AU2006200143B2 - Combination therapy for lowering and controlling intraocular pressure - Google Patents

Description

S&FRef: 629471D1

AUSTRALIA

PATENTS ACT 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR A STANDARD PATENT Name and Address of Applicant Actual Inventor(s): Address for Service: Invention Title: Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd., of 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas, 76134, United States of America Abbot F. Clark Spruson Ferguson St Martins Tower Level 31 Market Street Sydney NSW 2000 (CCN 3710000177) Combination therapy for lowering and controlling intraocular pressure The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us:- 5845c COMBINATION THERAPY FOR LOWERING AND CONTROLLING INTRAOCULAR

PRESSURE

The present invention relates generally to the field of ophthalmology. In particular, the invention relates to the treatment of glaucoma using a combination of an angiostatic agent which lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) and a second IOP lowering compound.

Background of the Invention Although the underlying causes of glaucoma are not understood at this time, glaucoma is characterized by damage to the optic nerve, accompanied by a decrease in the normal visual field. One early warning sign of possible glaucomatous visual field loss is elevated IOP.

There are angiostatic agents which are known to lower IOP, see, for example, U.S. Patent Nos., 4,876,250 and 5,371,078. These compounds are very effective in controlling ocular hypertension, but they usually exhibit a slow onset of action; that is, it can take several weeks before an IOP lowering effect is seen.

Other known IOP controlling agents, such as miotics, sympathomemetics, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and prostaglandins are immediately effective in lowering IOP.

The compositions of the present invention contain an angiostatic agent which provides effective, long duration control of IOP and a second IOP lowering compound to provide immediate control of a patient's elevated IOP. This combination is more effective in that a patient's IOP can be lowered and controlled with less IOP spiking.

In addition, the effectiveness of the combination is at least additive because the angiostatic agents lower IOP via a different mechanism than any of the second IOP lowering compounds described in this invention.

Summary of the Invention The present invention is directed to compositions useful in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The compositions contain a combination of at least one angiostatic agent and at least one other compound which lowers IOP 00 0 ("second agent"). The compositions are used to lower and control IOP by topical application to a patient's affected eye(s).

SAccording to one embodiment of this invention there is provided a method for lowering and controlling IOP which comprises administering to an affected eye, a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of both 4,9(1 1)Pregnadien- 17,21-diol-21 -acetate and timolol.

According to another embodiment of this invention there is provided a method for O lowering and controlling IOP which comprises administering to an affected eye, a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of both 4,9(1 1)Pregnadienio 17,21-diol-21-acetate and timolol maleate.

C, According to a further embodiment of this invention there is provided use of 4,9(11)Pregnadien-17,21 -diol-21-acetate and timolol in the manufacture of a medicament for lowering and controlling IOP.

According to another embodiment of this invention there is provided use of 4,9(11)Pregnadien-17,21-diol-21-acetate and timolol maleate in the manufacture of a medicament for lowering and controlling IOP.

Detailed Description of the Invention The development of blood vessels for the purpose of sustaining viable tissue is known as angiogenesis or neovascularisation. Agents which inhibit neovascularization are known by a variety of terms such as angiostatic, angiolytic, or angiotropic agents. In addition, it has been demonstrated that many angiostatic agents have significant IOP lowering activity, Clark et al., IOVS 35 (Suppl.): 1057, 1994. For purposes of this specification, the term "angiostatic agents" means compounds which inhibit new blood vessel formation as well as lower and/or control intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Without intending to be bound by any theory, it is believed that angiostatic agents act to control intraocular pressure by inhibiting the accumulation or stimulating the dissolution of amorphous extracellular material in the trabecular meshwork of the eye.

The presence of this amorphous extracellular material alters the integrity of the healthy trabecular meshwork and is a symptom associated with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). It is not well understood why this amorphous extracellular material builds up in the trabecular meshwork of persons suffering from POAG. However, it has been found that the amorphous extracellular material is generally composed of glycosaminoglycans 1 00 (GAGs) and basement membrane material; see, Ophthalmology, Vol. 12, pp. 204-251 (1985-86). When these materials build up in the trabecular meshwork, the aqueous humor, normally present in the anterior chamber of the eye, cannot leave this chamber through its normal route (the trabecular meshwork) at its normal rate. Therefore, a normal volume of aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary processes of the eye and introduced into the anterior chamber, but its exit through the trabecular meshwork is abnormally slow. This results in a buildup of pressure in the eye, ocular hypertension, 0 which can translate into pressure on the optic nerve. The ocular hypertension so NI generated can lead to blindness due to damage to the optic nerve.

It is believed that the angiostatic agents function in the trabecular meshwork in a similar manner as shown by Ingber, et al., wherein it was shown that angiostatic steroids caused dissolution of the basement membrane scaffolding using a chick embryo neovascularization model; Endocrinology, 119, pp.

1 768-1775 (1986). It is believed that angiostatic agents prevent the accumulation, or promote the dissolution of, amorphous extracellular materials in the trabecular meshwork by inhibiting the formation of basement membrane materials and glycosaminoglycans. Thus, by preventing the development of these materials or promoting their dissolution, the normal integrity of the trabecular meshwork is retained and aqueous humor may flow through the trabecular meshwork at normal rates. As a result, the intraocular pressure of the eye is controlled.

Preferred angiostatic agents are represented by the following structures: Is I Stutro[]SrctrbB heeR 1 is H, CH;o

R

2 isFI 9 C 1 dul odC- pxHo l whereinR, wheei ARY isH oryl they, yrlo yrdlan ah fsi moieties is optionally substituted with one or two (C 1 I -C 4 )alkvl groups, or ARYL is

(CH

2 )fphenyl wherein f is 0 to 2 and the phenyl ring is optionaily substituted with I to 3 groups selected from chlorine, fluorine, brom ine, allcyl(C I -C 3 alkoxy(C I -C 3 thioalkoxy-(C I-C 3

CI

3

F

3

-NI-

2 and -NHCOCH 3 and R is hydrogen, alkyl

(C

1

-C

4 or phenyl and each R can be the same or different, ahd"R f is ARYL as herein defined, or alkyl(C I-C 12

R

4 is H, CH 3 CI orF;.

R

5 is H, OH, F, Cl, Br, CH 3 phenyl, vinyl or allyl;

R

6 is HorCH 3

R

9 is CH1 2

CH

9

OR

2 6

CIJH

2

CH

2 0C(=0O)R 2 7 H, OH, CH 3 F, =CH 2

CH

2 C(0)0R 2 8

OR

2 6 0(C0)R 2 7 or 0(C0)CH 2 (C=0)0R 2 6 RIO is -C CH, -CH=CH 2 halogen, CN, N 3

OR

2 6 OC(=0O)R 2 7 H, OH, CH 3 or RI 0 forms a second bond between positions C- 16 and C- 17; RI 2 is H or forms a double bond with RI orRI4

R'

1 3 is halogen, OR 26 OC(0-)R 2 7

NHR

2 6 NHC(=0)R 2 7

N(R

26 2 NC&0O)R 2 7

N

3 H, -OH, P(0)(OH) 2 or -0-C(0)-(CH 2 )tCOOH where t is an integer from 2 to 6; IND R 14 is H or forms a double bond with R 12 R 5 is H,=0or -OH; and R 2 3 with R 1 0 forms a cyclic phosphate; wherein R 9 and RI 5 have the meaning defined above; or wherein R 2 3 is -OH, O-C(=0)-RI 1, -OP(0)-(OH) 2 or 2 )tCOOH __wherein t is an integer from 2 to 6; and R, I is -Y'-(CH2)p-X'-(CH 2 )q.NRl 6

R

1 7 or -Z(CH2)rQ, wherein Y is a bond or Yis a bond, or each of X and Xis a bond,- C0N(R 1 8)-s -N(R 1 8 or -S(0 2

R

1 8 is hydrogen or alkyl. (C 1

C

4 each of R.

1 6 and R 17 is a lower alkyl group of from I to 4 carbon atoms optionally substituted with one hydroxyl or RI 6 and RI 7 taken together with the IND nitrogen atom to which each is attached forms a monocyclic heterocycle selected from pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperazino, or N(lower)alkylpiperazino wherein alkyl has from I to 4 carbon atoms; n is an integer of from 4 to 9; mn is an integer of from I to 5; p is an integer of from 2 to 9; q is an integer of from I to Z is a bond or r is an integer of from 2 to 9; and Q is one of the following:

-R

1 9

-CH

2 COOH wherein R 1 9 is -S(0) 2

-SO

2

N(R

2 0 or

N(R

2 0

)SO

2 and R 2 0 is hydrogen or lower alkyl-(C I-C 4 with the proviso that the total number of carbon atoms in R 2 0 and (CH2)r is not greater than 10; or -CO-COOH; or

CON(R

2

I)CH(R

22 )COOH wherein R 2 1 is H and R2 2 is H, Cl- 3

CH

2 COOH, -CH 2 CHj 2 COOH, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 SH, -CH 2

CH

2

SCH

3 or

-CH

2 Ph-OH wherein Ph-OH is p-hydroxyphenyl; or R 2 1 is CH 3 and R(22 is H; or R 2 1 and R22 taken together are -CH 2

CH

2

CU

2 or -N(R 2 1

)CH(R

2 2 )COOH taken together is -NHCH 2

CONHCH

2 COOH; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; R4=C, C I-C2 double bond, 0;

R

2 5

=C(R

15

)CH

2

-R

2 3 OH, OR 2 6 OC(=_0)R 2 7 R26, COOl-, C('=O)0R 2 6

CHOHCH

2 OH, CHOHCH 2

OR

2 6

CHOHCH

2 OC(=0O)R 2 7

CH

2

CH

2

OH,CH

2

CH

2

OR

2 6

CH

2

CH

2

OC(=O)I(

2 7

CH

2 CN, C11 2

N

3

CH

2

NH

2

CH

2

NHR

2 6

CH

2

N(R

2 6 2

CH

2 OH, CH 2 0R 2 6

CH

2 0(C=0)R 2 7

CH

2 0(P=0)

(OH)

2

CH

2 O(P=0) (OR 2 6 2

CH

2 SH, CH 2

S-R

2 6

CH

2 SC(--0)R 2 7

CH

2 NC(=0)R 2 7 C(=0O)CHR 2 8 OH, C(=0)CHR 2 8

OR

2 6 C(=0)CHR 2 8 OC(=0)R 27 or RIO and R 2 5 taken together may be =C(R 2 8 2 that is, an optionally alkyl substituted methylene group; wherein R 2 6

C

1

-C

6 (alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl); R27 R26 OR 2 6

R

2 8 H, C1-C6 (alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl).

The other IOP-lowering compounds useful in the present invention, second agents, include all presently known IOP-lowering compounds, including miotics pilocarpine, carbachol and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors); sympathomimetics epinephrine, dipivalylepinephrine and para-amino clonidine); beta-blockers betaxolol, levobunolol, cartelol, and timolol); prostaglandins and their analogues and derivatives F series (such as PGF2 E series (such as PGE 2 D series (such as

PGD

2 and compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,599,353; 5,093,329; and 5,321,128, and in European Patent Nos. 0215 860 B1 and 0 299 914 B1; and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide, methazolamide, and ethoxzolamide, and compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,153,192; 5,240,923; 5,378,703; and 4,797,413). The preferred IOP-lowering compounds are: timolol, betaxolol, levobetaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol, pilocarpine, carbachol, epinephrine, dipivalyl epinephrine, -methyl dipivalylepinephrine, Trusopt, latanoprost, apraclonidine, and clonidine.

The compositions contain an amount of an angiostatic agent between 0.0001 and 10.0 percent by weight and an amount of a second agent between 0.00001 and 10.0 wt%. Preferably, the angiostatic agent concentration is between 0.001 and wt%, especially preferred are concentrations between 0.01 and 2.5 wt%. The second agent concentration is preferably between 0.001 and 5.0 wt%, 0.01 to 2.5 wt% is especially preferred.

The compositions of the present invention may additionally include components to provide sustained release and/or comfort. Such components include high molecular weight, anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides and finely-divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in greater detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and 4,861,760. The entire contents of these patents are incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein, the term "finely-divided drug carrier substrate" (or "DCS") means finely-divided solids, colloidal particles, or soluble polymers and/or polyelectrolytes which are capable of selective adsorption or binding with drug molecules. Examples of DCS include, but are not limited to: finely divided silica, such as fumed silica, silicates, and bentonites; ion exchange resins, which can be anionic, cationic, or non-ionic in nature; and soluble polymers, such as, alginic acid, pectin, soluble carrageenans, Carbopol®, and polystyrene sulfonic acid. In general, the DCS component is used at a level in the range of about 0.05 to about 10.0 wt%.

For particulate DCS, the average particle size diameter ranges from 1 to 20 microns.

The amount of DCS and its characteristics amount of cross-linking, particle size) may be varied in order to produce the desired time-release profile for the chosen drug.

In addition to the above-described principal ingredients, the anti-glaucoma compositions of the present invention may further comprise various formulatory ingredients, such as antimicrobial preservatives and tonicity agents. Examples of suitable antimicrobial preservatives include: benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenylethyl alcohol, edetate disodium, sorbic acid, Onamer M® and other agents equally well-known to those skilled in the art. Such preservatives, if utilized, will typically be employed in an amount between about 0.001 and about 1.0 wt%. Examples of suitable agents which may be used to adjust the tonicity or osmolality of the formulations include: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol, dextrose, glycerin, and propylene glycol. Such agents, if utilized, will typically be employed in an amount between about 0.1 and about 10.0 wt%.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the compositions may be formulated in various dosage forms suitable for topical ophthalmic delivery, including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, and erodible solid oc'ular inserts. The compositions are preferably aqueous suspensions or solutions.

The compositions of the present invention may also comprise non-aqueous formulations such as: substantially non-aqueous liquids substantially non-aqueous semi-solid compositions ard solid compositions or devices.

The first class, substantially non-aqueous liquids, comprise an angiostatic agent and a second agent ("drug combination") dissolved or suspended in one or more of the following: vegetable and mineral oils, such as, liquid petrolatum, corn oil, castor oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil; triglycerides, such as the capric/caprylic triglycerides commonly used in foods and cosmetics; liquid lanolin and lanolin derivatives; and perfluorohydrocarbons.

The second class, semi-solid compositions, comprise a drug combination dissolved or suspended in one or more of the following: various types of petrolatum, such as white, yellow, red and so on; lanolin and lanolin derivatives; gelled mineral 7 oil having a hydrocarbon base, such as Plastibase®; petrolatum and ethylene carbonate mixtures; petrolatum in combination with surfactants and polyglycol, such as polyoxyl 40 stearate and polyethylene glycol.

The third class, solid compositions or devices, include non-erodible devices which are inserted into the conjunctival sac of the eye and later removed, such as the Alza-type diffusion or osmotic pressure controlled polymer membranes; and bioerodible polymers which do not have to be removed from the conjunctival sac, such as essentially anhydrous but water soluble polymers and resins celluloses, polycarboxylic acids, and so on). Especially preferred are the bioerodible inserts described and detailed in US 4,540,408 (Lloyd) and US 4,730,013 (Bondi et al.), wherein drug combinations of the present invention would be entrained in a nonaqueous matrix consisting essentially of polyvinyl alcohol. The entire contents of these two patents are incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention is also directed to methods of treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The compositions described above are applied topically to the affected eye(s) of the patient. The frequency and amount of dosage will be determined by the clinician based on various clinical factors. The methods will typically comprise topical application of one or two drops (or an equivalent amount of a solid or semi-solid dosage form) to the affected eye one to four times per day.

The following examples are illustrative of compositions of the present inventions. Example 2 represents the preferred combination.

EXAMPLE I Ingredient t.

Apraclonidine HC1 0.58 -Pregnane-3,11 ,17, 21 (Tetrahydrocortisol) Tyloxapol 0.01 to 0.05 Hydroxy Propyl Methylcellulose Benzalkonium Chloride 0.01 Sodium Chloride08 Edetate Disodium 0.01 NaOH-IHC1 q.s. pH 7.4 Purified Water q.s. 100 mL EXAM7PLE 2 Ingredient wt 0

A

wt Timolol, Maleate 4,9(1 1)Pregnadien- 17, 21 -diol-3 ;20-dione-2 1-acetate Mannitol.

Sodium Chloride Carbopol. 974P Polysorbate 80 Edetate disodium Benzalkonium chloride NaGH Purified Water 0.68 2.4 0.4 0.05 0.01 0.01 q.s. pH 7.4 q.s. 100 mL EXAMPLE 3 Incredient oz

OL

VYL. fO Betaxolol HCI 17 -Ethynyl estradiol Benzalkonium Chloride Mannitol 0.28 1.00 0.01 4.50 0.25 0.20 0.01 Amberlite IRP-69 Carbomer 934P Edetate disodium HCI/NaOH q.s. pH 7.6 q.s. 100 mL Purified Water The invention has been described by reference to certain preferred embodiments; however, it should be understood that it may be embodied in other specific forms or variations thereof without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The embodiments described above are therefore considered to be illustrative in all respects and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description.

Claims (2)

1. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of 4,9(11)Pregnadien-17,21-diol-
2. 21-acetate in the composition is 1.0% by weight and the amount of timolol in the composition is less than 1.0% by weight. 3. A method for lowering and controlling IOP which comprises administering to O an affected eye, a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of both to 4,9(11)Pregnadien-17,21-diol-21-acetate and timolol maleate. 4. A method for lowering and controlling IOP which comprises administering to an affected eye, a composition, comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a composition substantially as herein described with reference to Example 2. Use of 4,9(11)Pregnadien-17,21-diol-21-acetate and timolol in the manufacture of a medicament for lowering and controlling IOP. 6. Use according to claim 5 wherein the amount of 4,9(1 1)Pregnadien-17,21- diol-21-acetate in the medicament is 1.0% by weight and the amount of timolol in the medicament is less than 1.0% by weight. 7. Use of 4,9(11)Pregnadien-17,21-diol-21-acetate and timolol maleate in the manufacture of a medicament for lowering and controlling IOP. 8. Use according to claim 7 wherein the amount of 4,9( 11)Pregnadien-17,21- diol-21-acetate in the medicament is 1.0% by weight and the amount of timolol maleate in the medicament is less than 1.0% by weight. 9. Use according to claim 7 wherein the medicament is substantially as herein described with reference to Example 2. Dated 24 December, 2008 Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd. Patent Attorneys for the Applicant/Nominated Person SPRUSON FERGUSON