Hz, 3 1.02 J 7.2 Hz, 3 0.93 J Hz, 3 0.92 9 0.88 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.87 (s, 9 0.07 3 0.06 3 0.02 3 0.1 3

I

3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.4, 159.0, 131.64, 131.60, 131.0, 130.4, 129.3, 129.0, 113.9, 113.7, 86.2, 78.4, 77.5, 75.2, 72.7, 72.6, 65.4, 55.3, 39.9, 38.7, 37.5, 36.7, 35.7, 35.2, 26.2, 26.1, 23.1, 18.5, 18.4, 17.0, 15.7, 14.6, 13.7, 11.4, -3.9.

Example 68 Synthesis of Aldehyde (72).

A solution of alcohol 71(88 mg, 0.108 mmol) and triethylamine (0.075 mL, 0.54 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (2 mL) and dimethylsulfoxide (1 mL) was treated with sulfur trioxide-pyridine (55 mg, 0.34 mmol). After 90 min, the mixture was diluted with ether (30 mL), washed with water mL), aqueous NaHSO 4 (0.1 M, 10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 72 (84 mg, 96% yield) as a colorless oil: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 9.79 J 2.4 Hz, 1 7.24-7.18 4 6.87-6.82 4 5.03 (br d, J 10.2 Hz, 1 4.46 (ABq, J 10.8 Hz, Dv 7.1 Hz, 2 4.37 (ABq, J 11.6 Hz, Dv 14.0 Hz, 2 3.78 3 3.77 (s, 3 3.57 2 3.47 (dd, J 9.1, 5.0 Hz, 1 3.39 (dd, J 5.9, 4.7 Hz, 1 3.21 J 8.7 Hz, 1 2.73 1 2.51 1 2.25 J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.99-1.86 (m, 3 1.70 (br d, J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.58 3 1.12 (d, J 7.0 Hz, 3 1.03 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.93 J \D 139 0 0 Hz, 3 0.92 9 0.88 J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.87 (s, 9 0.74 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.07 3 0.06 3 H), 0.02 3 0.01 3 3 C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 204.5, 00 159.3, 159.0, 131.7, 131.5, 131.0, 130.3, 129.1, 129.0, 113.8, 113.7, 82.6, 78.4, 77.2, 74.4, 72.7, 72.5, 55.25, 55.24, 49.5, 40.3, 38.7, 36.7, 35.7, 35.0, 26.2, 26.1, 23.1, 18.5, 18.4, 17.0, 14.6, 13.4, 12.2, 11.4, -3.89, -3.91.

(C Example 69

\O

SSynthesis of Triene (73).

c 10 A solution lithium aluminum hydride (1.0 M in ether, 0.022 mL, 0.022 mmol).was added dropwise to a vigorously stirred suspension of chromium(III) chloride (40 mg, 0.25 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) at 0 OC. The resultant solution was stirred 45 min at room temperature and re-cooled to 0 OC.

Aldehyde 72 (50 mg, 0.061 mmol) was added in THF (3 mL) via cannula. After 10 min, a mixture of 3-bromo-l-trimethylsilyl-l-propene and 3-bromo-3-trimethlsilyl-l-propene 0.025 mL, 0.13 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was further stirred 30 min at 0 OC and at ambient temperature for 12 h. Methanol (1 mL) and aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (6 M, 2 mL) were added and the resultant solution was stirred 1 h at ambient temperature.

The aqueous layer was extracted with hexanes (3 x 15 mL) The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. Flash chromatography provided triene 73 (47 mg, 92%) as a single geometric isomer: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 7.27-7.20 4 6.87-6.82 4 6.57 (dt, J 16.8, 10.4 Hz, 1 6.00 J 11.0 Hz, 1 5.55 J 10.5 Hz, 1 5.18 (dd, J 16.8, 1.6 Hz, 1 5.09 J 10.1 Hz, 1 4.96 J 10.2 Hz, 1 4.50 (ABq, J 10.6 Hz, Dv 43.6 Hz, 2 4.36 (ABq, J 11.6 Hz, Dv 16.9 Hz, 2 H), 3.78 3 3.77 3 3.44 2 3.36 (dd, J 6.4, 4.4 Hz, 1 3.24 (dd, J 7.4, 3.7 Hz, 1 3.19 J 8.8 Hz, 1 2.98 1 2.44 1 2.03 J 12.4 Hz, IND 140 S1 1.95 1 1.84-1.72 2 1.65 (br d, J 11.4 Hz, 1 1.52 3 1.09 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.99 (d, ;ZJ 6.9 Hz, 3 0.93 9 0.91 J 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 0.87 9 0.85 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.70 J 6.7 Hz, 0O 3 0.09 3 0.08 3 0.01 6 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 159.1, 159.0, 134.5, 132.2, 131.8, 131.2, 131.1, S129.1, 129.0, 117.6, 113.7, 84.6, 78.4, 77.2, 75.0, 72.7, 72.5, S55.3, 40.1, 38.9, 36.1, 35.5, 35.4, 26.3, 26.1, 23.0, 18.7, S18.6, 18.4, 17.2, 14.7, 14.4, 10.6, -3.89, -3.92.

IND

Example Synthesis of Alcohol (74).

Method A: Bis-ether 73 is dissolved in a mixture of

CH

2 Cl 2 and water (19:1) and cooled to 0 OC.

2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone (1 eq) is added and the resultant solution is stirred 2 h at 0 The reaction mixture is diluted with hexanes and washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, dried over MgSO, and concentrated. Flash chromatography affords 74.

Method B: A solution of 73 and ethanethiol in CH 2 Cl 2 is cooled to -78 °C and treated with a Lewis acid (e.g.

magnesium bromide, borontrifluoride etherate, tin (IV) chloride, titanium(IV) chloride, etc.). The resultant solution is allowed to slowly warm until reaction ensues. The reaction is then quenched with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, washed with water and brine, dried over MgS0 4 concentrated and chromatographed to afford 74: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.27 (br d, J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.87 (br d, J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.60 (dt, J 16.8, 10.5 Hz, 1 6.04 J 11.0 Hz, 1 5.57 J 10.5 Hz, 1 5.55 (dd, J 16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1 5.12 J 10.3 Hz, 1 4.97 J 10.2 Hz, 1 4.51 (ABqartet, J 10.6 Hz, Dv 47.6 Hz, 2 3.80 3 3.66 (dt, J 10.9, 4.3 Hz, 1 3.50 1 3.44 (dd, J 4.8, Hz, 1 3.39 (dd, 6.9, 3.8 Hz, 1 3.25 (dd, J 7.4, ND 141

\O

0 3.7 Hz, 1 3.00 1 2.54 1 2.31 (br t, J Hz, OH), 2.05 J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.85-1.73 3 1.67 (br d, J 13.4 Hz, 1 1,56 3 1.11 J 6.8 Hz, S3 1.00 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.99 J 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 00 0.95 9 0.92 9 0.91 6.6 Hz, 3 0.72 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.10 9 0.07 3 H).

SExample 71 SSynthesis of Phosphonium Salt SIodine (127 mg, 0.50 mmol) was added in one portion to a vigorously stirred solution of alcohol 74 (120 mg, 0.167 mmol), triphenylphosphine (156 mg, 0.595 mmol), and imidazole mg, 0.59 mmol) in benzene/ether at -10 The resultant solution was stirred 30 min at -10 OC and 30 min at ambient temperature, was diluted with 30 mL hexanes and was washed with water (2 x 10 mL), saturated aqueous sodium metabisulfite (10 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate mL) and saturated brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO, and concentrated. Flash chromatography ether/hexanes) provided a colorless oil. The oil was combined with diisopropylethylamine (0.015 mL, 0.086 mmol), triphenylphosphine (199 mg, 0.758 mmol), and benzene/toluene 1.0 mL) in a plastic syringe and was subjected to a pressure of 12.8 Kbar. After 16 days, the reaction mixture was concentrated and chromatographed (10% acetonitrile/chloroform) to afford phosphonium salt 75 (126 mg, 76% for two steps) as a pale yellow film: 1 H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 8.84-7.65 7.27 (br d, J 8.6 Hz, 2 6.87 (br d, J 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 6.54 (dt, J 16.8, 10.5 Hz, 1 5,89 J 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.51 J 10.5 Hz, 1 5'.30 J 10.5 Hz, 1 5.21 J 16.8, 1 5.08 J 10.2 Hz, 1 4.51 (ABq, J 10.4 Hz, Dv 55.6 Hz, 2 3.78 3 3.76-3.68 2 H), 3.42 (dd, J 5.4, 3.1 Hz, 1 3.25-3.17 2 2.97 (m, 1 2.41 1 2.06 1 1.95 J 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 1.77-1.72 2 1.58 (br d, J 11.9 Hz, 1 1.53 3 ND 142

\O

0 1.10 J =6.8 Hz, 3 0.96 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.91 9 0.89 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.86 9 0.69 (d, ;Z J 6.9 Hz, 3 0.66 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.09 3 H), 0.08 3 0.04 3 -0.05 3 H).

0O Example 72 Synthesis of Alcohol Mn At 0 oC, a solution of PMB ether (4.0 mg, 3.55 0 (C mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (0.5 mL) was treated with H 2 0 (50 mL) and DDQ

\O

I (3.0 mg, 13.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h and then pC 10 diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed with brine (3 x mL), dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexanes) provided 59 (3.4 mg, 95% yield) as a colorless oil: 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 6.61 (ddd, J 16.8, 10.9, 10.9 Hz, 1 6.13 (apparent t, J 11.0 Hz, 1 5.32 (apparent t, J 10.5 Hz, 1 5.28 (dd, J= 11.1, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.24-5.21 1 5.19 (apparent t, J 10.3 Hz, 1 5.14 J 10.2 Hz, 1 5.06 J 10.0 Hz, 1 4.76 (apparent t, J 9.3 Hz, 1 4.50 (apparent t, J 9.9 Hz, 1 3.62 (apparent t, J 2.4 Hz, 1 3.60 (dd, J 5.5, 3.4 Hz, 1 3.32 (br d, J 5.3 Hz, 1 3.24 (apparent t, J 5.1 Hz, 1 2.79 (ddq, J 9.9, 6.7, 6.7 Hz, 1 2.60 (qd, J 7.6, 2.7 Hz, 1 2.63-2.57 1 2.50-2.45 1 2.16 (apparent t, J 12.3 Hz, 1 1.90-1.77 3 1.75-1.69 2 1.57 3 H), 1.60-1.50 1 1.20 J= 7.6 Hz, 3 0.96 J= 6.8 Hz, 3 0.95 J 6.6 Hz, 3 0.95-0.93 6 0.91 9 0.89 9 0.89-0.84 3 0.87 9 H), 0.85 9 0.73 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.07 (apparent s, 6 0.052 3 0.051 3 0.04 (apparent s, 6 H), 0.03 3 -0.01 3 13C NMR (125 MHZ, CDC1 3 d 173.3, 134.7, 133.5, 132.5, 132.1, 132.0, 131.5, 131.0, 118.4, 80.5, 78.8, 76.4, 74.9, 64.7, 44.1, 42.7, 38.0, 37.4, 36.3, 36.1, 35.2, 35.1, 34.2, 26.3, 26.2, 25.9, 25.7, 23.2, 18.5, 18.1,

IO

S- 143 18.0, 17.3, 17.2, 16.4, 16.1, 14.1, 13.7, 9.4, -3.3, S-3.6, -4.34, -4.36, high resolution mass spectrum 0 (FAB, NBA) m/z 1029.7273 calcd for C, 5 H,00, 7 Si 4 Na: 1029.7226].

Example 73 SSynthesis of Carbamate SA solution of alcohol 59 (2.2 mg, 2.19 mmol) in CHC1,

\O

S(0.5 mL) was treated with trichloroacetyl isocyanate (20 mL, pC 0.17 mmol) at room temperature for 30 min. CH 2 C1l (2.0 mL) and neutral alumina (500 mg) were then added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, filtered through a short plug of silica, and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography ethyl acetate/hexane) furnished 60 (1.9 mg, 83% yield) as a colorless oil: IR (film, NaCl) 3510 3360 br), 3180 2960 2930 2880 2855 1730 br), 1596 1460 1385 1362 1325 1255 1220 1100 1043 983 937 904 832 770 663 cm-1; 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCl 3 d 6.58 (dddd, J 16.8, 10.6, 10.6, 0.7 Hz, 1 6.01 (apparent t, J 11.0 Hz, 1 5.36 (apparent t, J 10.4 Hz, 1 5.27 (dd, J 11.1, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.22-5.16 2 5.12 J 10.1 Hz, 1 5.03 J= 10.0 Hz, 1 4.76 (apparent t, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 4.71 (apparent t, J 6.1 Hz, 1 4.50 (ddd, J 10.5, 10.5, 1.3 Hz, 1 4.44 (br s, 2 3.62 (apparent t, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 3.42 (apparent t, J 4.5 Hz, 1 3.22 (apparent t, J 5.3 Hz, 1 2.98 (ddq, J 10.1, 6.6, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.60 (qd, J 7.6, 2.7 Hz, 1 2.63-2.55 1 2.48-2.41 1 2.09 (apparent t, J 12.4 Hz, 1 1.93-1.88 (m, 1 1.87-1.77 2 1.71 (ddd, J 14.1, 10.8, 1.6 Hz, 1 1.67 (br d, J 13.7 Hz, 1 1.56 (apparent s, 3 H), 1.55-1.50 1 1.21 J 7.6 Hz, 3 0.98 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.95 J 7.0 Hz, 3 0.94 J 7.5 Hz, 3 H), 0.918 J= 6.8 Hz, 3 0.915 9 0.89 9 0.86 ID- 144 9 0.853 J 6.4 Hz, 3 0.847 9 0.70 (d, J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.09 3 0.07 3 0.053 3 H), ;0.051 3 0.040 3 0.037 3 0.03 3 H), 00 -0.02 3 "C NMR (125 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 173.3, 156.9, 133.6, 133.5, 132.4, 132.1, 131.9, 131.4, 129.8, 118.0, 80.5, 78.9, 74.9, 64.6, 44.2, 42.7, 37.8, 37.4, 36.0, 35.3, 35.2, 34.5, 34.2, 26.3, 26.2, 25.9, 25.7, 23.0, 18.5, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 17.5, 17.1, 16.44, 16.38, 14.1, 13.7, 10.1, -3.6, high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 1072.7264 calcd for C 57

H,,,NO

8 Si 4 Na: 1072.7283 Example 74 Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide.

Tetrasilyl derivative (5.8 mg, 5.5 mmol) was dissolved in 48% HF-CH 3 CN 1.0 mL) at room temperature.

Afterl2 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x mL). The combined extracts were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgS0 4 filtered and concentrated. Pipette flash chromatography (gradient elution; 1:30 1:6 MeOH/CHC 3 gave (2.0 mg, 60% yield) as a white amorphous solid: [Ct]D 23 0.033, MeOH); IR (CHCl 3 3690 3620 3540 3430 3020 2975 2935 1740 1590 1540 1520 1467 1430 1385 1330 1233 1210 1100 1045 1033 975 930 910 793 777 765 750 705 687 670 660 625 'H NMR (500 MHZ, CDCI 3 d 6.60 (dddd, J 16.8, 8.4, 8.4, 0.8 Hz, 1 6.02 (apparent t, J 11.1 Hz, 1 5.51 (dd, J 11.2, 7.9 Hz, 1 5.42 (ddd, J 10.6, 10.6, 0.6 Hz, 1 5.34 (apparent t, J 10.4 Hz, 1 5.20 (dd, J 16.9, 1.9 Hz, 1 5.16 J 10.0 Hz, 1 5.11 J 10.1 Hz, 1 4.77-4.69 1 4.70 (dd, J 7.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 4.60 (ddd, J 10.0, 10.0, 2.4 Hz, 1 4.56 (br s, 2 3.73 1 3.28 1 3.18 (dd, IN 145 SJ 6.8, 4.8 Hz, 1 2.98 (ddq, J 10.1, 6.9, 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 2.78 (ddq, J 9.8, 6.8, 6.8 Hz, 1 2.66 (qd, J 7.3, 4.6 SHz, 1 2.60-2.55 1 2.10-1.80 10 1.69 (ddd, J 14.4, 10.3, 3.1 Hz, 1 1.64 J 1.3 Hz, 3 1.30 00 0 5 J 7.4 Hz, 3 1.06 J 6.9 Hz, 3 1.00 J= 6.8 Hz, 3 0.99 J 6.7 Hz, 3 0.97 J 6.8 Hz, 3 0.94 J= 6.8 Hz, 3 0.82 J 6.3 Hz, 3 1 3

C

NMR (125 MHZ, CDC13) d 173.6, 157.0, 134.4, 133.7, 133.4, S132.9, 132.2, 129.9, 129.8, 117.9, 79.1, 78.9, 77.1, 75.7, D 10 73.2, 64.4, 43.1, 41.0, 37.4, 36.1, 36.0, 35.8, 35.3, 34.8, S33.1, 23.3, 18.4, 17.4, 15.6, 15.5, 13.7, 12.5, 9.0; high resolution mass spectrum (FAB, NBA) m/z 616.3840 calcd for C 33 Hs 5 NOBNa: 616.3826].

Example I. General procedure for synthesis of siloxy aldehydes A. A solution of organolithium (M Li, figure 41))of type 80-83 (20 mmol) in ether (40 mL) is added slowly to a 0 °C solution of benzyl (S)-(+)-glycidyl ether (9 mmol) in ether (20 mL). The reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature. After 18-24 h, the reaction mixture is quenched by the addition of tert-butyldimethylsilyl triflate (10 mmol) and poured into saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL).

The aqueous layer is separated and extracted with ether (2 x 50 mL). The combined organics are washed with saturated aqueous brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford an alpha-siloxy benzyl ether.

B. To a solution of the above benzyl ether (6 mmol) in ethyl acetate-ethanol 90 mL) is added palladium on carbon (10% wet, 500 mg) The mixture is stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for 3-6 h, then filtered and concentrated N 146- 0 0 in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford an alcohol.

SC. Aldehyde QO Oxalyl chloride (1.5 mmol) is added dropwise to a -78 °C solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (3 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). After 15 min, a -78 °C solution of the alcohol prepared in part B (1 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) is added Svia canula. After an additional 15 min, diisopropylethylamine C (4.5 mmol) is added and the reaction is gradually warmed to

\O

10 room temperature over 1 h and quenched with aqueous sodium Sbisulfate. The mixture is diluted with ether (50 mL) and is washed with water (2 x 30 mL), saturated aqueous brine (2 x mL), is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford II. General procedure for the conversion of (85) to tetraene (86).

D. Phosphonium salt 75 (0.2 mmol) is dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) and chilled to 0 A solution of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.2 mmol, M in tetrahydrofuran) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred 30 min at 0 After cooling to -78 a solution of aldehyde 85 (0.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred 10 min at -78 °C and 2 h at room temperature. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2 mL) is added and the resultant mixture is extracted with ether (3 x mL). The ethereal layer is washed with water (2 x 25 mL) and saturated aqueous brine (25 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford a tetraene.

E. To a solution of the tetraene prepared in part D (0.050 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0 OC is added water (0.050 mL) and 2, 3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (0.018 mmol). After 1 h, the reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), washed with saturated aqueous brine (3 x mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.

147

IO

The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford an alcohol.

F. To a solution of the alcohol prepared in part E (0.010 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) is added trichloroacetyl 00 S 5 isocyanate (1.00 mmol). After 30 min, the reaction mixture is diluted with dichloromethane (4 mL) and neutral alumina (1 g) is added. The resultant suspension is stirred an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture is filtered and the concentrated 0 filtrate is chromatographed on silica gel to afford a ID 10 carbamate.

G. Analog 86.

A solution of the carbamate prepared in part F (0.010 mmol) in 48% hydrofluoric acid-acetonitrile 2 mL) is stirred at ambient temperature. After 12 h, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organics are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to afford 86.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is therefore intended that the appended claims cover all equivalent variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that that prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

-147A ;Throughout this specification and the claims which O follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word O "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a 5 stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

Claims (1)

148- WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A process for producing a compound of the 00 0 formula: R 14 0 R 1 1 R 1 6 O RisO" R 15 0 O 0 wherein: R, and R 1 2 are, independently, C 1 -C 0 l alkyl; R, 4 and Ris are, independently, acid labile protecting groups; and R16 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C-C 6 alkyl; comprising the steps of: -contacting an aldehyde having formula: OR 2 2 ^11 R 12 Ri 5 0 wherein R 22 is C 1 -C 0 o alkyl with an enol ether having formula: wherein R 50 is an acid labile protecting group, \O S- 49 in the presence of a Lewis acid for a time and under conditions too ;Z effective to form an enone having fomula: 00 0 R 1 R, 0R1 0 S-contacting said enone with a reducing agent for a time and under conditions effective to form a corresponding enol; -contacting said enol with a compound having formula R-L wherein L is a leaving group and R is an acid labile protecting group, said contacting being performed for a time and under conditions effective to form a protected enol; and -contacting said protected enol with an oxidizing agent for a time and under conditions effective to oxidize said carbon-carbon double bond of said protected enol. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein Rz 1 R 12 and R 22 are, independently, Ci-C, alkyl. 3. A process according to claim 2, wherein R 11 R 1 2 and R 22 are methyl. 4. A process for producing a halogenated olefin having formula: S150 FR R7 X Ri R 10 0R 00 Ro 00 (C wherein: C R 6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and CI-C 6 alkyl; R 7 and R, are, independently, Ci-C, 0 alkyl; R 9 is an acid labile hydroxyl protecting group; R 10 is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group; and X is halogen; comprising the steps of: -contacting an aldehyde having formula: R8 R7 Rio OR 9 0 with an a-halo sulfone having formula: N'ph 02 Li 02 Li \O ID 151 for a time and conditions effective to from said halogenated olefin. A process according to claim 4, wherein R 6 R,, and R, are, independently, C 1 -C 4 alkyl. 6. A process of producing a halogenated olefin having formula: RioO wherein: R, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and CI-C 6 alkyl; R, and R 8 are, independently, CI-CIo alkyl; R 9 is an acid labile hydroxyl protecting group; R 10 is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group; and X is halogen; comprising the steps of: -contacting a compound having formula: OR 0 with triphenylphosphine and a carbon tetrahalide for a time and under conditions effective to form a dihalogenated olefin having formula: \O ID ;Z 0 0 (N 1 oo 152 wherein X, and X 2 are halogens; and -contacting said dihalogenated olefin with an organometallic compound in the presence of a catalyst for a time and under conditions effective to form said halogenated olefin. 7. A process according to claim 6, wherein R 6 R 7 and R 8 are, independently, Cz-C 4 alkyl. .0 8. A process according to claim 6, wherein said catalyst is palladium or nickel. 9. A process for producing a diene having formula: S O2 3 Re OR 25 OR 4 OR 11 rR 1 6 wherein: RI, R 2 R 8 R 1 and are, independently, CI- Cio alkyl; R 3 and R 6 are, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 alkyl; 153 R 4 R 9 R 14 and Rs, are, independently, acid labile Shydroxyl protecting groups; R 2 S is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group; 00 0 and R 16 is selected from the group consisting of l hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl; H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; comprising contacting a phosphonium salt having formula: R R 2 3 R OR4 OR9 (.R R P(R18)3 X wherein R 1 is Ci-C 6 aryl with a base and a compound having formula: R 14 0 R R 5 0 0 for a time and under conditions effective to form said diene. The process according to claim 9, wherein: RI, R 2 R 3 R 6 R7, R 8 R 11 and R 12 are methyl; R 4 R 9 and R 1 are t-butyldimethylsilyl; and R 2 5 is p-methoxybenzyl. 11. A compound having the formula: IO -154- (N (ORio wherein: cl RI, R2, R7,and R, are, independently, Cz-CIo alkyl; ID R 3 and R 6 are, independently, are selected from the C 5 group consisting of hydrogen and Cz-C6 alkyl; R 4 and R 9 are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups; and RIO and R 2 are, independently, acid stable hydroxyl protecting groups. 12. A compound according to claim 11, wherein RI, R 3 R 6 R 7 and R 8 ,are, independently, CI-C 4 alkyl. 13. A compound having the formula: 1 1 2 P3 R R4 R ORo P(R,8)3X wherein: RI, Rz, R7, and R 8 are, independently, Ci-CIo alkyl; R 3 and R 6 are, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 4 and R 9 are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups; RIB is C 6 -C 14 aryl; and RIO and R 25 are acid stable hydroxyl protecting groups. \O ID 155 14. A compound according to claim 13, wherein R 1 R,, R 3 R 6 R 7 and Re,are, independently, CI-C 4 alkyl. A compound according to claim 13, wherein: R 4 and R 9 are t-butyldimethylsilyl; and R 10 and R 25 are p-methoxybenzyl. 16. A compound having the formula: wherein: and R 8 are, independently, CI-Clo alkyl; X is halogen; R 9 is an acid labile hydroxyl protecting group; and R 10 is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group. 17. A compound according to claim 16, wherein R, and R 8 are, independently, CI-C 4 alkyl. 18. A compound having one having formulas: SR SR 13 SR13 wherein: ID 156 R 7 R 8 R1, R 12 and R 13 are, independently, CI-C 0 3 alkyl; X is halogen; 00 M is Li, Cu, Mg, or Zn; Rg, R 14 and R 15 are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl groups; and R16 is selected from the group consisting of H and Ci- SC, alkyl. IN O 19. A compound having the formula: C-I 10 R 1 R 2 3 R OR 24 OR 2 5 R4 R OR R14 R11 4R16 R 15 0 R12 SR 13 wherein: RI, R 2 R 7 Re, R 11 R 12 and R 1 I are, independently, C- Cio alkyl; R 6 and R 3 are, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and CI-C 6 alkyl; Z is O; R 4 R 9 R 14 and R 15 are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups; R 16 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and CI-C 6 alkyl; R 24 is hydrogen; R 25 is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group. A process for producing a compound having formula: 157 to R, R 2 R 3 R 6 o OR25 OR4 R7 OR Rd R040 O comprising contacting a compound of the formula: OR 9 J O with a phosphonium salt of the formula: R 2 3 Re OR2 R4 OR p v P(Rl8)3X and base, wherein: RI, R 2 R 7 and are, independently, Ci-C 0 o alkyl; R 6 and R 3 are, independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Cj-C 6 alkyl; R 4 R 9 and R 14 are acid labile protecting groups; R 1 8 is C 6 -C 1 4 aryl; R 25 is an acid stable protecting group; and J is Ci-Cio alkyl, C 6 -C, 1 aryl, C 2 -C 1 0 heterocycloalkyl. or C 2 -C 1 0 heterocycloalkenyl, 21. A process according to claim 20, wherein RI, R 2 R 7 and R 8 are, independently, CI-C 4 alkyl; R 6 is hydrogen or CI-CIo alkyl; R 3 is hydrogen or Ci-CI 0 alkyl; and J is methyl, phenyl, pyranyl, or pyranenyl. IO -158 22. A compound having the formula: R 1 R2 R 3 00 H OH NH 2 R7 N wherein: SR,, R 2 R 7 and R,,are, independently, Ci-CIo alkyl; CA 5 R 6 and R 3 are independently selected from the group comprising hydrogen and C 1 -CI 0 alkyl; and J is C,-CIo alkyl, C6-C1 4 aryl, C 2 -C 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, or C 2 -CI 0 heterocycloalkenyl. 23. A process for preparing an amide having formula: 1 0 SAr R 7 Re Rio 0 N O H O O wherein: R 7 and Re are, independently C.Co 0 alkyl; RIO is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group; and Ar is CC 14 aryl; comprising the steps of contacting a compound having formula: f 7 PMBO O with a compound having formula: Ar NB 0 Bu 2 BO 0 \O ID ;Z 0 0 (N 1 oo t 0O 0D 1D 159 for a time and under conditions effective to form said amide. 24. A process for producing a compound formula: OR25 OR4 O P(RIB)3X wherein: R 2 and R 8 are, independently, Ci-CI 0 alkyl; R 3 and R 6 are, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Cl-C 6 alkyl; R, and R 9 are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups; RIB is C 6 -CI4 aryl; X is a halogen; and R 25 is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group; comprising contacting an alkyl halide having formula: with P(Rie) 3 for a time and under conditions effective to produce said compound. A process for producing a compound formula: ID 160 R 2 R 3 R, and R are, independently, C-C alkyl; IND X is a halogen; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -Clo alkyl; 0 2 OR4 R -OR Rs P R 1a)3X Sand Z 2 are, independently, S or herein: R R, R and R are, independently, acid labile-C hydroxyl protecting groups; R 5 is C-C aryl; andal \O 5 X is a halogen; Si R, is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-Cio alkyl; Z, and Z2 are, independently, 0, S or NR'; R, and R, are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups; Rs is aryl; and R 18 is C 6 -Cj, aryl; comprising contacting an alkyl halide having formula: 1 2 3 R6 zi\ 2 OR4 R ORg R 5 R x Rs X with P(Ri 8 3 for a time and under conditions effective to produce said compound. 26. The process of claim 25 wherein said contacting is performed in an organic solvent at a pressure of about Kbar to about 20 Kbar. 27. A compound having one of the following formulas: 161 00 NO Sq- 162 wherein: R 1 R 7 R 8 R 1 1 and R 1 2 are, independently, Ci-Clo 00 0 alkyl; R 3 and R 6 are, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 4 R 9 R 14 and R 1 i are, independently, acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups; R 25 is an acid stable hydroxyl protecting group; and NO SR1 6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen C1 10 and Ci-C 6 alkyl; H or CI-C 6 alkyl. DATED this 8 th day of August, 2006 The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania By DAVIES COLLISON CAVE Patent Attorneys for the Applicants