AU2005330315A1 - Microwave readable dielectric barcode - Google Patents

Description

WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 MICROWAVE READABLE DIELECTRIC BARCODE FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to barcodes, to the methods and materials to fabricate 5 such barcodes, as well as to the methods of how to write and read the information represented by barcodes. In particular, the invention relates to barcodes that are composed of dielectric materials. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 10 Today uniform product code (UPC) labels are on practically every product produced in the world. Optical barcodes have become so widely accepted because of their low production costs, device complexity, and high durability. These same properties which caused their success now limit their usefulness in commercial applications. The simple design has low production costs, but is severely limited in the amount of data it can 15 represent. The design also allows for simple and cheap detection through optical reading systems. However, optical reading systems require a direct, unobstructed path for light to be emitted onto the barcode and then reflected back to the sensor. This unobstructed (i.e., "line-of-sight") property of optical read barcodes limits their usefulness. For example, to conduct inventory management, objects must be placed in a specific physical location for 20 their identification information to be read. To combat the "line-of-sight" problem posed by traditional barcodes, radio frequency identification solutions have been developed. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags store and transmit identification information that is similar to the information stored in barcodes. A RFID system consists of an interrogation device that broadcasts a 25 radio signal and a RFID tag which receives said radio signal. With a passive RFID tag, the radio signal power itself is used to power-up a small microchip within the tag, which then transmits its unique identification code back to the interrogation' device. The radio waves used to interrogate RFID tags for can pass through many materials, therefore solving the "line-of-sight" issue present in optically read barcodes. 1 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 RFID technology does, however, have its own problems. RFID tags can be divided into two major categories: active and passive. Active RFID tags contain their own power source which increases the distance in which it can provide identification information. Problems with this type of tag include cost of production due to the complexity of such a 5 device as well as maintenance issues, physical size and weight constraints, and power consumption. Passive tags overcome cost and complexity issues, but in turn have greatly restricted operability and flexibility. Because a microchip is embedded in an RFID tag, along with radio frequency receivers, front ends, and transmitters, the device complexity and associated cost is much higher than that of optical barcodes. 10 Because of economic issues industry has been tentative in its adoption of RFID. Wal-Mart Corporation recently rolled out an initiative to have all of their suppliers utilize RFID tagging to aid in their inventory management and supply chain. While this program has benefits, it raises a new problem of data redundancy. Not only will each product now have barcode identification information on it, but it will also have RFID Identification. The 15 use of two identification methods for different purposes is costly and unneeded. Another problem with RFID technology is the separation between an object and its identification information. An object is not directly identifiable as it was when a barcode was embedded directly on the object itself. A tag is affixed to the object, therefore causing all relevant data to be associated with not the object itself, but with a tag on the object. If a tag 20 becomes separated from the object the identity of that object is lost. One example of the problems associated with data separation caused by RFID technology can be seen in the field of livestock tracking. Since the advent of RFID solutions; the agriculture industry has been attempting to utilize this technology for means of animal identification in the form of a RFID tag affixed to an ear tag placed on the 25 animal. (See U.S. Animal Identification Plan - National Identification Development Team, available on the Internet at the U.S. AlP website information page, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.) Studies have shown that approximately 10% of ear tags become separated from the animal throughout its life cycle either by accidental separation, or through human removal. If data relative to an animal is associated with a 30 RFID tag, and the tag becomes separated from the animal all data associated with that animal is also lost. Thus, with RFID technology, information is related not to the object 2 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 itself, but to a tag which is then associated with the object. This three party identification solution is more complex than a direct identification solution, and is therefore less reliable and less permanent. One solution to all the aforementioned problems with the above identification 5 technologies is proposed in European Patent No. EP1065623A26 to J. F. P. Marchand, titled "Microwave Readable Barcode" (the EP '623 Patent"), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The EP '623 Patent describes a microwave readable barcode that consists of conductive bars made from a conductive ink or conductive foil. Barcode information can be encoded using conductive bars of different lengths, different angles, or 10 different positions. When the device is illuminated by a microwave signal, the encoded information can be read through the attenuation, or non-attenuation, of the signal by the conductive bars, and/or the scattering, or the non-scattering, of the microwave signal by the bars. A complete microwave readable barcode system includes conductive barcodes, a transmitter that radiates a microwave signal onto the barcode, and a detector that senses the 15 microwave signal reflected from the conductive bars. Barcode systems can use multiple microwave signals that differ in one or more respects, such as polarization or wavelength. While the approach disclosed in the EP '623 Patent solves two problems (the "line of-sight" readability restrictions associated with optical barcode systems, and the data separation problem associated with RFID technology), the disclosed microwave readable 20 barcodes have limitations and problems. The complexity of a device consisting of either conductive bars of conductive foil causes economic hurdles in the production of the precursor material and in the fabrication of the conductive barcode. Therefore, embedding of a conductive barcode in an object is difficult and costly. The oxidation/corrosion processes limit the reliability of the conductive barcode. High cost of biocompatible metals 25 makes conductive barcodes non-feasible for animal labeling. Also, it is impossible to make an invisible conductive barcode. Missing from the art is a barcode system that has increased commercial application with increased data representation, and overcomes the problems of data separation, "line of-sight" issues, and production problems. The present invention can satisfy one or more 30 of these and other needs. 3 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a dielectric barcode which is a pattern fabricated from a dielectric material, and a system for interrogating the dielectric barcode. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a plurality of dielectric bars are arranged on or 5 within a substrate. The dielectric bars are arranged in a spatial manner to encode information. In another aspect of the invention, the dielectric bars are formed from a dielectric material having a suspension of a metallic material in a density insufficient to provide conductivity at an operating frequency of a remote interrogator. 10 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a barcode interrogation system comprises a dielectric barcode formed from a plurality of dielectric bars arranged on or within a substrate in a spatial manner to encode information, a signal transmitter connected to a first antenna so as to radiate an interrogation signal on the dielectric barcode, a signal receiver connected to an antenna so as to receive a return signal from the dielectric 15 barcode, and a processor connected to the receive signal and operable to decode the encoded information. In yet another aspect of the invention, the interrogation system is operable to scan the interrogation signal through space to read the dielectric barcode. The system is capable to scan the signal by rotating the transmitting antenna, frequency shifting or phase shifting 20 of the transmitted signal. These and other aspects, features, steps and advantages can be further appreciated from the accompanying figures and description of certain illustrative embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 25 The invention together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 illustrates a schematic rendition of a dielectric barcode system embodying the present invention; 4 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 Figs. 2a-2e illustrate several classes of microwave readable dielectric elements; and Figs. 3a-3c illustrate time variant reading of dielectric elements. Throughout the drawings, the same reference characters will be used for corresponding or similar elements. 5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS By way of overview and introduction, presented and described are embodiments of a dielectric barcode which is a pattern fabricated from a dielectric material. The dielectric barcode is readable by a microwave device. A dielectric barcode formed from any 10 dielectric material in any form is within the contemplation of this invention. For instance the dielectric barcode material can be in the form of an ink, a powder, or a solid material. An interrogating microwave signal propagates through the surrounding media where it is effectively reflected and/or absorbed by the dielectric barcode. Similar to an x-ray "shadow image" the pattern made from the dielectric material barcode can be visualized by 15 the transmitted or reflected microwave radiation. In an embodiment of the invention, the dielectric barcode is formed from a dielectric material with a suspension of a ferroelectric material, having a high dielectric permittivity, within the dielectric material. The high dielectric permittivity of the ferroelectric material creates a strong microwave contrast with the media surrounding the ferroelectric barcode at 20 particular operating frequencies. In another embodiment of the invention, the dielectric barcode is formed from a dielectric material provided with a fine powder suspension synthesized by chemical methods, and dispersed in suitable fluidic system to obtain a dielectric ink. A pattern is made from the dielectric ink by inkjet printing, injection, spraying, drawing or any other 25 technique. Injection can be done by an impetus injection mechanism where the dielectric material with the fine powder suspension is deposited beneath a device's plastic subsurface or beneath the skin layer of an animal to form a dielectric barcode. A non-inclusive list of suitable materials for suspension within the dielectric material to form the dielectric inks includes, but is not limited to, heavy metals, heavy metal salts, piezo-electric ceramics, 5 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), sodium potassium niobate (NaKNbO 3 ), and lead zirconium titanate (PbZrTiO 3 aka "PZT"). Metallic nano-particles (e.g., titanium nano-particles) are also suitable for suspension within dielectric materials to form the dielectric barcode. As is readily understood by a person of skill in the art, at different operating bands across the 5 spectrum a particular dielectric material's perturbation to an electric field changes. For example, a dielectric material that is transparent at one operating band may become very lossy at another operating band. Thus, the suspension of particles within the dielectric material forming the dielectric barcodes optimizes performance at the particular operating band of interest. The density of these suspensions are enough to sufficiently alter the 10 refractive and reflection properties of the dielectric material, but not dense enough to render the dielectric material conductive in the operating band. Due to dielectric permittivity (F), the electromagnetic length in a dielectric material is /fc shorter than in a vacuum. This phenomenon allows for the dielectric barcodes to be significantly miniaturized. For example, a resonant barcode composed of dielectric 15 material with the dielectric permittivity E - 1000 for 10 GHz (3 cm wavelength) operation will be only a millimeter in size. Dielectric barcodes can be transparent/translucent in the visible light spectrum, though highly contrasting for microwaves. In one embodiment to be used, as an example, for animal labeling, a biocompatible NaxKl-xNbO 3 ceramic could be the candidate material from which to make dielectric barcodes. Biocompatible ferroelectric 20 ceramics can be injected under the skin remaining there as a non-degradable tattoo for the entire life of the animal. U.S. Patent No. 6,526,984 to Nilsoon et al., issued March 4, 2003, and titled "Biocompatible Material for Implants" discloses the biocompatible ceramic NaxKl-xNbO 3 , and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Figure 1 illustrates a schematic rendition of one embodiment of a dielectric barcode 25 system 10. The system 10 includes a microwave transmitter 11 which emits a signal 12 that radiates outwards and towards a substance 15 having a readable dielectric element 16. The microwave signal 12 has a wavelength 13 and is polarized such that the E-field is in the vertical direction 14. However, the wavelength and field polarization are not limited to any one value or orientation, as would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. 30 The frequencies of interest range from around 100 kHz to over 100 GHz, and further up to and including the TeraHertz (1012 Hz) frequency band. A range just above the operation of 6 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 satellite dishes and mobile phones (about 90 - 100 GHz) through to adjacent to infrared frequencies used in remote controllers (about 30 THz), and more particularly, operating frequencies of about several Terahertz are believed to be beneficial. In one embodiment, the readable element 16 is a ferroelectric bar formed from the 5 biocompatible ceramic NaxKl-.NbO 3 . So as to make the barcode resonance and polarization sensitive to the interrogating electromagnetic wave of signal 12, the readable element 16 has a length that is one-half the wave-length 13, and an axis that is parallel to the direction 14. Using the formula of wavelength equals the speed of light over frequency, the wavelength necessary to read various sizes of dielectric barcode elements can be calculated. 10 Thus, = c/v where: Eq. 1 k= wavelength (microns) v= frequency (Hertz), and c=3*10

^

14 Am /sec (speed of light). 15 The required wavelength necessary to read a dielectric barcode element of a specific size can be calculated. For an embodiment operating in the TeraHertz operating band, a frequency of 1.0 THz has a wavelength of 300 ,m, requiring a readable element 16 to have a length of 150Am. For multiple readable elements in a single barcode, the readable elements would be spaced apart one-half the wavelength. From this information it is 20 possible to calculate the overall width of this embodiment of a microwave readable barcode from the following equation: W = N(/2) + (N-1)(W2) Am where: Eq. 2 W is the barcode width in microns, N is the number of readable elements forming the barcode, and 25 )= wavelength (microns). Thus, applying Equation 2, the width of a barcode tag having 96 bits would be 96*150 (the elements) + 95*150 (spaces between elements) = 14400 +14250 = 28650 Am = 28.65 mm long. 7 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 With reference to Figs. 3a-3c, a time variant reading of the microwave readable barcode is illustrated. To resolve a tag of more than one dimension (i.e., a tag utilizing a 2-dimensional encoding scheme) a spatial relationship (e.g., an interstitial gap) must be established between elements. To accomplish this, a single microwave source can scan the 5 tag area relative to the time constant to achieve a 2-D "image" of the tag, which can then be processed to extract the information therein. Thus, by collecting the readings relative to time and position an image of the barcode can be reconstructed and its information extracted. There are many schemes known to a person of ordinary skill in the art to achieve a 10 scan of the tag area. For example, an antenna (not shown) connected to the microwave transmitter 11 can be physically rotated in at least one degree of freedom (e.g., azimuth, vertical, roll, pitch and yaw) to move the peak of the transmitted signal 12 across a group of dielectric elements 16 which form a barcode. Alternatively, the phase or the frequency of the transmitted signal 12 can be varied to cause the beam collimation to move in spatial 15 relation to the location of the dielectric elements. The antenna can be composed of an array of elements, where the inter-element phasing is controlled to adjust the beam's spatial location. These and other implementations and methods of scanning a transmitted signal through space are within the contemplation of the present invention. With reference to Figure 1, when the transmitted signal 12 strikes the dielectric 20 element 16, the signal is partially scattered and partially attenuated. The scattered portion 18 of the signal 12 can be sensed by a sensor 20. Sensor 20 itself can be the same antenna connected to the transmitter 11, or a different sensor implementing the same or different technology as the antenna. The sensor further includes a processor capable of decoding the encoded information present in the dielectric barcode. As is readily understood, sensor 20 25 can be implemented by separate components of an antenna, a processor, and an output interface. If the sensor 20 receives a scattered signal it determines that a dielectric readable element exists. In that case the sensor 20 produces a predetermined output signal. In a binary information system, the predetermined output signal indicates the presence of a 30 readable element and could be a one or a zero. Figure 1 also shows a dielectric bar 17 that 8 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 is much thinner than the readable element 16. The dielectric bar 17 would only slightly scatter the signal 12. The sensor 20 would then produce another output signal, say a zero, based upon a missing (low scattered) signal. Of course, the dielectric bar 17 might be missing altogether. 5 While the foregoing discusses the use of binary information (zeros and ones), the present invention is not limited to only one type of encoding scheme. In another embodiment, a first ferroelectric bar of one length and/or orientation can represent any member of a set (such as a letter or a number). Further, a second dielectric bar of another length and/or orientation can represent another member of the set, and a third and other 10 dielectric bars of other lengths and/or orientations might represent other members, and so on. By varying the wavelength and/or polarization of transmitted signal 12 these differing lengths and orientations can be sensed and the corresponding set members identified. Inkjet printing technique can be applied to deposit dielectric layers and structures consisting of nano-sized dielectric particles. These dielectric particles can be synthesized 15 by chemical methods and suspended in a suitable fluidic system. The rheological parameters of the fluids can be adjusted for inkjet printing. The resulting micron-scale patterns can be obtained with a high reproducibility and structure control. The dielectric local structure of the patterns can be studied by using a local dielectric probe technique as well as at nano-scale atomic force microscopy with a local capacitance probe can be 20 employed. The deposited structures will have a chain-like self-alignment of the dielectric particles. Potential applications of this fast and versatile process are the production of low and medium density dielectric mass storage patterns on almost any kind of substrate and for dielectric character recognition purposes. Printed patterns with minimal structure dimensions in the range of 50-100pm are easy to achieve. 25 The illustrated embodiments of the present invention attempt to overcome the problems associated with the conventional identification methods discussed above. Dielectric barcodes solve the readability problem through utilizing microwaves as the method of extracting information from the tag. A dielectric barcode also solves the problem of data redundancy associated with the use of optical barcodes in conjunction with 30 RFID technology. Dielectric barcodes can be constructed to utilize not only optical reading 9 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675 systems, but also quasi-optical systems (i.e., systems operating at millimeter wavelength bands) similar to that of RFID technology to be remotely identified as well. Dielectric barcodes overcome the problem of data separation as well. Since dielectric barcodes can be directly embedded or printed on an object in a similar fashion to optical barcodes instead of 5 embodied in a tag which is affixed to an object, the identification information comes directly from the object itself instead of from a tag placed on the object. In particular, a non-exhaustive list of advantages offered over the prior art by the various embodiments of the present invention includes: * providing cheap and reliable material for radio-frequency identification tags; 10 * reducing the number of extra elements and eliminating power consuming units connected to the device, thereby allowing a small overall device size and complexity; * providing advanced encoding of the identification information in the form of spatial and temporal dispersion of the reflected/transmitted interrogating microwave signal; * allowing biocompatible barcode labeling of creatures; 15 * providing invisible barcode patterns and/or a barcode pattern deposited beneath the surface of the coded sample. Thus, while there have been shown, described, and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to several embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the devices 20 illustrated, and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Substitutions of elements from one embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated. It is also to be understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, but that they are merely conceptual in nature. The invention is defined solely with regard to the claims appended hereto, and equivalents 25 of the recitations therein. 10

Claims (20)

1. A barcode detectable by remote interrogation comprising: a plurality of dielectric bars arranged on or within a substrate, wherein the dielectric bars are arranged in a spatial manner to encode information.

2. The barcode of claim 1, wherein the dielectric bars are formed from a dielectric material having a suspension of a metallic material in a density insufficient to provide conductivity at an operating frequency of a remote interrogator.

3. The barcode of claim 2, wherein the metallic material is formed from heavy metals and their salts.

4. The barcode of claim 2, wherein the metallic material is selected from the group consisting of BaTiO 3 , NaKNbO 3 , PbZrTiO 3 , and NaxKl-xNbO 3 .

5. The barcode of claim 1, wherein the spatial manner arrangement of the plurality of dielectric bars includes at least one of a variation in length, a variation in width, a variation in relative positioning angle, and a variation of interstitial gaps.

6. The barcode of claim 1, wherein the plurality of dielectric bars are formed from dielectric inks. 11 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675

7. A barcode interrogation system comprising: a dielectric barcode formed from a plurality of dielectric bars arranged on or within a substrate, wherein the dielectric bars are arranged in a spatial manner to encode information; a signal transmitter connected to a first antenna so as to radiate an interrogation signal on the dielectric barcode; a signal receiver connected to an antenna so as to receive a return signal from the dielectric barcode; and a processor connected to the receive signal and operable to extract the encoded information.

8. The interrogation system of claim 7, wherein the interrogation signal is scanned through a volume of space by one of rotation of the first antenna, frequency shifting, phase shifting.

9. The interrogation system of claim 7, wherein the first antenna comprises an antenna array and the interrogation signal is scanned by adjusting an inter-element phasing of the antenna array.

10. The interrogation system of claim 7, wherein the dielectric bars are formed from a dielectric material having a suspension of a metallic material in a density insufficient to provide conductivity at a frequency of the interrogation signal.

11. The interrogation system of claim 10, wherein the metallic material is formed from heavy metals and their salts. 12 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675

12. The interrogation system of claim 10, wherein the metallic material is selected from the group consisting of BaTiO 3 , NaKNbO 3 , PbZrTiO 3 , and NaxKl-xNbO 3 .

13. The interrogation system of claim 7, wherein the spatial manner arrangement of the plurality of dielectric bars includes at least one of a variation in length, a variation in width, a variation in relative positioning angle, and a variation of interstitial gaps.

14. The interrogation system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of dielectric bars are formed from dielectric inks.

15. The interrogation system of claim 7, wherein the receiver is connected to a second antenna.

16. A method of interrogating a barcode comprising the steps of: providing a dielectric barcode formed from a plurality of dielectric bars arranged in a spatial manner so as to encode information; providing a signal generation and reception system capable of transmitting an interrogation signal and receiving a return signal; transmitting an interrogation signal; receiving a return signal from the dielectric barcode; and processing the return signal to extract the encoded information. 13 WO 2006/107352 PCT/US2005/044675

17. The method of claim 16 further including the step of scanning the interrogation signal through a volume of space.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the dielectric barcode is provided by one of printing, spraying, and injecting.

19. The method of claim 16, further including the step of creating the dielectric bars from a dielectric material having a suspension of metallic material in a density insufficient to provide conductivity at a frequency of the interrogation signal.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the transmitting step transmits a signal in the range of about 90 GHz to about 30 THz. 14